1
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Kusumoto S, Wakabayashi K, Rakumitsu K, Harrowfield J, Kim Y, Koide Y. Photo- and Stress-Induced Bending of (E)-1,2-Bis(pyridinium-4-yl)ethene Dinitrate Crystals. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401564. [PMID: 38797716 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
We report on the elastic and photodynamic properties of (E)-1,2-bis(pyridinium-4-yl)ethene dinitrate [H2Ebpe](NO3)2, whose needle-like crystals can be reversibly deformed by applying external mechanical stress. The macro-scale mechanical properties of [H2Ebpe](NO3)2 crystals were quantified by a three-point bending test, which gave a stress-strain curve with an elastic modulus of 1.18 GPa, and its values are lower than those of other flexible elastic organic crystals. It can also be reversibly bent through the [2+2] cycloaddition reaction of the olefin moiety, depending on the direction of UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotaro Kusumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, 221-8686, Japan
| | - Kaede Wakabayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, 221-8686, Japan
| | - Kenta Rakumitsu
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| | - Jack Harrowfield
- Université de Strasbourg, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67083, France
| | - Yang Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Koide
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, 221-8686, Japan
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2
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Wu W, Chen K, Yu H, Zhu J, Feng Y, Wang J, Huang X, Li L, Hao H, Wang T, Wang N, Naumov P. Trimodal operation of a robust smart organic crystal. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9287-9297. [PMID: 38903221 PMCID: PMC11186328 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02152e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe a dynamic crystalline material that integrates mechanical, thermal, and light modes of operation, with unusual robustness and resilience and a variety of both slow and fast kinematic effects that occur on very different time scales. In the mechanical mode of operation, crystals of this material are amenable to elastic deformation, and they can be reversibly morphed and even closed into a loop, sustaining strains of up to about 2.6%. Upon release of the external force, the crystals resume their original shape without any sign of damage, demonstrating outstanding elasticity. Application of torque results in plastic twisting for several rotations without damage, and the twisted crystal can still be bent elastically. The thermal mode of operation relies on switching the lattice at least several dozen times. The migration of the phase boundaries depends on the crystal habit. It can be precisely controlled by temperature, and it is accompanied by both slow and fast motions, including shear deformation and leaping. Parallel boundaries result in a thermomechanical effect, while non-parallel boundaries result in a thermosalient effect. Finally, the photochemical mode of operation is driven by isomerization and can be thermally reverted. The structure of the crystal can also be switched photochemically, and the generation of a bilayer induces rapid bending upon exposure to ultraviolet light, an effect that further diversifies the mechanical response of the material. The small structural changes, low-energy and weak intramolecular hydrogen bonds, and shear deformation, which could dissipate part of the elastic energy, are considered to be the decisive factors for the conservation of the long-range order and the extraordinary diversity in the response of this, and potentially many other dynamic crystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Kui Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Hui Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jiaxuan Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yaoguang Feng
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University 300072 China
| | - Xin Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University 300072 China
| | - Liang Li
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi UAE
- Department of Sciences and Engineering, Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi PO Box 38044 Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Hongxun Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University 300072 China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University 300072 China
| | - Na Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University 300072 China
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi UAE
- Center for Smart Engineering Materials, New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi UAE
- Research Center for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts Bul. Krste Misirkov 2 MK-1000 Skopje Macedonia
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design Institute, New York University 100 Washington Square East New York NY 10003 USA
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3
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Lin J, Zhou J, Li L, Tahir I, Wu S, Naumov P, Gong J. Highly efficient in crystallo energy transduction of light to work. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3633. [PMID: 38684679 PMCID: PMC11059232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Various mechanical effects have been reported with molecular materials, yet organic crystals capable of multiple dynamic effects are rare, and at present, their performance is worse than some of the common actuators. Here, we report a confluence of different mechanical effects across three polymorphs of an organic crystal that can efficiently convert light into work. Upon photodimerization, acicular crystals of polymorph I display output work densities of about 0.06-3.94 kJ m-3, comparable to ceramic piezoelectric actuators. Prismatic crystals of the same form exhibit very high work densities of about 1.5-28.5 kJ m-3, values that are comparable to thermal actuators. Moreover, while crystals of polymorph II roll under the same conditions, crystals of polymorph III are not photochemically reactive; however, they are mechanically flexible. The results demonstrate that multiple and possibly combined mechanical effects can be anticipated even for a simple organic crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jianmin Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Liang Li
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Sciences and Engineering, Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi, PO Box, 38044, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ibrahim Tahir
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Songgu Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Center for Smart Engineering Materials, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Research Center for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Bul. Krste Misirkov 2, MK‒1000, Skopje, Macedonia.
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Junbo Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China.
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4
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Meng J, Su Y, Zhu H, Cai T. Shape memory and self-healing in a molecular crystal with inverse temperature symmetry breaking. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5738-5745. [PMID: 38638237 PMCID: PMC11023024 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06800e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanically responsive molecular crystals have attracted increasing attention for their potential as actuators, sensors, and switches. However, their inherent structural rigidity usually makes them vulnerable to external stimuli, limiting their usage in many applications. Here, we present the mechanically compliant single crystals of penciclovir, a first-line antiviral drug, achieved through an unconventional ferroelastic transformation with inverse temperature symmetry breaking. These crystals display a diverse set of self-restorative behaviors well above room temperature (385 K), including ferroelasticity, superelasticity, and shape memory effects, suggesting their promising applications in high-temperature settings. Crystallographic analysis reveals that cooperative molecular displacement within the layered crystal structure is responsible for these unique properties. Most importantly, these ferroelastic crystals manifest a polymer-like self-healing behavior even after severe cracking induced by thermal or mechanical stresses. These findings suggest the potential for similar memory and restorative effects in other molecular crystals featuring layered structures and provide valuable insights for leveraging organic molecules in the development of high-performance, ultra-flexible molecular crystalline materials with promising applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 People's Republic of China
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5
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Wang Z, Han W, Shi R, Han X, Zheng Y, Xu J, Bu XH. Mechanoresponsive Flexible Crystals. JACS AU 2024; 4:279-300. [PMID: 38425899 PMCID: PMC10900217 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Flexible crystals have gained significant attention owing to their remarkable pliability, plasticity, and adaptability, making them highly popular in various research and application fields. The main challenges in developing flexible crystals lie in the rational design, preparation, and performance optimization of such crystals. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental origins of crystal flexibility is crucial for establishing evaluation criteria and design principles. This Perspective offers a retrospective analysis of the development of flexible crystals over the past two decades. It summarizes the elastic standards and possible plastic bending mechanisms tailored to diverse flexible crystals and analyzes the assessment of their theoretical basis and applicability. Meanwhile, the compatibility between crystal elasticity and plasticity has been discussed, unveiling the immense prospects of elastic/plastic crystals for applications in biomedicine, flexible electronic devices, and flexible optics. Furthermore, this Perspective presents state-of-the-art experimental avenues and analysis methods for investigating molecular interactions in molecular crystals, which is vital for the future exploration of the mechanisms of crystal flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Wang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary
Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Wenqing Han
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary
Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Rongchao Shi
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary
Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Han
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary
Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yongshen Zheng
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary
Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Xu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary
Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xian-He Bu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary
Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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6
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Lan L, Li L, Qi J, Pan X, Di Q, Naumov P, Zhang H. Woven organic crystals. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7582. [PMID: 37990025 PMCID: PMC10663483 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Woven architectures are prepared by physical entanglement of fibrous components to expand one-dimensional material into two-dimensional sheets with enhanced strength and resilience to wear. Here, we capitalize on the elastic properties of long organic crystals with a high aspect ratio to prepare an array of centimeter-size woven network structures. While being robust to mechanical impact, the woven patches are also elastic due to effective stress dissipation by the elasticity of the individual warp and weft crystals. The thermal stability of component crystals translates into favorable thermoelastic properties of the porous woven structures, where the network remains elastic over a range of 300 K. By providing means for physical entanglement of organic crystals, the weaving circumvents the natural limitation of the small size of slender organic crystals that is determined by their natural growth, thereby expanding the prospects for applications of organic crystals from one-dimensional entities to expandable, two-dimensional robust structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Sciences and Engineering, Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 38044, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Jianqun Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuhong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Di
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Center for Smart Engineering Materials, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Research Center for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Bul. Krste Misirkov 2, MK-1000, Skopje, Macedonia.
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Mondal S, Tanari P, Roy S, Bhunia S, Chowdhury R, Pal AK, Datta A, Pal B, Reddy CM. Autonomous self-healing organic crystals for nonlinear optics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6589. [PMID: 37852998 PMCID: PMC10584936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-centrosymmetric molecular crystals have a plethora of applications, such as piezoelectric transducers, energy storage and nonlinear optical materials owing to their unique structural order which is absent in other synthetic materials. As most crystals are brittle, their efficiency declines upon prolonged usage due to fatigue or catastrophic failure, limiting their utilities. Some natural substances, like bone, enamel, leaf and skin, function efficiently, last a life-time, thanks to their inherent self-healing nature. Therefore, incorporating self-healing ability in crystalline materials will greatly broaden their scope. Here, we report single crystals of a dibenzoate derivative, capable of self-healing within milliseconds via autonomous actuation. Systematic quantitative experiments reveal the limit of mechanical forces that the self-healing crystals can withstand. As a proof-of-concept, we also demonstrate that our self-healed crystals can retain their second harmonic generation (SHG) with high efficiency. Kinematic analysis of the actuation in our system also revealed its impressive performance parameters, and shows actuation response times in the millisecond range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Pratap Tanari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Samrat Roy
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Surojit Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Rituparno Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Arun K Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Bipul Pal
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - C Malla Reddy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India.
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8
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Germann LS, Carlino E, Taurino A, Magdysyuk OV, Voinovich D, Dinnebier RE, Bučar D, Hasa D. Modulating Thermal Properties of Polymers through Crystal Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212688. [PMID: 36617841 PMCID: PMC10947328 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Crystal engineering has exclusively focused on the development of advanced materials based on small organic molecules. We now demonstrate how the cocrystallization of a polymer yields a material with significantly enhanced thermal stability but equivalent mechanical flexibility. Isomorphous replacement of one of the cocrystal components enables the formation of solid solutions with melting points that can be readily fine-tuned over a usefully wide temperature range. The results of this study credibly extend the scope of crystal engineering and cocrystallization from small molecules to polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia S. Germann
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State ResearchHeisenberg Straße 170569StuttgartGermany
| | - Elvio Carlino
- Istituto di Cristallografia—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IC—CNR)Via Amendola 122/O70126BariItaly
| | - Antonietta Taurino
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IMM—CNR)Via Monteroni73100LecceItaly
| | - Oxana V. Magdysyuk
- Diamond Light Source Ltd.Harwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0DEUK
| | - Dario Voinovich
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of TriesteVia Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Robert E. Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State ResearchHeisenberg Straße 170569StuttgartGermany
| | - Dejan‐Krešimir Bučar
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Dritan Hasa
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of TriesteVia Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
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9
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Bade I, Verma V, Rosbottom I, Heng JYY. Crystal regeneration - a unique growth phenomenon observed in organic crystals post breakage. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1425-1430. [PMID: 36785990 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01180h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Crystal regeneration has been observed in macroscopic paracetamol crystals post breakage along their cleavage plane. High resolution imaging confirmed regeneration rates to be 3-fold faster than growth prior to breakage. Further analysis of the solute-solvent interactions is required to elucidate the process which currently lacks linearity with traditional growth theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Bade
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Ian Rosbottom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Jerry Y Y Heng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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10
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Hasija A, Thompson AJ, Singh L, S N M, Mangalampalli KSRN, McMurtrie JC, Bhattacharjee M, Clegg JK, Chopra D. Plastic Deformation in a Molecular Crystal Enables a Piezoresistive Response. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206169. [PMID: 36587988 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials are promising candidates for the development of efficient sensors for many medicinal and materials science applications. Single crystals of a small molecule, 4-trifluoromethyl phenyl isothiocyanate (4CFNCS), exhibit plastic deformation when bent, twisted, or coiled. Synchrotron micro-focus X-ray diffraction mapping of the bent region of the crystal confirms the mechanism of deformation. The crystals are incorporated into a flexible piezoresistive sensor using a composite constituting PEDOT: PSS/4CFNCS, which shows an impressive performance at high-pressure ranges (sensitivity 0.08 kPa-1 above 44 kPa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Avantika Hasija
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-Pass Road, Bhopal, MP, 462066, India
| | - Amy J Thompson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Lakhvir Singh
- i-lab, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, MP, 462066, India
| | - Megha S N
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Kanchipuram, 603203, India
| | - Kiran S R N Mangalampalli
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Kanchipuram, 603203, India
| | - John C McMurtrie
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Mitradip Bhattacharjee
- i-lab, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, MP, 462066, India
| | - Jack K Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-Pass Road, Bhopal, MP, 462066, India
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11
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Kusumoto S, Kim Y, Hayami S. Flexible metal complex crystals in response to external mechanical stimuli. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Exceptionally high work density of a ferroelectric dynamic organic crystal around room temperature. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2823. [PMID: 35595845 PMCID: PMC9123006 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30541-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic organic crystals are rapidly gaining traction as a new class of smart materials for energy conversion, however, they are only capable of very small strokes (<12%) and most of them operate through energetically cost-prohibitive processes at high temperatures. We report on the exceptional performance of an organic actuating material with exceedingly large stroke that can reversibly convert energy into work around room temperature. When transitioning at 295–305 K on heating and at 265–275 K on cooling the ferroelectric crystals of guanidinium nitrate exert a linear stroke of 51%, the highest value observed with a reversible operation of an organic single crystal actuator. Their maximum force density is higher than electric cylinders, ceramic piezoactuators, and electrostatic actuators, and their work capacity is close to that of thermal actuators. This work demonstrates the hitherto untapped potential of ionic organic crystals for applications such as light-weight capacitors, dielectrics, ferroelectric tunnel junctions, and thermistors. Organic electronics requires dynamic materials, however, most of them have small strokes and operate at high temperatures. Here, the authors describe organic crystal that repeatedly expands and contracts nearly half its length around room temperature.
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13
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Al-Handawi MB, Dushaq G, Commins P, Karothu DP, Rasras M, Catalano L, Naumov P. Autonomous Reconstitution of Fractured Hybrid Perovskite Single Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109374. [PMID: 35234306 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding performance and facile processability turn hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites into one of the most sought-after classes of semiconducting materials for optoelectronics. Yet, their translation into real-world applications necessitates that challenges with their chemical stability and poor mechanical robustness are first addressed. Here, centimeter-size single crystals of methylammoniumlead(II) iodide (MAPbI3 ) are reported to be capable of autonomous self-healing under minimal compression at ambient temperature. When crystals are halved and the fragments are brought in contact, they can readily self-repair as a result of a liquid-like behavior of their lattice at the contact surface, which leads to a remarkable healing with an efficiency of up to 82%. The successful reconstitution of the broken single crystals is reflected in recuperation of their optoelectronic properties. Testing of the healed crystals as photodetectors shows an impressive 74% recovery of the generated photocurrent relative to pristine crystals. This self-healing capability of MAPbI3 single crystals is an efficient strategy to overcome the poor mechanical properties and low wear resistance of these materials, and paves the way for durable and stable optoelectronic devices based on single crystals of hybrid perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieh B Al-Handawi
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, POB 129188, UAE
| | - Ghada Dushaq
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, POB 129188, UAE
| | - Patrick Commins
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, POB 129188, UAE
| | | | - Mahmoud Rasras
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, POB 129188, UAE
| | - Luca Catalano
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, POB 129188, UAE
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, 1050, Belgium
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, POB 129188, UAE
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY, 10003, USA
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14
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Qiu X, Cui Q, Guo Q, Zhou T, Zhang X, Tian M. Strong, Healable, Stimulus-Responsive Fluorescent Elastomers Based on Assembled Borate Dynamic Nanostructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107164. [PMID: 35150079 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing materials integrated with robust mechanical property and fascinating functions synchronously hold great prospects in many applications, but it still remains a grand challenge. Here, a bottom-up assembly method of preparing borate dynamic nanostructures (BDN) with controllable morphologies and interfacial crosslinks is proposed, from which a robust self-healing elastomer is fabricated. The BDN is optimized to construct dense and strong interfacial boronic easter crosslinks, endowing the elastomer with outstanding stretchability (2050%), high strength (17.9 MPa) as well as healing efficiency (77.1%). Moreover, the elastomer also exhibits pH stimulus-responsive fluorescence property and excellent functional repairability, enabling its potential application in intelligent material fields such as information encoding and encryption. This study demonstrates a general approach to produce self-healable functional materials with robust mechanical properties, and defines a rich platform for exploring various functional nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qinke Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Quanquan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Ming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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15
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Karothu DP, Mahmoud Halabi J, Ahmed E, Ferreira R, Spackman PR, Spackman MA, Naumov P. Global Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of Organic Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Durga Prasad Karothu
- Smart Materials Lab New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Jad Mahmoud Halabi
- Smart Materials Lab New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Ejaz Ahmed
- Smart Materials Lab New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Rodrigo Ferreira
- Smart Materials Lab New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter R. Spackman
- The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway 6009 Perth Australia
- Current address: Curtin Institute for Computation School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University PO Box U1987 Perth Western Australia 6845 Australia
| | - Mark A. Spackman
- The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway 6009 Perth Australia
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Harvard University 10 Garden St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Molecular Design Institute Department of Chemistry New York University 100 Washington Square East New York NY 10003 USA
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16
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Sugimoto A, Kusumoto S, Nakaya M, Sekine Y, Lindoy LF, Hayami S. Modulation of the elasticity of single crystal, 1-D metal dimethylglyoximato complexes via solid solution effect. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00402j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Novel elastic crystals with metal complexes are reported. The flexibility of solid solution crystals of the complexes varies with the proportion of metal ions present in the crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sugimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Sotaro Kusumoto
- Department of Material and Life Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - Manabu Nakaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sekine
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Leonard F. Lindoy
- School of Chemistry F11, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Shinya Hayami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials (IINa), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology (IRCAEB), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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17
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Karothu DP, Halabi JM, Ahmed E, Ferreira R, Spackman PR, Spackman MA, Naumov P. Global Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of Organic Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113988. [PMID: 34845806 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organic crystals, although widely studied, have not been considered nascent candidate materials in the engineering design. Here we summarize the reported mechanical properties of organic crystals reported over the past three decades, and we establish a global mechanical property profile that can be used to predict and identify mechanically robust organic crystals. Being composed of light elements, organic crystals populate a narrow region in the mechanical property-density space between soft, disordered organic materials and stiff, ordered materials. Two subsets of extraordinarily stiff and hard organic crystalline materials were identified and rationalized by the normalized number density, strength and directionality of their intermolecular interactions. We conclude that the future light-weight, soft, all-organic components in devices should capitalize on the combination of long-range structural order and softness as the greatest asset of organic single crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ejaz Ahmed
- New York University - Abu Dhabi Campus, Science, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
| | - Rodrigo Ferreira
- New York University - Abu Dhabi Campus, Science, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
| | | | | | - Pance Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Division of Science and Mathematics, Saadiyat Island, 00000, Abu Dhabi, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
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18
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Schneider-Rauber G, Arhangelskis M, Goh WP, Cattle J, Hondow N, Drummond-Brydson R, Ghadiri M, Sinha K, Ho R, Nere NK, Bordawekar S, Sheikh AY, Jones W. Understanding stress-induced disorder and breakage in organic crystals: beyond crystal structure anisotropy. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14270-14280. [PMID: 34760213 PMCID: PMC8565387 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03095g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystal engineering has advanced the strategies for design and synthesis of organic solids with the main focus being on customising the properties of the materials. Research in this area has a significant impact on large-scale manufacturing, as industrial processes may lead to the deterioration of such properties due to stress-induced transformations and breakage. In this work, we investigate the mechanical properties of structurally related labile multicomponent solids of carbamazepine (CBZ), namely the dihydrate (CBZ·2H2O), a cocrystal of CBZ with 1,4-benzoquinone (2CBZ·BZQ) and the solvates with formamide and 1,4-dioxane (CBZ·FORM and 2CBZ·DIOX, respectively). The effect of factors that are external (e.g. impact stressing) and/or internal (e.g. phase transformations and thermal motion) to the crystals are evaluated. In comparison to the other CBZ multicomponent crystal forms, CBZ·2H2O crystals tolerate less stress and are more susceptible to breakage. It is shown that this poor resistance to fracture may be a consequence of the packing of CBZ molecules and the orientation of the principal molecular axes in the structure relative to the cleavage plane. It is concluded, however, that the CBZ lattice alone is not accountable for the formation of cracks in the crystals of CBZ·2H2O. The strength and the temperature-dependence of electrostatic interactions, such as hydrogen bonds between CBZ and coformer, appear to influence the levels of stress to which the crystals are subjected that lead to fracture. Our findings show that the appropriate selection of coformer in multicomponent crystal forms, targetting superior mechanical properties, needs to account for the intrinsic stress generated by molecular vibrations and not solely by crystal anisotropy. Structural defects within the crystal lattice, although highly influenced by the crystallisation conditions and which are especially difficult to control in organic solids, may also affect breakage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mihails Arhangelskis
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw 1 Pasteura Street Warsaw 02-093 Poland
| | - Wei-Pin Goh
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - James Cattle
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Nicole Hondow
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Rik Drummond-Brydson
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Mojtaba Ghadiri
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Kushal Sinha
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc. North Chicago IL USA
| | - Raimundo Ho
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc. North Chicago IL USA
| | | | | | - Ahmad Y Sheikh
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc. North Chicago IL USA
| | - William Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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19
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Howlett M, Scanes RJH, Fletcher SP. Selection between Competing Self-Reproducing Lipids: Succession and Dynamic Activation. JACS AU 2021; 1:1355-1361. [PMID: 34604845 PMCID: PMC8479773 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Models of chemical evolution are central to advancing origins of life research. To design more lifelike systems, we must expand our understanding of molecular selection mechanisms. Here, we show two selection modes that produce evolving populations of self-reproducing species, formed through thiol-disulfide exchange. Competition between thiol precursors can give clear succession patterns based on steric factors, an intrinsic property. A separate, emergent selection mechanism-dynamic activating metathesis-was found when exploring competing disulfide precursors. These experiments reveal that additional species generated in the mixture open up alternative reaction pathways to form self-reproducing products. Thus, increased compositional complexity provides certain species with a unique competitive advantage at the expense of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
G. Howlett
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. H. Scanes
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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20
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Hayes HLD, Wei R, Assante M, Geogheghan KJ, Jin N, Tomasi S, Noonan G, Leach AG, Lloyd-Jones GC. Protodeboronation of (Hetero)Arylboronic Esters: Direct versus Prehydrolytic Pathways and Self-/Auto-Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14814-14826. [PMID: 34460235 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics and mechanism of the base-catalyzed hydrolysis (ArB(OR)2 → ArB(OH)2) and protodeboronation (ArB(OR)2 → ArH) of a series of boronic esters, encompassing eight different polyols and 10 polyfluoroaryl and heteroaryl moieties, have been investigated by in situ and stopped-flow NMR spectroscopy (19F, 1H, and 11B), pH-rate dependence, isotope entrainment, 2H KIEs, and KS-DFT computations. The study reveals the phenomenological stability of boronic esters under basic aqueous-organic conditions to be highly nuanced. In contrast to common assumption, esterification does not necessarily impart greater stability compared to the corresponding boronic acid. Moreover, hydrolysis of the ester to the boronic acid can be a dominant component of the overall protodeboronation process, augmented by self-, auto-, and oxidative (phenolic) catalysis when the pH is close to the pKa of the boronic acid/ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L D Hayes
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Ran Wei
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Michele Assante
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, U.K
| | - Katherine J Geogheghan
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Na Jin
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Simone Tomasi
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Gary Noonan
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Andrew G Leach
- School of Health Sciences, Stopford Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
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21
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Bhunia S, Chandel S, Karan SK, Dey S, Tiwari A, Das S, Kumar N, Chowdhury R, Mondal S, Ghosh I, Mondal A, Khatua BB, Ghosh N, Reddy CM. Autonomous self-repair in piezoelectric molecular crystals. Science 2021; 373:321-327. [PMID: 34437150 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg3886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Living tissue uses stress-accumulated electrical charge to close wounds. Self-repairing synthetic materials, which are typically soft and amorphous, usually require external stimuli, prolonged physical contact, and long healing times. We overcome many of these limitations in piezoelectric bipyrazole organic crystals, which recombine following mechanical fracture without any external direction, autonomously self-healing in milliseconds with crystallographic precision. Kelvin probe force microscopy, birefringence experiments, and atomic-resolution structural studies reveal that these noncentrosymmetric crystals, with a combination of hydrogen bonds and dispersive interactions, develop large stress-induced opposite electrical charges on fracture surfaces, prompting an electrostatically driven precise recombination of the pieces via diffusionless self-healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surojit Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Shubham Chandel
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Sumanta Kumar Karan
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Somnath Dey
- Institute of Crystallography, RWTH Aachen University, 52066 Aachen, Germany
| | - Akash Tiwari
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Susobhan Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Nishkarsh Kumar
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Rituparno Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Saikat Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Ishita Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Amit Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Bhanu Bhusan Khatua
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Nirmalya Ghosh
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - C Malla Reddy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India. .,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
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22
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Commins P, Dippenaar AB, Li L, Hara H, Haynes DA, Naumov P. Mechanically compliant single crystals of a stable organic radical. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6188-6193. [PMID: 33996017 PMCID: PMC8098752 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01246k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanically compliant organic crystals are the foundation of the development of future flexible, light-weight single-crystal electronics, and this requires reversibly deformable crystalline organic materials with permanent magnetism. Here, we report and characterize the first instance of a plastically bendable single crystal of a permanent organic radical, 4-(4'-cyano-2',3',4',5'-tetrafluorophenyl)-1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolyl. The weak interactions between the radicals render single crystals of the β phase of this material exceedingly soft, and the S-N interactions facilitate plastic bending. EPR imaging of a bent single crystal reveals the effect of deformation on the three-dimensional spin density of the crystal. The unusual mechanical compliance of this material opens prospects for exploration into flexible crystals of other stable organic radicals towards the development of flexible light-weight organic magnetoresistance devices based on weak, non-hydrogen-bonded interactions in molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Commins
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - A Bernard Dippenaar
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University P. Bag X1 Matieland 7602 Republic of South Africa
| | - Liang Li
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Hideyuki Hara
- Bruker K.K. 3-9, Moriya, Kanagawa Yokohama Kanagawa 221-0022 Japan
| | - Delia A Haynes
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University P. Bag X1 Matieland 7602 Republic of South Africa
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
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23
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Hasija A, Chopra D. Potential and challenges of engineering mechanically flexible molecular crystals. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00173f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crystal adaptronics has undergone tremendous developments that have been utilized to rationalize dynamics in crystals. This highlight discusses about the role of intermolecular interactions in rationalizing mechanical responses in crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avantika Hasija
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-Pass Road, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-Pass Road, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
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24
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Han K, Bailey JB, Zhang L, Tezcan FA. Anisotropic Dynamics and Mechanics of Macromolecular Crystals Containing Lattice-Patterned Polymer Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19402-19410. [PMID: 33124805 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical and functional properties of many crystalline materials depend on cooperative changes in lattice arrangements in response to external perturbations. However, the flexibility and adaptiveness of crystalline materials are limited. Additionally, the bottom-up, molecular-level design of crystals with desired dynamic and mechanical properties at the macroscopic level remains a considerable challenge. To address these challenges, we had previously integrated mesoporous, cubic ferritin crystals with hydrogel networks, resulting in hybrid materials (polymer-integrated crystals or PIX) which could undergo dramatic structural changes while maintaining crystalline periodicity and display efficient self-healing. The dynamics and mechanics of these ferritin-PIX were devoid of directionality, which is an important attribute of many molecular and macroscopic materials/devices. In this study, we report that such directionality can be achieved through the use of ferritin crystals with anisotropic symmetries (rhombohedral or trigonal), which enable the templated formation of patterned hydrogel networks in crystallo. The resulting PIX expand and contract anisotropically without losing crystallinity, undergo prompt bending motions in response to stimuli, and self-heal efficiently, capturing some of the essential features of sophisticated biological devices like skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jake B Bailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - F Akif Tezcan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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25
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Naim K, Singh M, Sharma S, Nair RV, Venugopalan P, Chandra Sahoo S, Neelakandan PP. Exceptionally Plastic/Elastic Organic Crystals of a Naphthalidenimine-Boron Complex Show Flexible Optical Waveguide Properties. Chemistry 2020; 26:11979-11984. [PMID: 32618379 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The design of molecular compounds that exhibit flexibility is an emerging area of research. Although a fair amount of success has been achieved in the design of plastic or elastic crystals, realizing multidimensional plastic and elastic bending remains challenging. We report herein a naphthalidenimine-boron complex that showed size-dependent dual mechanical bending behavior whereas its parent Schiff base was brittle. Detailed crystallographic and spectroscopic analysis revealed the importance of boron in imparting the interesting mechanical properties. Furthermore, the luminescence of the molecule was turned-on subsequent to boron complexation, thereby allowing it to be explored for multimode optical waveguide applications. Our in-depth study of the size-dependent plastic and elastic bending of the crystals thus provides important insights in molecular engineering and could act as a platform for the development of future smart flexible materials for optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Naim
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Manjeet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University (PU), Sector 14, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sachin Sharma
- Laboratory for Nano-scale Optics and Meta-materials (LaNOM), Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh V Nair
- Laboratory for Nano-scale Optics and Meta-materials (LaNOM), Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India
| | - Paloth Venugopalan
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University (PU), Sector 14, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Prakash P Neelakandan
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab, India
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26
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Zhao W, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Feng X, Xu H, Xu J, Hu J, Wang S, Wu Y, Yan S. High-Strength, Fast Self-Healing, Aging-Insensitive Elastomers with Shape Memory Effect. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:35445-35452. [PMID: 32643374 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing materials, which can autonomously repair damages like living organisms, have undergone extensive development in the last decades. The bottleneck problems for their practical applications are long healing time, inferior mechanical strength, and aging sensitivity. Here, a new class of polymeric materials rationally grafted with oligo poly(ethylene glycol) is reported. The network based on the formation of multiple weak hydrogen bonds endows the elastomers with good comprehensive performances including high stretchability (725%), high strength (4.20 MPa), and fast self-healing process (40 s). Benefiting from characteristic multiple weak hydrogen bond interactions, the fractured elastomers maintain high healing efficiency even after aging for 192 h, showing an unusual aging insensitivity. A Sudoku structural device based on the developed elastomer shows shape memory effect, providing a new avenue for fabricating novel smart devices with complicated shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yaoyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xianqi Feng
- Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shouguo Wang
- Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yumin Wu
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shouke Yan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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27
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Chu X, Lu Z, Tang B, Liu B, Ye K, Zhang H. Engineering Mechanical Compliance of an Organic Compound toward Flexible Crystal Lasing Media. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5433-5438. [PMID: 32543867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, organic crystals with mechanical flexibility have been emerging as a hot research topic due to their great potentials in flexible optoelectronics. However, organic crystals exhibiting elastic bending or plastic bending are relatively rare. In this study, we proposed a strategy to improve the probability of crystal flexibility as well as to regulate the mechanical properties by controlling polymorphism. Three different emissive organic polymorphs Cry-G, Cry-Y, and Cry-O with elastic, plastic, and brittle natures, respectively, were obtained by fine-tuning crystallization conditions of a diaryl β-diketone compound. Cry-G was found to transduce light and amplify the self-waveguided emission efficiently along the crystal body in the elastically bent state, demonstrating its multifunctional applications in flexible optical devices. This study is of great scientific significance not only to engineer mechanical compliance of organic crystals but also to highlight the utility of "crystal flexibility".
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012 Changchun, China
| | - Zhuoqun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012 Changchun, China
| | - Baolei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012 Changchun, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012 Changchun, China
| | - Kaiqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012 Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012 Changchun, China
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28
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Naumov P, Karothu DP, Ahmed E, Catalano L, Commins P, Mahmoud Halabi J, Al-Handawi MB, Li L. The Rise of the Dynamic Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13256-13272. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, 10 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | | | - Ejaz Ahmed
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Luca Catalano
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Patrick Commins
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jad Mahmoud Halabi
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Liang Li
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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29
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Morimoto K, Tsujioka H, Kitagawa D, Kobatake S. Photoreversible Birefringence Change of Diarylethene Single Crystals as Revealed by Change in Molecular Polarizability Anisotropy. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4732-4741. [PMID: 32432471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive organic crystals represent a new frontier of material chemistry. Recently, we have reported photoreversible interference color change to multicolor in single crystals composed of a photochromic diarylethene derivative, 1,2-bis(2-ethyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (1a), accompanied by the photochromic reaction. The origin of the interference color change is due to the photoinduced birefringence change in the photoisomerization of diarylethenes. In this study, we newly found that single crystals composed of 1,2-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (2a) also exhibit a photoreversible interference color change. The birefringence value for crystal 2a increased with the photocyclization conversion, while that for crystal 1a decreased. The relationship between the photoinduced birefringence changes for crystals 1a and 2a and their molecular structures was discussed based on the change in the molecular polarizability anisotropy accompanied by the photochromic reaction. These results would provide not only new opportunities for the application of photochromic crystals but also useful strategies for the design of crystalline materials that exhibit the desired birefringence change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Morimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hajime Tsujioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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