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Griffiths CM, Franckevičius V. The Catalytic Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of Acyclic Enolates for the Construction of Quaternary and Tetrasubstituted Stereogenic Centres. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304289. [PMID: 38284328 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
To facilitate the discovery and development of new pharmaceuticals, the demand for novel stereofunctionalised building blocks has never been greater. Whilst molecules bearing quaternary and tetrasubstituted stereogenic centres are ideally suited to explore untapped areas of chemical space, the asymmetric construction ofsterically congested carbon centres remains a longstanding challenge in organic synthesis. The enantioselective assembly of acyclic stereogenic centres is even more demanding due to the need to restrict a much wider range of geometries and conformations of the intermediates involved. In this context, the catalytic asymmetric allylicalkylation (AAA) of acyclic prochiral nucleophiles, namely enolates, has become an indispensable tool to access a range of linearα-quaternary andα-tetrasubstituted carbonyl compounds. However, unlike the AAA of cyclic enolates with a fixed enolate geometry, to achieve high levels of stereocontrol in the AAA of acyclic enolates, the stereoselectivity of enolisation must be considered. The aim of this review is to offer acomprehensivediscussion of catalytic AAA reactions of acyclic prochiral enolates and their analogues to generate congested quaternary and tetrasubstituted chiral centres using metal, non-metal and dual catalysis, with particular focus given to the control of enolate geometry and its impact on the stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
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2
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Wang P, Zhu L, Wang J, Tao Z. Catalytic Asymmetric α-Alkylation of Ketones with Unactivated Alkyl Halides. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27211-27217. [PMID: 38061195 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
A catalytic, enantioselective method for direct α-alkylation of ketones with unactivated alkyl halides is realized by employing an α-enolizable ketone in a nickel-catalyzed C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling reaction. The key to the success is attributed to a unique bimetallic ligand. A variety of acyclic ketones and unactivated alkyl iodides can serve as suitable substrates under mild conditions to generate chiral ketones with α-quaternary carbon stereocenters in high yields with good enantioselectivities. A range of transformations based on the ketone moiety are also demonstrated to show the potential application of this method. Preliminary mechanistic studies support a dinickel-catalyzed cross-coupling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peigen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonglin Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
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3
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Xiao Y, Tang L, Xu TT, Sheng JYH, Zhou Z, Yue L, Wang G, Oestreich M, Feng JJ. Atom-economic and stereoselective catalytic synthesis of fully substituted enol esters/carbonates of amides in acyclic systems enabled by boron Lewis acid catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5608-5618. [PMID: 37265723 PMCID: PMC10231430 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01394d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboacyloxylation of internal alkynes is emerging as a powerful and straightforward strategy for enol ester synthesis. However, the reported examples come with limitations, including the utilization of noble metal catalysts, the control of regio- and Z/E selectivity, and an application in the synthesis of enol carbonates. Herein, a boron Lewis acid-catalyzed intermolecular carboacyloxylation of ynamides with esters to access fully substituted acyclic enol esters in high yield with generally high Z/E selectivity (up to >96 : 4) is reported. Most importantly, readily available allylic carbonates are also compatible with this difunctionalization reaction, representing an atom-economic, catalytic and stereoselective protocol for the construction of acyclic β,β-disubstituted enol carbonates of amides for the first time. The application of the carboacyloxylation products to decarboxylative allylations provided a ready access to enantioenriched α-quaternary amides. Moreover, experimental studies and theoretical calculations were performed to illustrate the reaction mechanism and rationalize the stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjiu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Tong-Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Yi-Hui Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Zhongyan Zhou
- College of Biology, Mass Spectrometry Lab of Bio-Chemistry, Hunan University P. R. China
| | - Lei Yue
- College of Biology, Mass Spectrometry Lab of Bio-Chemistry, Hunan University P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany https://www.tu.berlin/en/organometallics
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
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4
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Nowak-Król A, Dydio P. The 55 th Bürgenstock Conference under the Banner of Sustainability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202214722. [PMID: 36477955 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Nowak-Król
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paweł Dydio
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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5
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Zhu CL, Yao Y, Lu CD. Stereocontrolled α-Allylation of α-Branched N- tert-Butanesulfinyl Ketimines via a Michael-Wittig Cascade for the Construction of Acyclic Quaternary Stereocenters. Org Lett 2022; 24:8925-8929. [PMID: 36445047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A single-flask cascade of Michael addition and Wittig olefination was developed to allow the stereoselective α-allylic alkylation of α-branched N-tert-butanesulfinyl ketimines for the construction of acyclic quaternary stereocenters bearing two sterically and electronically similar substituents. In this process, tBuOK-promoted stereoselective α-deprotonation gives fully substituted aza-enolates with a stereodefined geometry, Michael addition with α,β-unsaturated phosphonates generates C-C bonds with exceptional stereocontrol, and finally paraformaldehyde trapping of the conjugate addition intermediate generates functionalized α-allylated imines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Lin Zhu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, Yunnan 650092, China
| | - Yun Yao
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Chong-Dao Lu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
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6
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Nowak‐Król A, Dydio P. The 55
th
Bürgenstock Conference under the Banner of Sustainability**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202214722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Nowak‐Król
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Paweł Dydio
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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7
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Qiu ZW, Long L, Zhu ZQ, Liu HF, Pan HP, Ma AJ, Peng JB, Wang YH, Gao H, Zhang XZ. Asymmetric Three-Component Reaction to Assemble the Acyclic All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenter via Visible Light and Phosphoric Acid Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Wang Qiu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Long
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China (MOE), Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Fu Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, China
| | - Han-Peng Pan
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, China
| | - Ai-Jun Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Bao Peng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong-Heng Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China (MOE), Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China (MOE), Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiang-Zhi Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, China
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8
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Bowen E, Laidlaw G, Atkinson BC, McArdle-Ismaguilov TA, Franckevičius V. Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Difunctionalized Cyclic Sulfones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10256-10276. [PMID: 35801657 PMCID: PMC9490805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As saturated heterocyclic building blocks become increasingly popular in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery programs, expansion of the synthetic toolkit to novel stereofunctionalized heterocycles is a priority. Herein, we report the development of a palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction to access a broad range of enantioenriched α-difunctionalized 5- and 6-membered sulfones from easily accessible racemic starting materials. The allylic alkylation step was found to occur with high levels of enantioselectivity as a result of a palladium-mediated dynamic kinetic resolution of E/Z enolate intermediates. This methodology paves the way to hitherto unexplored stereodefined cyclic sulfones for medicinal chemistry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
| | - Gillian Laidlaw
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
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9
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Song R, Lian Z, Feng W, Guan T, Si W, Yang D, Lv J. Palladium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative O-Allylation of Phenols with γ-Methylidene-δ-valerolactones. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00444e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel Palladium-Catalyzed decarboxylative O-allylation of phenols was developed, in which a γ-methylidene-δ- valerolactone (GMDVs) was found to be an efficient and selective allylation reagent, affording the target allyl phenyl...
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10
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Laidlaw G, Franckevičius V. Palladium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of Thietane 1,1-Dioxides. Org Lett 2021; 24:400-405. [PMID: 34914384 PMCID: PMC8762707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative asymmetric allylic alkylation of thietane 1,1-dioxides via linear enolate intermediates from racemic starting materials has been developed. This process installs an α-sulfonyl tetrasubstituted stereogenic center with high enantioselectivity. The potential to transform the alkylated products to novel types of enantioenriched spirocycles for medicinal chemistry applications has also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Laidlaw
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
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11
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Okuno K, Hiraki M, Chan B, Shirakawa S. Non-Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution and Desymmetrization of α-Quaternary Carboxylic Acids via Chiral Bifunctional Sulfide-Catalyzed Bromolactonization. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Okuno
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Mana Hiraki
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Bun Chan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Seiji Shirakawa
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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12
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Wang J, He F, Yang X. Asymmetric construction of acyclic quaternary stereocenters via direct enantioselective additions of α-alkynyl ketones to allenamides. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6700. [PMID: 34795297 PMCID: PMC8602376 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyclic quaternary stereocenters are widely present in a series of biologically active natural products and pharmaceuticals. However, development of highly efficient asymmetric catalytic methods for the construction of these privileged motifs represents a longstanding challenge in organic synthesis. Herein, an efficient chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed direct asymmetric addition of α-alkynyl acyclic ketones with allenamides has been developed, furnishing the acyclic all-carbon quaternary stereocenters with excellent regioselectivities and high enantioselectivities. Extensive and detailed experimental mechanistic studies were performed to investigate the mechanism of this reaction. Despite a novel covalent allyl phosphate intermediate was found in these reactions, further studies indicated that a SN2-type mechanism with the ketone nucleophiles is not very possible. Instead, a more plausible mechanism involving the elimination of the allyl phosphate to give the α,β-unsaturated iminium intermediate, which underwent the asymmetric conjugate addition with the enol form of ketone nucleophiles under chiral anion catalysis, was proposed. In virtue of the fruitful functional groups bearing in the chiral products, the diverse derivatizations of the chiral products provided access to a wide array of chiral scaffolds with quaternary stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Faqian He
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Evolution in heterodonor P-N, P-S and P-O chiral ligands for preparing efficient catalysts for asymmetric catalysis. From design to applications. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Hiraki M, Okuno K, Nishiyori R, Noser AA, Shirakawa S. Efficient asymmetric syntheses of α-quaternary lactones and esters through chiral bifunctional sulfide-catalyzed desymmetrizing bromolactonization of α,α-diallyl carboxylic acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10907-10910. [PMID: 34590630 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03874e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric halolactonizations are powerful methods for the syntheses of chiral lactones. Catalytic and highly enantioselective halolactonizations of α-allyl carboxylic acids, however, continue to present a formidable challenge. Herein, we report the chiral bifunctional sulfide-catalyzed desymmetrizing bromolactonizations of α,α-diallyl carboxylic acids. These reactions efficiently produced chiral α-quaternary lactones and esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Hiraki
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Ken Okuno
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Nishiyori
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Ahmed A Noser
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Seiji Shirakawa
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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15
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Yisimayili N, Liu H, Yao Y, Lu CD. Stereodivergent Construction of Vicinal Acyclic Quaternary-Tertiary Carbon Stereocenters by Michael-Type Alkylation of α,α-Disubstituted N- tert-Butanesulfinyl Ketimines. Org Lett 2021; 23:7450-7455. [PMID: 34533318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vicinal quaternary-tertiary carbon stereocenters were constructed with excellent stereoselectivity via aza-enolization of enantioenriched acyclic N-tert-butanesulfinyl ketimines bearing two sterically similar α-linear alkyl substituents followed by conjugate addition to nitroalkenes. Further changes of the absolute configuration of the sulfinyl group and/or the α-stereocenter in the ketimine allowed the facile stereodivergent synthesis of all four diastereomers of the Michael-type alkylation adducts. This reaction is a successful example of acyclic stereocontrol based on stereoselective α-deprotonation for the formation of fully substituted aza-enolates from ketone derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuermaimaiti Yisimayili
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yun Yao
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Chong-Dao Lu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.,Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
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16
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Abstract
The asymmetric alkylation of enolates is a particularly versatile method for the construction of α-stereogenic carbonyl motifs, which are ubiquitous in synthetic chemistry. Over the past several decades, the focus has shifted to the development of new catalytic methods that depart from classical stoichiometric stereoinduction strategies (e.g., chiral auxiliaries, chiral alkali metal amide bases, chiral electrophiles, etc.). In this way, the enantioselective alkylation of prochiral enolates greatly improves the step- and redox-economy of this process, in addition to enhancing the scope and selectivity of these reactions. In this review, we summarize the origin and advancement of catalytic enantioselective enolate alkylation methods, with a directed emphasis on the union of prochiral nucleophiles with carbon-centered electrophiles for the construction of α-stereogenic carbonyl derivatives. Hence, the transformative developments for each distinct class of nucleophile (e.g., ketone enolates, ester enolates, amide enolates, etc.) are presented in a modular format to highlight the state-of-the-art methods and current limitations in each area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - P Andrew Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, P. R. of China
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17
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Xue S, Lücht A, Benet-Buchholz J, Kleij AW. Pd/Cu Dual-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Highly Functional All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters from Vinyl Carbonates. Chemistry 2021; 27:10107-10114. [PMID: 33955608 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The challenging metal-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of highly functional quaternary carbon centers using decarboxylative C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bond formation reactions is reported. The key substrate, a vinyl cyclic carbonate, is activated to provide concomitantly both the requisite nucleophile (by formal umpolung) and electrophile reaction partner preceding the asymmetric cross-coupling process. A wide screening of reaction conditions, additives and catalyst precursors afforded a protocol that gave access to a series of compounds featuring densely functionalized, elusive quaternary carbon stereocenters in appreciable yield and with enantiomeric ratios (er's) of up to 90 : 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Xue
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 -, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alexander Lücht
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 -, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Benet-Buchholz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 -, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Arjan W Kleij
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 -, Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Pàmies O, Margalef J, Cañellas S, James J, Judge E, Guiry PJ, Moberg C, Bäckvall JE, Pfaltz A, Pericàs MA, Diéguez M. Recent Advances in Enantioselective Pd-Catalyzed Allylic Substitution: From Design to Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:4373-4505. [PMID: 33739109 PMCID: PMC8576828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This Review compiles the evolution, mechanistic understanding, and more recent advances in enantioselective Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution and decarboxylative and oxidative allylic substitutions. For each reaction, the catalytic data, as well as examples of their application to the synthesis of more complex molecules, are collected. Sections in which we discuss key mechanistic aspects for high selectivity and a comparison with other metals (with advantages and disadvantages) are also included. For Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution, the catalytic data are grouped according to the type of nucleophile employed. Because of the prominent position of the use of stabilized carbon nucleophiles and heteronucleophiles, many chiral ligands have been developed. To better compare the results, they are presented grouped by ligand types. Pd-catalyzed asymmetric decarboxylative reactions are mainly promoted by PHOX or Trost ligands, which justifies organizing this section in chronological order. For asymmetric oxidative allylic substitution the results are grouped according to the type of nucleophile used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Pàmies
- Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Departament de
Química Física i Inorgànica, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jèssica Margalef
- Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Departament de
Química Física i Inorgànica, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Santiago Cañellas
- Discovery
Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A. Jarama 75A, 45007, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jinju James
- Centre
for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eric Judge
- Centre
for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Patrick J. Guiry
- Centre
for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Christina Moberg
- KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, SE 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-E. Bäckvall
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Pfaltz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel. St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona. 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Diéguez
- Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Departament de
Química Física i Inorgànica, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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19
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Fulton TJ, Cusumano AQ, Alexy EJ, Du YE, Zhang H, Houk KN, Stoltz BM. Global Diastereoconvergence in the Ireland-Claisen Rearrangement of Isomeric Enolates: Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted α-Amino Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21938-21947. [PMID: 33320668 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A dual experimental/theoretical investigation of the Ireland-Claisen rearrangement of tetrasubstituted α-phthalimido ester enolates to afford α-tetrasubstituted, β-trisubstituted α-amino acids (generally >20:1 dr) is described. For trans allylic olefins, the Z- and E-enol ethers proceed through chair and boat transition states, respectively. For cis allylic olefins, the trend is reversed. As a result, the diastereochemical outcome of the reaction is preserved regardless of the geometry of the enolate or the accompanying allylic olefin. We term this unique convergence of all possible olefin isomers global diastereoconvergence. This reaction manifold circumvents limitations in present-day technologies for the stereoselective enolization of α,α-disubstituted allyl esters. Density functional theory paired with state-of-the-art local coupled-cluster theory (DLPNO-CCSD(T)) was employed for the accurate determination of quantum mechanical energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Fulton
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexander Q Cusumano
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Eric J Alexy
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yun E Du
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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20
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Mochimatsu T, Aota Y, Kano T, Maruoka K. CuCl
2
‐Mediated Oxidative Intramolecular α‐Arylation of Ketones with Phenolic Nucleophiles via Oxy‐Allyl Cation Intermediates. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3816-3819. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Mochimatsu
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yusuke Aota
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Taichi Kano
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
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21
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Ngamnithiporn A, Iwayama T, Bartberger MD, Stoltz BM. Enantioselective synthesis of highly oxygenated acyclic quaternary center-containing building blocks via palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative allylic alkylation of cyclic siloxyketones. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11068-11071. [PMID: 34123197 PMCID: PMC8162308 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04383d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a palladium-catalyzed enantioselective decarboxylative allylic alkylation of cyclic siloxyketones to produce enantioenriched silicon-tethered heterocycles is reported. The reaction proceeds smoothly to provide products bearing a quaternary stereocenter in excellent yields (up to 91% yield) with high levels of enantioselectivity (up to 94% ee). We further utilized the unique reactivity of the siloxy functionality to access chiral, highly oxygenated acyclic quaternary building blocks. In addition, we subsequently demonstrated the utility of these compounds through the synthesis of a lactone bearing vicinal quaternary-trisubstituted stereocenters. The development of a palladium-catalyzed enantioselective decarboxylative allylic alkylation of cyclic siloxyketones to produce enantioenriched silicon-tethered heterocycles is reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurapat Ngamnithiporn
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Toshihiko Iwayama
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA .,Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc. 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki Osaka 569-1125 Japan
| | | | - Brian M Stoltz
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
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22
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Lavernhe R, Alexy EJ, Zhang H, Stoltz BM. Palladium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Decarboxylative Allylic Alkylation of Acyclic α- N-Pyrrolyl/Indolyl Ketones. Org Lett 2020; 22:4272-4275. [PMID: 32422045 PMCID: PMC7608871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of fully substituted α-N-pyrrolyl and indolyl ketones via enantioselective palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation is described. The acyclic ketones are alkylated in high yields with high enantioselectivities through the use of an electron-deficient phosphinooxazoline ligand, furnishing a highly congested and synthetically challenging stereocenter. The obtained alkylation products contain multiple reactive sites poised for additional functionalizations and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Lavernhe
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Eric J. Alexy
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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23
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Rokade BV, Guiry PJ. Synthesis of α-Aryl Oxindoles by Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Arenes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6172-6180. [PMID: 32259447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
α-Aryl oxindoles are accessed from isatin via a two-step procedure involving a phospha-Brook rearrangement and a Friedel-Crafts alkylation in a one-pot procedure. The use of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol as solvent significantly extended the reaction substrate scope to include relatively less electron-rich arenes including benzene. This new alkylation method is fast and straightforward and allows for the direct introduction of the oxindole moiety onto a range of aromatic compounds including phenols. Additionally, the application of arylated products was shown in decarboxylative asymmetric allylation and protonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji V Rokade
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (CSCB), Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), School of Chemistry, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Patrick J Guiry
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (CSCB), Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), School of Chemistry, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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24
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Aota Y, Doko Y, Kano T, Maruoka K. Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Intramolecular α-Arylation of Ketones with Phenolic Nucleophiles via Oxy-Allyl Cation Intermediates. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Aota
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo 606-8502 Kyoto Japan
| | - Yuki Doko
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo 606-8502 Kyoto Japan
| | - Taichi Kano
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo 606-8502 Kyoto Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo 606-8502 Kyoto Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyoto University; Sakyo 606-8501 Kyoto Japan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry; Guangdong University of Technology; 510006 Guangzhou China
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25
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Ni-catalyzed direct alcoholysis of N-acylpyrrole-type tertiary amides under mild conditions. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9665-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Schlatzer T, Schröder H, Trobe M, Lembacher‐Fadum C, Stangl S, Schlögl C, Weber H, Breinbauer R. Pd/BIPHEPHOS is an Efficient Catalyst for the Pd-Catalyzed S-Allylation of Thiols with High n-Selectivity. Adv Synth Catal 2020; 362:331-336. [PMID: 32063821 PMCID: PMC7004212 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed S-allylation of thiols with stable allylcarbonate and allylacetate reagents offers several advantages over established reactions for the formation of thioethers. We could demonstrate that Pd/BIPHEPHOS is a catalyst system which allows the transition metal-catalyzed S-allylation of thiols with excellent n-regioselectivity. Mechanistic studies showed that this reaction is reversible under the applied reaction conditions. The excellent functional group tolerance of this transformation was demonstrated with a broad variety of thiol nucleophiles (18 examples) and allyl substrates (9 examples), and could even be applied for the late-stage diversification of cephalosporins, which might find application in the synthesis of new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schlatzer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Hilmar Schröder
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Melanie Trobe
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria
| | | | - Simon Stangl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Christoph Schlögl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria
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27
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Lavernhe R, Alexy EJ, Zhang H, Stoltz BM. Palladium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Decarboxylative Allylic Alkylation of Protected Benzoin-Derived Enol Carbonates. Adv Synth Catal 2019; 362:344-347. [PMID: 33692657 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative allylic alkylation of fully substituted α-hydroxy acyclic enol carbonates providing tetrasubstituted benzoin derivatives is reported. Investigation into the transformation revealed that preparation of the starting material as a single enolate isomer is crucial for optimal enantioselectivity. The obtained alkylation products contain multiple reactive sites that can be utilized toward the synthesis of stereochemically rich derivatives. COMMUNICATION.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Lavernhe
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Eric J Alexy
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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28
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Sercel ZP, Sun AW, Stoltz BM. Palladium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of 1,4-Diazepan-5-ones. Org Lett 2019; 21:9158-9161. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P. Sercel
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexander W. Sun
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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29
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Trost BM, Schultz JE, Bai Y. Development of Chemo‐ and Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of α‐Nitroesters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11820-11825. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry M. Trost
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
| | | | - Yu Bai
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
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30
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Trost BM, Schultz JE, Bai Y. Development of Chemo‐ and Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of α‐Nitroesters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry M. Trost
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
| | | | - Yu Bai
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
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