1
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Menzildjian G, Schlagnitweit J, Casano G, Ouari O, Gajan D, Lesage A. Polarizing agents for efficient high field DNP solid-state NMR spectroscopy under magic-angle spinning: from design principles to formulation strategies. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6120-6148. [PMID: 37325158 PMCID: PMC10266460 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01079a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) has recently emerged as a cornerstone approach to enhance the sensitivity of solid-state NMR spectroscopy under Magic Angle Spinning (MAS), opening unprecedented analytical opportunities in chemistry and biology. DNP relies on a polarization transfer from unpaired electrons (present in endogenous or exogenous polarizing agents) to nearby nuclei. Developing and designing new polarizing sources for DNP solid-state NMR spectroscopy is currently an extremely active research field per se, that has recently led to significant breakthroughs and key achievements, in particular at high magnetic fields. This review describes recent developments in this area, highlighting key design principles that have been established over time and led to the introduction of increasingly more efficient polarizing sources. After a short introduction, Section 2 presents a brief history of solid-state DNP, highlighting the main polarization transfer schemes. The third section is devoted to the development of dinitroxide radicals, discussing the guidelines that were progressively established to design the fine-tuned molecular structures in use today. In Section 4, we describe recent efforts in developing hybrid radicals composed of a narrow EPR line radical covalently linked to a nitroxide, highlighting the parameters that modulate the DNP efficiency of these mixed structures. Section 5 reviews recent advances in the design of metal complexes suitable for DNP MAS NMR as exogenous electron sources. In parallel, current strategies that exploit metal ions as endogenous polarization sources are discussed. Section 6 briefly describes the recent introduction of mixed-valence radicals. In the last part, experimental aspects regarding sample formulation are reviewed to make best use of these polarizing agents in a broad panel of application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Menzildjian
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Judith Schlagnitweit
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - David Gajan
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
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2
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Eills J, Budker D, Cavagnero S, Chekmenev EY, Elliott SJ, Jannin S, Lesage A, Matysik J, Meersmann T, Prisner T, Reimer JA, Yang H, Koptyug IV. Spin Hyperpolarization in Modern Magnetic Resonance. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1417-1551. [PMID: 36701528 PMCID: PMC9951229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance techniques are successfully utilized in a broad range of scientific disciplines and in various practical applications, with medical magnetic resonance imaging being the most widely known example. Currently, both fundamental and applied magnetic resonance are enjoying a major boost owing to the rapidly developing field of spin hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization techniques are able to enhance signal intensities in magnetic resonance by several orders of magnitude, and thus to largely overcome its major disadvantage of relatively low sensitivity. This provides new impetus for existing applications of magnetic resonance and opens the gates to exciting new possibilities. In this review, we provide a unified picture of the many methods and techniques that fall under the umbrella term "hyperpolarization" but are currently seldom perceived as integral parts of the same field. Specifically, before delving into the individual techniques, we provide a detailed analysis of the underlying principles of spin hyperpolarization. We attempt to uncover and classify the origins of hyperpolarization, to establish its sources and the specific mechanisms that enable the flow of polarization from a source to the target spins. We then give a more detailed analysis of individual hyperpolarization techniques: the mechanisms by which they work, fundamental and technical requirements, characteristic applications, unresolved issues, and possible future directions. We are seeing a continuous growth of activity in the field of spin hyperpolarization, and we expect the field to flourish as new and improved hyperpolarization techniques are implemented. Some key areas for development are in prolonging polarization lifetimes, making hyperpolarization techniques more generally applicable to chemical/biological systems, reducing the technical and equipment requirements, and creating more efficient excitation and detection schemes. We hope this review will facilitate the sharing of knowledge between subfields within the broad topic of hyperpolarization, to help overcome existing challenges in magnetic resonance and enable novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08028Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Johannes
Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut,
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department
of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (IBio), Karmanos Cancer Institute
(KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States
- Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Stuart J. Elliott
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College
London, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Jannin
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Meersmann
- Sir
Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University Park, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NottinghamNG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Prisner
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic
Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, , 60438Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hanming Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, Siberian
Branch of the Russian Academy
of Sciences, 630090Novosibirsk, Russia
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3
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Wang Z, Völker LA, Robinson TC, Kaeffer N, Menzildjian G, Jabbour R, Venkatesh A, Gajan D, Rossini AJ, Copéret C, Lesage A. Speciation and Structures in Pt Surface Sites Stabilized by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands Revealed by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Indirectly Detected 195Pt NMR Spectroscopic Signatures and Fingerprint Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21530-21543. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Wang
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de RMN à hauts champs de Lyon, UMR 5082, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
| | - Laura A. Völker
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Thomas C. Robinson
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de RMN à hauts champs de Lyon, UMR 5082, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
| | - Nicolas Kaeffer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Georges Menzildjian
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de RMN à hauts champs de Lyon, UMR 5082, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
| | - Ribal Jabbour
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de RMN à hauts champs de Lyon, UMR 5082, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
| | - Amrit Venkatesh
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - David Gajan
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de RMN à hauts champs de Lyon, UMR 5082, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
| | - Aaron J. Rossini
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Anne Lesage
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de RMN à hauts champs de Lyon, UMR 5082, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
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4
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Jabbour R, Renom-Carrasco M, Chan KW, Völker L, Berruyer P, Wang Z, Widdifield CM, Lelli M, Gajan D, Copéret C, Thieuleux C, Lesage A. Multiple Surface Site Three-Dimensional Structure Determination of a Supported Molecular Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10270-10281. [PMID: 35642739 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structural characterization of supported molecular catalysts is challenging due to the low density of active sites and the presence of several organic/organometallic surface groups resulting from the often complex surface chemistry associated with support functionalization. Here, we provide a complete atomic-scale description of all surface sites in an N-heterocyclic carbene based on iridium and supported on silica, at all stages of its synthesis. By combining a suitable isotope labeling strategy with the implementation of multinuclear dipolar recoupling DNP-enhanced NMR experiments, the 3D structure of the Ir-NHC sites, as well as that of the synthesis intermediates were determined. As a significant fraction of parent surface fragments does not react during the multistep synthesis, site-selective experiments were implemented to specifically probe proximities between the organometallic groups and the solid support. The NMR-derived structure of the iridium sites points to a well-defined conformation. By interpreting EXAFS spectroscopy and chemical analysis data augmented by computational studies, the presence of two coordination geometries is demonstrated: Ir-NHC fragments coordinated by a 1,5-cyclooctadiene and one Cl ligand, as well as, more surprisingly, a fragment coordinated by two NHC and two Cl ligands. This study demonstrates a unique methodology to disclose individual surface structures in complex, multisite environments, a long-standing challenge in the field of heterogeneous/supported catalysts, while revealing new, unexpected structural features of metallo-NHC-supported substrates. It also highlights the potentially large diversity of surface sites present in functional materials prepared by surface chemistry, an essential knowledge to design materials with improved performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ribal Jabbour
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de RMN de Lyon, UMR 5082, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marc Renom-Carrasco
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CP2M, UMR 5128 CNRS-CPE Lyon-UCBL, CPE Lyon, 43 Bvd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ka Wing Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Völker
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pierrick Berruyer
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhuoran Wang
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de RMN de Lyon, UMR 5082, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Cory M Widdifield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - David Gajan
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de RMN de Lyon, UMR 5082, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Thieuleux
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CP2M, UMR 5128 CNRS-CPE Lyon-UCBL, CPE Lyon, 43 Bvd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de RMN de Lyon, UMR 5082, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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5
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Carnahan SL, Chen Y, Wishart JF, Lubach JW, Rossini AJ. Magic angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization solid-state NMR spectroscopy of γ-irradiated molecular organic solids. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2022; 119:101785. [PMID: 35405629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2022.101785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past 15 years, magic angle spinning (MAS) dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has emerged as a method to increase the sensitivity of high-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy experiments. Recently, γ-irradiation has been used to generate significant concentrations of homogeneously distributed free radicals in a variety of solids, including quartz, glucose, and cellulose. Both γ-irradiated quartz and glucose previously showed significant MAS DNP enhancements. Here, γ-irradiation is applied to twelve small organic molecules to test the applicability of γ-irradiation as a general method of creating stable free radicals for MAS DNP experiments on organic solids and pharmaceuticals. Radical concentrations in the range of 0.25 mM-10 mM were observed in irradiated glucose, histidine, malic acid, and malonic acid, and significant 1H DNP enhancements of 32, 130, 19, and 11 were obtained, respectively, as measured by 1H→13C CPMAS experiments. However, concentrations of free radicals below 0.05 mM were generally observed in organic molecules containing aromatic rings, preventing sizeable DNP enhancements. DNP sensitivity gains for several of the irradiated compounds exceed that which can be obtained with the relayed DNP approach that uses exogeneous polarizing agent solutions and impregnation procedures. In several cases, significant 1H DNP enhancements were realized at room temperature. This study demonstrates that in many cases γ-irradiation is a viable alternative to addition of stable exogenous radicals for DNP experiments on organic solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Carnahan
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA, 50011, USA; Iowa State University, Department of Chemistry, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Yunhua Chen
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA, 50011, USA; Iowa State University, Department of Chemistry, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - James F Wishart
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Upton, NY, 11973, United States
| | - Joseph W Lubach
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Aaron J Rossini
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA, 50011, USA; Iowa State University, Department of Chemistry, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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6
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Buntkowsky G, Döller S, Haro-Mares N, Gutmann T, Hoffmann M. Solid-state NMR studies of non-ionic surfactants confined in mesoporous silica. Z PHYS CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2021-3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This review gives an overview of current trends in the investigation of confined molecules such as higher alcohols, ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol as guest molecules in neat and functionalized mesoporous silica materials. All these molecules have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts. They are characteristic role-models for the investigation of confined surfactants. Their properties are studied by a combination of solid-state NMR and relaxometry with other physicochemical techniques and molecular dynamics techniques. It is shown that this combination delivers unique insights into the structure, arrangement, dynamical properties and the guest-host interactions inside the confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Sonja Döller
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Nadia Haro-Mares
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Torsten Gutmann
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , State University of New York College at Brockport , Brockport , NY , 14420 , USA
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7
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Matsuki Y, Kobayashi T, Fukazawa J, Perras FA, Pruski M, Fujiwara T. Efficiency analysis of helium-cooled MAS DNP: case studies of surface-modified nanoparticles and homogeneous small-molecule solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:4919-4926. [PMID: 33620367 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05658h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing number of successful applications of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-enhanced magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR in structural biology and materials science, the nuclear polarizations achieved by current MAS DNP instrumentation are still considerably lower than the theoretical maximum. The method could be significantly strengthened if experiments were performed at temperatures much lower than those currently widely used (∼100 K). Recently, the prospects of helium (He)-cooled MAS DNP have been increased with the instrumental developments in MAS technology that uses cold helium gas for sample cooling. Despite the additional gains in sensitivity that have been observed with He-cooled MAS DNP, the performance of the technique has not been evaluated in the case of surfaces and interfaces that benefit the most from DNP. Herein, we studied the efficiency of DNP at temperatures between ∼30 K and ∼100 K for organically functionalized silica material and a homogeneous solution of small organic molecules at a magnetic field B0 = 16.4 T. We recorded the changes in signal enhancement, paramagnet-induced quenching and depolarization effects, DNP build-up rate, and Boltzmann polarization. For these samples, the increases in MAS-induced depolarization and DNP build-up times at around 30 K were not as severe as anticipated. In the case of the surface species, we determined that MAS DNP at 30 K provided ∼10 times higher sensitivity than MAS DNP at 90 K, which corresponds to the acceleration of experiments by multiplicative factors of up to 100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoh Matsuki
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, USA
| | - Jun Fukazawa
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Frédéric A Perras
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, USA
| | - Marek Pruski
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, USA and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, USA
| | - Toshimichi Fujiwara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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8
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Kim Y, Kubena R, Axtell J, Samouei H, Pham P, Stauber JM, Spokoyny AM, Hilty C. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Using 3D Aromatic Boron Cluster Radicals. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:13-18. [PMID: 33296205 PMCID: PMC8078168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A set of two dodecaborate [B12(OR)12]1- radical cluster anions containing a dense layer of fluorinated end-groups provides nuclear spin hyperpolarization via the dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP) technique. We show that these clusters can enhance 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals. Importantly, given the inherent radical delocalization in dodecaborate-based clusters, these species are compatible with reactive compounds such as Lewis acids, providing ∼1000-2000 times of signal enhancement for B(C6F5)3 in liquid state NMR spectroscopy experiments at 9.4 Tesla. This observation suggests that 3D aromatic radicals can provide advantages over the conventional radical species that are currently used for DNP such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) by showing superior chemical compatibility. The ability to hyperpolarize reactive compounds using [B12(OR)12]1- cluster radicals opens up new applications of reaction monitoring by D-DNP NMR spectroscopy, including the observation of catalytically active species in complex reaction mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaewon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Present Addresses Y.K.: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Rebecca Kubena
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jonathan Axtell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- J.A.: The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674
| | - Hamidreza Samouei
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pierce Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Julia M. Stauber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Christian Hilty
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843
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9
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Buntkowsky G, Vogel M. Small Molecules, Non-Covalent Interactions, and Confinement. Molecules 2020; 25:E3311. [PMID: 32708283 PMCID: PMC7397022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This review gives an overview of current trends in the investigation of small guest molecules, confined in neat and functionalized mesoporous silica materials by a combination of solid-state NMR and relaxometry with other physico-chemical techniques. The reported guest molecules are water, small alcohols, and carbonic acids, small aromatic and heteroaromatic molecules, ionic liquids, and surfactants. They are taken as characteristic role-models, which are representatives for the typical classes of organic molecules. It is shown that this combination delivers unique insights into the structure, arrangement, dynamics, guest-host interactions, and the binding sites in these confined systems, and is probably the most powerful analytical technique to probe these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Buntkowsky
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Vogel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
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10
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Rodriguez-Gomez A, Chowdhury AD, Caglayan M, Bau JA, Abou-Hamad E, Gascon J. Non-oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane over supported vanadium oxide: nature of the active sites and coke formation. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01174f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We combine Raman spectroscopy, EPR, XPS, temperature programmed reduction, XRD, 51V MAS ssNMR, TEM and N2-physisorption to unravel structure–activity relationships during the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane over a V based catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rodriguez-Gomez
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Advanced Catalytic Materials
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Advanced Catalytic Materials
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Caglayan
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Advanced Catalytic Materials
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeremy A. Bau
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Advanced Catalytic Materials
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Edy Abou-Hamad
- Core Labs
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Jorge Gascon
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Advanced Catalytic Materials
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955
- Saudi Arabia
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11
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Dutta Chowdhury A, Yarulina I, Abou-Hamad E, Gurinov A, Gascon J. Surface enhanced dynamic nuclear polarization solid-state NMR spectroscopy sheds light on Brønsted-Lewis acid synergy during the zeolite catalyzed methanol-to-hydrocarbon process. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8946-8954. [PMID: 32190235 PMCID: PMC7068724 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02215e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
After a prolonged effort over two decades, the reaction mechanism of the zeolite-catalyzed methanol-to-hydrocarbon (MTH) process is now well-understood: the so-called 'direct mechanism' (via direct coupling of two methanol molecules) is responsible for the formation of the initial carbon-carbon bonds, while the hydrocarbon pool (HCP)-based dual cycle mechanism is responsible for the formation of reaction products. While most of the reaction events occur at zeolite Brønsted acid sites, the addition of Lewis acid sites (i.e., via the introduction of alkaline earth cations like calcium) has been shown to inhibit the formation of deactivating coke species and hence increase the catalyst lifetime. With the aim to have an in-depth mechanistic understanding, herein, we employ magic angle spinning surface-enhanced dynamic nuclear polarization solid-state NMR spectroscopy to illustrate that the inclusion of Lewis acidity prevents the formation of carbene/ylide species on the zeolite, directly affecting the equilibrium between arene and olefin cycles of the HCP mechanism and hence regulating the ultimate product selectivity and catalyst lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Catalysis Center , Advanced Catalytic Materials , Thuwal 23955 , Saudi Arabia . ;
| | - Irina Yarulina
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Catalysis Center , Advanced Catalytic Materials , Thuwal 23955 , Saudi Arabia . ;
| | - Edy Abou-Hamad
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Core Labs , Thuwal 23955 , Saudi Arabia .
| | - Andrei Gurinov
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Core Labs , Thuwal 23955 , Saudi Arabia .
| | - Jorge Gascon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Catalysis Center , Advanced Catalytic Materials , Thuwal 23955 , Saudi Arabia . ;
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12
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Samantaray MK, D'Elia V, Pump E, Falivene L, Harb M, Ould Chikh S, Cavallo L, Basset JM. The Comparison between Single Atom Catalysis and Surface Organometallic Catalysis. Chem Rev 2019; 120:734-813. [PMID: 31613601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Single atom catalysis (SAC) is a recent discipline of heterogeneous catalysis for which a single atom on a surface is able to carry out various catalytic reactions. A kind of revolution in heterogeneous catalysis by metals for which it was assumed that specific sites or defects of a nanoparticle were necessary to activate substrates in catalytic reactions. In another extreme of the spectrum, surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC), and, by extension, surface organometallic catalysis (SOMCat), have demonstrated that single atoms on a surface, but this time with specific ligands, could lead to a more predictive approach in heterogeneous catalysis. The predictive character of SOMCat was just the result of intuitive mechanisms derived from the elementary steps of molecular chemistry. This review article will compare the aspects of single atom catalysis and surface organometallic catalysis by considering several specific catalytic reactions, some of which exist for both fields, whereas others might see mutual overlap in the future. After a definition of both domains, a detailed approach of the methods, mostly modeling and spectroscopy, will be followed by a detailed analysis of catalytic reactions: hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, oxidative dehydrogenation, alkane and cycloalkane metathesis, methane activation, metathetic oxidation, CO2 activation to cyclic carbonates, imine metathesis, and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reactions. A prospective resulting from present knowledge is showing the emergence of a new discipline from the overlap between the two areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoja K Samantaray
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Valerio D'Elia
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering (MSE) , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) , Wang Chan, Payupnai , 21210 Rayong , Thailand
| | - Eva Pump
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Moussab Harb
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Ould Chikh
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Marie Basset
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
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13
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Rankin AGM, Trébosc J, Pourpoint F, Amoureux JP, Lafon O. Recent developments in MAS DNP-NMR of materials. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2019; 101:116-143. [PMID: 31189121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a powerful technique for the characterization of the atomic-level structure and dynamics of materials. Nevertheless, the use of this technique is often limited by its lack of sensitivity, which can prevent the observation of surfaces, defects or insensitive isotopes. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) has been shown to improve by one to three orders of magnitude the sensitivity of NMR experiments on materials under Magic-Angle Spinning (MAS), at static magnetic field B0 ≥ 5 T, conditions allowing for the acquisition of high-resolution spectra. The field of DNP-NMR spectroscopy of materials has undergone a rapid development in the last ten years, spurred notably by the availability of commercial DNP-NMR systems. We provide here an in-depth overview of MAS DNP-NMR studies of materials at high B0 field. After a historical perspective of DNP of materials, we describe the DNP transfers under MAS, the transport of polarization by spin diffusion and the various contributions to the overall sensitivity of DNP-NMR experiments. We discuss the design of tailored polarizing agents and the sample preparation in the case of materials. We present the DNP-NMR hardware and the influence of key experimental parameters, such as microwave power, magnetic field, temperature and MAS frequency. We give an overview of the isotopes that have been detected by this technique, and the NMR methods that have been combined with DNP. Finally, we show how MAS DNP-NMR has been applied to gain new insights into the structure of organic, hybrid and inorganic materials with applications in fields, such as health, energy, catalysis, optoelectronics etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G M Rankin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Julien Trébosc
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France; Univ. Lille, CNRS-FR2638, Fédération Chevreul, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Frédérique Pourpoint
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Amoureux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France; Bruker Biospin, 34 rue de l'industrie, F-67166, Wissembourg, France
| | - Olivier Lafon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, F-75231, Paris, France.
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14
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Viger‐Gravel J, Avalos CE, Kubicki DJ, Gajan D, Lelli M, Ouari O, Lesage A, Emsley L. 19
F Magic Angle Spinning Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Viger‐Gravel
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Claudia E. Avalos
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Dominik J. Kubicki
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - David Gajan
- Université de LyonInstitut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 CNRS/UCBL/ENS Lyon)Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Center of Magnetic Resonance (CERM)University of Florence Via Luigi Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”University of Florence Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille UnivCNRSICR UMR 7273, 13397 13013 Marseille France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Université de LyonInstitut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 CNRS/UCBL/ENS Lyon)Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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15
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Viger‐Gravel J, Avalos CE, Kubicki DJ, Gajan D, Lelli M, Ouari O, Lesage A, Emsley L. 19
F Magic Angle Spinning Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7249-7253. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Viger‐Gravel
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Claudia E. Avalos
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Dominik J. Kubicki
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - David Gajan
- Université de LyonInstitut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 CNRS/UCBL/ENS Lyon)Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Center of Magnetic Resonance (CERM)University of Florence Via Luigi Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”University of Florence Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille UnivCNRSICR UMR 7273, 13397 13013 Marseille France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Université de LyonInstitut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 CNRS/UCBL/ENS Lyon)Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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16
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Mais M, Torroba J, Barrow NS, Paul S, Titman JJ. Ion exchange and binding in selenium remediation materials using DNP-enhanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2019; 98:19-23. [PMID: 30690321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Selenate-loaded selenium water remediation materials based on polymer fibres have been investigated by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhanced solid-state NMR. For carbon-13 a significant reduction in experiment time is obtained with DNP even when compared with conventional carbon-13 NMR spectra recorded using larger samples. For the selenium remediation materials studied here this reduction allows efficient acquisition of {1H}-77Se heteronuclear correlation spectra which give information about the nature of the binding of the remediated selenate ions with the grafted side chains which provide the required ion exchange functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mais
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Javier Torroba
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court, Sonning Common, Reading, RG4 9NH, UK
| | - Nathan S Barrow
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court, Sonning Common, Reading, RG4 9NH, UK
| | - Subhradip Paul
- Nottingham DNP MAS NMR Facility, Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jeremy J Titman
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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17
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Klimavicius V, Neumann S, Kunz S, Gutmann T, Buntkowsky G. Room temperature CO oxidation catalysed by supported Pt nanoparticles revealed by solid-state NMR and DNP spectroscopy. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00684b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1 and 2 nm sized platinum nanoparticles deposited on different support materials are investigated by solid-state NMR combined with dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytautas Klimavicius
- TU Darmstadt
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Sarah Neumann
- University of Bremen
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Kunz
- University of Bremen
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Torsten Gutmann
- TU Darmstadt
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
- University Kassel
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- TU Darmstadt
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
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18
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Burueva DB, Kovtunova LM, Bukhtiyarov VI, Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV. Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts: From Synthesis to NMR Signal Enhancement. Chemistry 2018; 25:1420-1431. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dudari B. Burueva
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging; International Tomography Center, SB RAS; 3A Institutskaya St. 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; 2 Pirogov St. 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Larisa M. Kovtunova
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis; 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave. 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; 2 Pirogov St. 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Valerii I. Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis; 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave. 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; 2 Pirogov St. 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Kirill V. Kovtunov
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging; International Tomography Center, SB RAS; 3A Institutskaya St. 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; 2 Pirogov St. 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging; International Tomography Center, SB RAS; 3A Institutskaya St. 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; 2 Pirogov St. 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
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19
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Samantaray MK, Pump E, Bendjeriou-Sedjerari A, D’Elia V, Pelletier JDA, Guidotti M, Psaro R, Basset JM. Surface organometallic chemistry in heterogeneous catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:8403-8437. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00356d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Surface organometallic chemistry has been reviewed with a special focus on environmentally relevant transformations (C–H activation, CO2conversion, oxidation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoja K. Samantaray
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Thuwal
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Eva Pump
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Thuwal
- Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Valerio D’Elia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology
- WangChan
- Thailand
| | - Jérémie D. A. Pelletier
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Thuwal
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Matteo Guidotti
- CNR – Institute of Molecular Sciences and Technologies
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Rinaldo Psaro
- CNR – Institute of Molecular Sciences and Technologies
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Jean-Marie Basset
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Thuwal
- Saudi Arabia
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