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Roppolo I, Caprioli M, Pirri CF, Magdassi S. 3D Printing of Self-Healing Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305537. [PMID: 37877817 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
This review article presents a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in the field of 3D printable structures with self-healing properties. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is a versatile technology that enables the rapid manufacturing of complex geometric structures with precision and functionality not previously attainable. However, the application of 3DP technology is still limited by the availability of materials with customizable properties specifically designed for additive manufacturing. The addition of self-healing properties within 3D printed objects is of high interest as it can improve the performance and lifespan of structural components, and even enable the mimicking of living tissues for biomedical applications, such as organs printing. The review will discuss and analyze the most relevant results reported in recent years in the development of self-healing polymeric materials that can be processed via 3D printing. After introducing the chemical and physical self-healing mechanism that can be exploited, the literature review here reported will focus in particular on printability and repairing performances. At last, actual perspective and possible development field will be critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10129, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Sustainable Futures @Polito, Via Livorno 60, Turin, 10144, Italy
| | - Matteo Caprioli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10129, Italy
- Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9090145, Israel
| | - Candido F Pirri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10129, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Sustainable Futures @Polito, Via Livorno 60, Turin, 10144, Italy
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9090145, Israel
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2
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Singh S, Sharma AK, Gade HM, Agarwal V, Nasani R, Verma N, Sharma B. Stimuli-responsive and self-healing supramolecular Zn(II)-guanosine metal-organic gel for Schottky barrier diode application. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:1025-1035. [PMID: 38197513 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01405c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Spontaneous formation of a supramolecular metal-organic hydrogel using unsubstituted guanosine as a ligand and Zn2+ ions is reported. Guanosine, in the presence of NaOH, self-assembled into a stable G-quadruplex structure, which underwent crosslinking through Zn2+ ions to afford a stable hydrogel. The gel has been characterized using several spectroscopic as well as microscopic studies. The hydrogel demonstrated excellent stimuli responsiveness towards various chemicals and pH. Furthermore, the gel exhibited intrinsic thixotropic behavior and showed self-healing and injectable properties. The optical properties of the Zn-guanosine metallo-hydrogel suggested a semiconducting nature of the gel, which has been exploited for fabricating a thin film device based on a Schottky diode interface between metal and a semiconductor. The fabricated device shows excellent charge transport characteristics and linear rectifying behavior. The findings are likely to pave the way for newer research in the area of soft electronic devices fabricated using materials synthesized by employing simple biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Singh
- Materials Research Centre, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur 302017, India.
| | - Atul Kumar Sharma
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Hrushikesh M Gade
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Vidhi Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India
| | - Rajendar Nasani
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Nisha Verma
- Materials Research Centre, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur 302017, India.
| | - Bhagwati Sharma
- Materials Research Centre, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur 302017, India.
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Zhong JH, Zhou Y, Tian XX, Sun YL, Shi BR, Zhang ZY, Zhang WH, Liu XD, Yang YM. The Addition of an Ultra-Small Amount of Black Phosphorous Quantum Dots Endow Self-Healing Polyurethane with a Biomimetic Intelligent Response. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300286. [PMID: 37461093 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
This study explores new applications of black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) by adding them to self-healing material systems for the first time. Self-healing polyurethane with an ultra-small amount of BPQDs has biomimetic intelligent responsiveness and achieves balance between its mechanical and self-healing properties. By adding 0.0001 wt% BPQDs to self-healing polyurethane, the fracture strength of the material increases from 3.0 to 12.3 MPa, and the elongation at break also increases from 750% to 860%. Meanwhile, the self-healing efficiency remains at 98%. The addition of BPQDs significantly improves the deformation recovery ability of the composite materials and transforms the surface of self-healing polyurethane from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, making it suitable for applications in fields such as electronic skin and flexible wearable devices. This study provides a simple and feasible strategy for endowing self-healing materials with biomimetic intelligent responsiveness using a small amount of BPQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xin-Xin Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ying-Lu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Bi-Ru Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wen-Hua Zhang
- Power and Environmental Control Research Department, China Special Vehicle Research Institute, Jingmen, 448000, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yu-Ming Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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Zhao Y, Ji H, Lu M, Tao J, Ou Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Huang Y, Wang J, Mao Y. Thermochromic Smart Windows Assisted by Photothermal Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3865. [PMID: 36364641 PMCID: PMC9657717 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermochromic smart windows are optical devices that can regulate their optical properties actively in response to external temperature changes. Due to their simple structures and as they do not require other additional energy supply devices, they have great potential in building energy-saving. However, conventional thermochromic smart windows generally have problems with high response temperatures and low response rates. Owing to their great effect in photothermal conversion, photothermal materials are often used in smart windows to assist phase transition so that they can quickly achieve the dual regulation of light and heat at room temperature. Based on this, research progress on the phase transition of photothermal material-assisted thermochromic smart windows is summarized. In this paper, the phase transition mechanisms of several thermochromic materials (VO2, liquid crystals, and hydrogels) commonly used in the field of smart windows are introduced. Additionally, the applications of carbon-based nanomaterials, noble metal nanoparticles, and semiconductor (metal oxygen/sulfide) nanomaterials in thermochromic smart windows are summarized. The current challenges and solutions are further indicated and future research directions are also proposed.
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Li Y, Jin Y, Fan W, Zhou R. A review on room-temperature self-healing polyurethane: synthesis, self-healing mechanism and application. JOURNAL OF LEATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s42825-022-00097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPolyurethanes have been widely used in many fields due to their remarkable features such as excellent mechanical strength, good abrasion resistance, toughness, low temperature flexibility, etc. In recent years, room-temperature self-healing polyurethanes have been attracting broad and growing interest because under mild conditions, room-temperature self-healing polyurethanes can repair damages, thereby extending their lifetimes and reducing maintenance costs. In this paper, the recent advances of room-temperature self-healing polyurethanes based on dynamic covalent bonds, noncovalent bonds and combined dual or triple dynamic bonds are reviewed, focusing on their synthesis methods and self-healing mechanisms, and their mechanical properties, healing efficiency and healing time are also described in detial. In addition, the latest applications of room-temperature self-healing polyurethanes in the fields of leather coatings, photoluminescence materials, flexible electronics and biomaterials are summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future development directions of the room-temprature self-healing polyurethanes are highlighted. Overall, this review is expected to provide a valuable reference for the prosperous development of room-temperature self-healing polyurethanes.
Graphical abstract
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Influence of microstructural alterations of liquid metal and its interfacial interactions with rubber on multifunctional properties of soft composite materials. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 308:102752. [PMID: 36007286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM)-based polymer composites are currently new breakthrough and emerging classes of soft multifunctional materials (SMMs) having immense transformative potential for soft technological applications. Currently, room-temperature LMs, mostly eutectic gallium‑indium and Galinstan alloys are used to integrate with soft polymer due to their outstanding properties such as high conductivity, fluidity, low adhesion, high surface tension, low cytotoxicity, etc. The microstructural alterations and interfacial interactions controlling the efficient integration of LMs with rubber are the most critical aspects for successful implementation of multifunctionality in the resulting material. In this review article, a fundamental understanding of microstructural alterations of LMs to the formation of well-defined percolating networks inside an insulating rubber matrix has been established by exploiting several existing theoretical and experimental studies. Furthermore, effects of the chemical modifications of an LM surface and its interfacial interactions on the compatibility between solid rubber and fluid filler phase have been discussed. The presence of thin oxide layer on the LM surface and the effects and challenges it poses to the adequate functionalization of these materials have been discussed. Plausible applications of SMMs in different soft matter technologies, like soft robotics, flexible electronics, soft actuators, sensors, etc. have been provided. Finally, the current technical challenges and further prospective to the development of SMMs using non‑silicone rubbers have been critically discussed. This review is anticipated to infuse a new impetus to the associated research communities for the development of next generation SMMs.
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Li Y, Zhou X, Sarkar B, Gagnon-Lafrenais N, Cicoira F. Recent Progress on Self-Healable Conducting Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108932. [PMID: 35043469 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Materials able to regenerate after damage have been the object of investigation since the ancient times. For instance, self-healing concretes, able to resist earthquakes, aging, weather, and seawater have been known since the times of ancient Rome and are still the object of research. During the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in self-healing electronic materials, for applications in electronic skin (E-skin) for health monitoring, wearable and stretchable sensors, actuators, transistors, energy harvesting, and storage devices. Self-healing materials based on conducting polymers are particularly attractive due to their tunable high conductivity, good stability, intrinsic flexibility, excellent processability and biocompatibility. Here recent developments are reviewed in the field of self-healing electronic materials based on conducting polymers, such as poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), polypyrrole (PPy), and polyaniline (PANI). The different types of healing, the strategies adopted to optimize electrical and mechanical properties, and the various possible healing mechanisms are introduced. Finally, the main challenges and perspectives in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Biporjoy Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Noémy Gagnon-Lafrenais
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Fabio Cicoira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
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Song YK, Kim HW, Chung CM. Repeatable Self-Healing of a Protective Coating Based on Vegetable-Oil-Loaded Microcapsules. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2013. [PMID: 35631895 PMCID: PMC9146027 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Generally, microcapsule-based self-healing materials have the limitation of single local self-healing. A few studies have reported repeatable self-healing in these microcapsular materials, but there is a challenge to develop multi-cycle self-healing materials that have the advantages of easier preparation and a more efficient operation. In this work, a mixture of two vegetable oils, soybean and olive oil, was used as a healing agent. The atmospheric oxygen-induced reaction behavior (in the presence of a catalyst) was investigated for various compositions of the vegetable oil mixtures; infrared spectroscopy, recovery testing, and viscoelasticity measurement were performed to find an optimum composition of the healing agent. Microcapsules loaded with soybean oil and catalyst-containing olive oil were separately prepared and used to prepare a dual-capsule self-healing coating. It was demonstrated through optical and scanning electron microscopy that, upon scribing the self-healing coating, the vegetable oils flowed out from microcapsules to self-heal the damaged area. When the healed area of the self-healing coating was re-scribed, self-healing was repeated, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and anticorrosion and electrochemical testing. Our new repeatable self-healing coating provides the merits of easy preparation, no need for external intervention such as light irradiation, and an environmentally-friendly nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chan-Moon Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (H.-W.K.)
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Majumdar S, Ray PP, Sahu R, Dey A, Dey B. Strategic fabrication of efficient photo-responsive semiconductor electronic diode-devices by Bovine Serum Albumin protein-based Cu(II)-metallohydrogel scaffolds. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 195:287-293. [PMID: 34896152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bovine Serum Albumin protein-based two fascinating functional self-healing Cu(II) metallohydrogel scaffolds (MD1 and MD2) have been studied for the development of metal-semiconductor junction based Schottky diode device. Multiple metal-semiconductor (MS) junction devices, offering the sandwich-like configuration of Indium tin oxide (ITO)/ metallogel/Aluminium (Al), have been made-up to investigate the electrical properties of the synthesized metallohydrogel materials. Optical characterizations including optical band gap measurement have been carried out using Tauc's equation for both the metallohydrogels. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of just made-up devices are studied under irradiation and non- irradiation conditions to explore the electrical features through investigating the charge transport phenomenon. The electrical conductivity gets estimated as 3.13 × 10-5 S.m-1 and 2.69 × 10-5 S.m-1 for MD1 and MD2 under dark condition, and 11.06 × 10-5 S.m-1 and 5.99 × 10-5 S.m-1 for MD1 and MD2, respectively, in photo-irradiation. The measured optical and electrical properties of MD1 and MD2 metallohydrogels are thoroughly investigated and the data indicates that MD1 and MD2 metallohyrogels are semiconducting in nature with excellent photo-responsive behaviour. Moreover, the representative I - V characteristic of the MD1 and MD2 metallohydrogels at both irradiation and non-irradiation conditions represents the nonlinear rectifying behaviour, a typical signature for Schottky diode (SD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, India
| | | | - Rajib Sahu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Arka Dey
- Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Biswajit Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, India.
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Singh S, Tripathi RK, Gupta MK, Dzhardimalieva GI, Uflyand IE, Yadav B. 2-D self-healable polyaniline-polypyrrole nanoflakes based triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered solar light photo detector with DFT study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 600:572-585. [PMID: 34034119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates an easy and cost-effective synthesis of PANI-PPY conducting nanoflakes (NFs) with a self-healing capability. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis shows the minimum width of NFs as 30 nm, while HRTEM analysis confirms the shape, size, and semi-crystalline nature of the polymer. These PANI-PPY NFs were used to fabricate a contact separation mode triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based self-powered photosensor which gave the maximum output voltage (149 V), maximum output current (16 µA), current density 0.56 µAcm-2, and power density 83.56 µWcm-2. Detailed literature survey shows the comparative study of PANI-PPY NF's with other photo-sensing materials. This literature review highlights the tremendous ability of PANI-PPY to self-restore and ultra-fast self-powering nature. This work also demonstrates a very easy and cost-effective method to develop polymeric nanomaterials via temperature-assisted polymerization, which need only a stirrer with a hot plate. Theoretical analysis (DFT calculations using Gaussian 09 and Gauss view 05) shows a consistent increase in stability when the number of molecules in the polymer chains analyzed was increased. The developed self-healing triboelectric nanogenerators exhibited stable performance before and after healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti Singh
- Nanomaterials and Sensors Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Ravi Kant Tripathi
- Nanomaterials and Sensors Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- CSIR-Avanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal 462026, India
| | - Gulzhian I Dzhardimalieva
- Laboratory of Metallopolymers, The Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Academician Semenov Avenue 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Igor E Uflyand
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, B. Sadovaya Str. 105/42, Rostov-on-Don 344006, Russian Federation
| | - BalChandra Yadav
- Nanomaterials and Sensors Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India.
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Jucius D, Gudaitis R, Lazauskas A, Grigaliūnas V. Electrical Characterization of Thin PEDOT:PSS Films on Alumina and Thiol-Ene Substrates. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203519. [PMID: 34685277 PMCID: PMC8541043 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transparent polymer layers that heal minor scratches and maintain the optical properties of the devices for a long time are highly desirable in optoelectronics. This paper presents the results of the electrical characterization of thin PEDOT:PSS films on the novel, optically transparent thiol-ene substrates capable of healing scratches under room-temperature conditions. Electrical properties of the PEDOT:PSS films deposited on the conventional alumina ceramic substrates were also tested for comparative purposes. This study demonstrated that the substrate can have a significant effect on the electrical properties of PEDOT:PSS films, and the electrical resistance of the films on thiol-ene substrates is not as stable as on alumina ceramics. However, the changes in electrical resistance of the films on thiol-ene are small enough over a sufficiently wide range of operating temperatures and relative humidities and allow the application of such bilayers in various polymeric optoelectronic devices.
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Lazauskas A, Jucius D, Abakevičienė B, Guobienė A, Andrulevičius M. Trilayer Composite System Based on SiO 2, Thiol-Ene, and PEDOT:PSS. Focus on Stability after Thermal Treatment and Solar Irradiance. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193439. [PMID: 34641254 PMCID: PMC8512558 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The trilayer composite was fabricated by combining functional layers of fumed SiO2, thiol-ene, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS). Optical, scratch-healing, non-wetting, and electrical stability was investigated at different instances of time after thermal and solar irradiance treatment. The trilayer composite was found to be optically stable and highly transparent for visible light after thermal and irradiance treatment for 25 h. Both treatment processes had a minor effect on the shape-memory assisted scratch-healing performance of the trilayer composite. Thermal treatment and solar irradiance did not affect the superhydrophobic properties (contact angle 170 ± 1°) of the trilayer composite. The sheet resistance increased from 90 ± 3 Ω/square (initial) to 109 ± 3 Ω/square (thermal) and 149 ± 3 Ω/square (irradiance) after 25 h of treatment, which was considered as not significant change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Algirdas Lazauskas
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.J.); (B.A.); (A.G.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-671-73375
| | - Dalius Jucius
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.J.); (B.A.); (A.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Brigita Abakevičienė
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.J.); (B.A.); (A.G.); (M.A.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentų Str. 50, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Asta Guobienė
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.J.); (B.A.); (A.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Mindaugas Andrulevičius
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.J.); (B.A.); (A.G.); (M.A.)
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Shim HJ, Sunwoo S, Kim Y, Koo JH, Kim D. Functionalized Elastomers for Intrinsically Soft and Biointegrated Electronics. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002105. [PMID: 33506654 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elastomers are suitable materials for constructing a conformal interface with soft and curvilinear biological tissue due to their intrinsically deformable mechanical properties. Intrinsically soft electronic devices whose mechanical properties are comparable to human tissue can be fabricated using suitably functionalized elastomers. This article reviews recent progress in functionalized elastomers and their application to intrinsically soft and biointegrated electronics. Elastomers can be functionalized by adding appropriate fillers, either nanoscale materials or polymers. Conducting or semiconducting elastomers synthesized and/or processed with these materials can be applied to the fabrication of soft biointegrated electronic devices. For facile integration of soft electronics with the human body, additional functionalization strategies can be employed to improve adhesive or autonomous healing properties. Recently, device components for intrinsically soft and biointegrated electronics, including sensors, stimulators, power supply devices, displays, and transistors, have been developed. Herein, representative examples of these fully elastomeric device components are discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges and future outlooks for the field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Joon Shim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung‐Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae‐Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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14
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Cescato R, Rigotti D, Mahmood H, Dorigato A, Pegoretti A. Thermal Mending of Electroactive Carbon/Epoxy Laminates Using a Porous Poly(ε-caprolactone) Electrospun Mesh. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162723. [PMID: 34451262 PMCID: PMC8399769 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, a porous mesh of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) was electrospun directly onto carbon fiber (CF) plies and used to develop novel structural epoxy (EP) composites with electro-activated self-healing properties. Three samples, i.e., the neat EP/CF composite and two laminates containing a limited amount of PCL (i.e., 5 wt.% and 10 wt.%), were prepared and characterized from a microstructural and thermo-mechanical point of view. The introduction of the PCL mesh led to a reduction in the flexural stress at break (by 17%), of the interlaminar shear strength (by 15%), and of the interlaminar shear strength (by 39%). The interlaminar fracture toughness of the prepared laminates was evaluated under mode I, and broken samples were thermally mended at 80 °C (i.e., above the melting temperature of PCL) by resistive heating generated by a current flow within the samples through Joule’s effect. It was demonstrated that, thanks to the presence of the electrospun PCL mesh, the laminate with a PCL of 10 wt.% showed healing efficiency values up to 31%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cescato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.); (H.M.); (A.D.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Rigotti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.); (H.M.); (A.D.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.R.); (A.P.); Tel.: +39-0461-285393 (D.R.); +39-0461-282452 (A.P.)
| | - Haroon Mahmood
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.); (H.M.); (A.D.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.); (H.M.); (A.D.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pegoretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.); (H.M.); (A.D.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.R.); (A.P.); Tel.: +39-0461-285393 (D.R.); +39-0461-282452 (A.P.)
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15
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Luo X, Wu Y, Guo M, Yang X, Xie L, Lai J, Li Z, Zhou H. Multi‐functional polyurethane composites with self‐healing and shape memory properties enhanced by graphene oxide. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Yuanpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Meiling Guo
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Xi Yang
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Lingyun Xie
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Jingjuan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Xi'an Technological University Xi'an China
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16
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Peñas-Caballero M, Hernández Santana M, Verdejo R, Lopez-Manchado MA. Measuring self-healing in epoxy matrices: The need for standard conditions. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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18
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Wu Y, Wang J, Li L, Fei X, Xu L, Wang Y, Tian J, Li Y. A novel hydrogel with self-healing property and bactericidal activity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 584:484-494. [PMID: 33129158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have designed and synthesized a novel poly (4 - vinyl benzene boronic acid - co - N - vinyl pyrrolidone - co - 1 - vinyl - 3 - butylimidazolium bromide) hydrogel (VNV hydrogel) dressing with good self-healing properties and bactericidal activity. The gelation and self-healing of this hydrogel are mainly achieved by the formation of a dynamic B-O-B bond between the polymer chains, which is fractured by external forces and subsequently reformed. This self-healing mechanism is studied in detail through the molecular design of the hydrogel. The introduction of hydrophilic chemical groups can effectively improve the porous structures, water absorption and molecular migration. These properties have a positive effect on improving self-healing properties of dynamic crosslinked hydrogels. Furthermore, this VNV hydrogel dressing displays good antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. The application of VNV hydrogel dressing on rat wound surface can effectively accelerate wound healing. These results indicate that this novel VNV hydrogel dressing with good self-healing properties and bactericidal activity has potential applications in wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Wu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jihui Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; School of Chemical Engineering & Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 528808, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering & Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 528808, China
| | - Xu Fei
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
| | - Longquan Xu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
| | - Yao Li
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
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19
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Highly stretchable and tough alginate-based cyclodextrin/Azo-polyacrylamide interpenetrating network hydrogel with self-healing properties. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 256:117595. [PMID: 33483080 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Most structural self-healing materials were developed based on either reversible supramolecular interaction or dynamic covalent bonding. It seems a good idea to incorporate self-healing properties into high-performance materials. In this study, we fabricated the alginate-based cyclodextrin and polyacrylamide azobenzene highly stretchable and tough interpenetrating composite hydrogel with self-repairing behavior under light irradiation. Initially, the alginate-based cyclodextrin and polyacrylamide azobenzene were designed and synthesized. The corresponding structural, thermal, and morphological properties of hydrogels were characterized. The reversible transformation of the sol-gel can be achieved by the irradiation upon ultraviolet light and visible light. The self-healing behavior of this composited gel is based on the host-guest interaction between cyclodextrin and azobenzene. The recovery gel elongation at 48 h healing in the dark condition was is 0.04 MPa, with an elongation of 1140 %. Therefore, this gel can achieve self-healing ability while maintaining highly stretchable and tough performance.
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20
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Lu C, Guo X, Wang C, Wang J, Chu F. Integration of metal-free ATRP and Diels-Alder reaction toward sustainable and recyclable cellulose-based thermoset elastomers. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 242:116404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Li CH, Zuo JL. Self-Healing Polymers Based on Coordination Bonds. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903762. [PMID: 31599045 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing ability is an important survival feature in nature, with which living beings can spontaneously repair damage when wounded. Inspired by nature, people have designed and synthesized many self-healing materials by encapsulating healing agents or incorporating reversible covalent bonds or noncovalent interactions into a polymer matrix. Among the noncovalent interactions, the coordination bond is demonstrated to be effective for constructing highly efficient self-healing polymers. Moreover, with the presence of functional metal ions or ligands and dynamic metal-ligand bonds, self-healing polymers can show various functions such as dielectrics, luminescence, magnetism, catalysis, stimuli-responsiveness, and shape-memory behavior. Herein, the recent developments and achievements made in the field of self-healing polymers based on coordination bonds are presented. The advantages of coordination bonds in constructing self-healing polymers are highlighted, the various metal-ligand bonds being utilized in self-healing polymers are summarized, and examples of functional self-healing polymers originating from metal-ligand interactions are given. Finally, a perspective is included addressing the promises and challenges for the future development of self-healing polymers based on coordination bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Lin Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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22
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Cuevas JM, Seoane-Rivero R, Navarro R, Marcos-Fernández Á. Coumarins into Polyurethanes for Smart and Functional Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030630. [PMID: 32164198 PMCID: PMC7182826 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes are of undoubted interest for the scientific community and the industry. Their outstanding versatility from tailor-made structures turns them into major polymers for use in a wide range of different applications. As with other polymers, new, emerging molecules and monomers with specific attributes can provide new functions and capabilities to polyurethanes. Natural and synthetic coumarin and its derivatives are characterised by interesting biological, photophysical and photochemical properties. Then, the polyurethanes can exploit those features of many coumarins which are present in their composition to achieve new functions and performances. This article reviews the developments in the proper use of the special properties of coumarins in polyurethanes to produce functional and smart materials that can be suitable for new specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Cuevas
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, edificio 202, E-48170 Zamudio, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.M.C.); (R.N.)
| | - Rubén Seoane-Rivero
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, edificio 202, E-48170 Zamudio, Spain;
| | - Rodrigo Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.M.C.); (R.N.)
| | - Ángel Marcos-Fernández
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
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23
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Hornat CC, Urban MW. Entropy and interfacial energy driven self-healable polymers. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1028. [PMID: 32098954 PMCID: PMC7042321 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although significant advances have been achieved in dynamic reversible covalent and non-covalent bonding chemistries for self-healing polymers, an ultimate goal is to create high strength and stiffness commodity materials capable of repair without intervention under ambient conditions. Here we report the development of mechanically robust thermoplastic polyurethane fibers and films capable of autonomous self-healing under ambient conditions. Two mechanisms of self-healing are identified: viscoelastic shape memory (VESM) driven by conformational entropic energy stored during mechanical damage, and surface energy/tension that drives the reduction of newly generated surface areas created upon damage by shallowing and widening wounds until healed. The type of self-healing mechanism is molecular weight dependent. To the best of our knowledge these materials represent the strongest (Sf = 21 mN/tex, or σf ≈ 22 MPa) and stiffest (J = 300 mN/tex, or E ≈ 320 MPa) self-healing polymers able to repair under typical ambient conditions without intervention. Since two autonomous self-healing mechanisms result from viscoelastic behavior not specific to a particular polymer chemistry, they may serve as general approaches to design of other self-repairing commodity polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris C Hornat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Marek W Urban
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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24
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Dzhardimalieva GI, Yadav BC, Singh S, Uflyand IE. Self-healing and shape memory metallopolymers: state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:3042-3087. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04360h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent achievements and problems associated with the use of metallopolymers as self-healing and shape memory materials are presented and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzhian I. Dzhardimalieva
- Laboratory of Metallopolymers
- The Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS
- Chernogolovka
- 142432 Russian Federation
| | - Bal C. Yadav
- Nanomaterials and Sensors Research Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
- Lucknow-226025
- India
| | - Shakti Singh
- Nanomaterials and Sensors Research Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
- Lucknow-226025
- India
| | - Igor E. Uflyand
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern Federal University
- Rostov-on-Don
- 344006 Russian Federation
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25
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Abstract
The partial cross-linking reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by esterification using poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as a cross-linking agent was performed to obtain a PVA–PAA supramolecular polymer complex. The PVA–PAA coatings with a different molar ratio between hydroxyl and carboxyl groups were prepared to examine scratch–healing ability. These coatings exhibited high optical transparency and excellent scratch–healing properties, which are attributed to considerable amount of free hydroxyl groups at the scratched interfaces to reversibly form multiple hydrogen bonds. Importantly, the PVA–PAA polymer was capable of initiating scratch recovery at temperature of 20 °C and relative humidity (RH) of 40%. Scratches produced on the PVA–PAA polymer coatings with different constant loading in the range of 1.5–2.7 N were healed significantly more rapidly under humid conditions (RH = 99%). Increase of cross-linking temperature also resulted in similar effect but with some reduction of the final scratch healing ratio.
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