1
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Marqués PS, Kammerer C. Aryl Sulfoxides: A Traceless Directing Group for Catalytic C-H Activation of Arenes. Chempluschem 2024:e202300728. [PMID: 38529705 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation of arenes directed by sulfoxides represents a compelling strategy in organic synthesis, owing to its exceptional regioselectivity and high efficiency. This innovative approach stands out for its traceless character, enabling the direct functionalization of arenes, before the easy removal or conversion of the key sulfinyl moiety. Beyond their utility as a directing group, sulfoxides have proved particularly valuable to mediate as chiral auxiliaries, presenting exciting prospects for the synthesis of stereo-enriched compounds upon C-H functionalization. The versatility demonstrated by the method paves the way to different structures with potential applications ranging from medicinal chemistry to organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Simón Marqués
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29, rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Kammerer
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29, rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France
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2
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Zhang X, Shi Y, Dang Y, Liang Z, Wang Z, Deng Y, Han Y, Hu W, Geng Y. Direct Arylation Polycondensation of β-Fluorinated Bithiophenes to Polythiophenes: Effect of Side Chains in C–Br Monomers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yibo Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ziqi Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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3
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Jang SY, Kim IB, Kim Y, Lim DH, Kang H, Heeney M, Kim DY. Facile direct C-H arylation polymerization of conjugated polymer, PDCBT, for organic solar cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200405. [PMID: 35938972 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Direct arylation polymerization (DArP) is a synthetic method for conjugated polymers; in DArP, organometallic functionalization steps are omitted and there are no toxic byproducts. As a result, it is considered a more sustainable alternative compared to conventional methods such as Stille polymerization. To explore the possibility of DArP-based polymers as donor materials in organic solar cells (OSCs), a series of conjugated polymers based on the structure of PDCBT are synthesized using DArP and Stille polymerization. By controlling the monomer concentration and reaction time in DArP, DArP-5 with the highest Mn (21.9 kDa) can be obtained and its optoelectronic properties, electrochemical properties, and microscopic molecular ordering are comparable to those of Stille-based PDCBT (Stille-P). Analysis of the polymer structure indicates no structural defects such as crosslinking from undesired β-coupling reactions in DArP-5. Upon blending with the PC71 BM acceptor molecule, an increase in the crystallite size of DArP-5 is also observed. In OSC devices with a polymer:PC71 BM bulk-heterojunction photoactive layer, DArP-5 demonstrates a comparable power conversion efficiency of 5.8% with that of Stille-P (5.5%). These results prove that DArP is suitable for synthesizing PDCBT, and DArP-based PDCBT can be used in OSCs as an alternative of Stille-based one. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Young Jang
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Bok Kim
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunseul Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Lim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongkyu Kang
- Center for Research Innovation, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane Shepherd's Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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4
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Ye S, Lotocki V, Xu H, Seferos DS. Group 16 conjugated polymers based on furan, thiophene, selenophene, and tellurophene. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6442-6474. [PMID: 35843215 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00139j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five-membered aromatic rings containing Group 16 elements (O, S, Se, and Te), also referred as chalcogenophenes, are ubiquitous building blocks for π-conjugated polymers (CPs). Among these, polythiophenes have been established as a model system to study the interplay between molecular structure, solid-state organization, and electronic performance. The judicious substitution of alternative heteroatoms into polythiophenes is a promising strategy for tuning their properties and improving the performance of derived organic electronic devices, thus leading to the recent abundance of CPs containing furan, selenophene, and tellurophene. In this review, we first discuss the current status of Kumada, Negishi, Murahashi, Suzuki-Miyaura, and direct arylation polymerizations, representing the best routes to access well-defined chalcogenophene-containing homopolymers and copolymers. The self-assembly, optical, solid-state, and electronic properties of these polymers and their influence on device performance are then summarized. In addition, we highlight post-polymerization modifications as effective methods to transform polychalcogenophene backbones or side chains in ways that are unobtainable by direct polymerization. Finally, the major challenges and future outlook in this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Victor Lotocki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada. .,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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5
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Mayhugh AL, Yadav P, Luscombe CK. Circular Discovery in Small Molecule and Conjugated Polymer Synthetic Methodology. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6123-6135. [PMID: 35380440 PMCID: PMC9011355 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple and efficient methods are a key consideration for small molecule and polymer syntheses. Direct arylation polymerization (DArP) is of increasing interest for preparing conjugated polymers as an effective approach compared to conventional cross-coupling polymerizations. As DArP sees broader utilization, advancements are needed to access materials with improved properties and different monomer structures and to improve the scalability of conjugated polymer synthesis. Presented herein are considerations for developing new methods of conjugated polymer synthesis from small molecule transformations, exploring how DArP has successfully used this approach, and presenting how emerging polymerization methodologies are developing similarly. While it is common to adapt small molecule methods to polymerizations, we demonstrate the ways in which information gained from studying polymerizations can inform and inspire greater advancements in small molecule transformations. This circular approach to organic synthetic method development underlines the value of collaboration between small molecule and polymer-based synthetic research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Mayhugh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, Unites States
| | - Preeti Yadav
- pi-Conjugated Polymers Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1, Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- pi-Conjugated Polymers Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1, Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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6
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Lui YW, Chan B, Lui MY. Methylation with Dimethyl Carbonate/Dimethyl Sulfide Mixtures: An Integrated Process without Addition of Acid/Base and Formation of Residual Salts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102538. [PMID: 34907650 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide, a major byproduct of the Kraft pulping process, was used as an inexpensive and sustainable catalyst/co-reagent (methyl donor) for various methylations with dimethyl carbonate (as both reagent and solvent), which afforded excellent yields of O-methylated phenols and benzoic acids, and mono-C-methylated arylacetonitriles. Furthermore, these products could be isolated using a remarkably straightforward workup and purification procedure, realized by dimethyl sulfide's neutral and distillable nature and the absence of residual salts. The likely mechanisms of these methylations were elucidated using experimental and theoretical methods, which revealed that the key step involves the generation of a highly reactive trimethylsulfonium methylcarbonate intermediate. The phenol methylation process represents a rare example of a Williamson-type reaction that occurs without the addition of a Brønsted base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Wai Lui
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Bun Chan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Matthew Y Lui
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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7
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Ye L, Thompson BC. Improving the efficiency and sustainability of catalysts for direct arylation polymerization (DArP). JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
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8
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Chua MH, Png ZM, Zhu Q, Xu J. Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers via Transition Metal Catalysed C-H Bond Activation. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2896-2919. [PMID: 34390547 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalysed C-H bond activation chemistry has emerged as an exciting and promising approach in organic synthesis. This allows us to synthesize a wider range of functional molecules and conjugated polymers in a more convenient and more atom economical way. The formation of C-C bonds in the construction of pi-conjugated systems, particularly for conjugated polymers, has benefited much from the advances in C-H bond activation chemistry. Compared to conventional transition-metal catalysed cross-coupling polymerization such as Suzuki and Stille cross-coupling, pre-functionalization of aromatic monomers, such as halogenation, borylation and stannylation, is no longer required for direct arylation polymerization (DArP), which involve C-H/C-X cross-coupling, and oxidative direct arylation polymerization (Ox-DArP), which involves C-H/C-H cross-coupling protocols driven by the activation of monomers' C(sp2 )-H bonds. Furthermore, poly(annulation) via C-H bond activation chemistry leads to the formation of unique pi-conjugated moieties as part of the polymeric backbone. This review thus summarises advances to date in the synthesis of conjugated polymers utilizing transition metal catalysed C-H bond activation chemistry. A variety of conjugated polymers via DArP including poly(thiophene), thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione)-containing, fluorenyl-containing, benzothiadiazole-containing and diketopyrrolopyrrole-containing copolymers, were summarized. Conjugated polymers obtained through Ox-DArP were outlined and compared. Furthermore, poly(annulation) using transition metal catalysed C-H bond activation chemistry was also reviewed. In the last part of this review, difficulties and perspective to make use of transition metal catalysed C-H activation polymerization to prepare conjugated polymers were discussed and commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhuang Mao Png
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Ye L, Thompson BC. p-Cymene: A Sustainable Solvent that is Highly Compatible with Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP). ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:714-719. [PMID: 35549099 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For over a decade, Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP) has been demonstrated to be an eco-friendly, facile, and low-cost alternative to conventional methodologies such as Stille polymerization for conjugated polymer synthesis. By accessing through a C-H activation pathway, DArP offers a reduction of synthetic steps while eliminating the generation of stoichiometric, highly toxic organotin byproducts. However, as the major component in these reactions, the solvents most prevalently employed for DArP are hazardous and produced from unsustainable sources, such as dimethylacetamide (DMA), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and toluene. Although the use of sustainable alternative solvents such as 2-MeTHF and cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) has recently emerged, drawbacks of ethereal solvents include the need for a pressurized reaction setup as well as potential peroxide formation. While aromatic solvents are superior in solubilizing conjugated polymers, very little has been done in searching for more sustainable, benign alternatives for this class of solvent. Herein, we report the application of a sustainable, naturally sourced, high-boiling aromatic solvent, p-cymene, to DArP for the first time. p-Cymene was found to display excellent solubilizing ability in the synthesis of a broad scope of alternating copolymers with Mn up to 51.3 kg/mol and yields up to 96.2%, outperforming those prepared using CPME and toluene. Structural analysis revealed the exclusion of defects in these polymers prepared using p-cymene as the solvent which, in the case of a 2,2'-bithiophene monomer, is challenging to access through the use of conventional solvents for DArP, such as DMA and toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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10
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Han D, Li J, Zhang Q, He Z, Wu Z, Chu J, Lu Y. Synthesis of π-Conjugated Polymers Containing Benzotriazole Units via Palladium-Catalyzed Direct C-H Cross-Coupling Polycondensation for OLEDs Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:254. [PMID: 33466635 PMCID: PMC7828650 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Four D-π-A conjugated polymers, namely P1-P4, which contain benzotriazole building blocks in their backbone as acceptor, are synthesized via palladium-catalyzed direct C-H cross-coupling polycondensation of 5,6-difluorobenzotriazole with different thiophene derivatives, including 3-octylthiophene, 2,2'-bithiophene, thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine, and 4,4-dioctyl-4H-silolo-[3,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene as donor units, respectively. Taking the polymer P1 as an example, the chemical structure of the polymer is demonstrated by 1H and 19F NMR spectra. The optical, electrochemical, and thermal properties of these polymers are assessed by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. DFT simulations of all polymers are also performed to understand their physicochemical properties. Furthermore, P1 and P2, which have relatively higher molecular weights and better fluorescent quantum efficiency than those of P3 and P4, are utilized as lighting emitters for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), affording promising green and red luminescence with 0.07% and 0.14% of maximum external quantum efficiency, respectively, based on a device with an architecture of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PTAA/the polymer emitting layer/TPBi/LiF/Al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; (D.H.); (J.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jingwen Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; (D.H.); (J.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; (D.H.); (J.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zewang He
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; (D.H.); (J.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; (D.H.); (J.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jingting Chu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; (D.H.); (J.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Yan Lu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; (D.H.); (J.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
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11
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Ye L, Hooshmand T, Thompson BC. “In-water” direct arylation polymerization (DArP) under aerobic emulsion conditions. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01321a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To address the issue of generating large amounts of organic waste from conjugated polymer synthesis, the first direct arylation polymerization (DArP) protocol under emulsion conditions is disclosed with a 10-fold reduction of organic solvent utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, USA
| | - Tanin Hooshmand
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, USA
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, USA
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12
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Conelli D, Margiotta N, Grisorio R, Suranna GP. Implementation of Sustainable Solvents in Green Polymerization Approaches. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Conelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Ambientale del Territorio Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh) Politecnico di Bari Via Orabona 4 Bari 70125 Italy
| | - Nicola Margiotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro Via Orabona 4 Bari 70126 Italy
| | - Roberto Grisorio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Ambientale del Territorio Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh) Politecnico di Bari Via Orabona 4 Bari 70125 Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Suranna
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Ambientale del Territorio Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh) Politecnico di Bari Via Orabona 4 Bari 70125 Italy
- CNR NANOTEC − Istituto di Nanotecnologia Via Monteroni Lecce 73100 Italy
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13
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Sui Y, Shi Y, Deng Y, Li R, Bai J, Wang Z, Dang Y, Han Y, Kirby N, Ye L, Geng Y. Direct Arylation Polycondensation of Chlorinated Thiophene Derivatives to High-Mobility Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yibo Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Riqing Li
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junhua Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Nigel Kirby
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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14
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Ye L, Schmitt A, Pankow RM, Thompson BC. An Efficient Precatalyst Approach for the Synthesis of Thiazole-Containing Conjugated Polymers via Cu-Catalyzed Direct Arylation Polymerization (Cu-DArP). ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1446-1451. [PMID: 35653661 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, direct arylation polymerization (DArP) has emerged as a facile and sustainable methodology for the synthesis of conjugated polymers. Recently, we developed Cu-catalyzed DArP (Cu-DArP) as a low-cost, Pd-free synthetic pathway, which enables conjugated polymers to be synthesized with high molecular weights and minimization of defects. However, the lack of study on the use of Cu-precatalysts in small-molecule direct arylation poses significant limitations for Cu-DArP to potentially overtake conventional Pd-catalyzed methodology, such as the low solubility and stability of the previously employed CuI. Therefore, in this report, we decide to explore the utility of a well-defined, easy-to-prepare, highly soluble, and stable precatalyst, Cu(phen)(PPh3)Br, as an alternative to the CuI, 1,10-phenanthroline catalytic system previously used for Cu-DArP. Herein, we report a drastic improvement of Cu-DArP methodology for the synthesis of 5,5'-bithiazole (5-BTz)-based conjugated polymers enabled by an efficient precatalyst approach, affording polymers with good Mn (up to 16.5 kDa) and excellent yields (up to 79%). 1H NMR studies reveal the exclusion of homocoupling defects, which further verifies the excellent stability of Cu(phen)(PPh3)Br compared to CuI. Furthermore, we were able to decrease the catalyst loading from 15 mol % to only 5 mol % (Mn of 11.8 kDa, 64% yield), which is unprecedented when aryl bromides are employed for Cu-DArP. Significantly, 5-BTz was shown to be inactive under various of Pd-DArP conditions, which demonstrates the high compatibility of Cu-DArP as the only pathway for the C-H activation of the 5-BTz unit and a clear case demonstrating an advantage of Cu-DArP relative to Pd-DArP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Alexander Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Robert M. Pankow
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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15
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Wu YS, Lin YC, Hung SY, Chen CK, Chiang YC, Chueh CC, Chen WC. Investigation of the Mobility–Stretchability Relationship of Ester-Substituted Polythiophene Derivatives. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Sheng Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yuan Hung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kai Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chi Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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16
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Conelli D, Grisorio R, Suranna GP. Optimization of the Reaction Conditions for Direct Arylation Polymerizations in a Sustainable Solvent. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Conelli
- Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh)Politecnico di Bari Via Orabona 4 Bari 70125 Italy
| | - Roberto Grisorio
- Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh)Politecnico di Bari Via Orabona 4 Bari 70125 Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Suranna
- Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh)Politecnico di Bari Via Orabona 4 Bari 70125 Italy
- CNR NANOTEC − Istituto di Nanotecnologia Via Monteroni Lecce 73100 Italy
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17
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Pankow RM, Ye L, Thompson BC. Influence of the Ester Directing Group on the Inhibition of Defect Formation in Polythiophenes with Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP). Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Pankow
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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18
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Pankow RM, Thompson BC. Approaches for improving the sustainability of conjugated polymer synthesis using direct arylation polymerization (DArP). Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01534e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Emerging strategies to enhance the sustainability of Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP) are discussed, illustrating the great potential of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Pankow
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
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19
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Ye L, Pankow RM, Horikawa M, Melenbrink EL, Liu K, Thompson BC. Green-Solvent-Processed Amide-Functionalized Conjugated Polymers Prepared via Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP). Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Robert M. Pankow
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Mami Horikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Elizabeth L. Melenbrink
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Kangying Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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