1
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Shi P, Gong W, Zhao J, Jiao Y, Sun Y, Fang L, Gou S. Molecular engineering of metal-based photosensitizers with narrow band gap for efficient photodynamic therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7503-7506. [PMID: 38946591 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Three iridium(III) complexes were designed with the purpose of elucidating the photo-physicochemical properties of iridium(III) complexes with narrow band gap at the electronic level. This study indicates that increasing the ligand rigidity and electron delocalization of the compounds can suppress the ring-stretching vibrations of the iridium(III) complex, thus improving their photo-chemical activity and photocytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengmin Shi
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Wenqi Gong
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Jian Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Yubo Jiao
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Yanyan Sun
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou, University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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2
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Steinke SJ, Dunbar MN, Amalfi Suarez MA, Turro C. Ru(II) Complexes with Absorption in the Photodynamic Therapy Window: 1O 2 Sensitization, DNA Binding, and Plasmid DNA Photocleavage. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11450-11458. [PMID: 38823006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Two Ru(II) complexes, [Ru(pydppn)(bim)(py)]2+ [2; pydppn = 3-(pyrid-2'-yl)-4,5,9,16-tetraaza-dibenzo[a,c]naphthacene; bim = 2,2'-bisimidazole; py = pyridine] and [Ru(pydppn)(Me4bim)(py)]2+ [3; Me4bim = 2,2'-bis(4,5-dimethylimidazole)], were synthesized and characterized, and their photophysical properties, DNA binding, and photocleavage were evaluated and compared to [Ru(pydppn)(bpy)(py)]2+ (1; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). Complexes 2 and 3 exhibit broad 1MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) transitions with maxima at ∼470 nm and shoulders at ∼525 and ∼600 nm that extend to ∼800 nm. These bands are red-shifted relative to those of 1, attributed to the π-donating ability of the bim and Me4bim ligands. A strong signal at 550 nm is observed in the transient absorption spectra of 1-3, previously assigned as arising from a pydppn-centered 3ππ* state, with lifetimes of ∼19 μs for 1 and 2 and ∼270 ns for 3. A number of methods were used to characterize the mode of binding of 1-3 to DNA, including absorption titrations, thermal denaturation, relative viscosity changes, and circular dichroism, all of which point to the intercalation of the pydpppn ligand between the nucleobases. The photocleavage of plasmid pUC19 DNA was observed upon the irradiation of 1-3 with visible and red light, attributed to the sensitized generation of 1O2 by the complexes. These findings indicate that the bim ligand, together with pydppn, serves to shift the absorption of Ru(II) complexes to the photodynamic therapy window, 600-900 nm, and also extend the excited state lifetimes for the efficient production of cytotoxic singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Marilyn N Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - M Agustina Amalfi Suarez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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3
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Robinette FN, Valentine NP, Sehler KM, Medeck AM, Reynolds KE, Lane SN, Price AN, Cavanaugh IG, Shell SM, Ashford DL. Modulating Excited State Properties and Ligand Ejection Kinetics in Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes Designed to Mimic Photochemotherapeutics. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8426-8439. [PMID: 38662617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes have gained significant interest as photochemotherapeutics (PCTs) due to their synthetic viability, strong light absorption, well understood excited state properties, and high phototoxicity indexes. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, electrochemical, spectrochemical, and preliminary cytotoxicity analyses of three series of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes designed to mimic PCTs. The three series have the general structure of [Ru(bpy)2(N-N)]2+ (Series 1), [Ru(bpy)(dmb)(N-N)]2+ (Series 2), and [Ru(dmb)2(N-N)]2+ (Series 3, where N-N is a bidentate polypyridyl ligand, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, and dmb = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine). In the three series, the N-N ligand was systematically modified to incorporate increased conjugation and/or electronegative heteroatoms to increase dπ-π* backbonding, red-shifting the lowest energy metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorptions from λmax = 454 to λmax = 580 nm, nearing the therapeutic window for PCTs (600-1100 nm). In addition, steric bulk was systematically introduced through the series, distorting the Ru(II) octahedra, making the dissociative 3dd* state thermally accessible at room and body temperatures. This resulted in a 4 orders of magnitude increase in photoinduced ligand ejection kinetics, and demonstrates the ability to modulate both the MLCT* and dd* manifolds in the complexes, which is critical in PCT drug design. Preliminary cell viability assays suggest that the increased steric bulk to lower the 3dd* states may interfere with the cytotoxicity mechanism, limiting photoinitiated toxicity of the complexes. This work demonstrates the importance of understanding both the MLCT* and dd* manifolds and how they impact the ability of a complex to act as a PCT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith N Robinette
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Nathaniel P Valentine
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Konrad M Sehler
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Andrew M Medeck
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Keylon E Reynolds
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Skylar N Lane
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Averie N Price
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Ireland G Cavanaugh
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Steven M Shell
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Virginia College at Wise, Wise, Virginia 24293, United States
| | - Dennis L Ashford
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
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4
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Denison M, Garcia SP, Ullrich A, Podgorski I, Gibson H, Turro C, Kodanko JJ. Ruthenium-Cathepsin Inhibitor Conjugates for Green Light-Activated Photodynamic Therapy and Photochemotherapy. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7973-7983. [PMID: 38616353 PMCID: PMC11066580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulated cathepsin activity is linked to various human diseases including metabolic disorders, autoimmune conditions, and cancer. Given the overexpression of cathepsin in the tumor microenvironment, cathepsin inhibitors are promising pharmacological agents and drug delivery vehicles for cancer treatment. In this study, we describe the synthesis and photochemical and biological assessment of a dual-action agent based on ruthenium that is conjugated with a cathepsin inhibitor, designed for both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photochemotherapy (PCT). The ruthenium-cathepsin inhibitor conjugate was synthesized through an oxime click reaction, combining a pan-cathepsin inhibitor based on E64d with the Ru(II) PCT/PDT fragment [Ru(dqpy)(dppn)], where dqpy = 2,6-di(quinoline-2-yl)pyridine and dppn = benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine. Photochemical investigations validated the conjugate's ability to release a triazole-containing cathepsin inhibitor for PCT and to generate singlet oxygen for PDT upon exposure to green light. Inhibition studies demonstrated the conjugate's potent and irreversible inactivation of purified and intracellular cysteine cathepsins. Two Ru(II) PCT/PDT agents based on the [Ru(dqpy)(dppn)] moiety were evaluated for photoinduced cytotoxicity in 4T1 murine triple-negative breast cancer cells, L929 fibroblasts, and M0, M1, and M2 macrophages. The cathepsin inhibitor conjugate displayed notable selectivity for inducing cell death under irradiation compared to dark conditions, mitigating toxicity in the dark observed with the triazole control complex [Ru(dqpy)(dppn)(MeTz)]2+ (MeTz = 1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole). Notably, our lead complex is among a limited number of dual PCT/PDT agents activated with green light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Denison
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Santana P Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Alexander Ullrich
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Heather Gibson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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5
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Dao A, Chen S, Pan L, Ren Q, Wang X, Wu H, Gong Q, Chen Z, Ji S, Ru J, Zhu H, Liang C, Zhang P, Xia H, Huang H. A 700 nm LED Light Activated Ru(II) Complex Destroys Tumor Cytoskeleton via Photosensitization and Photocatalysis. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400956. [PMID: 38635863 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Photoactivable chemotherapy (PACT) using metallic complexes provides spatiotemporal selectivity over drug activation for targeted anticancer therapy. However, the poor absorption in near-infrared (NIR) light region of most metallic complexes renders tissue penetration challenging. Herein, an NIR light triggered dinuclear photoactivable Ru(II) complex (Ru2) is presented and the antitumor mechanism is comprehensively investigated. The introduction of a donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) linker greatly enhances the intramolecular charge transition, resulting in a high molar extinction coefficient in the NIR region with an extended triplet excited state lifetime. Most importantly, when activated by 700 nm NIR light, Ru2 exhibits unique slow photodissociation kinetics that facilitates synergistic photosensitization and photocatalytic activity to destroy diverse intracellular biomolecules. In vitro and in vivo experiments show that when activated by 700 nm NIR light, Ru2 exhibits nanomolar photocytotoxicity toward 4T1 cancer cells via the induction of calcium overload and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. These findings provide a robust foundation for the development of NIR-activated Ru(II) PACT complexes for phototherapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyi Dao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Shenzhen campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 510275, China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Li Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Shenzhen campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 510275, China
| | - Qingyan Ren
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Haorui Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Shenzhen campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 510275, China
| | - Qiufang Gong
- Institute for Advanced Research, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zeduan Chen
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiaxi Ru
- Institute for Advanced Research, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - HaoTu Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Institute for Advanced Research, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Haiping Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huaiyi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Shenzhen campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 510275, China
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6
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Sinha N, Wellauer J, Maisuradze T, Prescimone A, Kupfer S, Wenger OS. Reversible Photoinduced Ligand Substitution in a Luminescent Chromium(0) Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10418-10431. [PMID: 38588581 PMCID: PMC11027151 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Light-triggered dissociation of ligands forms the basis for many compounds of interest for photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT), in which medicinally active substances are released or "uncaged" from metal complexes upon illumination. Photoinduced ligand dissociation is usually irreversible, and many recent studies performed in the context of PACT focused on ruthenium(II) polypyridines and related heavy metal complexes. Herein, we report a first-row transition metal complex, in which photoinduced dissociation and spontaneous recoordination of a ligand unit occurs. Two scorpionate-type tridentate chelates provide an overall six-coordinate arylisocyanide environment for chromium(0). Photoexcitation causes decoordination of one of these six ligating units and coordination of a solvent molecule, at least in tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-dioxane solvents, but far less in toluene, and below detection limit in cyclohexane. Transient UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and quantum chemical simulations point to photoinduced ligand dissociation directly from an excited metal-to-ligand charge-transfer state. Owing to the tridentate chelate design and the substitution lability of the first-row transition metal, recoordination of the photodissociated arylisocyanide ligand unit can occur spontaneously on a millisecond time scale. This work provides insight into possible self-healing mechanisms counteracting unwanted photodegradation processes and seems furthermore relevant in the contexts of photoswitching and (photo)chemical information storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Sinha
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of
Technology Mandi, Mandi 175075, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Joël Wellauer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Maisuradze
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Bretin L, Husiev Y, Ramu V, Zhang L, Hakkennes M, Abyar S, Johns AC, Le Dévédec SE, Betancourt T, Kornienko A, Bonnet S. Red-Light Activation of a Microtubule Polymerization Inhibitor via Amide Functionalization of the Ruthenium Photocage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316425. [PMID: 38061013 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) is a promising cancer treatment modality that kills cancer cells via photochemical uncaging of a cytotoxic drug. Most ruthenium-based photocages used for PACT are activated with blue or green light, which penetrates sub-optimally into tumor tissues. Here, we report amide functionalization as a tool to fine-tune the toxicity and excited states of a terpyridine-based ruthenium photocage. Due to conjugation of the amide group with the terpyridine π system in the excited state, the absorption of red light (630 nm) increased 8-fold, and the photosubstitution rate rose 5-fold. In vitro, red light activation triggered inhibition of tubulin polymerization, which led to apoptotic cell death both in normoxic (21 % O2 ) and hypoxic (1 % O2 ) cancer cells. In vivo, red light irradiation of tumor-bearing mice demonstrated significant tumor volume reduction (45 %) with improved biosafety, thereby demonstrating the clinical potential of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Bretin
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yurii Husiev
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vadde Ramu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Hakkennes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Selda Abyar
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew C Johns
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Sylvia E Le Dévédec
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tania Betancourt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Alexander Kornienko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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8
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Dunbar MN, Steinke SJ, Piechota EJ, Turro C. Differences in Photophysical Properties and Photochemistry of Ru(II)-Terpyridine Complexes of CH 3CN and Pyridine. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:599-610. [PMID: 38227956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
A series of 22 Ru(II) complexes of the type [Ru(tpy)(L)(L')]n+, where tpy is the tridentate ligand 2,2';6,2″-terpyridine, L represents bidentate ligands with varying electron-donating ability, and L' is acetonitrile (1a-11a) or pyridine (1b-11b), were investigated. The dissociation of acetonitrile occurs from the 3MLCT state in 1a-11a, such that it does not require the population of a 3LF state. Electrochemistry and spectroscopic data demonstrate that the ground states of these series do not differ significantly. Franck-Condon line-shape analysis of the 77 K emission data shows no significant differences between the emitting 3MLCT states in both series. Arrhenius analysis of the temperature dependence of 3MLCT lifetimes shows that the energy barrier (Ea) to thermally populating a 3LF state from a lower energy 3MLCT state is significantly higher in the pyridine than in the CH3CN series, consistent with the photostability of complexes 1b-11b, which do not undergo pyridine photodissociation under our experimental conditions. Importantly, these results demonstrate that ligand photodissociation of pyridine in 1b-11b does not take place directly from the 3MLCT state, as is the case for 1a-11a. These findings have potential impact on the rational design of complexes for a number of applications, including photochemotherapy, dye-sensitized solar cells, and photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn N Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sean J Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Eric J Piechota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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9
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Cole HD, Vali A, Roque JA, Shi G, Kaur G, Hodges RO, Francés-Monerris A, Alberto ME, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Ru(II) Phenanthroline-Based Oligothienyl Complexes as Phototherapy Agents. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:21181-21200. [PMID: 38079387 PMCID: PMC10754219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes have gained widespread attention as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, we systematically investigate a series of the type [Ru(phen)2(IP-nT)]2+, featuring 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) coligands and imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligands tethered to n = 0-4 thiophene rings (IP-nT). The complexes were characterized and investigated for their electrochemical, spectroscopic, and (photo)biological properties. The electrochemical oxidation of the nT unit shifted by -350 mV as n = 1 → 4 (+920 mV for Ru-1T, +570 mV for Ru-4T); nT reductions were observed in complexes Ru-3T (-2530 mV) and Ru-4T (-2300 mV). Singlet oxygen quantum yields ranged from 0.53 to 0.88, with Ru-3T and Ru-4T being equally efficient (∼0.88). Time-resolved absorption spectra of Ru-0T-1T were dominated by metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) states (τTA = 0.40-0.85 μs), but long-lived intraligand charge-transfer (3ILCT) states were observed in Ru-2T-4T (τTA = 25-148 μs). The 3ILCT energies of Ru-3T and Ru-4T were computed to be 1.6 and 1.4 eV, respectively. The phototherapeutic efficacy against melanoma cells (SK-MEL-28) under broad-band visible light (400-700 nm) increases as n = 0 → 4: Ru-0T was inactive up to 300 μM, Ru-1T-2T were moderately active (EC50 ∼ 600 nM, PI = 200), and Ru-3T (EC50 = 57 nM, PI > 1100) and Ru-4T (EC50 = 740 pM, PI = 114,000) were the most phototoxic. The activity diminishes with longer wavelengths of light and is completely suppressed for all complexes except Ru-3T and Ru-4T in hypoxia. Ru-4T is the more potent and robust PS in 1% O2 over seven biological replicates (avg EC50 = 1.3 μM, avg PI = 985). Ru-3T exhibited hypoxic activity in five of seven replicates, underscoring the need for biological replicates in compound evaluation. Singlet oxygen sensitization is likely responsible for phototoxic effects of the compounds in normoxia, but the presence of redox-active excited states may facilitate additional photoactive pathways for complexes with three or more thienyl groups. The 3ILCT state with its extended lifetime (30-40× longer than the 3MLCT state for Ru-3T and Ru-4T) implicates its predominant role in photocytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
| | - Abbas Vali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
| | - John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402 USA
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
| | - Rachel O. Hodges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402 USA
| | | | - Marta E. Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Italy
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
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10
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Zhang Z, He M, Wang R, Fan J, Peng X, Sun W. Development of Ruthenium Nanophotocages with Red or Near-Infrared Light-Responsiveness. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300606. [PMID: 37837285 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of light-triggered ruthenium (Ru) nanophotocages has revolutionized conventional methods of drug administration, thereby facilitating cancer therapy in a noninvasive and temperate manner. Ru nanophotocages employ a distinct approach known as photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT), wherein light-induced ligand dissociation yields a toxic metal complex or a ligand capable of performing other functions such as optically controlled protein degradation and drug delivery. Simultaneously, this process is accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which serve as an effective anticancer agent in combination with PACT and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Due to its exceptional attributes of extended tissue penetration, and minimized tissue damage, red light or near-infrared light is widely acknowledged as the "phototherapeutic window" (650-900 nm). In this Concept, we present an overview of the most recent advancements in Ru nanophotocages within the phototherapeutic range. Diverse aspects, including design principles, photocaging efficacy, photoactivation mechanisms, and potential applications in the field of biomedical chemistry, are discussed. Questions and challenges regarding their synthesis, characterization, and applications are also discussed. This Concept would foster further exploration into the realm of Ru nanophotocages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Maomao He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, 315016, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, 315016, China
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11
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Mishra R, Saha A, Chatterjee P, Bhattacharyya A, Patra AK. Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl-Based Photocages for an Anticancer Phytochemical Diallyl Sulfide: Comparative Dark and Photoreactivity Studies of Caged and Precursor Uncaged Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18839-18855. [PMID: 37930798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal control over the drug's action offered by ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes by the selective activation of the prodrug inside the tumor has beaconed toward much-desired selectivity issues in cancer chemotherapy. The photocaging of anticancer bioactive ligands attached synergistically with cytotoxic Ru(II) polypyridyl cores and selective release thereof in cancer cells are a promising modality for more effective drug action. Diallyl sulfide (DAS) naturally found in garlic has anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Herein, we designed two Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes to cage DAS having a thioether-based donor site. For in-depth photocaging studies, we compared the reactivity of the DAS-caged compounds with the uncaged Ru(II)-complexes with the general formula [Ru(ttp)(NN)(L)]+/2+. Here, in the first series, ttp = p-tolyl terpyridine, NN = phen (1,10-phenanthroline), and L = Cl- (1-Cl) and H2O (1-H2O), while for the second series, NN = dpq (pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline), and L = Cl- (2-Cl) and H2O (2-H2O). The reaction of DAS with 1-H2O and 2-H2O yielded the caged complexes [Ru(ttp)(NN)(DAS)](PF6)2, i.e., 1-DAS and 2-DAS, respectively. The complexes were structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography, and the solution-state characterization was done by 1H NMR and ESI-MS studies. Photoinduced release of DAS from the Ru(II) core was monitored by 1H NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy. When irradiated with a 470 nm blue LED in DMSO, the photosubstitution quantum yields (Φ) of 0.035 and 0.057 were observed for 1-DAS and 2-DAS, respectively. Intriguing solution-state speciation and kinetic behaviors of the uncaged and caged Ru(II)-complexes emerged from 1H NMR studies in the dark, and they are depicted in this work. The caged 1-DAS and 2-DAS complexes remained mostly structurally intact for a reasonably long period in DMSO. The uncaged 1-Cl and 2-Cl complexes, although did not undergo substitution in only DMSO but in the 10% DMSO/H2O mixture, completely converted to the corresponding DMSO-adduct within 16 h. Toward gaining insights into the reactivity with the biological targets, we observed that 1-Cl upon hydrolysis formed an adduct with 5'-GMP, while a small amount of GSSG-adduct was observed when 1-Cl was reacted with GSH in H2O at 323 K. 1-Cl after hydrolysis reacted with l-methionine, although the rate was slightly slower compared with that with DMSO, suggesting varying reaction kinetics with different sulfur-based linkages. Although 1-H2O reacted with sulfoxide and thioether ligands at room temperature, the rate was much faster at higher temperatures obviously, and thiol-based systems needed higher thermal energy for conjugation. Overall, these studies provide insight for thoughtful design of new generation Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes for caging suitable bioactive organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramranjan Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijit Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pritha Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Atish Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashis K Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Rapp TL, DeForest CA. Tricolor visible wavelength-selective photodegradable hydrogel biomaterials. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5250. [PMID: 37640707 PMCID: PMC10462736 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic hydrogel biomaterials have demonstrated great potential for user-triggered therapeutic release, patterned organoid development, and four-dimensional control over advanced cell fates in vitro. Current photosensitive materials are constrained by their reliance on high-energy ultraviolet light (<400 nm) that offers poor tissue penetrance and limits access to the broader visible spectrum. Here, we report a family of three photolabile material crosslinkers that respond rapidly and with unique tricolor wavelength-selectivity to low-energy visible light (400-617 nm). We show that when mixed with multifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) macromolecular precursors, ruthenium polypyridyl- and ortho-nitrobenzyl (oNB)-based crosslinkers yield cytocompatible biomaterials that can undergo spatiotemporally patterned, uniform bulk softening, and multiplexed degradation several centimeters deep through complex tissue. We demonstrate that encapsulated living cells within these photoresponsive gels show high viability and can be successfully recovered from the hydrogels following photodegradation. Moving forward, we anticipate that these advanced material platforms will enable new studies in 3D mechanobiology, controlled drug delivery, and next-generation tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Rapp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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13
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Hakkennes MLA, Meijer MS, Menzel JP, Goetz AC, Van Duijn R, Siegler MA, Buda F, Bonnet S. Ligand Rigidity Steers the Selectivity and Efficiency of the Photosubstitution Reaction of Strained Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37294954 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While photosubstitution reactions in metal complexes are usually thought of as dissociative processes poorly dependent on the environment, they are, in fact, very sensitive to solvent effects. Therefore, it is crucial to explicitly consider solvent molecules in theoretical models of these reactions. Here, we experimentally and computationally investigated the selectivity of the photosubstitution of diimine chelates in a series of sterically strained ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes in water and acetonitrile. The complexes differ essentially by the rigidity of the chelates, which strongly influenced the observed selectivity of the photosubstitution. As the ratio between the different photoproducts was also influenced by the solvent, we developed a full density functional theory modeling of the reaction mechanism that included explicit solvent molecules. Three reaction pathways leading to photodissociation were identified on the triplet hypersurface, each characterized by either one or two energy barriers. Photodissociation in water was promoted by a proton transfer in the triplet state, which was facilitated by the dissociated pyridine ring acting as a pendent base. We show that the temperature variation of the photosubstitution quantum yield is an excellent tool to compare theory with experiments. An unusual phenomenon was observed for one of the compounds in acetonitrile, for which an increase in temperature led to a surprising decrease in the photosubstitution reaction rate. We interpret this experimental observation based on complete mapping of the triplet hypersurface of this complex, revealing thermal deactivation to the singlet ground state through intersystem crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs L A Hakkennes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Michael S Meijer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul Menzel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Charlotte Goetz
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Van Duijn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Francesco Buda
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
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14
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Liu W, Li X, Wang T, Xiong F, Sun C, Yao X, Huang W. Platinum Drug-Incorporating Polymeric Nanosystems for Precise Cancer Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2208241. [PMID: 36843317 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202208241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Platinum (Pt) drugs are widely used in clinic for cancer therapy, but their therapeutic outcomes are significantly compromised by severe side effects and acquired drug resistance. With the emerging immunotherapy and imaging-guided cancer therapy, precise delivery and release of Pt drugs have drawn great attention these days. The targeting delivery of Pt drugs can greatly increase the accumulation at tumor sites, which ultimately enhances antitumor efficacy. Further, with the combination of Pt drugs and other theranostic agents into one nanosystem, it not only possesses excellent synergistic efficacy but also achieves real-time monitoring. In this review, after the introduction of Pt drugs and their characteristics, the recent progress of polymeric nanosystems for efficient delivery of Pt drugs is summarized with an emphasis on multi-modal synergistic therapy and imaging-guided Pt-based cancer treatment. In the end, the conclusions and future perspectives of Pt-encapsulated nanosystems are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Fei Xiong
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Changrui Sun
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xikuang Yao
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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15
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He G, He M, Wang R, Li X, Hu H, Wang D, Wang Z, Lu Y, Xu N, Du J, Fan J, Peng X, Sun W. A Near‐Infrared Light‐Activated Photocage Based on a Ruthenium Complex for Cancer Phototherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202218768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangli He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Maomao He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Xuezhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Hanze Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610054 China
| | - Ziqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Yang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Jianjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology 26 Yucai Road, Jiangbei District Ningbo 315016 China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology 26 Yucai Road, Jiangbei District Ningbo 315016 China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology 26 Yucai Road, Jiangbei District Ningbo 315016 China
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16
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Zhao X, He S, Chi W, Liu X, Chen P, Sun W, Du J, Fan J, Peng X. An Approach to Developing Cyanines with Upconverted Photosensitive Efficiency Enhancement for Highly Efficient NIR Tumor Phototheranostics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202885. [PMID: 36095253 PMCID: PMC9631065 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Upconverted reactive oxygen species (ROS) photosensitization with one-photon excitation mode is a promising tactic to elongate the excitation wavelengths of photosensitive dyes to near-infrared (NIR) light region without the requirement of coherent high-intensity light sources. However, the photosensitization efficiencies are still finite by the unilateral improvement of excited-state intersystem crossing (ISC) via heavy-atom-effect, since the upconverted efficiency also plays a decisive role in upconverted photosensitization. Herein, a NIR light initiated one-photon upconversion heavy-atom-free small molecule system is reported. The meso-rotatable anthracene in pentamethine cyanine (Cy5) is demonstrated to enrich the populations in high vibrational-rotational energy levels and subsequently improve the hot-band absorption (HBA) efficiency. Moreover, the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) caused by electron donated anthracene can further amplify the triplet yield. Benefiting from the above two aspects, the 1 O2 generation significantly increases with over 2-fold improved performance compared with heavy-atom-modified method under upconverted light excitation, which obtains efficient in vivo phototheranostic results and provides new opportunities for other applications such as photocatalysis and fine chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueze Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024P. R. China
| | - Shan He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental MaterialsDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
| | - Weijie Chi
- Fluorescence Research GroupSingapore University of Technology and DesignSingapore487372Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Fluorescence Research GroupSingapore University of Technology and DesignSingapore487372Singapore
| | - Pengzhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of TechnologyNingbo315016P. R. China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of TechnologyNingbo315016P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of TechnologyNingbo315016P. R. China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of TechnologyNingbo315016P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518057P. R. China
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17
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Steinke SJ, Piechota EJ, Loftus LM, Turro C. Acetonitrile Ligand Photosubstitution in Ru(II) Complexes Directly from the 3MLCT State. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20177-20182. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Eric J. Piechota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Lauren M. Loftus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
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18
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Kumbhakar S, Gupta P, Giri B, Muley A, Karumban KS, Misra A, Maji S. Photolability of NO in ruthenium nitrosyls with pentadentate ligand induces exceptional cytotoxicity towards VCaP, 22Rv1 and A549 cancer cells under therapeutic condition. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Jena S, Tulsiyan KD, Kumari A, Das R, Biswal HS. Thiolumazines as Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers for Applications in Daylight Photodynamic Therapy: Insights from Ultrafast Excited-State Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6083-6094. [PMID: 35938784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Finding appropriate photosensitizers (PSs) for daylight photodynamic therapy (dPDT) applications is extremely challenging, even though heavy-atom-free photosensitizers (HAFPSs) such as thiocarbonyl-modified nucleobases have shown a ray of hope. Few attempts have been made to find alternative natural products for dPDT applications. Pteridine heterocycles consisting of a pyrazine ring and a pyrimidine ring, such as lumazine, which exhibit many structural similarities to the alloxazine ring of the flavin molecule, could be an option for HAFPSs. The photophysical and quantum mechanical studies of the thio-modified lumazines revealed that sequential thiomodifications in lumazine result in a bathochromic shift. Additionally, higher tissue penetration depths were observed for thiolumazines. The fluorescence quenching in the case of thiomodified lumazines was explained using triplet state formation, whereas the contribution from the photoinduced electron transfer process cannot be ignored. It was also noticed that a strong one-photon absorption influenced the two-photon absorption (TPA) process, leading to a self-focusing effect in the visible spectral region. The higher tissue penetration and larger TPA cross section are the hallmark characteristics of the thiolumazines to be considered as potential HAFPSs for dPDT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrakant Jena
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Kiran Devi Tulsiyan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Anupa Kumari
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India.,School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ritwick Das
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India.,School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Himansu S Biswal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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20
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Alberto ME, De Simone BC, Marino T, Toscano M, Russo N. Chalcogen Effects in the Photophysical Properties of Dimethylamino-1,8-naphthalimide Dyes Revealed by DFT Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5167-5172. [PMID: 35894928 PMCID: PMC9376948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Thionation of carbonyl groups of known dyes is a rapidly
emerging
strategy to propose an advance toward heavy-atom-free photosensitizers
to be used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The sulfur-for-oxygen replacement
has recently proved to enhance the singlet oxygen quantum yield of
some existing fluorophores and to shift the absorption band at longer
wavelengths. Drawing inspiration from this challenging evidence, the
effect of both sulfur- and selenium-for-oxygen replacement in the
skeleton of the oxo-4-dimethylamino-1,8-naphthalimide molecule (DMN)
has been analyzed by means of a DFT study. The thio- and seleno-derivatives
(SDMN and SeDMN, respectively) have been shown to offer the possibility
to access a multitude of ISC (intersystem crossing) pathways involved
in the triplet deactivation mechanisms with a consequent enhancement
of the singlet oxygen production, also arising from the change of
orbital type involved in the radiationless 1nπ* → 3ππ* transitions. Moreover, the change in nature
from a 1ππ* to a 1nπ* observed
in the SeDMN has been revealed to be crucial to reach more clinically
useful regions of the spectrum suggesting that the selenium-for-oxygen
replacement can be proposed as a strategy to achieve more suitable
PDT agents while proposing an advance toward heavy-atom-free PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Erminia Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Bruna Clara De Simone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Marirosa Toscano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
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21
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Unravelling the role of [Ru(bpy) 2(OH 2) 2] 2+ complexes in photo-activated chemotherapy. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 235:111930. [PMID: 35841722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) has emerged as a promising strategy to selectively target cancer cells by using light irradiation to generate cytotoxic complexes in situ through a mechanism involving ligand-loss. Due to their rich optical properties and excited state chemistry, Ru polypyridyl complexes have attracted significant attention for PACT. However, studying PACT is complicated by the fact that many of these Ru complexes can also undergo excited-state electron transfer to generate 1O2 species. In order to deconvolute the biological roles of possible photo-decomposition products without the added complication of excited-state electron transfer chemistry, we have developed a methodology to systematically investigate each product individually, and assess the structure-function relationship. Here, we synthesized a series of eight distinct Ru polypyridyl complexes: Ru-Xa ([Ru(NN)3]2+), Ru-Xb ([Ru(NN)2py2]2+), and Ru-Xc ([Ru(NN)(OH2)2]2+) where NN = 2,2'-bipyridine, 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, or dimethyl 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylate and py = pyridine. The cytotoxicity of these complexes was investigated in two cell lines amenable to PACT: H23 (breast cancer) and T47D (lung cancer). We confirmed that light irradiation of Ru-Xa and Ru-Xb complexes generate Ru-Xc complexes through UV-visible spectroscopy, and observed that the Ru-Xc complexes are the most toxic against the cancer cell lines. In addition, we have shown that ligand release and biological activity including bovine serum albumin (BSA) binding, lipophilicity, and DNA interaction are altered when different groups are appended to the bipyridine ligands. We believe that the methodology presented here will enhance the development of more potent and selective PACT agents moving forward.
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22
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Tang Q, Liu J, Wang CB, An L, Zhang HL, Wang Y, Ren B, Yang SP, Liu JG. A multifunctional nanoplatform delivering carbon monoxide and a cysteine protease inhibitor to mitochondria under NIR light shows enhanced synergistic anticancer efficacy. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9097-9103. [PMID: 35713601 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01122k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivated chemotherapy has attracted widespread attention due to its ability to circumvent the shortcomings of hypoxia in tumor tissues compared with traditional photodynamic therapy. In this work, novel multifunctional nanoplatform (1), Ru-inhibitor@TPPMnCO@N-GQDs, was designed and prepared, which was capable of mitochondria-targeted co-delivery of the cysteine protease inhibitor and carbon monoxide (CO) stimulated with an 808 nm near infrared (NIR) laser. Nanoplatform (1) was prepared by covalent attachment of a mitochondria-targeted CO donor (TPPMnCO) and a Ru(II)-caged cysteine protease inhibitor (Ru-inhibitor) on the surface of fluorescent N-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs). Nanoplatform (1) preferentially accumulated in the mitochondria of cancer cells and instantly delivered CO and the cysteine protease inhibitor upon 808 nm NIR light irradiation, thus damaging mitochondria and leading to significant in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacy. In addition, nanoplatform (1) has good biocompatibility and did not exert any toxic side effects on mice during the period of treatment. The targeted subcellular mitochondrial co-delivery of CO and the cysteine protease inhibitor may provide new insights into CO and enzyme inhibitor combined therapies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Cheng-Bin Wang
- Key Lab of Resource Chemistry of MOE & Shanghai Key Lab of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China.
| | - Lu An
- Key Lab of Resource Chemistry of MOE & Shanghai Key Lab of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China.
| | - Hai-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Bing Ren
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Shi-Ping Yang
- Key Lab of Resource Chemistry of MOE & Shanghai Key Lab of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
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23
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McCullough AB, Chen J, Valentine NP, Franklin TM, Cantrell AP, Darnell VM, Qureshi Q, Hanson K, Shell SM, Ashford DL. Balancing the interplay between ligand ejection and therapeutic window light absorption in ruthenium polypyridyl complexes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10186-10197. [PMID: 35735218 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01237e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes have gained significant interest as photochemotherapies (PCTs) where their excited-state properties play a critical role in the photo-cytotoxicity mechanism and efficacy. Herein we report a systematic electrochemical, spectrochemical, and photophysical analysis of a series of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes of the type [Ru(bpy)2(N-N)]2+ (where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; N-N is a bidentate polypyridyl ligand) designed to mimic PCTs. In this series, the N-N ligand was modified through increased conjugation and/or incorporation of electronegative heteroatoms to shift the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) absorptions near the therapeutic window for PCTs (600-1100 nm) while incorporating steric bulk to trigger photoinduced ligand dissociation. The lowest energy MLCT absorptions were red-shifted from λmax = 454 nm to 564 nm, with emission energies decreasing from λmax = 620 nm to 850 nm. Photoinduced ligand ejection and temperature-dependent emission studies revealed an important interplay between red-shifting MLCT absorptions and accessing the dissociative 3dd* states, with energy barriers between the 3MLCT* and 3dd* states ranging from 850 cm-1 to 2580 cm-1 for the complexes measured. This work demonstrates the importance of understanding both the MLCT manifold and 3dd* state energy levels in the future design of ligands and complexes for PCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie B McCullough
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Nathaniel P Valentine
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
| | - Toney M Franklin
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
| | - Andrew P Cantrell
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
| | - Vayda M Darnell
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
| | - Qasim Qureshi
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Virginia's College at Wise, Wise, Virginia, 24293, USA
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Steven M Shell
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Virginia's College at Wise, Wise, Virginia, 24293, USA
| | - Dennis L Ashford
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
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24
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Chen Q, Cuello-Garibo JA, Bretin L, Zhang L, Ramu V, Aydar Y, Batsiun Y, Bronkhorst S, Husiev Y, Beztsinna N, Chen L, Zhou XQ, Schmidt C, Ott I, Jager MJ, Brouwer AM, Snaar-Jagalska BE, Bonnet S. Photosubstitution in a trisheteroleptic ruthenium complex inhibits conjunctival melanoma growth in a zebrafish orthotopic xenograft model. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6899-6919. [PMID: 35774173 PMCID: PMC9200134 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01646j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo data are rare but essential for establishing the clinical potential of ruthenium-based photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) compounds, a new family of phototherapeutic drugs that are activated via ligand photosubstitution. Here a novel trisheteroleptic ruthenium complex [Ru(dpp)(bpy)(mtmp)](PF6)2 ([2](PF6)2, dpp = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, mtmp = 2-methylthiomethylpyridine) was synthesized and its light-activated anticancer properties were validated in cancer cell monolayers, 3D tumor spheroids, and in embryonic zebrafish cancer models. Upon green light irradiation, the non-toxic mtmp ligand is selectively cleaved off, thereby releasing a phototoxic ruthenium-based photoproduct capable notably of binding to nuclear DNA and triggering DNA damage and apoptosis within 24–48 h. In vitro, fifteen minutes of green light irradiation (21 mW cm−2, 19 J cm−2, 520 nm) were sufficient to generate high phototherapeutic indexes (PI) for this compound in a range of cancer cell lines including lung (A549), prostate (PC3Pro4), conjunctival melanoma (CRMM1, CRMM2, CM2005.1) and uveal melanoma (OMM1, OMM2.5, Mel270) cancer cell lines. The therapeutic potential of [2](PF6)2 was further evaluated in zebrafish embryo ectopic (PC3Pro4) or orthotopic (CRMM1, CRMM2) tumour models. The ectopic model consisted of red fluorescent PC3Pro4-mCherry cells injected intravenously (IV) into zebrafish, that formed perivascular metastatic lesions at the posterior ventral end of caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT). By contrast, in the orthotopic model, CRMM1- and CRMM2-mCherry cells were injected behind the eye where they developed primary lesions. The maximally-tolerated dose (MTD) of [2](PF6)2 was first determined for three different modes of compound administration: (i) incubating the fish in prodrug-containing water (WA); (ii) injecting the prodrug intravenously (IV) into the fish; or (iii) injecting the prodrug retro-orbitally (RO) into the fish. To test the anticancer efficiency of [2](PF6)2, the embryos were treated 24 h after engraftment at the MTD. Optimally, four consecutive PACT treatments were performed on engrafted embryos using 60 min drug-to-light intervals and 90 min green light irradiation (21 mW cm−2, 114 J cm−2, 520 nm). Most importantly, this PACT protocol was not toxic to the zebrafish. In the ectopic prostate tumour models, where [2](PF6)2 showed the highest photoindex in vitro (PI > 31), the PACT treatment did not significantly diminish the growth of primary lesions, while in both conjunctival melanoma orthotopic tumour models, where [2](PF6)2 showed more modest photoindexes (PI ∼ 9), retro-orbitally administered PACT treatment significantly inhibited growth of the engrafted tumors. Overall, this study represents the first demonstration in zebrafish cancer models of the clinical potential of ruthenium-based PACT, here against conjunctival melanoma. A new tris-heteroleptic photoactivated chemotherapy ruthenium complex induces apoptosis upon green light activation in a zebrafish orthothopic conjunctival melanoma xenograft model.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanchi Chen
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China.,Institute of Biology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4980
| | - Jordi-Amat Cuello-Garibo
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Ludovic Bretin
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Vadde Ramu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Yasmin Aydar
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4980
| | - Yevhen Batsiun
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Sharon Bronkhorst
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Yurii Husiev
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Nataliia Beztsinna
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Lanpeng Chen
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4980
| | - Xue-Quan Zhou
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Beethovenstrasse 55 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Beethovenstrasse 55 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Albert M Brouwer
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
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25
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Roque Iii JA, Cole HD, Barrett PC, Lifshits LM, Hodges RO, Kim S, Deep G, Francés-Monerris A, Alberto ME, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Intraligand Excited States Turn a Ruthenium Oligothiophene Complex into a Light-Triggered Ubertoxin with Anticancer Effects in Extreme Hypoxia. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8317-8336. [PMID: 35482975 PMCID: PMC9098688 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ru(II) complexes that undergo photosubstitution reactions from triplet metal-centered (3MC) excited states are of interest in photochemotherapy (PCT) due to their potential to produce cytotoxic effects in hypoxia. Dual-action systems that incorporate this stoichiometric mode to complement the oxygen-dependent photosensitization pathways that define photodynamic therapy (PDT) are poised to maintain antitumor activity regardless of the oxygenation status. Herein, we examine the way in which these two pathways influence photocytotoxicity in normoxia and in hypoxia using the [Ru(dmp)2(IP-nT)]2+ series (where dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and IP-nT = imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline tethered to n = 0-4 thiophene rings) to switch the dominant excited state from the metal-based 3MC state in the case of Ru-phen-Ru-1T to the ligand-based 3ILCT state for Ru-3T and Ru-4T. Ru-phen-Ru-1T, having dominant 3MC states and the largest photosubstitution quantum yields, are inactive in both normoxia and hypoxia. Ru-3T and Ru-4T, with dominant 3IL/3ILCT states and long triplet lifetimes (τTA = 20-25 μs), have the poorest photosubstitution quantum yields, yet are extremely active. In the best instances, Ru-4T exhibit attomolar phototoxicity toward SKMEL28 cells in normoxia and picomolar in hypoxia, with phototherapeutic index values in normoxia of 105-1012 and 103-106 in hypoxia. While maximizing excited-state deactivation through photodissociative 3MC states did not result in bonafide dual-action PDT/PCT agents, the study has produced the most potent photosensitizer we know of to date. The extraordinary photosensitizing capacity of Ru-3T and Ru-4T may stem from a combination of very efficient 1O2 production and possibly complementary type I pathways via 3ILCT excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Roque Iii
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Houston D Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Patrick C Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Liubov M Lifshits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Rachel O Hodges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Susy Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | | | - Marta E Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
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26
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Toupin N, Herroon MK, Thummel RP, Turro C, Podgorski I, Gibson H, Kodanko JJ. Metalloimmunotherapy with Rhodium and Ruthenium Complexes: Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104430. [PMID: 35235227 PMCID: PMC9541094 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) suppress the cancer immune response and are a key target for immunotherapy. The effects of ruthenium and rhodium complexes on TAMs have not been well characterized. To address this gap in the field, a panel of 22 dirhodium and ruthenium complexes were screened against three subtypes of macrophages, triple-negative breast cancer and normal breast tissue cells. Experiments were carried out in 2D and biomimetic 3D co-culture experiments with and without irradiation with blue light. Leads were identified with cell-type-specific toxicity toward macrophage subtypes, cancer cells, or both. Experiments with 3D spheroids revealed complexes that sensitized the tumor models to the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin. Cell surface exposure of calreticulin, a known facilitator of immunogenic cell death (ICD), was increased upon treatment, along with a concomitant reduction in the M2-subtype classifier arginase. Our findings lay a strong foundation for the future development of ruthenium- and rhodium-based chemotherapies targeting TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Toupin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Mackenzie K Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Randolph P Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Heather Gibson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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27
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Chettri A, Cole HD, Roque JA, Schneider KRA, Yang T, Cameron CG, McFarland SA, Dietzek-Ivanšić B. Interaction with a Biomolecule Facilitates the Formation of the Function-Determining Long-Lived Triplet State in a Ruthenium Complex for Photodynamic Therapy. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1336-1344. [PMID: 35179905 PMCID: PMC8903189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c09968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
TLD1433 is the first ruthenium (Ru)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent to advance to clinical trials and is currently in a phase II study for treating nonmuscle bladder cancer with PDT. Herein, we present a photophysical study of TLD1433 and its derivative TLD1633 using complex, biologically relevant solvents to elucidate the excited-state properties that are key for biological activity. The complexes incorporate an imidazo [4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (IP) ligand appended to α-ter- or quaterthiophene, respectively, where TLD1433 = [Ru(4,4'-dmb)2(IP-3T)]Cl2 and TLD1633 = [Ru(4,4'-dmb)2(IP-4T)]Cl2 (4,4'-dmb = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine; 3T = α-terthiophene; 4T = α-quaterthiophene). Time-resolved transient absorption experiments demonstrate that the excited-state dynamics of the complexes change upon interaction with biological macromolecules (e.g., DNA). In this case, the accessibility of the lowest-energy triplet intraligand charge-transfer (3ILCT) state (T1) is increased at the expense of a higher-lying 3ILCT state. We attribute this behavior to the increased rigidity of the ligand framework upon binding to DNA, which prolongs the lifetime of the T1 state. This lowest-lying state is primarily responsible for O2 sensitization and hence photoinduced cytotoxicity. Therefore, to gain a realistic picture of the excited-state kinetics that underlie the photoinduced function of the complexes, it is necessary to interrogate their photophysical dynamics in the presence of biological targets once they are known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Chettri
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Houston D. Cole
- The University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - John A. Roque
- The University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arlington, TX 76019, USA,The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Kilian R. A. Schneider
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tingxiang Yang
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- The University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- The University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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28
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He M, Wang R, Wan P, Wang H, Cheng Y, Miao P, Wei Z, Leng X, Li Y, Du J, Fan J, Sun W, Peng X. Biodegradable Ru-Containing Polycarbonate Micelles for Photoinduced Anticancer Multitherapeutic Agent Delivery and Phototherapy Enhancement. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1733-1744. [PMID: 35107271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lack of selectivity between tumor and healthy cells, along with inefficient reactive oxygen species production in solid tumors, are two major impediments to the development of anticancer Ru complexes. The development of photoinduced combination therapy based on biodegradable polymers that can be light activated in the "therapeutic window" would be beneficial for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of Ru complexes. Herein, a biodegradable Ru-containing polymer (poly(DCARu)) is developed, in which two different therapeutics (the drug and the Ru complex) are rationally integrated and then conjugated to a diblock copolymer (MPEG-b-PMCC) containing hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) and cyano-functionalized polycarbonate with good degradability and biocompatibility. The polymer self-assembles into micelles with high drug loading capacity, which can be efficiently internalized into tumor cells. Red light induces the generation of singlet oxygen and the release of anticancer drug-Ru complex conjugates from poly(DCARu) micelles, hence inhibiting tumor cell growth. Furthermore, the phototherapy of polymer micelles demonstrates remarkable inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. Meanwhile, polymer micelles exhibit good biocompatibility with blood and healthy tissues, which opens up opportunities for multitherapeutic agent delivery and enhanced phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Peiyuan Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Pengcheng Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhiyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuefei Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jianjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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29
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Filevich O, Etchenique R. Photochemical biosignaling with ruthenium complexes. BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF INORGANIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Steinke SJ, Gupta S, Piechota EJ, Moore CE, Kodanko JJ, Turro C. Photocytotoxicity and photoinduced phosphine ligand exchange in a Ru(ii) polypyridyl complex. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1933-1945. [PMID: 35308843 PMCID: PMC8848995 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05647f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new tris-heteroleptic Ru(ii) complexes with triphenylphosphine (PPh3) coordination, cis-[Ru(phen)2(PPh3)(CH3CN)]2+ (1a, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) and cis-[Ru(biq)(phen)(PPh3)(CH3CN)]2+ (2a, biq = 2,2′-biquinoline), were synthesized and characterized for photochemotherapeutic applications. Upon absorption of visible light, 1a exchanges a CH3CN ligand for a solvent water molecule. Surprisingly, the steady-state irradiation of 2a followed by electronic absorption and NMR spectroscopies reveals the photosubstitution of the PPh3 ligand. Phosphine photoinduced ligand exchange with visible light from a Ru(ii) polypyridyl complex has not previously been reported, and calculations reveal that it results from a trans-type influence in the excited state. Complexes 1a and 2a are not toxic against the triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in the dark, but upon irradiation with blue light, the activity of both complexes increases by factors of >4.2 and 5.8, respectively. Experiments with PPh3 alone show that the phototoxicity observed for 2a does not arise from the released phosphine ligand, indicating the role of the photochemically generated ruthenium aqua complex on the biological activity. These complexes represent a new design motif for the selective release of PPh3 and CH3CN for use in photochemotherapy. New Ru(ii) complexes exhibit selective ligand dissociation driven by an excited state trans-type influence. The complexes are not toxic to triple-negative breast cancer cells in the dark, but induce cell death upon irradiation with visible light.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Sayak Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48208, United States
| | - Eric J. Piechota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy J. Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48208, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
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31
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Gupta S, Vandevord JM, Loftus LM, Toupin N, Al-Afyouni MH, Rohrabaugh TN, Turro C, Kodanko JJ. Ru(II)-Based Acetylacetonate Complexes Induce Apoptosis Selectively in Cancer Cells. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18964-18974. [PMID: 34846875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, chemical and biological characterization of seven Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes containing acetylacetonate (acac) ligands are reported. Electronic absorption spectra were determined and electrochemical potentials consistent with Ru(III/II) couples ranging from +0.60 to +0.73 V vs Ag/AgCl were measured. A series of complexes were screened against MDA-MB-231, DU-145, and MCF-10A cell lines to evaluate their cytotoxicities in cancer and normal cell lines. Although most complexes were either nontoxic or equipotent in cancer cells and normal cell lines, compound 1, [Ru(dpqy)(acac)(py)](PF6), where dqpy is 2,6-di(quinolin-2-yl)pyridine, showed up to 2.5:1.0 selectivity for cancer as compared to normal cells, along with nanomolar EC50 values in MDA-MB-231 cells. Lipophilicity, determined as the octanol/water partition coefficient, log Po/w, ranged from -0.33 (0.06) to 1.15 (0.10) for the complexes. Although cytotoxicity was not correlated with electrochemical potentials, a moderate linear correlation between lipophilicity and toxicities was observed. Cell death mechanism studies indicated that several of the Ru-acac compounds, including 1, induce apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jessica M Vandevord
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lauren M Loftus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Nicholas Toupin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Malik H Al-Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Thomas N Rohrabaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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32
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Toupin NP, Steinke SJ, Herroon MK, Podgorski I, Turro C, Kodanko JJ. Unlocking the Potential of Ru(II) Dual-action Compounds with the Power of the Heavy-atom Effect. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:378-388. [PMID: 34866185 DOI: 10.1111/php.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, photochemical and biological characterization of two new Ru(II) photoactivated complexes based on [Ru(tpy)(Me2 bpy)(L)]2+ (tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, Me2 bpy = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine), where L = pyridyl-BODIPY (pyBOD). Two pyBOD ligands were prepared bearing flanking hydrogen or iodine atoms. Ru(II)-bound BODIPY dyes show a red-shift of absorption maxima relative to the free dyes and undergo photodissociation of BODIPY ligands with green light irradiation. Addition of iodine into the BODIPY ligand facilitates intersystem crossing, which leads to efficient singlet oxygen production in the free dye, but also enhances quantum yield of release of the BODIPY ligand from Ru(II). This represents the first report of a strategy to enhance photodissociation quantum yields through the heavy-atom effect in Ru(II) complexes. Furthermore, Ru(II)-bound BODIPY dyes display fluorescence turn-on once released, with a lead analog showing nanomolar EC50 values against triple negative breast cancer cells, >100-fold phototherapeutic indexes under green light irradiation, and higher selectivity toward cancer cells as compared to normal cells than the corresponding free BODIPY photosensitizer. Conventional Ru(II) photoactivated complexes require nonbiorthogonal blue light for activation and rarely show submicromolar potency to achieve cell death. Our study represents an avenue for the improved photochemistry and potency of future Ru(II) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean J Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Mackenzie K Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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33
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Lifshits LM, III JAR, Ramasamy E, Thummel RP, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Ruthenium Photosensitizers for NIR PDT Require Lowest-Lying Triplet Intraligand (3IL) Excited States. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021; 8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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34
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Lanquist AP, Gupta S, Al-Afyouni KF, Al-Afyouni M, Kodanko JJ, Turro C. Trifluoromethyl substitution enhances photoinduced activity against breast cancer cells but reduces ligand exchange in Ru(ii) complex. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12056-12067. [PMID: 34667571 PMCID: PMC8457392 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03213e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of five ruthenium complexes containing triphenyl phosphine groups known to enhance both cellular penetration and photoinduced ligand exchange, cis-[Ru(bpy)2(P(p-R-Ph)3)(CH3CN)]2+, where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and P(p-R-Ph)3 represent para-substituted triphenylphosphine ligands with R = -OCH3 (1), -CH3 (2) -H (3), -F (4), and -CF3 (5), were synthesized and characterized. The photolysis of 1-5 in water with visible light (λ irr ≥ 395 nm) results in the substitution of the coordinated acetonitrile with a solvent molecule, generating the corresponding aqua complex as the single photoproduct. A 3-fold variation in quantum yield was measured with 400 nm irradiation, Φ 400, where 1 is the most efficient with a Φ 400 = 0.076(2), and 5 the least photoactive complex, with Φ 400 = 0.026(2). This trend is unexpected based on the red-shifted metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption of 1 as compared to that of 5, but can be correlated to the substituent Hammett para parameters and pK a values of the ancillary phosphine ligands. Complexes 1-5 are not toxic towards the triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in the dark, but 3 and 5 are >4.2 and >19-fold more cytotoxic upon irradiation with blue light, respectively. A number of experiments point to apoptosis, and not to necrosis or necroptosis, as the mechanism of cell death by 5 upon irradiation. These findings provide a foundation for understanding the role of phosphine ligands on photoinduced ligand substitution and show the enhancement afforded by -CF3 groups on photochemotherapy, which will aid the future design of photocages for photochemotherapeutic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P Lanquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Sayak Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University Detroit MI 48208 USA
| | - Kathlyn F Al-Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Malik Al-Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University Detroit MI 48208 USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
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Ryan RT, Havrylyuk D, Stevens KC, Moore LH, Parkin S, Blackburn JS, Heidary DK, Selegue JP, Glazer EC. Biological Investigations of Ru(II) Complexes With Diverse β-diketone Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021; 2021:3611-3621. [PMID: 34539235 PMCID: PMC8447810 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The β-diketone scaffold is a commonly used synthetic intermediate, and is a functional group found in natural products such as curcuminoids. This core structure can also act as a chelating ligand for a variety of metals. In order to assess the potential of this scaffold for medicinal inorganic chemistry, seven different κ2-O,O'-chelating ligands were used to construct Ru(II) complexes with polypyridyl co-ligands, and their biological activity was evaluated. The complexes demonstrated promising structure-dependent cytotoxicity. Three complexes maintained high activity in a tumor spheroid model, and all complexes demonstrated low in vivo toxicity in a zebrafish model. From this series, the best compound exhibited a ~ 30-fold window between cytotoxicity in a 3-D tumor spheroid model and potential in vivo toxicity. These results suggest that κ2-O,O'-ligands can be incorporated into Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes to create favorable candidates for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael T Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Dmytro Havrylyuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Kimberly C Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - L Henry Moore
- University of Kentucky, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Jessica S Blackburn
- University of Kentucky, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - David K Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - John P Selegue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
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36
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Chen Y, Bai L, Zhang P, Zhao H, Zhou Q. The Development of Ru(II)-Based Photoactivated Chemotherapy Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:5679. [PMID: 34577150 PMCID: PMC8465985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) is a novel cancer treatment method that has drawn increasing attention due to its high selectivity and low side effects by spatio-temporal control of irradiation. Compared with photodynamic therapy (PDT), oxygen-independent PACT is more suitable for treating hypoxic tumors. By finely tuning ligand structures and coordination configurations, many Ru(II) complexes can undergo photoinduced ligand dissociation, and the resulting Ru(II) aqua species and/or free ligands may have anticancer activity, showing their potential as PACT agents. In this mini-review, we summarized the progress in Ru(II)-based PACT agents, as well as challenges that researchers in this field still face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Chen
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Lijuan Bai
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Pu Zhang
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hua Zhao
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Qianxiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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37
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Jin Z, Qi S, Guo X, Jian Y, Hou Y, Li C, Wang X, Zhou Q. Pyrene modification enables enhanced two-photon excited ligand dissociation of a Ru(II) complex containing monodentate ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Busemann A, Flaspohler I, Zhou XQ, Schmidt C, Goetzfried SK, van Rixel VHS, Ott I, Siegler MA, Bonnet S. Ruthenium-based PACT agents based on bisquinoline chelates: synthesis, photochemistry, and cytotoxicity. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:667-674. [PMID: 34378103 PMCID: PMC8437835 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The known ruthenium complex [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(Hmte)](PF6)2 ([1](PF6)2, where tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, Hmte = 2-(methylthio)ethanol) is photosubstitutionally active but non-toxic to cancer cells even upon light irradiation. In this work, the two analogs complexes [Ru(tpy)(NN)(Hmte)](PF6)2, where NN = 3,3'-biisoquinoline (i-biq, [2](PF6)2) and di(isoquinolin-3-yl)amine (i-Hdiqa, [3](PF6)2), were synthesized and their photochemistry and phototoxicity evaluated to assess their suitability as photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) agents. The increase of the aromatic surface of [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2, compared to [1](PF6)2, leads to higher lipophilicity and higher cellular uptake for the former complexes. Such improved uptake is directly correlated to the cytotoxicity of these compounds in the dark: while [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 showed low EC50 values in human cancer cells, [1](PF6)2 is not cytotoxic due to poor cellular uptake. While stable in the dark, all complexes substituted the protecting thioether ligand upon light irradiation (520 nm), with the highest photosubstitution quantum yield found for [3](PF6)2 (Φ[3] = 0.070). Compounds [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 were found both more cytotoxic after light activation than in the dark, with a photo index of 4. Considering the very low singlet oxygen quantum yields of these compounds, and the lack of cytotoxicity of the photoreleased Hmte thioether ligand, it can be concluded that the toxicity observed after light activation is due to the photoreleased aqua complexes [Ru(tpy)(NN)(OH2)]2+, and thus that [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 are promising PACT candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Busemann
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Flaspohler
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xue-Quan Zhou
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sina K Goetzfried
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent H S van Rixel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Small Molecule X-Ray Facility, Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, USA
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Jay RM, Eckert S, Van Kuiken BE, Ochmann M, Hantschmann M, Cordones AA, Cho H, Hong K, Ma R, Lee JH, Dakovski GL, Turner JJ, Minitti MP, Quevedo W, Pietzsch A, Beye M, Kim TK, Schoenlein RW, Wernet P, Föhlisch A, Huse N. Following Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer Dynamics with Ligand and Spin Specificity Using Femtosecond Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering at the Nitrogen K-Edge. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6676-6683. [PMID: 34260255 PMCID: PMC8312498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate for the case of photoexcited [Ru(2,2'-bipyridine)3]2+ how femtosecond resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at the ligand K-edge allows one to uniquely probe changes in the valence electronic structure following a metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excitation. Metal-ligand hybridization is probed by nitrogen-1s resonances providing information on both the electron-accepting ligand in the MLCT state and the hole density of the metal center. By comparing to spectrum calculations based on density functional theory, we are able to distinguish the electronic structure of the electron-accepting ligand and the other ligands and determine a temporal upper limit of (250 ± 40) fs for electron localization following the charge-transfer excitation. The spin of the localized electron is deduced from the selection rules of the RIXS process establishing new experimental capabilities for probing transient charge and spin densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M. Jay
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie,
Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam,
Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie,
Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam,
Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Miguel Ochmann
- Department of Physics, University of
Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg,
Germany
| | - Markus Hantschmann
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie,
Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam,
Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Amy A. Cordones
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
| | - Hana Cho
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional
Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
South Korea
| | - Kiryong Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional
Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
South Korea
| | - Rory Ma
- Department of Physics, University of
Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg,
Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional
Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
South Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
| | - Georgi L. Dakovski
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025,
United States
| | - Joshua J. Turner
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025,
United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences,
Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305,
United States
| | - Michael P. Minitti
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025,
United States
| | - Wilson Quevedo
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Pietzsch
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Beye
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert W. Schoenlein
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy,
Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala,
Sweden
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie,
Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam,
Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Huse
- Department of Physics, University of
Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg,
Germany
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40
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Wang C, Zhang H, Zhang T, Zou X, Wang H, Rosenberger J, Vannam R, Trout WS, Grimm JB, Lavis LD, Thorpe C, Jia X, Li Z, Fox JM. Enabling In Vivo Photocatalytic Activation of Rapid Bioorthogonal Chemistry by Repurposing Silicon-Rhodamine Fluorophores as Cytocompatible Far-Red Photocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10793-10803. [PMID: 34250803 PMCID: PMC8765119 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chromophores that absorb in the tissue-penetrant far-red/near-infrared window have long served as photocatalysts to generate singlet oxygen for photodynamic therapy. However, the cytotoxicity and side reactions associated with singlet oxygen sensitization have posed a problem for using long-wavelength photocatalysis to initiate other types of chemical reactions in biological environments. Herein, silicon-Rhodamine compounds (SiRs) are described as photocatalysts for inducing rapid bioorthogonal chemistry using 660 nm light through the oxidation of a dihydrotetrazine to a tetrazine in the presence of trans-cyclooctene dienophiles. SiRs have been commonly used as fluorophores for bioimaging but have not been applied to catalyze chemical reactions. A series of SiR derivatives were evaluated, and the Janelia Fluor-SiR dyes were found to be especially effective in catalyzing photooxidation (typically 3%). A dihydrotetrazine/tetrazine pair is described that displays high stability in both oxidation states. A protein that was site-selectively modified by trans-cyclooctene was quantitatively conjugated upon exposure to 660 nm light and a dihydrotetrazine. By contrast, a previously described methylene blue catalyst was found to rapidly degrade the protein. SiR-red light photocatalysis was used to cross-link hyaluronic acid derivatives functionalized by dihydrotetrazine and trans-cyclooctenes, enabling 3D culture of human prostate cancer cells. Photoinducible hydrogel formation could also be carried out in live mice through subcutaneous injection of a Cy7-labeled hydrogel precursor solution, followed by brief irradiation to produce a stable hydrogel. This cytocompatible method for using red light photocatalysis to activate bioorthogonal chemistry is anticipated to find broad applications where spatiotemporal control is needed in biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Zou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Julia Rosenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Raghu Vannam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - William S. Trout
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Jonathan B. Grimm
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn Virginia, 20147, USA
| | - Luke D. Lavis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn Virginia, 20147, USA
| | - Colin Thorpe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Joseph M. Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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41
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Bataglioli JC, Gomes LMF, Maunoir C, Smith JR, Cole HD, McCain J, Sainuddin T, Cameron CG, McFarland SA, Storr T. Modification of amyloid-beta peptide aggregation via photoactivation of strained Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7510-7520. [PMID: 34163842 PMCID: PMC8171320 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive and irreversible damage to the brain. One of the hallmarks of the disease is the presence of both soluble and insoluble aggregates of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide in the brain, and these aggregates are considered central to disease progression. Thus, the development of small molecules capable of modulating Aβ peptide aggregation may provide critical insight into the pathophysiology of AD. In this work we investigate how photoactivation of three distorted Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes (Ru1-3) alters the aggregation profile of the Aβ peptide. Photoactivation of Ru1-3 results in the loss of a 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl (6,6'-dmb) ligand, affording cis-exchangeable coordination sites for binding to the Aβ peptide. Both Ru1 and Ru2 contain an extended planar imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligand, as compared to a 2,2'-bipyridine ligand for Ru3, and we show that the presence of the phenanthroline ligand promotes covalent binding to Aβ peptide His residues, and in addition, leads to a pronounced effect on peptide aggregation immediately after photoactivation. Interestingly, all three complexes resulted in a similar aggregate size distribution at 24 h, forming insoluble amorphous aggregates as compared to significant fibril formation for peptide alone. Photoactivation of Ru1-3 in the presence of pre-formed Aβ1-42 fibrils results in a change to amorphous aggregate morphology, with Ru1 and Ru2 forming large amorphous aggregates immediately after activation. Our results show that photoactivation of Ru1-3 in the presence of either monomeric or fibrillar Aβ1-42 results in the formation of large amorphous aggregates as a common endpoint, with Ru complexes incorporating the extended phenanthroline ligand accelerating this process and thereby limiting the formation of oligomeric species in the initial stages of the aggregation process that are reported to show considerable toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiza M F Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University BC Canada V5A-1S6
| | - Camille Maunoir
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University BC Canada V5A-1S6
| | - Jason R Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University BC Canada V5A-1S6
| | - Houston D Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington Texas USA 76019
| | - Julia McCain
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University Wolfville Nova Scotia Canada B4P 2R6
| | - Tariq Sainuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University Wolfville Nova Scotia Canada B4P 2R6
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington Texas USA 76019
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington Texas USA 76019
| | - Tim Storr
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University BC Canada V5A-1S6
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Zhao X, Liu J, Fan J, Chao H, Peng X. Recent progress in photosensitizers for overcoming the challenges of photodynamic therapy: from molecular design to application. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4185-4219. [PMID: 33527104 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00173b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a therapeutic mode involving light triggering, has been recognized as an attractive oncotherapy treatment. However, nonnegligible challenges remain for its further clinical use, including finite tumor suppression, poor tumor targeting, and limited therapeutic depth. The photosensitizer (PS), being the most important element of PDT, plays a decisive role in PDT treatment. This review summarizes recent progress made in the development of PSs for overcoming the above challenges. This progress has included PSs developed to display enhanced tolerance of the tumor microenvironment, improved tumor-specific selectivity, and feasibility of use in deep tissue. Based on their molecular photophysical properties and design directions, the PSs are classified by parent structures, which are discussed in detail from the molecular design to application. Finally, a brief summary of current strategies for designing PSs and future perspectives are also presented. We expect the information provided in this review to spur the further design of PSs and the clinical development of PDT-mediated cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueze Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China.
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Kumar P, Singh P, Saren S, Pakira S, Sivakumar S, Patra AK. Kinetically labile ruthenium(II) complexes of terpyridines and saccharin: effect of substituents on photoactivity, solvation kinetics, and photocytotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8196-8217. [PMID: 34031678 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00246e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we designed six kinetically labile ruthenium(ii) complexes containing saccharin (sac) and 4'-substituted-2,2':6',2''-terpyridines (R-tpy), viz. trans-[Ru(sac)2(H2O)3(dmso-S)] (1) and [RuII(R-tpy)(sac)2(X)] [X = solvent molecule] (2-6). We intentionally kept the labile hydrolysable Ru-X bonds that were potentially activated via solvent-exchange reactions. This strategy generates a coordinative vacancy that allows further binding with potential biological targets. To gain insight into the electronic effects of ancillary ligands on Ru-X ligand-exchange kinetics or photoreactions, we have used a series of substituted terpyridines (R-tpy) and studied their solvation kinetics. The ternary complexes were also studied for their potential utility in Ru-assisted photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) synergized with release of saccharin as a highly selective carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) inhibitor, over-expressed in hypoxic tumors. The ternary complexes exhibit distorted octahedral geometry around Ru(ii) from two monodentate transoidal saccharin in the axial position, and tridentate terpyridines and labile solvent molecules at the basal plane (2-6). We studied their speciation, solvation kinetics, and photoreactivity in the presence of green LED light (λirr = 530 nm). All the complexes are relatively labile and undergo solvation in coordinating solvents (e.g. DMSO/DMF). The complexes undergo the ligand-substitution reaction, and their speciation and kinetics were studied by UV-Vis, ESI-MS, 1H-NMR, and structural analysis. We also attempted to assess the effect of various substituents on the ancillary terpyridine ligand (R-tpy) in photo-reactivity and ligand-exchange reactions. The photo-induced absorption and emission measurements suggested dissociation of the saccharin from the Ru-center supporting PACT pathways. The complexes display a significant binding affinity with CT-DNA (Kb ∼ 104-105 M-1) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) (KBSA ∼ 105 M-1). Cytotoxicity was studied in the dark and the presence of low energy UV-A light (365 nm) in cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and breast cancer cells (MCF7). Photoirradiation of the complexes induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) assessed using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) and intracellular DCFDA assays. The complexes are sufficiently internalized in cancer cells throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus and induce apoptosis as studied by staining with dual dyes using confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyaranjan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Prerana Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DST Thematic Unit of Excellence on Soft Nanofabrication, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India and Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Sanjoy Saren
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sandip Pakira
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sri Sivakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DST Thematic Unit of Excellence on Soft Nanofabrication, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashis K Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Lifshits LM, Roque JA, Cole HD, Thummel RP, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. NIR-Absorbing Ru II Complexes Containing α-Oligothiophenes for Applications in Photodynamic Therapy. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3594-3607. [PMID: 32761725 PMCID: PMC7736147 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The design of near-infrared (NIR)-active photosensitizers (PSs) for light-based cancer treatments such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been a challenge. While several NIR-RuII scaffolds have been reported, this approach has not been proven in cells. This is the first report of NIR-RuII PSs that are phototoxic to cancer cells, including highly pigmented B16F10 melanoma cells. The PS family incorporated a bis(1,8-naphthyridine)-based ligand (tpbn), a bidentate thiophene-based ligand (nT; n=0-4), and a monodentate 4-picoline ligand (4-pic). All compounds absorbed light >800 nm with maxima near 730 nm. Transient absorption (TA) measurements indicated that n=4 thiophene rings (4T) positioned the PDT-active triplet intraligand charge transfer (3 ILCT) excited state in energetic proximity to the lowest-lying triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3 MLCT). 4T had low-micromolar phototoxicity with PIvis and PI733nm values as large as 90 and 12, respectively. Spectroscopic studies suggested that the longer-lived (τTA =3-6 μs) 3 ILCT state was accessible from the 3 MLCT state, but energetically uphill in the overall photophysics. The study highlights that phototoxic effects can be achieved with NIR-absorbing RuII PSs as long as the reactive 3 ILCT states are energetically accessible from the low-energy 3 MLCT states. It also demonstrates that tissue-penetrating NIR light can be used to activate the PSs in highly pigmented cells where melanin attenuates shorter wavelengths of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov M. Lifshits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA
| | - Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Randolph P. Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas, 77204-5003, USA
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
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45
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Eidenschenk C, Cheruzel L. Ru(II)-diimine complexes and cytochrome P450 working hand-in-hand. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 213:111254. [PMID: 32979791 PMCID: PMC7686262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
With a growing interest in utilizing visible light to drive biocatalytic processes, several light-harvesting units and approaches have been employed to harness the synthetic potential of heme monooxygenases and carry out selective oxyfunctionalization of a wide range of substrates. While the fields of cytochrome P450 and Ru(II) photochemistry have separately been prolific, it is not until the turn of the 21st century that they converged. Non-covalent and subsequently covalently attached Ru(II) complexes were used to promote rapid intramolecular electron transfer in bacterial P450 enzymes. Photocatalytic activity with Ru(II)-modified P450 enzymes was achieved under reductive conditions with a judicious choice of a sacrificial electron donor. The initial concept of Ru(II)-modified P450 enzymes was further improved using protein engineering, photosensitizer functionalization and was successfully applied to other P450 enzymes. In this review, we wish to present the recent contributions from our group and others in utilizing Ru(II) complexes coupled with P450 enzymes in the broad context of photobiocatalysis, protein assemblies and chemoenzymatic reactions. The merging of chemical catalysts with the synthetic potential of P450 enzymes has led to the development of several chemoenzymatic approaches. Moreover, strained Ru(II) compounds have been shown to selectively inhibit P450 enzymes by releasing aromatic heterocycle containing molecules upon visible light excitation taking advantage of the rapid ligand loss feature in those complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Eidenschenk
- Department Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, USA.
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46
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Han X, Sahihi M, Whitfield S, Jimenez I. Tuning excited state of bipyridyl platinum(II) complexes with bio-active flavonolate ligand: Structures, photoreactivity, and DFT calculations. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Roque JA, Barrett PC, Cole HD, Lifshits LM, Bradner E, Shi G, von Dohlen D, Kim S, Russo N, Deep G, Cameron CG, Alberto ME, McFarland SA. Os(II) Oligothienyl Complexes as a Hypoxia-Active Photosensitizer Class for Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:16341-16360. [PMID: 33126792 PMCID: PMC7669743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia presents a challenge to anticancer therapy, reducing the efficacy of many available treatments. Photodynamic therapy is particularly susceptible to hypoxia, given that its mechanism relies on oxygen. Herein, we introduce two new osmium-based polypyridyl photosensitizers that are active in hypoxia. The lead compounds emerged from a systematic study of two Os(II) polypyridyl families derived from 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) or 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dmb) as coligands combined with imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligands tethered to n = 0-4 thiophenes (IP-nT). The compounds were characterized and investigated for their spectroscopic and (photo)biological activities. The two hypoxia-active Os(II) photosensitizers had n = 4 thiophenes, with the bpy analogue 1-4T being the most potent. In normoxia, 1-4T had low nanomolar activity (half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) = 1-13 nM) with phototherapeutic indices (PI) ranging from 5500 to 55 000 with red and visible light, respectively. A sub-micromolar potency was maintained even in hypoxia (1% O2), with light EC50 and PI values of 732-812 nM and 68-76, respectively -currently among the largest PIs for hypoxic photoactivity. This high degree of activity coincided with a low-energy, long-lived (0.98-3.6 μs) mixed-character intraligand charge-transfer (3ILCT)/ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (3LLCT) state only accessible in quaterthiophene complexes 1-4T and 2-4T. The coligand identity strongly influenced the photophysical and photobiological results in this study, whereby the bpy coligand led to longer lifetimes (3.6 μs) and more potent photo-cytotoxicity relative to those of dmb. The unactivated compounds were relatively nontoxic both in vitro and in vivo. The maximum tolerated dose for 1-4T and 2-4T in mice was greater than or equal to 200 mg kg-1, an excellent starting point for future in vivo validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27402 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019 USA
| | - Patrick C. Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27402 USA
| | - Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019 USA
| | - Liubov M. Lifshits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019 USA
| | - Evan Bradner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27402 USA
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1×5, Canada
| | - David von Dohlen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27402 USA
| | - Susy Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157 USA
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Italy
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157 USA
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019 USA
| | - Marta E. Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Italy
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019 USA
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48
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Zeng X, Wang Y, Han J, Sun W, Butt HJ, Liang XJ, Wu S. Fighting against Drug-Resistant Tumors using a Dual-Responsive Pt(IV)/Ru(II) Bimetallic Polymer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004766. [PMID: 32964540 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major problem in cancer treatment. Herein, the design of a dual-responsive Pt(IV)/Ru(II) bimetallic polymer (PolyPt/Ru) to treat cisplatin-resistant tumors in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model is reported. PolyPt/Ru is an amphiphilic ABA-type triblock copolymer. The hydrophilic A blocks consist of biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The hydrophobic B block contains reduction-responsive Pt(IV) and red-light-responsive Ru(II) moieties. PolyPt/Ru self-assembles into nanoparticles that are efficiently taken up by cisplatin-resistant cancer cells. Irradiation of cancer cells containing PolyPt/Ru nanoparticles with red light generates 1 O2 , induces polymer degradation, and triggers the release of the Ru(II) anticancer agent. Meanwhile, the anticancer drug, cisplatin, is released in the intracellular environment via reduction of the Pt(IV) moieties. The released Ru(II) anticancer agent, cisplatin, and the generated 1 O2 have different anticancer mechanisms; their synergistic effects inhibit the growth of drug-resistant cancer cells. Furthermore, PolyPt/Ru nanoparticles inhibit tumor growth in a PDX mouse model because they circulate in the bloodstream, accumulate at tumor sites, exhibit good biocompatibility, and do not cause side effects. The results demonstrate that the development of stimuli-responsive multi-metallic polymers provides a new strategy to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Yufei Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianxiong Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-Tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hans-Jürgen Butt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Si Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
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49
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Roque JA, Barrett PC, Cole HD, Lifshits LM, Shi G, Monro S, von Dohlen D, Kim S, Russo N, Deep G, Cameron CG, Alberto ME, McFarland SA. Breaking the barrier: an osmium photosensitizer with unprecedented hypoxic phototoxicity for real world photodynamic therapy. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9784-9806. [PMID: 33738085 PMCID: PMC7953430 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03008b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia presents a two-fold challenge in the treatment of cancer, as low oxygen conditions induce biological changes that make malignant tissues simultaneously more aggressive and less susceptible to standard chemotherapy. This paper reports the first metal-based photosensitizer that approaches the ideal properties for a phototherapy agent. The Os(phen)2-based scaffold was combined with a series of IP-nT ligands, where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline and IP-nT = imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline tethered to n = 0-4 thiophene rings. Os-4T (n = 4) emerged as the most promising complex in the series, with picomolar activity and a phototherapeutic index (PI) exceeding 106 in normoxia. The photosensitizer exhibited an unprecedented PI > 90 (EC50 = 0.651 μM) in hypoxia (1% O2) with visible and green light, and a PI > 70 with red light. Os-4T was also active with 733 nm near-infrared light (EC50 = 0.803 μM, PI = 77) under normoxia. Both computation and spectroscopic studies confirmed a switch in the nature of the lowest-lying triplet excited state from triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) to intraligand charge transfer (3ILCT) at n = 3, with a lower energy and longer lifetime for n = 4. All compounds in the series were relatively nontoxic in the dark but became increasingly phototoxic with additional thiophenes. These normoxic and hypoxic activities are the largest reported to date, demonstrating the utility of osmium for phototherapy applications. Moreover, Os-4T had a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in mice that was >200 mg kg-1, which positions this photosensitizer as an excellent candidate for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , 27402 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , 76019 USA . ;
| | - Patrick C Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , 27402 USA
| | - Houston D Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , 76019 USA . ;
| | - Liubov M Lifshits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , 76019 USA . ;
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia , B4P 2R6 Canada
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia , B4P 2R6 Canada
| | - David von Dohlen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , 27402 USA
| | - Susy Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , 27157, USA
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche , Università della Calabria , Arcavacata di Rende , 87036 Italy .
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , 27157, USA
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , 27402 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , 76019 USA . ;
| | - Marta E Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche , Università della Calabria , Arcavacata di Rende , 87036 Italy .
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , 27402 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , 76019 USA . ;
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia , B4P 2R6 Canada
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50
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Ryan RT, Havrylyuk D, Stevens KC, Moore LH, Kim DY, Blackburn JS, Heidary DK, Selegue JP, Glazer EC. Avobenzone incorporation in a diverse range of Ru(II) scaffolds produces potent potential antineoplastic agents. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12161-12167. [PMID: 32845256 PMCID: PMC8607750 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02016h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Four structurally distinct classes of polypyridyl ruthenium complexes containing avobenzone exhibited low micromolar and submicromolar potencies in cancer cells, and were up to 273-fold more active than the parent ligand. Visible light irradiation enhanced the cytotoxicity of some complexes, making them promising candidates for combined chemo-photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael T Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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