1
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Yao DR, Kim I, Yin S, Gao W. Multimodal Soft Robotic Actuation and Locomotion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308829. [PMID: 38305065 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Diverse and adaptable modes of complex motion observed at different scales in living creatures are challenging to reproduce in robotic systems. Achieving dexterous movement in conventional robots can be difficult due to the many limitations of applying rigid materials. Robots based on soft materials are inherently deformable, compliant, adaptable, and adjustable, making soft robotics conducive to creating machines with complicated actuation and motion gaits. This review examines the mechanisms and modalities of actuation deformation in materials that respond to various stimuli. Then, strategies based on composite materials are considered to build toward actuators that combine multiple actuation modes for sophisticated movements. Examples across literature illustrate the development of soft actuators as free-moving, entirely soft-bodied robots with multiple locomotion gaits via careful manipulation of external stimuli. The review further highlights how the application of soft functional materials into robots with rigid components further enhances their locomotive abilities. Finally, taking advantage of the shape-morphing properties of soft materials, reconfigurable soft robots have shown the capacity for adaptive gaits that enable transition across environments with different locomotive modes for optimal efficiency. Overall, soft materials enable varied multimodal motion in actuators and robots, positioning soft robotics to make real-world applications for intricate and challenging tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson R Yao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Inho Kim
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Shukun Yin
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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2
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Zhou S, Li Y, Wang Q, Lyu Z. Integrated Actuation and Sensing: Toward Intelligent Soft Robots. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2024; 5:0105. [PMID: 38711958 PMCID: PMC11070852 DOI: 10.34133/cbsystems.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Soft robotics has received substantial attention due to its remarkable deformability, making it well-suited for a wide range of applications in complex environments, such as medicine, rescue operations, and exploration. Within this domain, the interaction of actuation and sensing is of utmost importance for controlling the movements and functions of soft robots. Nonetheless, current research predominantly focuses on isolated actuation and sensing capabilities, often neglecting the critical integration of these 2 domains to achieve intelligent functionality. In this review, we present a comprehensive survey of fundamental actuation strategies and multimodal actuation while also delving into advancements in proprioceptive and haptic sensing and their fusion. We emphasize the importance of integrating actuation and sensing in soft robotics, presenting 3 integration methodologies, namely, sensor surface integration, sensor internal integration, and closed-loop system integration based on sensor feedback. Furthermore, we highlight the challenges in the field and suggest compelling directions for future research. Through this comprehensive synthesis, we aim to stimulate further curiosity among researchers and contribute to the development of genuinely intelligent soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qianqian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering,
Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zhiyang Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering,
Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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3
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Jia B, Liu C, Zhang Y, Tan Y, Tian X, Cui Y, Deng Y. Light-Responsive Soft Robot Integrating Actuation and Function Based on Laser Cutting. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:534. [PMID: 38675345 PMCID: PMC11051773 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Soft robots with good deformability and adaptability have important prospects in the bionics and intelligence field. However, current research into soft robots is primarily limited to the study of actuators and ignores the integrated use of functional devices and actuators. To enrich the functions of soft robots and expand their application fields, it is necessary to integrate various functional electronic devices into soft robots to perform diverse functions during dynamic deformation. Therefore, this paper discusses methods and strategies to manufacture optical stimuli-responsive soft actuators and integrate them into functional devices for soft robots. Specifically, laser cutting allows us to fabricate an optically responsive actuator structure, e.g., the curling direction can be controlled by adjusting the direction of the cutting line. Actuators with different bending curvatures, including nonbending, can be obtained by adjusting the cutting depth, cutting width, and the spacing of the cutting line, which makes it easy to obtain a folded structure. Thus, various actuators with complex shape patterns can be obtained. In addition, we demonstrate a fabrication scheme for a worm-like soft robot integrated with functional devices (LEDs are used in this paper). The local nonbending design provides an asymmetric structure that provides driving power and avoids damage to the functional circuit caused by the large deformation during movement. The integration of drive and function provides a new path for the application of soft robots in the intelligence and bionics field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (B.J.); (Y.T.)
- Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Materials and Chip Integration Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China; (Y.Z.); (X.T.); (Y.C.)
| | - Changbo Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (B.J.); (Y.T.)
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Materials and Chip Integration Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China; (Y.Z.); (X.T.); (Y.C.)
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yujin Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (B.J.); (Y.T.)
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuecheng Tian
- Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Materials and Chip Integration Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China; (Y.Z.); (X.T.); (Y.C.)
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Materials and Chip Integration Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China; (Y.Z.); (X.T.); (Y.C.)
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Materials and Chip Integration Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China; (Y.Z.); (X.T.); (Y.C.)
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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4
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Zheng Z, Han J, Shi Q, Demir SO, Jiang W, Sitti M. Single-step precision programming of decoupled multiresponsive soft millirobots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320386121. [PMID: 38513101 PMCID: PMC10990116 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320386121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive soft robots offer new capabilities for the fields of medical and rehabilitation robotics, artificial intelligence, and soft electronics. Precisely programming the shape morphing and decoupling the multiresponsiveness of such robots is crucial to enable them with ample degrees of freedom and multifunctionality, while ensuring high fabrication accuracy. However, current designs featuring coupled multiresponsiveness or intricate assembly processes face limitations in executing complex transformations and suffer from a lack of precision. Therefore, we propose a one-stepped strategy to program multistep shape-morphing soft millirobots (MSSMs) in response to decoupled environmental stimuli. Our approach involves employing a multilayered elastomer and laser scanning technology to selectively process the structure of MSSMs, achieving a minimum machining precision of 30 μm. The resulting MSSMs are capable of imitating the shape morphing of plants and hand gestures and resemble kirigami, pop-up, and bistable structures. The decoupled multistimuli responsiveness of the MSSMs allows them to conduct shape morphing during locomotion, perform logic circuit control, and remotely repair circuits in response to humidity, temperature, and magnetic field. This strategy presents a paradigm for the effective design and fabrication of untethered soft miniature robots with physical intelligence, advancing the decoupled multiresponsive materials through modular tailoring of robotic body structures and properties to suit specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zheng
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart70569, Germany
| | - Jie Han
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart70569, Germany
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710054, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710054, China
| | - Qing Shi
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing100081, China
| | - Sinan Ozgun Demir
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart70569, Germany
| | - Weitao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710054, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710054, China
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart70569, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul34450, Turkey
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5
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Cao J, Yan C, Chai Z, Wang Z, Du M, Li G, Wang H, Deng H. Laser-induced transient conversion of rhodochrosite/polyimide into multifunctional MnO 2/graphene electrodes for energy storage applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 653:606-616. [PMID: 37738933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has been extensively investigated for electrochemical energy storage due to its easy synthesis and highly conductive nature. However, the limited charge accumulation in LIG usually leads to significantly low energy densities. In this work, we report a novel strategy to directly transform natural rhodochrosite into ultrafine manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) in the polyimide (PI) substrate for high-performance micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) through a scalable and cost-effective laser processing method. Specifically, laser treatment on rhodochrosite/polyimide precursors induces the thermal explosion, which splits rhodochrosite (10 μm) into MnO2 NPs (12-16 nm) on the carbon matrix of LIG due to the sputtering effect. Benefiting from largely exposed active sites from the ultrafine MnO2 and the synergetic effect from highly conductive LIG, the MnO2/LIG MSCs show a high specific capacitance of 544.0 F g-1 (154.3 mF cm-2; 14.16 F cm-3) at 3 A/g and 82.1% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 5A/g, in contrast to pure LIG (<100 F g-1). Moreover, the MnO2/LIG-based LIBs show the highest reversible discharge capacity of ∼1097 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A/g and ∼ 866.4 mAh g-1 at 1.0 A/g. This study opens a new route for synthesizing novel LIG-based composites from natural minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chunjie Yan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zefan Chai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Minghe Du
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Gen Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huanwen Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Heng Deng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, China University of Geosciences, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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6
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Yuan Z, Liu J, Qian G, Dai Y, Li K. Self-Rotation of Electrothermally Responsive Liquid Crystal Elastomer-Based Turntable in Steady-State Circuits. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4598. [PMID: 38232009 PMCID: PMC10708095 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-excited motions, characterized by their ability to harness energy from a consistent environment and self-regulate, exhibit significant potential in micro-devices, autonomous robotics, sensor technology, and energy generation. This study introduces an innovative turntable system based on an electrothermally responsive liquid crystal elastomer (LCE). This system facilitates self-rotation within a steady-state circuit. Employing an electrothermal LCE model, we have modeled and numerically analyzed the nonlinear dynamics of an LCE-rope within steady-state circuits, utilizing the four-order Runge-Kutta method for calculations. The numerical results reveal the emergence of two distinct motion patterns in the turntable system under steady-state conditions: a self-rotation pattern and a static pattern. The self-rotation is initiated when the system's absorbed energy surpasses the energy lost due to damping effects. Furthermore, this paper delves into the critical conditions necessary for initiating self-rotation and examines the influence of various key dimensionless parameters on the system's rotation amplitude and frequency. These parameters include gravitational acceleration, the initial position of the mass ball, elastic stiffness of the LCE and spring, limiting temperature, heating zone angle, thermal shrinkage coefficient, and damping factor. Our computational findings establish that these parameters exert a modulatory impact on the rotation amplitude and period. This research enhances the understanding of self-excited motions and offers promising avenues for applications in energy harvesting, monitoring, soft robotics, medical devices, and micro- and nano-devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongsong Yuan
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China; (Z.Y.); (G.Q.); (Y.D.)
| | - Junxiu Liu
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China; (Z.Y.); (G.Q.); (Y.D.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Building Structure and Underground Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Guqian Qian
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China; (Z.Y.); (G.Q.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yuntong Dai
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China; (Z.Y.); (G.Q.); (Y.D.)
| | - Kai Li
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China; (Z.Y.); (G.Q.); (Y.D.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Building Structure and Underground Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
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7
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Dallinger A, Steinwender F, Gritzner M, Greco F. Different Roles of Surface Chemistry and Roughness of Laser-Induced Graphene: Implications for Tunable Wettability. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:16201-16211. [PMID: 37772265 PMCID: PMC10526650 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The control of surface wettability is a technological key aspect and usually poses considerable challenges connected to high cost, nanostructure, and durability, especially when aiming at surface patterning with high and extreme wettability contrast. This work shows a simple and scalable approach by using laser-induced graphene (LIG) and a locally inert atmosphere to continuously tune the wettability of a polyimide/LIG surface from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic (Φ ∼ 160°). This is related to the reduced amount of oxygen on the LIG surface, influenced by the local atmosphere. Furthermore, the influence of the roughness pattern of LIG on the wettability is investigated. Both approaches are combined, and the influence of surface chemistry and roughness is discussed. Measurements of the roll-off angle show that LIG scribed in an inert atmosphere with a low roughness has the highest droplet mobility with a roll-off angle of ΦRO = (1.7 ± 0.3)°. The superhydrophobic properties of the samples were maintained for over a year and showed no degradation after multiple uses. Applications of surfaces with extreme wettability contrast in millifluidics and fog basking are demonstrated. Overall, the proposed processing allows for the continuous tuning and patterning of the surface properties of LIG in a very accessible fashion useful for "lab-on-chip" applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dallinger
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Felix Steinwender
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Gritzner
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Francesco Greco
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- The
Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore
Sant’Anna, Viale
R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
- Department
of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola
Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Interdisciplinary
Center on Sustainability and Climate, Scuola
Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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Zhang C, Kong J, Wu D, Guan Z, Ding B, Chen F. Wearable Sensor: An Emerging Data Collection Tool for Plant Phenotyping. PLANT PHENOMICS (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 5:0051. [PMID: 37408737 PMCID: PMC10318905 DOI: 10.34133/plantphenomics.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of plant phenomics by using optical imaging-based phenotyping techniques has markedly improved breeding and crop management. However, there remains a challenge in increasing the spatial resolution and accuracy due to their noncontact measurement mode. Wearable sensors, an emerging data collection tool, present a promising solution to address these challenges. By using a contact measurement mode, wearable sensors enable in-situ monitoring of plant phenotypes and their surrounding environments. Although a few pioneering works have been reported in monitoring plant growth and microclimate, the utilization of wearable sensors in plant phenotyping has yet reach its full potential. This review aims to systematically examine the progress of wearable sensors in monitoring plant phenotypes and the environment from an interdisciplinary perspective, including materials science, signal communication, manufacturing technology, and plant physiology. Additionally, this review discusses the challenges and future directions of wearable sensors in the field of plant phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- College of Engineering,
Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture,
Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jingjing Kong
- College of Engineering,
Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Daosheng Wu
- College of Engineering,
Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiyong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture,
Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Baoqing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture,
Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture,
Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
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9
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Liu J, Yuan Z, Zhao J, Dai Y, Li K. Self-Sustained Oscillation of Electrothermally Responsive Liquid Crystal Elastomer Film in Steady-State Circuits. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2814. [PMID: 37447460 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-excited oscillations have the advantages of absorbing energy from a stable environment and Self-control; therefore, Self-excited motion patterns have broader applications in micro devices, autonomous robots, sensors and energy-generating devices. In this paper, a Self-sustained curling liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) film-mass system is proposed on the basis of electrothermally responsive materials, which can realize Self-oscillation under a steady-state current. Based on the contact model and dynamic LCE model, a nonlinear dynamics model of LCE film in steady-state circuits is developed and numerical calculations are carried out using the Runge-Kutta method. Through numerical calculations, it is demonstrated that LCE film-mass systems have two motion patterns in steady-state circuits: namely, a Self-oscillation pattern and a stationary pattern. Self-sustained curling of LCE film originates from the fact that the energy absorbed by the system exceeds the energy dissipated due to the damping effect. In addition, the critical conditions for triggering Self-oscillation and the effects of several key dimensionless system parameters on the amplitude and period of Self-oscillation are investigated in detail. Calculation results show that the height of electrolyte solution, gravitational acceleration, elastic modulus of LCE film, limit temperature, curvature coefficient, thermal shrinkage coefficient and damping factor all have a modulating effect on the amplitude and period of Self-oscillation. This research may deepen the understanding of Self-excited oscillation, with promising applications in energy harvesting, power generation, monitoring, soft robotics, medical devices, and micro and nano devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiu Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Building Structure and Underground Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zongsong Yuan
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yuntong Dai
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Kai Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Building Structure and Underground Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
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10
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Sambyal P, Mahato M, Taseer AK, Yoo H, Garai M, Nguyen VH, Ali SS, Oh IK. Magnetically and Electrically Responsive Soft Actuator Derived from Ferromagnetic Bimetallic Organic Framework. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207140. [PMID: 36908006 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The advancement in smart devices and soft robotics necessitates the use of multiresponsive soft actuators with high actuation stroke and stable reversibility for their use in real-world applications. Here, this work reports a magnetically and electrically dual responsive soft actuator based on neodymium and iron bimetallic organic frameworks (NdFeMOFs@700). The ferromagnetic NdFeMOFs@700 exhibits a porous carbon structure with excellent magnetization saturation (166.96 emu g-1 ) which allows its application to a dual functional material in both magnetoactive and electro-ionic actuations. The electro-ionic soft actuator, which is fabricated using NdFeMOFs@700 and PEDOT-PSS, demonstrates 4.5 times higher ionic charge storage capacity (68.21 mF cm-2 ) and has excellent cycle stability compared with the PEDOT-PSS based actuator. Under a low sinusoidal input voltage of 1 V, the dual-responsive actuator displays bending displacement of 15.46 mm and also generates deflection of 10 mm at 50 mT. Present results show that the ferromagnetic bimetallic organic frameworks can open a new way to make dual responsive soft actuators due to the hierarchically porous structures with its high redox activity, superior magnetic properties, and larger electrochemical capacitance. With the NdFeMOFs@700 based soft actuators, walking movement of a starfish robot is demonstrated by applying both the magnetic and electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Sambyal
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Manmatha Mahato
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashhad Kamal Taseer
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Yoo
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mousumi Garai
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Hiep Nguyen
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Syed Sheraz Ali
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Kwon Oh
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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11
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Liu J, Zhao J, Wu H, Dai Y, Li K. Self-Oscillating Curling of a Liquid Crystal Elastomer Beam under Steady Light. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020344. [PMID: 36679225 PMCID: PMC9863816 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-oscillation absorbs energy from a steady environment to maintain its own continuous motion, eliminating the need to carry a power supply and controller, which will make the system more lightweight and promising for applications in energy harvesting, soft robotics, and microdevices. In this paper, we present a self-oscillating curling liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) beam-mass system, which is placed on a table and can self-oscillate under steady light. Unlike other self-sustaining systems, the contact surface of the LCE beam with the tabletop exhibits a continuous change in size during self-sustaining curling, resulting in a dynamic boundary problem. Based on the dynamic LCE model, we establish a nonlinear dynamic model of the self-oscillating curling LCE beam considering the dynamic boundary conditions, and numerically calculate its dynamic behavior using the Runge-Kutta method. The existence of two motion patterns in the LCE beam-mass system under steady light are proven by numerical calculation, namely self-curling pattern and stationary pattern. When the energy input to the system exceeds the energy dissipated by air damping, the LCE beam undergoes self-oscillating curling. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of different dimensionless parameters on the critical conditions, the amplitude and the period of the self-curling of LCE beam. Results demonstrate that the light source height, curvature coefficient, light intensity, elastic modulus, damping factor, and gravitational acceleration can modulate the self-curling amplitude and period. The self-curling LCE beam system proposed in this study can be applied to autonomous robots, energy harvesters, and micro-instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiu Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Building Structure and Underground Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Haiyang Wu
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yuntong Dai
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Kai Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Building Structure and Underground Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Abstract
Thermal actuation is a common actuation method for soft robots. However, a major limitation is the relatively slow actuation speed. Here we report significant increase in the actuation speed of a bimorph thermal actuator by harnessing the snap-through instability. The actuator is made of silver nanowire/polydimethylsiloxane composite. The snap-through instability is enabled by simply applying an offset displacement to part of the actuator structure. The effects of thermal conductivity of the composite, offset displacement, and actuation frequency on the actuator speed are investigated using both experiments and finite element analysis. The actuator yields a bending speed as high as 28.7 cm-1/s, 10 times that without the snap-through instability. A fast crawling robot with locomotion speed of 1.04 body length per second and a biomimetic Venus flytrap were demonstrated to illustrate the promising potential of the fast bimorph thermal actuators for soft robotic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory Langston Baker
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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13
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Design, fabrication and application of self-spiraling pattern-driven 4D-printed actuator. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18874. [PMID: 36344729 PMCID: PMC9640617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-spiraling actuators are widely found in nature and have high research and actuator-application value in self-lock and self-assembly. Four-dimensional (4D) printing is a new generation additive manufacturing of smart materials and has shown great potential for the fabrication of multi-functional and customized structures. The microarchitecture design of a bilayer actuator could bring flexible and diversified self-spiraling behaviors and more possibilities for practical application by combing 4D printing. This work investigates the stimuli effects of fiber patterns and fabrication parameters on self-spiraling behaviors of the bilayer actuator via both experimental and theoretical methods. This work may potentially provide pattern design guidance for 4D-printed self-spiraling actuators to meet different application requirements.
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14
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Ben-Shimon Y, Sharma CP, Arnusch CJ, Ya'akobovitz A. Freestanding Laser-Induced Graphene Ultrasensitive Resonative Viral Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:44713-44723. [PMID: 36083630 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Early and reliable detection of an infectious viral disease is critical to accurately monitor outbreaks and to provide individuals and health care professionals the opportunity to treat patients at the early stages of a disease. The accuracy of such information is essential to define appropriate actions to protect the population and to reduce the likelihood of a possible pandemic. Here, we show the fabrication of freestanding laser-induced graphene (FLIG) flakes that are highly sensitive sensors for high-fidelity viral detection. As a case study, we show the detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. FLIG flakes are nonembedded porous graphene foams ca. 30 μm thick that are generated using laser irradiation of polyimide and can be fabricated in seconds at a low cost. Larger pieces of FLIG were cut forming a cantilever, used as suspended resonators, and characterized for their electromechanics behavior. Thermomechanical analysis showed FLIG stiffness comparable to other porous materials such as boron nitride foam, and electrostatic excitation showed amplification of the vibrations at frequencies in the range of several kilo-hertz. We developed a protocol for aqueous biological sensing by characterizing the wetting dynamic response of the sensor in buffer solution and in water, and devices functionalized with COVID-19 antibodies specifically detected SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding, while not detecting other viruses such as MS2. The FLIG sensors showed a clear mass-dependent frequency response shift of ∼1 Hz/pg, and low nanomolar concentrations could be detected. Ultimately, the sensors demonstrated an outstanding limit of detection of 2.63 pg, which is equivalent to as few as ∼5000 SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Thus, the FLIG platform technology can be utilized to develop portable and highly accurate sensors, including biological applications where the fast and reliable protein or infectious particle detection is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahav Ben-Shimon
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501 Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Chetan Prakash Sharma
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 84990 Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Christopher J Arnusch
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 84990 Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Assaf Ya'akobovitz
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501 Be'er Sheva, Israel
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15
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Aksoy B, Shea H. Multistable shape programming of variable-stiffness electromagnetic devices. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk0543. [PMID: 35622912 PMCID: PMC9140967 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Programmable shape morphing enables soft machines to safely and effectively interact with the environment. Stimuli-responsive materials can transform 2D sheets into 3D geometries. However, most solutions cannot hold their shape at zero power, are limited to predetermined configurations, or lack sufficient mechanical stiffness to manipulate common objects. We demonstrate here segmented soft electromagnetic actuators integrated with shape memory polymer (SMP) films, capable of deforming and latching into a broad range of configurations. The device consists of liquid metal (LM) coils in an elastomer shell, laminated between two SMP films. The coils are linked by narrow joints, on which stretchable heaters are patterned. Heating the SMP greatly reduces its stiffness. Driving current through an LM coil in the presence of a magnetic field then leads to large bending or twisting. Cooling the SMP locks in the shape, leading to load-bearing capacity. Complex shapes are obtained from an initially flat device.
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16
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Shu Y, Sun J, Yue Y, Ye K, Lu R. Visible Light Triggered Actuators Based on the Molecular Crystals of Anthracenecarbonitrile Undergoing Reversible [4+4] Cycloaddition. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingbo Sun
- Jilin University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yuan Yue
- Jilin University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Kaiqi Ye
- Jilin University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Ran Lu
- Jilin University College of Chemistry 2519 JieFang Road 130021 Changchun CHINA
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17
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Chen Y, Long J, Xie B, Kuang Y, Chen X, Hou M, Gao J, Liu H, He Y, Wong CP. One-Step Ultraviolet Laser-Induced Fluorine-Doped Graphene Achieving Superhydrophobic Properties and Its Application in Deicing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4647-4655. [PMID: 35015501 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Joule heaters based on flexible thin films have attracted a significant amount of attention in both academia and the industry. However, it has been highly challenging to fabricate such heaters. In this study, a one-step laser induction method was proposed to prepare fluorine-doped laser-induced graphene (F-LIG) with stable and superhydrophobic properties by confining a 355 nm ultraviolet laser at the interface between the fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) film and polyimide (PI) film. The superhydrophobic properties of the F-LIG composite films could be attributed to the doping of fluorine elements and the laser-processed microstructures, which could be tuned by laser processing parameters. Based on the processed F-LIG films, Joule deicing heaters were developed and their deicing efficiencies are 7 times higher than that of the undoped LIG-based deicing heater. The method will provide new means and ideas to develop LIG-based flexible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junyu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yicheng Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Maoxiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huilong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunbo He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ching-Ping Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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18
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Abstract
Electro-responsive actuators (ERAs) hold great promise for cutting-edge applications in e-skins, soft robots, unmanned flight, and in vivo surgery devices due to the advantages of fast response, precise control, programmable deformation, and the ease of integration with control circuits. Recently, considering the excellent physical/chemical/mechanical properties (e.g., high carrier mobility, strong mechanical strength, outstanding thermal conductivity, high specific surface area, flexibility, and transparency), graphene and its derivatives have emerged as an appealing material in developing ERAs. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances in graphene-based ERAs. Typical the working mechanisms of graphene ERAs have been introduced. Design principles and working performance of three typical types of graphene ERAs (e.g., electrostatic actuators, electrothermal actuators, and ionic actuators) have been comprehensively summarized. Besides, emerging applications of graphene ERAs, including artificial muscles, bionic robots, human-soft actuators interaction, and other smart devices, have been reviewed. At last, the current challenges and future perspectives of graphene ERAs are discussed.
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19
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Chen Y, Xie B, Long J, Kuang Y, Chen X, Hou M, Gao J, Zhou S, Fan B, He Y, Zhang YT, Wong CP, Wang Z, Zhao N. Interfacial Laser-Induced Graphene Enabling High-Performance Liquid-Solid Triboelectric Nanogenerator. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104290. [PMID: 34510586 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has emerged as a promising and versatile method for high-throughput graphene patterning; however, its full potential in creating complex structures and devices for practical applications is yet to be explored. In this study, an in-situ growing LIG process that enables to pattern superhydrophobic fluorine-doped graphene on fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)-coated polyimide (PI) is demonstrated. This method leverages on distinct spectral responses of FEP and PI during laser excitation to generate the environment preferentially for LIG formation, eliminating the need for multistep processes and specific atmospheres. The structured and water-repellant structures rendered by the spectral-tuned interfacial LIG process are suitable as the electrode for the construction of a flexible droplet-based electricity generator (DEG), which exhibits high power conversion efficiency, generating a peak power density of 47.5 W m-2 from the impact of a water droplet 105 µL from a height of 25 cm. Importantly, the device exhibits superior cyclability and operational stability under high humidity and various pH conditions. The facile process developed can be extended to realize various functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechnical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Bin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechnical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junyu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechnical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yicheng Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechnical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechnical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Maoxiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechnical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechnical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Bi Fan
- Institute of Business Analysis and Supply Chain Management, College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518061, China
| | - Yunbo He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechnical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan-Ting Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong
| | - Ching-Ping Wong
- Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, USA
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong
| | - Ni Zhao
- Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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20
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Layout design and application of 4D-printing bio-inspired structures with programmable actuators. Biodes Manuf 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-021-00146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Ilami M, Bagheri H, Ahmed R, Skowronek EO, Marvi H. Materials, Actuators, and Sensors for Soft Bioinspired Robots. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003139. [PMID: 33346386 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems can perform complex tasks with high compliance levels. This makes them a great source of inspiration for soft robotics. Indeed, the union of these fields has brought about bioinspired soft robotics, with hundreds of publications on novel research each year. This review aims to survey fundamental advances in bioinspired soft actuators and sensors with a focus on the progress between 2017 and 2020, providing a primer for the materials used in their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ilami
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hosain Bagheri
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Reza Ahmed
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - E Olga Skowronek
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hamid Marvi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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22
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Dallinger A, Kindlhofer P, Greco F, Coclite AM. Multiresponsive Soft Actuators Based on a Thermoresponsive Hydrogel and Embedded Laser-Induced Graphene. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:1809-1818. [PMID: 33860232 PMCID: PMC8042638 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.0c01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The method of converting insulating polymers into conducting 3D porous graphene structures, so-called laser-induced graphene (LIG) with a commercially available CO2 laser engraving system in an ambient atmosphere, resulted in several applications in sensing, actuation, and energy. In this paper, we demonstrate a combination of LIG and a smart hydrogel (poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)-pNVCL) for multiresponsive actuation in a humid environment. Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) was used to deposit a thin layer of the smart hydrogel onto a matrix of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and embedded LIG tracks. An intriguing property of smart hydrogels, such as pNVCL, is that the change of an external stimulus (temperature, pH, magnetic/electric fields) induces a reversible phase transition from a swollen to a collapsed state. While the active smart hydrogel layer had a thickness of only 300 nm (compared to the 500 times thicker actuator matrix), it was possible to induce a reversible bending of over 30° in the humid environment triggered by Joule heating. The properties of each material were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, tensile testing, and ellipsometry. The actuation performances of single-responsive versions were investigated by creating a thermoresponsive PDMS/LIG actuator and a humidity-responsive PDMS/pNVCL actuator. These results were used to tune the properties of the multiresponsive PDMS/LIG/pNVCL actuator. Furthermore, its self-sensing capabilities were investigated. By getting a feedback from the piezoresistive change of the PMDS/LIG composite, the bending angle could be tracked by measuring the change in resistance. To highlight the possibilities of the processing techniques and the combination of materials, a demonstrator in the shape of an octopus with four independently controllable arms was developed.
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23
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Chen Y, Yang J, Zhang X, Feng Y, Zeng H, Wang L, Feng W. Light-driven bimorph soft actuators: design, fabrication, and properties. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:728-757. [PMID: 34821314 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01406k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Soft robots that can move like living organisms and adapt to their surroundings are currently in the limelight from fundamental studies to technological applications, due to their advances in material flexibility, human-friendly interaction, and biological adaptation that surpass conventional rigid machines. Light-fueled smart actuators based on responsive soft materials are considered to be one of the most promising candidates to promote the field of untethered soft robotics, thereby attracting considerable attention amongst materials scientists and microroboticists to investigate photomechanics, photoswitch, bioinspired design, and actuation realization. In this review, we discuss the recent state-of-the-art advances in light-driven bimorph soft actuators, with the focus on bilayer strategy, i.e., integration between photoactive and passive layers within a single material system. Bilayer structures can endow soft actuators with unprecedented features such as ultrasensitivity, programmability, superior compatibility, robustness, and sophistication in controllability. We begin with an explanation about the working principle of bimorph soft actuators and introduction of a synthesis pathway toward light-responsive materials for soft robotics. Then, photothermal and photochemical bimorph soft actuators are sequentially introduced, with an emphasis on the design strategy, actuation performance, underlying mechanism, and emerging applications. Finally, this review is concluded with a perspective on the existing challenges and future opportunities in this nascent research Frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
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24
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Liu J, Xu L, He C, Lu X, Wang F. Transparent low-voltage-driven soft actuators with silver nanowires Joule heaters. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00837d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transparent soft actuators with silver nanowire Joule heaters embedded in liquid crystal elastomer and PDMS layer was prepared, and it can perform reversible large bending deformation driven by low voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lulu Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chaobin He
- Polymer Composites, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Xuehong Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - FuKe Wang
- Polymer Composites, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
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25
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Xu Y, Fei Q, Page M, Zhao G, Ling Y, Chen D, Yan Z. Laser-induced graphene for bioelectronics and soft actuators. NANO RESEARCH 2021; 14:3033-3050. [PMID: 33841746 PMCID: PMC8023525 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-021-3441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Laser-assisted process can enable facile, mask-free, large-area, inexpensive, customizable, and miniaturized patterning of laser-induced porous graphene (LIG) on versatile carbonaceous substrates (e.g., polymers, wood, food, textiles) in a programmed manner at ambient conditions. Together with high tailorability of its porosity, morphology, composition, and electrical conductivity, LIG can find wide applications in emerging bioelectronics (e.g., biophysical and biochemical sensing) and soft robots (e.g., soft actuators). In this review paper, we first introduce the methods to make LIG on various carbonaceous substrates and then discuss its electrical, mechanical, and antibacterial properties and biocompatibility that are critical for applications in bioelectronics and soft robots. Next, we overview the recent studies of LIG-based biophysical (e.g., strain, pressure, temperature, hydration, humidity, electrophysiological) sensors and biochemical (e.g., gases, electrolytes, metabolites, pathogens, nucleic acids, immunology) sensors. The applications of LIG in flexible energy generators and photodetectors are also introduced. In addition, LIG-enabled soft actuators that can respond to chemicals, electricity, and light stimulus are overviewed. Finally, we briefly discuss the future challenges and opportunities of LIG fabrications and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Xu
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
| | - Qihui Fei
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
| | - Margaret Page
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
| | - Ganggang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
| | - Dick Chen
- Rock Bridge High School, Columbia, Missouri 65203 USA
| | - Zheng Yan
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
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26
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Jiralerspong T, Bae G, Lee JH, Kim SK. Wireless Control of Two- and Three-Dimensional Actuations of Kirigami Patterns Composed of Magnetic-Particles-Polymer Composites. ACS NANO 2020; 14:17589-17596. [PMID: 33301287 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate wireless remote control of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) shape transformations of specially designed kirigami patterns by application of static magnetic fields. The kirigami patterns consist of hinge-linked periodic unit blocks composed of magnetic-particle-elastomer composites. By designing the axis of magnetic anisotropy in each unit block and determining the placement of the hinges that link the individual unit blocks, 2D and 3D transformations of the patterns were demonstrated under application of uniform magnetic fields with specific field directions. Magnetic nanoparticles in an elastomer matrix within unit blocks were aligned in-plane or out-of-plane with respect to the frame of the individual unit blocks by application of magnetic fields. Such 2D and 3D actuations of kirigami patterns might offer a first step toward the development of spatiotemporal actuation and transformation of more complex 3D shapes using magnetic-particle-elastomer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trivoramai Jiralerspong
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Spin Dynamics and Spin-Wave Devices, Nanospinics Laboratory, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
| | - Geonhee Bae
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Spin Dynamics and Spin-Wave Devices, Nanospinics Laboratory, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeok Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Spin Dynamics and Spin-Wave Devices, Nanospinics Laboratory, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
| | - Sang-Koog Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Spin Dynamics and Spin-Wave Devices, Nanospinics Laboratory, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
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Deng H, Sattari K, Xie Y, Liao P, Yan Z, Lin J. Laser reprogramming magnetic anisotropy in soft composites for reconfigurable 3D shaping. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6325. [PMID: 33303761 PMCID: PMC7730436 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Responsive soft materials capable of exhibiting various three-dimensional (3D) shapes under the same stimulus are desirable for promising applications including adaptive and reconfigurable soft robots. Here, we report a laser rewritable magnetic composite film, whose responsive shape-morphing behaviors induced by a magnetic field can be digitally and repeatedly reprogrammed by a facile method of direct laser writing. The composite film is made from an elastomer and magnetic particles encapsulated by a phase change polymer. Once the phase change polymer is temporarily melted by transient laser heating, the orientation of the magnetic particles can be re-aligned upon change of a programming magnetic field. By the digital laser writing on selective areas, magnetic anisotropies can be encoded in the composite film and then reprogrammed by repeating the same procedure, thus leading to multimodal 3D shaping under the same actuation magnetic field. Furthermore, we demonstrated their functional applications in assembling multistate 3D structures driven by the magnetic force-induced buckling, fabricating multistate electrical switches for electronics, and constructing reconfigurable magnetic soft robots with locomotion modes of peristalsis, crawling, and rolling. Responsive soft materials which can exhibit various three-dimensional (3D) shapes under the same stimulus are desirable for applications in adaptive and reconfigurable soft robots. Here, the authors report a laser rewritable magnetic composite film, whose responsive shape-morphing behaviors induced by a magnetic field can be digitally and repeatedly reprogrammed by a facile method of direct laser writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Deng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Kianoosh Sattari
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Yunchao Xie
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ping Liao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zheng Yan
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Ma JN, Zhang YL, Han DD, Mao JW, Chen ZD, Sun HB. Programmable deformation of patterned bimorph actuator swarm. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:775-785. [PMID: 34692096 PMCID: PMC8288920 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene-based actuators featuring fast and reversible deformation under various external stimuli are promising for soft robotics. However, these bimorph actuators are incapable of complex and programmable 3D deformation, which limits their practical application. Here, inspired from the collective coupling and coordination of living cells, we fabricated a moisture-responsive graphene actuator swarm that has programmable shape-changing capability by programming the SU-8 patterns underneath. To get better control over the deformation, we fabricated SU-8 micropattern arrays with specific geometries and orientations on a continuous graphene oxide film, forming a swarm of bimorph actuators. In this way, predictable and complex deformations, including bending, twisting, coiling, asymmetric bending, 3D folding, and combinations of these, have been achieved due to the collective coupling and coordination of the actuator swarm. This work proposes a new way to program the deformation of bilayer actuators, expanding the capabilities of existing bimorph actuators for applications in various smart devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Nan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yong-Lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Dong-Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiang-Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhao-Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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29
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You R, Liu YQ, Hao YL, Han DD, Zhang YL, You Z. Laser Fabrication of Graphene-Based Flexible Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901981. [PMID: 31441164 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the rise of graphene and its applications in various electronic devices. Specifically, featuring excellent flexibility, transparency, conductivity, and mechanical robustness, graphene has emerged as a versatile material for flexible electronics. In the past decade, facilitated by various laser processing technologies, including the laser-treatment-induced photoreduction of graphene oxides, flexible patterning, hierarchical structuring, heteroatom doping, controllable thinning, etching, and shock of graphene, along with laser-induced graphene on polyimide, graphene has found broad applications in a wide range of electronic devices, such as power generators, supercapacitors, optoelectronic devices, sensors, and actuators. Here, the recent advancements in the laser fabrication of graphene-based flexible electronic devices are comprehensively summarized. The various laser fabrication technologies that have been employed for the preparation, processing, and modification of graphene and its derivatives are reviewed. A thorough overview of typical laser-enabled flexible electronic devices that are based on various graphene sources is presented. With the rapid progress that has been made in the research on graphene preparation methodologies and laser micronanofabrication technologies, graphene-based electronics may soon undergo fast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui You
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yi-Long Hao
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dong-Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yong-Lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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30
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Deng H, Xu X, Zhang C, Su JW, Huang G, Lin J. Deterministic Self-Morphing of Soft-Stiff Hybridized Polymeric Films for Acoustic Metamaterials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13378-13385. [PMID: 32100524 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We reported a soft-stiff hybridized polymeric film that can self-morph to dedicated three-dimensional (3D) structures for application in acoustic metamaterials. The hybridized film was fabricated by laterally adhering a soft and responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel to stiff and passive SU-8 patterns. Upon thermal stimulation, deformation of the tough PNIPAM hydrogel was locally constrained by the stiff SU-8 patterns, thereby causing laterally nonuniform strain to their interfaces for mechanically buckling the hybridized films to 3D structures. Combined with finite element analysis, we demonstrated that the stiff SU-8 patterns effectively alleviated the uncontrollability and uncertainty during the self-morphing process, which was caused by unexpected mutual deformation between the active and passive domains in the self-morphing materials. Therefore, deterministic self-buckling to dedicated 3D structures was physically realized such as a wave-shaped peak-valley structure, 3D checkerboard patterns, and Gaussian curved surfaces from the hybridized polymeric films. Finally, we demonstrated that the self-morphed 3D structures with predesigned patterns can be used as acoustic materials for subwavelength noise control. This transformative way of constructing 3D structures by self-morphing of the hybridized polymeric films will be a substantial progress in fabricating smart and multifunctional materials for widespread applications in metamaterials, soft robotics, and 3D electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Deng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Xianchen Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Jheng-Wun Su
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Guoliang Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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31
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Deng H, Xu X, Zhang C, Su JW, Huang G, Lin J. Reprogrammable 3D Shaping from Phase Change Microstructures in Elastic Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:4014-4021. [PMID: 31872759 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate reprogrammable 3D structures that are assembled from elastic composite sheets made from elastic materials and phase change microparticles. By controlling the phase change of the microparticles by localized thermal patterning, anisotropic residual strain is generated in the pre-stretched composite sheets and then triggers 3D structure assembly when the composite sheets are released from the external stress. Modulation of the geometries and location of the thermal patterns leads to complex 2D-3D shaping behaviors such as bending, folding, buckling, and wrinkling. Because of the reversible phase change of the microparticles, these programmed 3D structures can later be recovered to 2D sheets once they are heated for reprogramming different 3D structures. To predict the 3D structures assembled from the 2D composite sheets, finite element modeling was employed, which showed reasonable agreement with the experiments. The demonstrated strategy of reversibly programming 3D shapes by controlling the phase change microstructures in the elastic composites offers unique capabilities in fabricating functional devices such as a rewritable "paper" and a shape reconfigurable pneumatic actuator.
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32
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Zhang C, Deng H, Xie Y, Zhang C, Su JW, Lin J. Stimulus Responsive 3D Assembly for Spatially Resolved Bifunctional Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1904224. [PMID: 31724819 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
3D electronic/optoelectronic devices have shown great potentials for various applications due to their unique properties inherited not only from functional materials, but also from 3D architectures. Although a variety of fabrication methods including mechanically guided assembly have been reported, the resulting 3D devices show no stimuli-responsive functions or are not free standing, thereby limiting their applications. Herein, the stimulus responsive assembly of complex 3D structures driven by temperature-responsive hydrogels is demonstrated for applications in 3D multifunctional sensors. The assembly driving force, compressive buckling, arises from the volume shrinkage of the responsive hydrogel substrates when they are heated above the lower critical solution temperature. Driven by the compressive buckling force, the 2D-formed membrane materials, which are pre-defined and selectively bonded to the substrates, are then assembled to 3D structures. They include "tent," "tower," "two-floor pavilion," "dome," "basket," and "nested-cages" with delicate geometries. Moreover, the demonstrated 3D bifunctional sensors based on laser induced graphene show capability of spatially resolved tactile sensing and temperature sensing. These multifunctional 3D sensors would open new applications in soft robotics, bioelectronics, micro-electromechanical systems, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Heng Deng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Yunchao Xie
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jheng-Wun Su
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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33
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Wang J, Xiao Y, Cecen V, Shao C, Zhao Y, Qu L. Tunable-Deformed Graphene Layers for Actuation. Front Chem 2019; 7:725. [PMID: 31781535 PMCID: PMC6857681 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefiting from unique planar structure, high flexibility, splendid thermal, and electric properties; graphene as a crucial component has been widely applied into smart materials and multi-stimulus responsive actuators. Moreover, graphene with easy processing and modification features can be decorated with various functional groups through covalent or non-covalent bonds, which is promising in the conversion of environmental energy from single and/or multi-stimuli, to mechanical energy. In this review, we present the actuating behaviors of graphene, regulated by chemical bonds or intermolecular forces under multi-stimuli and summarize the recent advances on account of the unique nanostructures in various actuation circumstances such as thermal, humidity, electrochemical, electro-/photo-thermal, and other stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yukun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Volkan Cecen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Changxiang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Liangti Qu
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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34
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Konishi S, Hirata A. Flexible Temperature Sensor Integrated with Soft Pneumatic Microactuators for Functional Microfingers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15634. [PMID: 31666579 PMCID: PMC6821868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of a flexible temperature sensor with a soft microactuator (a pneumatic balloon actuator) for a functional microfinger is presented herein. A sensor integrated with a microactuator can actively approach a target for contact detection when a distance exists from the target or when the target moves. This paper presents a microfinger with temperature sensing functionality. Moreover, thermocouples, which detect temperature based on the Seebeck effect, are designed for use as flexible temperature sensors. Thermocouples are formed by a pair of dissimilar metals or alloys, such as copper and constantan. Thin-film metals or alloys are patterned and integrated in the microfinger. Two typical thermocouples (K-type and T-type) are designed in this study. A 2.0 mm × 2.0 mm sensing area is designed on the microfinger (3.0 mm × 12 mm × 400 μm). Characterization indicates that the output voltage of the sensor is proportional to temperature, as designed. It is important to guarantee the performance of the sensor against actuation effects. Therefore, in addition to the fundamental characterization of the temperature sensors, the effect of bending deformation on the characteristics of the temperature sensors is examined with a repeated bending test consisting of 1000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Konishi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan.
- Graduate Course of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan.
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Akiya Hirata
- Graduate Course of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
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35
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Gao YY, Han B, Zhao WY, Ma ZC, Yu YS, Sun HB. Light-Responsive Actuators Based on Graphene. Front Chem 2019; 7:506. [PMID: 31380350 PMCID: PMC6650529 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a typical 2D carbon material, graphene, that possesses outstanding physical/chemical properties, has revealed great potential for developing soft actuators. Especially, the unique properties of graphene, including the excellent light absorption property, softness, and thermal conductivity, play very important roles in the development of light-responsive graphene actuators. At present, various light-driven actuators have been successfully developed based on graphene and its derivatives. In this mini review, we reviewed the recent advances in this field. The unique properties of graphene or graphene-related materials that are of benefit to the development of light-driven actuators have been summarized. Typical smart actuators based on different photothermal/photochemical effects, including photothermal expansion, photothermal desorption, photoisomerization, and photo-triggered shape memory effect, have been introduced. Besides, current challenges, and future perspective have been discussed. The rapid progress of light-responsive actuators based on graphene has greatly stimulated the development of graphene-based soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Ya Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo-Chen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Sen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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36
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Stanford MG, Li JT, Chyan Y, Wang Z, Wang W, Tour JM. Laser-Induced Graphene Triboelectric Nanogenerators. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7166-7174. [PMID: 31117382 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) show exceptional promise for converting wasted mechanical energy into electrical energy. This study investigates the use of laser-induced graphene (LIG) composites as an exciting class of triboelectric materials in TENGs. Infrared laser irradiation is used to convert the surfaces of the two carbon sources, polyimide (PI) and cork, into LIG. This gives the bilayer composite films the high conductivity associated with LIG and the triboelectric properties of the carbon source. A LIG/PI composite is used to fabricate TENGs based on conductor-to-dielectric and metal-free dielectric-to-dielectric device geometries with open-circuit voltages >3.5 kV and peak power >8 mW. Additionally, a single sheet of PI is converted to a metal-free foldable TENG. The LIG is also embedded within a PDMS matrix to form a single-electrode LIG/PDMS composite TENG. This single-electrode TENG is highly flexible and stretchable and was used to generate power from mechanical contact with skin. The LIG composites present a class of triboelectric materials that can be made from naturally occurring and synthetic carbon sources.
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37
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Chen Q, Yan X, Lu H, Zhang N, Ma M. Programmable Polymer Actuators Perform Continuous Helical Motions Driven by Moisture. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:20473-20481. [PMID: 31090398 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Powerful soft actuators that can perform programmable actuations are highly desired for the development of soft robotics. Herein, we report a moisture-driven polymer actuator, PPA, which is a composite of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polyvinyl alcohol/copolymer of acrylic acid and 2-acrylanmido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid. PPA can not only generate powerful actuation with a contractile stress up to 13 MPa, but can also perform programmable helical motions. PPA films with internal stress along the radial directions were prepared by a simple solution-casting method. Driven by moisture, rectangular strips cut from the same PPA film but with different cutting angles (the oblique angle between the long axis of the PPA strip and the radial axis of the PPA film) can perform direct bending and left-handed or right-handed helical motions, demonstrating the generation of chirality from asymmetric internal stress. By modulating the distribution of internal stress in PPA strips, their moving direction and speed are readily prescribed. The powerful and programmable PPA strips can be used to make soft devices, such as moisture-responsive switches and transporters. Our strategy of generating and utilizing internal stress in responsive polymers represents a promising platform for fabricating smart soft actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Xiunan Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Han Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Ning Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Mingming Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
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38
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Guo Y, Belgodere JA, Ma Y, Jung JP, Bharti B. Directed Printing and Reconfiguration of Thermoresponsive Silica‐pNIPAM Nanocomposites. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900191. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Guo
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Jorge A. Belgodere
- Department of Biological Engineering Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Yingzhen Ma
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Jangwook P. Jung
- Department of Biological Engineering Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Bhuvnesh Bharti
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
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39
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Xu W, Gracias DH. Soft Three-Dimensional Robots with Hard Two-Dimensional Materials. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4883-4892. [PMID: 31070882 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by biological organisms, soft engineered robots seek to augment the capabilities of rigid robots by providing safe, compliant, and flexible interfaces for human-machine interactions. Soft robots provide significant advantages in applications ranging from pick-and-place, prostheses, wearables, and surgical and drug-delivery devices. Conventional soft robots are typically composed of elastomers or gels, where changes in material properties such as stiffness or swelling control actuation. However, soft materials have limited electronic and optical performance, mechanical rigidity, and stability against environmental damage. Atomically thin two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides have excellent electrical, optical, mechanical, and barrier properties and have been used to create ultrathin interconnects, transistors, photovoltaics, photocatalysts, and biosensors. Importantly, although 2DLMs have high in-plane stiffness and rigidity, they have high out-of-plane flexibility and are soft from that point of view. In this Perspective, we discuss the use of 2DLMs either in their continuous monolayer state or as composites with elastomers and hydrogels to create soft three-dimensional (3D) robots, with a focus on origami-inspired approaches. We classify the field, outline major methods, and highlight challenges toward seamless integration of hybrid materials to create multifunctional robots with the characteristics of soft devices.
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Luong DX, Yang K, Yoon J, Singh SP, Wang T, Arnusch CJ, Tour JM. Laser-Induced Graphene Composites as Multifunctional Surfaces. ACS NANO 2019; 13:2579-2586. [PMID: 30730702 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a platform material for numerous applications. Despite its ease in synthesis, LIG's potential for use in some applications is limited by its robustness on substrates. Here, using a simple infiltration method, we develop LIG composites (LIGCs) with physical properties that are engineered on various substrate materials. The physical properties include surface properties such as superhydrophobicity and antibiofouling; the LIGCs are useful in antibacterial applications and Joule-heating applications and as resistive memory device substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Xuan Luong
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Applied Physics Program , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Kaichun Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Jongwon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Jeonju Center , Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Jeonju , 54907 , Republic of Korea
| | - Swatantra P Singh
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Sede-Boqer Campus , Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990 , Israel
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Christopher J Arnusch
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Sede-Boqer Campus , Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990 , Israel
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Department of Material Science and NanoEngineering Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute and the NanoCarbon Center , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
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Su JW, Wang J, Zheng Y, Jiang S, Lin J. Mechanically Guided Assembly of Monolithic Three-Dimensional Structures from Elastomer Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:44716-44721. [PMID: 30501168 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically guided assembly is considered a facile and scalable methodology for fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) structures. However, most of the previous methods require multistep processes for bonding bi- or multilayers and only result in non-freestanding 3D structures because of usage of a supporting elastomer substrate. Herein, we report a functional elastomer composite that can be transformed to a freestanding and monolithic 3D structure driven by the mechanically guided assembly. Photolithography can be used to selectively tune the mechanical properties of UV-exposed regions which exhibit enhanced ductility compared with the nonexposed regions. Thus, a gradient of the residual strain in the thickness direction makes the films assemble into 3D structures. These 3D structures are also predicted by our computational models using finite element simulations, which yields a reasonable agreement with the experiments. The systematically designed 2D structures with varied patterns can be transformed to various 3D structures with the control of the residual strain gradient, via key processing parameters including pre-strain, film thickness, and UV exposure time. By integrating different active electronic components on the fabricated 3D structures, potential applications of this 3D platform in electronics were demonstrated. This study offers a unique capability in constructing monolithic and freestanding 3D assembly, paving new routes to many applications such as wearable electronics, smart textiles, soft robotics, and structural health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jheng-Wun Su
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering , University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Yonggang Zheng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering , University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
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