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Ghosh R, Li X, Yates MZ. Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor Using Bimetallic Catalysts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:17-29. [PMID: 38118131 PMCID: PMC10788829 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic glucose oxidation electrocatalysts were synthesized by two electrochemical reduction reactions carried out in series onto a titanium electrode. Nickel was deposited in the first synthesis stage followed by either silver or copper in the second stage to form Ag@Ni and Cu@Ni bimetallic structures. The chemical composition, crystal structure, and morphology of the resulting metal coating of the titanium electrode were investigated by X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. The electrocatalytic performance of the coated titanium electrodes toward glucose oxidation was probed using cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. It was found that the unique high surface area bimetallic structures have superior electrocatalytic activity compared to nickel alone. The resulting catalyst-coated titanium electrode served as a nonenzymatic glucose sensor with high sensitivity and low limit of detection for glucose. The Cu@Ni catalyst enables accurate measurement of glucose over the concentration range of 0.2-12 mM, which includes the full normal human blood glucose range, with the maximum level extending high enough to encompass warning levels for prediabetic and diabetic conditions. The sensors were also found to perform well in the presence of several chemical compounds found in human blood known to interfere with nonenzymatic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Matthew Z. Yates
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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Govindaraj M, Srivastava A, Muthukumaran MK, Tsai PC, Lin YC, Raja BK, Rajendran J, Ponnusamy VK, Arockia Selvi J. Current advancements and prospects of enzymatic and non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126680. [PMID: 37673151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the most current developments and future perspectives in enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose sensors, which have notably evolved over the preceding quadrennial period. Furthermore, a thorough exploration encompassed the sensor's intricate fabrication processes, the diverse range of materials employed, the underlying principles of detection, and an in-depth assessment of the sensors' efficacy in detecting glucose levels within essential bodily fluids such as human blood serums, urine, saliva, and interstitial fluids. It is worth noting that the accurate quantification of glucose concentrations within human blood has been effectively achieved by utilizing classical enzymatic sensors harmoniously integrated with optical and electrochemical transduction mechanisms. Monitoring glucose levels in various mediums has attracted exceptional attention from industrial to academic researchers for diabetes management, food quality control, clinical medicine, and bioprocess inspection. There has been an enormous demand for the creation of novel glucose sensors over the past ten years. Research has primarily concentrated on succeeding biocompatible and enhanced sensing abilities related to the present technologies, offering innovative avenues for more effective glucose sensors. Recent developments in wearable optical and electrochemical sensors with low cost, high stability, point-of-care testing, and online tracking of glucose concentration levels in biological fluids can aid in managing and controlling diabetes globally. New nanomaterials and biomolecules that can be used in electrochemical sensor systems to identify glucose concentration levels are developed thanks to advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Both enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensors have garnered much interest recently and have made significant strides in detecting glucose levels. In this review, we summarise several categories of non-enzymatic glucose sensor materials, including composites, non-precious transition metals and their metal oxides, hydroxides, precious metals and their alloys, carbon-based materials, conducting polymers, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based electrocatalysts, and wearable device-based glucose sensors deeply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumar Govindaraj
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Ananya Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Magesh Kumar Muthukumaran
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
| | - Yuan-Chung Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Bharathi Kannan Raja
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jerome Rajendran
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan.
| | - J Arockia Selvi
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Zhou D, Zhang S, Khan AU, Chen L, Ge G. A wearable AuNP enhanced metal-organic gel (Au@MOG) sensor for sweat glucose detection with ultrahigh sensitivity. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:163-170. [PMID: 38073477 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05179j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The demand for sensitive and non-invasive sensors for monitoring glucose levels in sweat has grown considerably in recent years. This study presents the development of a wearable sensor for sweat glucose detection with ultrahigh sensitivity. The sensor was fabricated by embedding Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) and metal-organic gels (MOGs) on nickel foam (NF). A non-enzymatic electrocatalytic glucose sensor has been developed to combine the three-dimensional network of MOGs with more active sites favourable for glucose diffusion and the transfer of electrons from glucose to the electrode. These results show that the sensor has an ultrahigh sensitivity of 13.94 mA mM-1 cm-2, a linear detection range between 2 and 600 μM, and a lower detection limit as low as 1 μM (signal/noise = 3) with comparable accuracy and reliability under non-alkaline conditions to those of high-pressure ion chromatography (HPIC). Furthermore, a wearable sweat glucose sensor has been constructed by sputtering an Au conductive layer on a flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate and coating it with Au@MOGs. Our work demonstrates that the combination of Au NPs and MOGs can enhance the sensitivity and activity of these materials, making them useful for electrocatalytic glucose monitoring with ultrahigh sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11 ZhongguancunBeiyitiao, Beijing 100190, PR China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shuangbin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11 ZhongguancunBeiyitiao, Beijing 100190, PR China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Atta Ullah Khan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11 ZhongguancunBeiyitiao, Beijing 100190, PR China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11 ZhongguancunBeiyitiao, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Guanglu Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11 ZhongguancunBeiyitiao, Beijing 100190, PR China.
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Preparation of three dimensional Cu2O/Au/GO hybrid electrodes and its application as a non-enzymatic glucose sensor. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Krajewski M, Liou SC, Jurkiewicz K, Brzózka K, Chiou WA, Kubacki J, Burian A. The glass-like structure of iron-nickel nanochains produced by the magnetic-field-induced reduction reaction with sodium borohydride. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:326-335. [PMID: 34897299 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04411g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Preparation and detailed structural characterization of iron-nickel wire-like nanochains with Fe0.75Ni0.25, Fe0.50Ni0.50, and Fe0.25Ni0.75 compositions are reported. The investigated nanomaterials were produced by the novel template-free magnetic-field-induced reduction reaction with NaBH4 as the reducing agent. It is demonstrated that this method leads to the formation of Fe-Ni nanochains composed of spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of 50-70 nm and with a very high degree of atomic disorder manifested as the lack of clearly developed bcc and fcc phases, which are usually observed for nano- and polycrystalline Fe-Ni species. The recorded wide-angle X-ray scattering data for the obtained Fe-Ni nanochains exhibit a strong resemblance to those obtained for bulk metallic glasses. The atomic scale structure of the investigated nanochains has been studied using pair distribution function analysis of the recorded total scattering data. The best fits to the experimental pair distribution functions have been achieved assuming two-phase models of hcp and bcc networks with the size of coherently scattering regions of about 2.5 nm in diameter, for each Fe-Ni composition. The transmission electron microscopy images indicate that the glass-like bimetallic alloy cores are covered by amorphous oxide/hydroxide shells with their thickness ranging from 2 to 5 nm. Moreover, electron energy loss spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy results confirm the core-shell structure of the Fe-Ni nanochains and the complex character of the shell layer which consists of several iron- and nickel-containing phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Krajewski
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sz-Chian Liou
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Laboratory, Maryland Nano Center, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742-2831, USA
| | - Karolina Jurkiewicz
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Brzózka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Technology and Humanities, Stasieckiego 54, 26-600 Radom, Poland
| | - Wen-An Chiou
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Laboratory, Maryland Nano Center, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742-2831, USA
| | - Jerzy Kubacki
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Burian
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
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Chalil Oglou R, Ulusoy Ghobadi TG, Ozbay E, Karadas F. Electrodeposited cobalt hexacyanoferrate electrode as a non-enzymatic glucose sensor under neutral conditions. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1188:339188. [PMID: 34794574 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A CoFe Prussian blue analogue (CoFe PB) modified FTO electrode, prepared via a facile electrodeposition method, is investigated as a non-enzymatic glucose sensor under neutral conditions. The electrode exhibits a linear detection of glucose in the 0.1-8.2 mmol/L range with a detection limit of 67 μM, a sensitivity of 18.69 μA/mM.cm2, and a fast response time of less than 7 s under neutral conditions. Its stability is confirmed with both electrochemical experiments and characterization studies performed on the pristine and post-mortem electrode. We also conducted a comprehensive electrochemical analysis to elucidate the identity of the active site and the glucose oxidation mechanism on the Prussian blue surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadan Chalil Oglou
- UNAM - National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | | | - Ekmel Ozbay
- NANOTAM - Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ferdi Karadas
- UNAM - National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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Lakhdari D, Guittoum A, Benbrahim N, Belgherbi O, Berkani M, Vasseghian Y, Lakhdari N. A novel non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on NiFe(NPs)-polyaniline hybrid materials. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 151:112099. [PMID: 33677039 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article was focused on the elaboration of NiFe-Polyaniline glucose sensors via electrochemical technique. Firstly, the PANi (polyaniline) fibers were synthesized by oxidation of the monomer aniline on FTO (fluorine tin oxide) substrate. Secondly, the Nickel-Iron nanoparticles (NiFe (NPs)) were obtained by the Chronoamperometry method on the Polyaniline surface. The NiFe-PANi hybrid electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), force atomic microscopy (AFM), Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrochemical glucose sensing performance of the NiFe alloy nanoparticle was studied by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. The fabricated glucose sensor Ni-Fe hybrid material exhibited many remarkable sensing performances, such as low-response time (4 s), sensitivity (1050 μA mM-1 cm-2), broad linear range (from 10 μM -1 mM), and low limit of detection (LOD) (0.5 μM, S/N = 3). The selectivity, reliability, and stability of the NiFe hybrid material for glucose oxidation were also investigated. All the results demonstrated that the NiFe-PANi/FTO hybrid electrode is very promising for application in electrochemical glucose sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delloula Lakhdari
- Research Center in Industrial Technologies CRTI, P.O. Box 64, Cheraga, 16014, Algiers, Algeria; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux (LPCM), Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi-Ouzou, RP 15000, Algeria.
| | - Abderrahim Guittoum
- Nuclear Research Centre of Algiers, 2 Bd Frantz Fanon, Bp 399, Alger-Gare, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nassima Benbrahim
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux (LPCM), Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi-Ouzou, RP 15000, Algeria
| | - Ouafia Belgherbi
- Research Center in Industrial Technologies CRTI, P.O. Box 64, Cheraga, 16014, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Berkani
- Laboratoire Biotechnologies, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Biotechnologie, Ville Universitaire Ali Mendjeli, BP E66 25100, Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam; The Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam.
| | - Nadjem Lakhdari
- Laboratoire Biotechnologies, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Biotechnologie, Ville Universitaire Ali Mendjeli, BP E66 25100, Constantine, Algeria.
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Facile preparation of Ni nanoparticle embedded on mesoporous carbon nanorods for non-enzymatic glucose detection. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 583:310-320. [PMID: 33007587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal doped carbon materials are recognized as promising sensing platforms for glucose detection. Herein, a simple strategy involving crystallinity, nanostructure engineering, and pyrolysis was developed for constructing well-defined Ni nanoparticle embedded on nanoporous carbon nanorods (Ni/NCNs). A three-dimensional nickel-based metal-organic framework (Ni-MOF) was used as both a self-sacrificing template and precursor. Due to the synergistic effects between the uniformly dispersed Ni nanoparticles and the nanoporous carbon matrix, the as-prepared Ni/NCNs exhibited remarkable electrochemical activity. The fabricated Ni/NCNs glucose sensor showed excellent electrocatalytic performance with ultra-low limit of detection, wide linear detection ranges, fast response times (within 1.6 s), superior stability, and anti-interference characteristics. Moreover, the Ni/NCNs sensing platform was successfully applied to analyze glucose concentrations in human blood samples. These results showed that Ni/NCNs hold potential applications in developing enzyme-free glucose sensors.
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Rossini PDO, Laza A, Azeredo NF, Gonçalves JM, Felix FS, Araki K, Angnes L. Ni-based double hydroxides as electrocatalysts in chemical sensors: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Qiao Y, Zhang R, He F, Hu W, Cao X, Jia J, Lu W, Sun X. A comparative study of electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose on conductive Ni-MOF nanosheet arrays with different ligands. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04150e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A glucose sensor based on conductive Ni-MOF nanosheet arrays/CC exhibits a fast response time, a low detection limit, a high sensitivity, and it can also be applied for the detection of glucose in human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
- China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
- China
| | - Fangyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
- China
| | - Wenli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
- China
| | - Xiaowei Cao
- Institute of Translational Medicine
- Medical College
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225001
- China
| | - Jianfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
- China
| | - Wenbo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
- China
| | - Xuping Sun
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu 610054
- China
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Wei M, Qiao Y, Zhao H, Liang J, Li T, Luo Y, Lu S, Shi X, Lu W, Sun X. Electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensors: recent progress and perspectives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14553-14569. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05650b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent advances in the development of electrocatalysts for non-enzymatic glucose detection. The sensing mechanism and influencing factors are discussed, and the perspectives and challenges are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wei
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
- China
| | - Yanxia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
- China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu 610054
- China
| | - Jie Liang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu 610054
- China
| | - Tingshuai Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu 610054
- China
| | - Yonglan Luo
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu 610054
- China
| | - Siyu Lu
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Xifeng Shi
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250014
- China
| | - Wenbo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
- China
| | - Xuping Sun
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu 610054
- China
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