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Beck A, Newton MA, van de Water LGA, van Bokhoven JA. The Enigma of Methanol Synthesis by Cu/ZnO/Al 2O 3-Based Catalysts. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4543-4678. [PMID: 38564235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The activity and durability of the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 (CZA) catalyst formulation for methanol synthesis from CO/CO2/H2 feeds far exceed the sum of its individual components. As such, this ternary catalytic system is a prime example of synergy in catalysis, one that has been employed for the large scale commercial production of methanol since its inception in the mid 1960s with precious little alteration to its original formulation. Methanol is a key building block of the chemical industry. It is also an attractive energy storage molecule, which can also be produced from CO2 and H2 alone, making efficient use of sequestered CO2. As such, this somewhat unusual catalyst formulation has an enormous role to play in the modern chemical industry and the world of global economics, to which the correspondingly voluminous and ongoing research, which began in the 1920s, attests. Yet, despite this commercial success, and while research aimed at understanding how this formulation functions has continued throughout the decades, a comprehensive and universally agreed upon understanding of how this material achieves what it does has yet to be realized. After nigh on a century of research into CZA catalysts, the purpose of this Review is to appraise what has been achieved to date, and to show how, and how far, the field has evolved. To do so, this Review evaluates the research regarding this catalyst formulation in a chronological order and critically assesses the validity and novelty of various hypotheses and claims that have been made over the years. Ultimately, the Review attempts to derive a holistic summary of what the current body of literature tells us about the fundamental sources of the synergies at work within the CZA catalyst and, from this, suggest ways in which the field may yet be further advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Beck
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mark A Newton
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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2
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Wibowo RE, Garcia-Diez R, Bystron T, van der Merwe M, Prokop M, Arce MD, Efimenko A, Steigert A, Bernauer M, Wilks RG, Bouzek K, Bär M. Elucidating the Complex Oxidation Behavior of Aqueous H 3PO 3 on Pt Electrodes via In Situ Tender X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure Spectroscopy at the P K-Edge. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7386-7399. [PMID: 38459944 PMCID: PMC10958492 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
In situ tender X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the P K-edge was utilized to investigate the oxidation mechanism of aqueous H3PO3 on Pt electrodes under various conditions relevant to high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) applications. XANES and electrochemical analysis were conducted under different tender X-ray irradiation doses, revealing that intense radiation induces the oxidation of aqueous H3PO3 via H2O yielding H3PO4 and H2. A broadly applicable experimental procedure was successfully developed to suppress these undesirable radiation-induced effects, enabling a more accurate determination of the aqueous H3PO3 oxidation mechanism. In situ XANES studies of aqueous 5 mol dm-3 H3PO3 on electrodes with varying Pt availability and surface roughness reveal that Pt catalyzes the oxidation of aqueous H3PO3 to H3PO4. This oxidation is enhanced upon applying a positive potential to the Pt electrode or raising the electrolyte temperature, the latter being corroborated by complementary ion-exchange chromatography measurements. Notably, all of these oxidation processes involve reactions with H2O, as further supported by XANES measurements of aqueous H3PO3 of different concentrations, showing a more pronounced oxidation in electrolytes with a higher H2O content. The significant role of water in the oxidation of H3PO3 to H3PO4 supports the reaction mechanisms proposed for various chemical processes observed in this work and provides valuable insights into potential strategies to mitigate Pt catalyst poisoning by H3PO3 during HT-PEMFC operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romualdus Enggar Wibowo
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raul Garcia-Diez
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomas Bystron
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Marianne van der Merwe
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Prokop
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Mauricio D. Arce
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Departamento
Caracterización de Materiales, INN-CNEA-CONICET, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Avenida Bustillo 9500, S. C. de Bariloche, Rio Negro 8400, Argentina
| | - Anna Efimenko
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
(HZB), Albert-Einstein
Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Steigert
- Institute
of Nanospectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Milan Bernauer
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
(HZB), Albert-Einstein
Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karel Bouzek
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
(HZB), Albert-Einstein
Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of X-ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy
(HI ERN), Albert-Einstein-Straße
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Do VH, Lee JM. Surface engineering for stable electrocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2693-2737. [PMID: 38318782 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, significant progress has been achieved in rational developments of electrocatalysts through constructing novel atomistic structures and modulating catalytic surface topography, realizing substantial enhancement in electrocatalytic activities. Numerous advanced catalysts were developed for electrochemical energy conversion, exhibiting low overpotential, high intrinsic activity, and selectivity. Yet, maintaining the high catalytic performance under working conditions with high polarization and vigorous microkinetics that induce intensive degradation of surface nanostructures presents a significant challenge for commercial applications. Recently, advanced operando and computational techniques have provided comprehensive mechanistic insights into the degradation of surficial functional structures. Additionally, various innovative strategies have been devised and proven effective in sustaining electrocatalytic activity under harsh operating conditions. This review aims to discuss the most recent understanding of the degradation microkinetics of catalysts across an entire range of anodic to cathodic polarizations, encompassing processes such as oxygen evolution and reduction, hydrogen reduction, and carbon dioxide reduction. Subsequently, innovative strategies adopted to stabilize the materials' structure and activity are highlighted with an in-depth discussion of the underlying rationale. Finally, we present conclusions and perspectives regarding future research and development. By identifying the research gaps, this review aims to inspire further exploration of surface degradation mechanisms and rational design of durable electrocatalysts, ultimately contributing to the large-scale utilization of electroconversion technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet-Hung Do
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459.
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459.
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141
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4
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Tao L, Khramenkova E, Lee I, Ikuno T, Khare R, Jentys A, Fulton JL, Kolganov AA, Pidko EA, Sanchez-Sanchez M, Lercher JA. Speciation and Reactivity Control of Cu-Oxo Clusters via Extraframework Al in Mordenite for Methane Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17710-17719. [PMID: 37545395 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The stoichiometric conversion of methane to methanol by Cu-exchanged zeolites can be brought to highest yields by the presence of extraframework Al and high CH4 chemical potentials. Combining theory and experiments, the differences in chemical reactivity of monometallic Cu-oxo and bimetallic Cu-Al-oxo nanoclusters stabilized in zeolite mordenite (MOR) are investigated. Cu-L3 edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), infrared (IR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopies, in combination with CH4 oxidation activity tests, support the presence of two types of active clusters in MOR and allow quantification of the relative proportions of each type in dependence of the Cu concentration. Ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) calculations and thermodynamic analyses indicate that the superior performance of materials enriched in Cu-Al-oxo clusters is related to the activity of two μ-oxo bridges in the cluster. Replacing H2O with ethanol in the product extraction step led to the formation of ethyl methyl ether, expanding this way the applicability of these materials for the activation and functionalization of CH4. We show that competition between different ion-exchanged metal-oxo structures during the synthesis of Cu-exchanged zeolites determines the formation of active species, and this provides guidelines for the synthesis of highly active materials for CH4 activation and functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tao
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Elena Khramenkova
- Inorganic Systems Engineering (ISE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Insu Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Takaaki Ikuno
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Rachit Khare
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Jentys
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - John L Fulton
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alexander A Kolganov
- Inorganic Systems Engineering (ISE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A Pidko
- Inorganic Systems Engineering (ISE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Maricruz Sanchez-Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes A Lercher
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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5
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Liu L, Corma A. Bimetallic Sites for Catalysis: From Binuclear Metal Sites to Bimetallic Nanoclusters and Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4855-4933. [PMID: 36971499 PMCID: PMC10141355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous bimetallic catalysts have broad applications in industrial processes, but achieving a fundamental understanding on the nature of the active sites in bimetallic catalysts at the atomic and molecular level is very challenging due to the structural complexity of the bimetallic catalysts. Comparing the structural features and the catalytic performances of different bimetallic entities will favor the formation of a unified understanding of the structure-reactivity relationships in heterogeneous bimetallic catalysts and thereby facilitate the upgrading of the current bimetallic catalysts. In this review, we will discuss the geometric and electronic structures of three representative types of bimetallic catalysts (bimetallic binuclear sites, bimetallic nanoclusters, and nanoparticles) and then summarize the synthesis methodologies and characterization techniques for different bimetallic entities, with emphasis on the recent progress made in the past decade. The catalytic applications of supported bimetallic binuclear sites, bimetallic nanoclusters, and nanoparticles for a series of important reactions are discussed. Finally, we will discuss the future research directions of catalysis based on supported bimetallic catalysts and, more generally, the prospective developments of heterogeneous catalysis in both fundamental research and practical applications.
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6
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Beck A, Kazazis D, Ekinci Y, Li X, Müller Gubler EA, Kleibert A, Willinger MG, Artiglia L, van Bokhoven JA. The Extent of Platinum-Induced Hydrogen Spillover on Cerium Dioxide. ACS NANO 2022; 17:1091-1099. [PMID: 36469418 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen spillover from metal nanoparticles to oxides is an essential process in hydrogenation catalysis and other applications such as hydrogen storage. It is important to understand how far this process is reaching over the surface of the oxide. Here, we present a combination of advanced sample fabrication of a model system and in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to disentangle local and far-reaching effects of hydrogen spillover in a platinum-ceria catalyst. At low temperatures (25-100 °C and 1 mbar H2) surface O-H formed by hydrogen spillover on the whole ceria surface extending microns away from the platinum, leading to a reduction of Ce4+ to Ce3+. This process and structures were strongly temperature dependent. At temperatures above 150 °C (at 1 mbar H2), O-H partially disappeared from the surface due to its decreasing thermodynamic stability. This resulted in a ceria reoxidation. Higher hydrogen pressures are likely to shift these transition temperatures upward due to the increasing chemical potential. The findings reveal that on a catalyst containing a structure capable to promote spillover, hydrogen can affect the whole catalyst surface and be involved in catalysis and restructuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Beck
- ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1, Zürich8093, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Kazazis
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yasin Ekinci
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Xiansheng Li
- ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1, Zürich8093, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Armin Kleibert
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Luca Artiglia
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1, Zürich8093, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232Villigen, Switzerland
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7
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Zabilska A, Clark AH, Ferri D, Nachtegaal M, Kröcher O, Safonova OV. Beware of beam damage under reaction conditions: X-ray induced photochemical reduction of supported VO x catalysts during in situ XAS experiments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21916-21926. [PMID: 36069029 PMCID: PMC9641748 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02721f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful technique for the investigation of heterogeneous catalysts and electrocatalysts. The obtained XAS spectra are usually interpreted from the point of view of the investigated chemical processes, thereby sometimes omitting the fact that intense X-ray irradiation may induce additional transformations in metal speciation and, thus, in the corresponding XAS spectra. In this work, we report on X-ray induced photochemical reduction of vanadium in supported vanadia (VOx) catalysts under reaction conditions, detected at a synchrotron beamline. While this process was not observed in an inert atmosphere and in the presence of water vapor, it occurred at room temperature in the presence of a reducing agent (ethanol or hydrogen) alone or mixed with oxygen. Temperature programmed experiments have shown that X-ray induced reduction of VOx species appeared very clear at 30-100 °C but was not detected at higher temperatures, where the thermocatalytic ethanol oxidative hydrogenation (ODH) takes place. Similar to other studies on X-ray induced effects, we suggest approaches, which can help to mitigate vanadium photoreduction, including defocusing of the X-ray beam and attenuation of the X-ray beam intensity by filters. To recognize beam damage under in situ/operando conditions, we suggest performing X-ray beam switching (on and off) tests at different beam intensities under in situ conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zabilska
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adam H Clark
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Davide Ferri
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
| | | | - Oliver Kröcher
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Zabilska A, Clark AH, Moskowitz BM, Wachs IE, Kakiuchi Y, Copéret C, Nachtegaal M, Kröcher O, Safonova OV. Redox Dynamics of Active VO x Sites Promoted by TiO x during Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethanol Detected by Operando Quick XAS. JACS AU 2022; 2:762-776. [PMID: 35388376 PMCID: PMC8977985 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Titania-supported vanadia (VO x /TiO2) catalysts exhibit outstanding catalytic in a number of selective oxidation and reduction processes. In spite of numerous investigations, the nature of redox transformations of vanadium and titanium involved in various catalytic processes remains difficult to detect and correlate to the rate of products formation. In this work, we studied the redox dynamics of active sites in a bilayered 5% V2O5/15% TiO2/SiO2 catalyst (consisting of submonolayer VO x species anchored onto a TiO x monolayer, which in turn is supported on SiO2) during the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol. The VO x species in 5% V2O5/15% TiO2/SiO2 show high selectivity to acetaldehyde and an ca. 40 times higher acetaldehyde formation rate in comparison to VO x species supported on SiO2 with a similar density. Operando time-resolved V and Ti K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy, coupled with a transient experimental strategy, quantitatively showed that the formation of acetaldehyde over 5% V2O5/15% TiO2/SiO2 is kinetically coupled to the formation of a V4+ intermediate, while the formation of V3+ is delayed and 10-70 times slower. The low-coordinated nature of various redox states of VO x species (V5+, V4+, and V3+) in the 5% V2O5/15% TiO2/SiO2 catalyst is confirmed using the extensive database of V K-edge XANES spectra of standards and specially synthesized molecular crystals. Much weaker redox activity of the Ti4+/Ti3+ couple was also detected; however, it was found to not be kinetically coupled to the rate-determining step of ethanol oxidation. Thus, the promoter effect of TiO x is rather complex. TiO x species might be involved in a fast electron transport between VO x species and might affect the electronic structure of VO x , thereby promoting their reducibility. This study demonstrates the high potential of element-specific operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy for uncovering complex catalytic mechanisms involving the redox kinetics of various metal oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zabilska
- Paul
Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Benjamin M. Moskowitz
- Operando Molecular Spectroscopy &
Catalysis Laboratory,
Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Israel E. Wachs
- Operando Molecular Spectroscopy &
Catalysis Laboratory,
Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Yuya Kakiuchi
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Oliver Kröcher
- Paul
Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Zelinka SL, Kirker GT, Sterbinsky GE, Bourne KJ. Oxidation states of copper in preservative treated wood as studied by X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263073. [PMID: 35085335 PMCID: PMC8794131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is a common component in wood preservatives and is used to protect the wood against fungal degradation. Previous research has shown that the Cu++ oxidation state provides the best wood protection, and Cu++ is widely believed to be the oxidation state of most copper within treated wood. A recent study using X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) reported high amounts of Cu+ in wood that had been in contact with corroded fasteners. This study uses XANES to examine the copper oxidation states in wood treated with several different wood preservatives as a function of time after treatment. In contrast with previous literature which focused on the fixation reaction in the first few hours after treatment, this paper examines the oxidation state of Cu in treated wood at longer times (up to 1-year) after treatment. The results showed in nearly all cases, Cu was in the Cu++ oxidation state to within the measurement uncertainty. Cu XANES patterns taken approximately 1-year after treatment showed no discernable differences between preservative systems, indicating that regardless of the starting treatment the final Cu speciation is the same within one year. The results confirm previously held beliefs about the Cu oxidation states in wood and give further insights into the corrosion mechanism of metals embedded in treated wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Zelinka
- Building and Fire Sciences, US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Grant T. Kirker
- Durability and Wood Protection, US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - George E. Sterbinsky
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States of America
| | - Keith J. Bourne
- Building and Fire Sciences, US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, United States of America
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10
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11
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Bras W, Myles DAA, Felici R. When x-rays alter the course of your experiments. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:423002. [PMID: 34298526 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The continuing increase in the brilliance of synchrotron radiation beamlines allows for many new and exciting experiments that were impossible before the present generation of synchrotron radiation sources came on line. However, the exposure to such intense beams also tests the limits of what samples can endure. Whilst the effects of radiation induced damage in a static experiment often can easily be recognized by changes in the diffraction or spectroscopy curves, the influence of radiation on chemical or physical processes, where one expects curves to change, is less often recognized and can be misinterpreted as a 'real' result instead of as a 'radiation influenced result'. This is especially a concern in time-resolved materials science experiments using techniques as powder diffraction, small angle scattering and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Here, the effects of radiation (5-50 keV) on some time-resolved processes in different types of materials and in different physical states are discussed. We show that such effects are not limited to soft matter and biology but rather can be found across the whole spectrum of materials research, over a large range of radiation doses and is not limited to very high brilliance beamlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Bras
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge TN 37831, United States of America
| | - Dean A A Myles
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge TN 37831, United States of America
| | - Roberto Felici
- CNR-SPIN, Area della ricerca di Tor Vergata, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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12
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Beck A, Zabilskiy M, Newton MA, Safonova O, Willinger MG, van Bokhoven JA. Following the structure of copper-zinc-alumina across the pressure gap in carbon dioxide hydrogenation. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-021-00625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Guntern YT, Okatenko V, Pankhurst J, Varandili SB, Iyengar P, Koolen C, Stoian D, Vavra J, Buonsanti R. Colloidal Nanocrystals as Electrocatalysts with Tunable Activity and Selectivity. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick T. Guntern
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Valery Okatenko
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - James Pankhurst
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Seyedeh Behnaz Varandili
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Pranit Iyengar
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Koolen
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Dragos Stoian
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Jan Vavra
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
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14
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Tao L, Lee I, Sanchez-Sanchez M. Cu oxo nanoclusters for direct oxidation of methane to methanol: formation, structure and catalytic performance. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01325k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cu oxo nanoclusters hosted in microporous solids have emerged in the past decades as promising materials for catalyzing the selective conversion of methane to methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tao
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center
- Technische Universität München
- D-85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - Insu Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center
- Technische Universität München
- D-85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - Maricruz Sanchez-Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center
- Technische Universität München
- D-85748 Garching
- Germany
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