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Tsang CY, Zhang Y. Nanomaterials for light-mediated therapeutics in deep tissue. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2898-2931. [PMID: 38265834 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00862b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Light-mediated therapeutics, including photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy and light-triggered drug delivery, have been widely studied due to their high specificity and effective therapy. However, conventional light-mediated therapies usually depend on the activation of light-sensitive molecules with UV or visible light, which have poor penetration in biological tissues. Over the past decade, efforts have been made to engineer nanosystems that can generate luminescence through excitation with near-infrared (NIR) light, ultrasound or X-ray. Certain nanosystems can even carry out light-mediated therapy through chemiluminescence, eliminating the need for external activation. Compared to UV or visible light, these 4 excitation modes penetrate more deeply into biological tissues, triggering light-mediated therapy in deeper tissues. In this review, we systematically report the design and mechanisms of different luminescent nanosystems excited by the 4 excitation sources, methods to enhance the generated luminescence, and recent applications of such nanosystems in deep tissue light-mediated therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Yin Tsang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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2
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Moghadam RZ, Dizagi HR, Agren H, Ehsani MH. Understanding the effect of Mn 2+ on Yb 3+/Er 3+ co-doped NaYF 4 upconversion and obtaining the optimal combination of these tridoping. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17556. [PMID: 37845290 PMCID: PMC10579380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44947-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigated in detail the upconversion properties of several types of nanoparticles, including NaYF4:5%Yb3+/30%Mn2+, NaYF4:40%Mn2+/x%Yb3+ (x% = 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40), NaYF4:2%Er3+/x%Mn2+ (x% = 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70), NaYF4:40%Mn2+/x%Er3+ (x% = 1, 2, 5, and 10), and NaYF4:40%Mn2+/1%Yb3+/x%Er3+ (x% = 0, 2, 5, and 10). We studied their upconversion emission under 980 nm excitation in both pulsed and continuous wave modes at different synthesis temperatures. The nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The doping of Yb3+ and Mn2+ ions resulted in the nanoparticles assuming cubic and hexagonal crystal structures. The emission intensity increased (106.4 (a.u.*103) to 334.4(a.u.*103)) with increasing synthesis temperature from 120 to 140 °C, while a sharp decrease was observed when the synthesis temperature was increased to 200 °C. The gradual decrease in peak intensity with increasing Mn2+ concentration from 20 to 70% was attributed to energy transfer from Mn2+ to Yb3+. In NaYF4:Mn2+/Yb3+/Er3+ UCNPs, increasing the Er3+ concentration from 0 to 10% led to the disappearance of the blue, orange, and green emission bands. The intense upconversion luminescence pattern with high spatial resolution indicates excellent potential for applications in displays, biological sensors, photodetectors, and solar energy converters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zarei Moghadam
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, 38156-88349, Iran.
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Hans Agren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Avram D, Colbea C, Patrascu AA, Istrate MC, Teodorescu V, Tiseanu C. Up-conversion emission in transition metal and lanthanide co-doped systems: dimer sensitization revisited. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2165. [PMID: 36750635 PMCID: PMC9905471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lanthanide (Ln) co-doped transition metal (TM) upconversion (UC) co-doped systems are being intensively investigated for their exciting applications in photonics, bioimaging, and luminescence thermometry. The presence of TM, such as Mo6 + /W6 +, Mn2 +, or Fe3 + determines significant changes in Ln UC emission, such as intensity enhancement, colour modulation, and even the alteration of the photon order. The current mechanism assumes a ground-state absorption/excited-state absorption (ESA/GSA) in TM-Yb dimer followed by direct energy transfer to Er/Tm excited states. We revisit this mechanism by addressing two issues that remain ignored: a dynamical approach to the investigation of the upconversion mechanism and the intrinsic chemical complexity of co-doped TM, Ln systems. To this aim, we employ a pulsed, excitation variable laser across a complete set of UC measurements, such as the emission and excitation spectra and emission decays and analyze multiple grains with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the Mo co-doped garnet, the results sustain the co-existence of Mo-free garnet and Mo oxide impurity. In this Mo oxide, the Er upconversion emission properties are fully explained by a relatively efficient sequential Yb to Er upconversion process, with no contribution from Yb-Mo dimer sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Avram
- grid.435167.20000 0004 0475 5806National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, PO Box MG-36, 76900 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - Claudiu Colbea
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrei A. Patrascu
- grid.435167.20000 0004 0475 5806National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, PO Box MG-36, 76900 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - Marian Cosmin Istrate
- grid.443870.c0000 0004 0542 4064National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele-Ilfov, Romania ,grid.5100.40000 0001 2322 497XFaculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Valentin Teodorescu
- grid.443870.c0000 0004 0542 4064National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele-Ilfov, Romania ,grid.435118.a0000 0004 6041 6841Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Tiseanu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, PO Box MG-36, 76900, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania.
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4
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Oleksa V, Macková H, Engstová H, Patsula V, Shapoval O, Velychkivska N, Ježek P, Horák D. Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-coated upconverting NaYF 4:Yb,Er@NaYF 4:Nd core-shell nanoparticles for fluorescent labeling of carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21373. [PMID: 34725396 PMCID: PMC8560758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Upconverting luminescent lanthanide-doped nanoparticles (UCNP) belong to promising new materials that absorb infrared light able to penetrate in the deep tissue level, while emitting photons in the visible or ultraviolet region, which makes them favorable for bioimaging and cell labeling. Here, we have prepared upconverting NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4:Nd core-shell nanoparticles, which were coated with copolymers of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and 2-(acryloylamino)-2-methylpropane-1-sulfonic acid (AMPS) or tert-butyl [2-(acryloylamino)ethyl]carbamate (AEC-Boc) with negative or positive charges, respectively. The copolymers were synthesized by a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, reaching Mn ~ 11 kDa and containing ~ 5 mol% of reactive groups. All copolymers contained bisphosphonate end-groups to be firmly anchored on the surface of NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4:Nd core-shell nanoparticles. To compare properties of polymer coatings, poly(ethylene glycol)-coated and neat UCNP were used as a control. UCNP with various charges were then studied as labels of carcinoma cells, including human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2, human cervical cancer HeLa, and rat insulinoma INS-1E cells. All the particles proved to be biocompatible (nontoxic); depending on their ξ-potential, the ability to penetrate the cells differed. This ability together with the upconversion luminescence are basic prerequisites for application of particles in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of various tumors, where emission of nanoparticles in visible light range at ~ 650 nm excites photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Oleksa
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Macková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Engstová
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vitalii Patsula
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Oleksandr Shapoval
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Nadiia Velychkivska
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ježek
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Han S, Yi Z, Zhang J, Gu Q, Liang L, Qin X, Xu J, Wu Y, Xu H, Rao A, Liu X. Photon upconversion through triplet exciton-mediated energy relay. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3704. [PMID: 34140483 PMCID: PMC8211736 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration of upconversion luminescence from lanthanide emitters through energy migration has profound implications for fundamental research and technology development. However, energy migration-mediated upconversion requires stringent experimental conditions, such as high power excitation and special migratory ions in the host lattice, imposing selection constraints on lanthanide emitters. Here we demonstrate photon upconversion of diverse lanthanide emitters by harnessing triplet exciton-mediated energy relay. Compared with gadolinium-based systems, this energy relay is less dependent on excitation power and enhances the emission intensity of Tb3+ by 158-fold. Mechanistic investigations reveal that emission enhancement is attributable to strong coupling between lanthanides and surface molecules, which enables fast triplet generation (<100 ps) and subsequent near-unity triplet transfer efficiency from surface ligands to lanthanides. Moreover, the energy relay approach supports long-distance energy transfer and allows upconversion modulation in microstructures. These findings enhance fundamental understanding of energy transfer at molecule-nanoparticle interfaces and open exciting avenues for developing hybrid, high-performance optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyang Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhigao Yi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiangbin Zhang
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Qifei Gu
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Liangliang Liang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xian Qin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yiming Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.
| | - Akshay Rao
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, China.
- Center for Functional Materials, National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, China.
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6
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Sun X, Yang P, Wang S, Feng L, Shi J. Facile synthesis of up‐conversion
Cit‐NaYF
4
:Yb,Tm @phenol‐formaldehyde resin@Ag composites for the sensitive detection of
S
2
−. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan China
| | - Ping Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan China
| | - Lina Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan China
| | - Jianjun Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan China
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7
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Gupta M, Nagarajan R, Ramamurthy C, Vivekanandan P, Prakash GV. KLa (0.95-x)Gd xF 4:Eu 3+ hexagonal phase nanoparticles as luminescent probes for in vitro Huh-7 cancer cell imaging. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:5197-5207. [PMID: 33881075 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00539a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A facile chemical route is reported for synthesizing red-emitting photoluminescent/MRI multi-functional KLa(0.95-x)GdxF4:Eu3+ (x = 0 to 0.4) bio-compatible nanomaterials for targeted in vitro tumor imaging. Hexagonal phase pure nanoparticles show a significant and systematic change in morphology with enhanced photoluminescence due to the substitution of La3+ with Gd3+ ions. Single phase β-KLa(0.95-x)GdxF4:Eu3+ exhibits multifunctional properties, both intense red emission and strong paramagnetism for high-contrast bioimaging applications. These silica capped magnetic/luminescent nanoparticles show long-term colloidal stability, optical transparency in water, strong red emission, and low cytotoxicity. The cellular uptake of coated nanoparticles was investigated in liver cancer cell line Huh-7. Our findings suggest that these nanoparticles can serve as highly luminescent imaging probes for in vitro applications with potential for in vivo and live cell imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Gupta
- Nanophotonics Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016 India. and Materials Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Rajamani Nagarajan
- Materials Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Chitteti Ramamurthy
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Perumal Vivekanandan
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - G Vijaya Prakash
- Nanophotonics Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016 India.
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8
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Ghazyani N, Majles Ara MH, Raoufi M. Nonlinear photoresponse of NaYF 4:Yb,Er@NaYF 4 nanocrystals under green CW excitation: a comprehensive study. RSC Adv 2020; 10:25696-25702. [PMID: 35518620 PMCID: PMC9055298 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01380c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the efficient and well-known upconverting nanomaterials is NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4, which emits photoluminescence at 545 nm and 660 nm under an excitation of 980 nm. Here, the nonlinearity of β-NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4 at 532 nm is investigated using three nonlinear approaches. For the first time, the nonlinear optical conjugation of NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4 nanocrystals is observed using the degenerate four-wave mixing method. In the optical bistability study, the optical hysteresis of NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4 is measured using the Mach–Zehnder interferometer nonlinear ring cavity, and the results of bistability loops show different behaviors at different power regimes. Finally, the Z-scan technique is used for determining the nonlinear absorption and refraction coefficients, which are calculated in the order of 10−4 (cm W−1) and 10−8 (cm2 W−1), respectively. The results indicate that by increasing incident powers, optical behaviour changes in both optical bistability and Z-scan. Therefore, the results exhibit that the β-NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4 nanocrystals have nonlinear photoresponses at both 980 and 532 nm, which could be promising for photonic devices based on NIR light and visible light. NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4 is an efficient and well-known upconverting nanomaterials at 980 nm, also it has strong optical nonlinearity at 532 nm related to energy states of the Yb/Er system which is determined by a unique approach.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Ghazyani
- Photonics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Kharazmi University Tehran 15719-14911 Iran.,Applied Science Research Center, Kharazmi University Tehran 15719-14911 Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Majles Ara
- Photonics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Kharazmi University Tehran 15719-14911 Iran.,Applied Science Research Center, Kharazmi University Tehran 15719-14911 Iran
| | - Mohammad Raoufi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran 1417614411 Iran.,Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), University of Siegen Siegen Germany
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