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Shuyu L, Hongxun H, Di W, Hui Y, Hongtu Z, Wenbo W, Xin H, Na W, Lina Z, Ting W. In-situ sequential crystallization of fenofibrate and tristearin - Understanding the distribution of API in particles and stability of solid lipid microparticles from the perspective of crystallization. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 202:114413. [PMID: 39029878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
In-situ API crystallization in carrier matrices has attracted extensive attention in recent years for its advantages over traditional preparation processes. However, due to the lack of systemic research on molecular self-assembly behaviors, the products obtained by in-situ crystallization suffer from the problems of polymorphic transformation and drug expulsion during storage, limiting its industrial application. This paper investigates the in-situ sequential crystallization behavior of tristearin (SSS) and fenofibrate (FEN), utilizing SSS as the carrier and FEN as the API. It was found that the behavior of mixed crystallization significantly differs from single-component crystallization, including direct formation of stable form of SSS and the rapid crystallization of FEN. During the crystallization process, the melting FEN promotes the movement of SSS molecules, while the sliding of SSS lamellae, in turn, provides a mechanical stimulus to enhance the nucleation of FEN. Based on the observed synergistic crystallization behavior, the distribution and stability of the API within FEN solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) during storage were evaluated, while also examining the stability variations in SLMs formulated at different cooling rates and drug loading concentrations. The findings indicate that the initial nucleated FEN results in a decrease in the surrounding molten FEN and the irregularity of the SSS lamellas, thereby preventing the remaining molten FEN from achieving complete crystallization within a brief period. Due to the compatibility between FEN and SSS, some SSS may blend with the molten FEN, potentially resulting in further crystallization during storage and consequently increasing the risk of drug expulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shuyu
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China
| | - Hao Hongxun
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China
| | - Wu Di
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China
| | - Yu Hui
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China
| | - Zhao Hongtu
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China
| | - Wu Wenbo
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China
| | - Huang Xin
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China
| | - Wang Na
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China
| | - Zhou Lina
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China
| | - Wang Ting
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China
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Kawakami K, Ishitsuka T, Fukiage M, Nishida Y, Shirai T, Hirai Y, Hideshima T, Tanabe F, Shinoda K, Tamate R, Fujita T. Long-Term Physical Stability of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Comparison of Detection Powers of Common Evaluation Methods for Spray-Dried and Hot-Melt Extruded Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00241-7. [PMID: 38950881 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Although physical stability can be a critical issue during the development of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), there are no established protocols to predict/detect their physical stability. In this study, we have prepared fenofibrate ASDs using two representative manufacturing methods, hot-melt extrusion and spray-drying, to investigate their physical stability for one year. Intentionally unstable ASDs were designed to compare the detection power of each evaluation method, including X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dissolution study. Each method did not provide the same judgment results on physical stability in some cases because of their different evaluation principles and sensitivity, which has been well-comprehended only for one-component glass. This study revealed that the detection powers of each evaluation method significantly depended on the manufacturing methods. DSC was an effective method to detect a small amount of crystals for both types of ASDs in a quantitative manner. Although the sensitivity of XRPD was always lower compared to that of DSC, interpretation of the data was the easiest. SEM was very effective for observing the crystallization of the small amount of drug for hot-melt extruded products, as the drug crystal vividly appeared on the large grains. The dissolution performance of spray-dried products could change even without any indication of physical change including crystallization. The advantage/disadvantage and complemental roles of each evaluation method are discussed for deeper understanding on the physical stability data of ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsaku Kawakami
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Taichi Ishitsuka
- Pharmaceutical R&D, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-15-26, Kamiji, higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0003, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukiage
- Pharmaceutical R&D, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-15-26, Kamiji, higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0003, Japan
| | - Yohei Nishida
- Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
| | - Tetsuo Shirai
- API and Pharmaceutical Development Department, Fuji Chemical Industries Co., Ltd., 1, Gohkakizawa, Kamiichi, Nakaniikawa, Toyama 930-0397, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hirai
- API and Pharmaceutical Development Department, Fuji Chemical Industries Co., Ltd., 1, Gohkakizawa, Kamiichi, Nakaniikawa, Toyama 930-0397, Japan
| | - Tetsu Hideshima
- API and Pharmaceutical Development Department, Fuji Chemical Industries Co., Ltd., 1, Gohkakizawa, Kamiichi, Nakaniikawa, Toyama 930-0397, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tanabe
- Nara Machinery Co., Ltd., 2-5-7 Jonan-Jima, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143-0002, Japan
| | - Koji Shinoda
- Nara Machinery Co., Ltd., 2-5-7 Jonan-Jima, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143-0002, Japan
| | - Ryota Tamate
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takuya Fujita
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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Ghosh P, Rasmuson A, Hudson SP. Impact of Additives on Drug Particles during Liquid Antisolvent Crystallization and Subsequent Freeze-Drying. Org Process Res Dev 2023; 27:2020-2034. [PMID: 38025987 PMCID: PMC10661054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The impact of single or combinations of additives on the generation of nanosuspensions of two poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), fenofibrate (FF) and dalcetrapib (DCP), and their isolation to the dry state via antisolvent (AS) crystallization followed by freeze-drying was explored in this work. Combinations of polymeric and surfactant additives such as poly(vinyl alcohol) or hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and sodium docusate were required to stabilize nanoparticles (∼200-300 nm) of both APIs in suspension before isolation to dryness. For both FF and DCP, multiple additives generated the narrowest, most-stable particle size distribution, with the smallest particles in suspension, compared with using a single additive. An industrially recognized freeze-drying process was used for the isolation of these nanoparticles to dryness. When processed by the liquid AS crystallization followed by freeze-drying in the presence of multiple additives, a purer monomorphic powder for FF resulted than when processed in the absence of any additive or in the presence of a single additive. It was noted that all nanoparticles freeze-dried in the presence of additives had a flat, flaky habit resulting in large surface areas. Agglomeration occurred during freeze-drying, resulting in micron-size particles. However, after freeze-drying, powders produced with single or multiple additives showed similar dissolution profiles, irrespective of aging time before drying, thus attenuating the advantage of multiple additives in terms of size observed before the freeze-drying process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peuli Ghosh
- SSPC,
the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals,
Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Ake Rasmuson
- SSPC,
the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals,
Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Sarah P. Hudson
- SSPC,
the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals,
Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
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Czajkowski M, Jacobsen AC, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M, Skupin-Mrugalska P. Hydrogenated phospholipid, a promising excipient in amorphous solid dispersions of fenofibrate for oral delivery: Preparation and in-vitro biopharmaceutical characterization. Int J Pharm 2023; 644:123294. [PMID: 37544387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) represent a viable formulation strategy to improve dissolution and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Our study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and potential role of hydrogenated phospholipid (HPL) as a matrix material and solubilizing additive for binary (alone) or ternary (in combination with polymers) solid dispersions, using fenofibrate (FEN) as the model drug. FEN, incorporated within ASDs by melting or freeze-drying (up to 20% m/m), stayed amorphous during short-term stability studies. The solubility enhancing potential of HPL depended on the dissolution medium. In terms of enhancing in vitro permeation, solid dispersions with HPL were found equally or slightly more potent as compared to the polymer-based ASD. For studied ASD, in vitro permeation was found substantially enhanced as compared to a suspension of crystalline FEN and at least equal compared to marketed formulations under comparable conditions (literature data). Additionally, while the permeation of neat FEN and FEN in binary solid dispersions was affected by the dissolution medium (i.e., the "prandial state"), for ternary solid dispersions the permeation was independent of the "prandial state" (FaSSIF = FeSSIF). This suggests that ternary solid dispersions containing both polymer and HPL may represent a viable formulation strategy to mitigate fenofibrate's food effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Czajkowski
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Collegium Pharmaceuticum, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Ann-Christin Jacobsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Paulina Skupin-Mrugalska
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Collegium Pharmaceuticum, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland.
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Figari G, Gonçalves JLM, Diogo HP, Dionísio M, Farinha JP, Viciosa MT. Understanding Fenofibrate Release from Bare and Modified Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1624. [PMID: 37376073 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the impact of the surface functionalization of mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) carriers in the physical state, molecular mobility and the release of Fenofibrate (FNB) MSNs with ordered cylindrical pores were prepared. The surface of the MSNs was modified with either (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) or trimethoxy(phenyl)silane (TMPS), and the density of the grafted functional groups was quantified via 1H-NMR. The incorporation in the ~3 nm pores of the MSNs promoted FNB amorphization, as evidenced via FTIR, DSC and dielectric analysis, showing no tendency to undergo recrystallization in opposition to the neat drug. Moreover, the onset of the glass transition was slightly shifted to lower temperatures when the drug was loaded in unmodified MSNs, and MSNs modified with APTES composite, while it increased in the case of TMPS-modified MSNs. Dielectric studies have confirmed these changes and allowed researchers to disclose the broad glass transition in multiple relaxations associated with different FNB populations. Moreover, DRS showed relaxation processes in dehydrated composites associated with surface-anchored FNB molecules whose mobility showed a correlation with the observed drug release profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Figari
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José L M Gonçalves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hermínio P Diogo
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madalena Dionísio
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Farinha
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - María Teresa Viciosa
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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Kondoros BA, Berkesi O, Tóth Z, Aigner Z, Ambrus R, Csóka I. Cyclodextrin Complexation of Fenofibrate by Co-Grinding Method and Monitoring the Process Using Complementary Analytical Tools. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071329. [PMID: 35890225 PMCID: PMC9319411 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Solvent-free preparation types for cyclodextrin complexation, such as co-grinding, are technologies desired by the industry. However, in-depth analytical evaluation of the process and detailed characterization of intermediate states of the complexes are still lacking in areas. In our work, we aimed to apply the co-grinding technology and characterize the process. Fenofibrate was used as a model drug and dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin as a complexation excipient. The physical mixture of the two substances was ground for 60 min; meanwhile, samples were taken. A solvent product of the same composition was also prepared. The intermediate samples and the final products were characterized with instrumental analytical tools. The XRPD measurements showed a decrease in the crystallinity of the drug and the DSC results showed the appearance of a new crystal form. Correlation analysis of FTIR spectra suggests a three-step complexation process. In vitro dissolution studies were performed to compare the dissolution properties of the pure drug to the products. Using a solvent-free production method, we succeeded in producing a two-component system with superior solubility properties compared to both the active ingredient and the product prepared by the solvent method. The intermolecular description of complexation was achieved with a detailed analysis of FTIR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Attila Kondoros
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.A.K.); (Z.A.); (I.C.)
| | - Ottó Berkesi
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Béla Rerrich Square 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Zsolt Tóth
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Korányi Fasor 9, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Aigner
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.A.K.); (Z.A.); (I.C.)
| | - Rita Ambrus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.A.K.); (Z.A.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-575
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.A.K.); (Z.A.); (I.C.)
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Cetindag E, Pentangelo J, Arrieta Cespedes T, Davé RN. Effect of solvents and cellulosic polymers on quality attributes of films loaded with a poorly water-soluble drug. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:117012. [PMID: 33049873 PMCID: PMC7575819 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The combined effect of solvent, cellulosic polymer, and a poorly water-soluble drug, fenofibrate (FNB) on solution-cast pharmaceutical film quality attributes, e.g., morphology, drug recrystallization, content uniformity, mechanical properties, dissolution rate and supersaturation level, was investigated. Film morphology, content uniformity, and mechanical properties were impacted by the extent of FNB recrystallization which was strongly affected by FNB solubility in the solvent as compared to the polymer type, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or hydroxypropyl cellulose. FNB recrystallization affected drug dissolution rates and supersaturation under non-sink conditions. Specifically, the area under the curve linearly correlated with recrystallization. After one-year storage, FNB recrystallization reached very high levels even for the films with no initial recrystallization, suggesting low initial crystallinity does not guarantee stability. Thus, uncontrolled recrystallization and poor time-stability would be unavoidable for solution-cast films. Overall, both the polymer and the solvent strongly impact drug recrystallization, film structure, mechanical properties, dissolution rate, and supersaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eylul Cetindag
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, USA.
| | - John Pentangelo
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, USA.
| | - Thierry Arrieta Cespedes
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, USA.
| | - Rajesh N Davé
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, USA.
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Sipos E, Csatári T, Kazsoki A, Gergely A, Bitay E, Szabó ZI, Zelkó R. Preparation and Characterization of Fenofibrate-Loaded PVP Electrospun Microfibrous Sheets. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E612. [PMID: 32629988 PMCID: PMC7407498 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate-loaded electrospun microfibrous sheets were prepared in an attempt to enhance the dissolution of the poorly soluble antihyperlipidemic agent and to improve its bioavailability. Physicochemical changes that appeared during the electrospinning process were monitored using a wide array of solid-state characterization techniques, including attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, while fiber morphology was monitored via scanning electron microscopy. Dissolution studies carried out both in 0.025 M sodium dodecyl sulfate and in water revealed an immediate release of the active agent, with an approximately 40-fold release rate enhancement in water when compared to the micronized active agent. The dramatic increase in dissolution was attributed partially to the amorphous form of the originally crystalline active agent and the rapid disintegration of the electrospun microfibrous sheet due to its high surface area and porosity. The obtained results could pave the way for a formulation of the frequently used antihyperlipidemic agent with increased bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Sipos
- Department of Drugs Industry and Pharmaceutical Management, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, Gh. Marinescu 38, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania; (E.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Tamás Csatári
- Department of Drugs Industry and Pharmaceutical Management, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, Gh. Marinescu 38, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania; (E.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Adrienn Kazsoki
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Hőgyes Endre utca 7-9, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (A.K.); (R.Z.)
| | - Attila Gergely
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technical and Human Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Corunca, 1C, 540485 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Enikő Bitay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technical and Human Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Corunca, 1C, 540485 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Zoltán-István Szabó
- Department of Drugs Industry and Pharmaceutical Management, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, Gh. Marinescu 38, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania; (E.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Romána Zelkó
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Hőgyes Endre utca 7-9, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (A.K.); (R.Z.)
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