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Zhang R, Farshadyeganeh P, Ohkawara B, Nakajima K, Takeda JI, Ito M, Zhang S, Miyasaka Y, Ohno T, Mori-Yoshimura M, Masuda A, Ohno K. Muscle-specific lack of Gfpt1 triggers ER stress to alleviate misfolded protein accumulation. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050768. [PMID: 38903011 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in GFPT1, encoding a key enzyme to synthesize UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), cause congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS). We made a knock-in (KI) mouse model carrying a frameshift variant in Gfpt1 exon 9, simulating that found in a patient with CMS. As Gfpt1 exon 9 is exclusively expressed in striated muscles, Gfpt1-KI mice were deficient for Gfpt1 only in skeletal muscles. In Gfpt1-KI mice, (1) UDP-HexNAc, CMP-NeuAc and protein O-GlcNAcylation were reduced in skeletal muscles; (2) aged Gfpt1-KI mice showed poor exercise performance and abnormal neuromuscular junction structures; and (3) markers of the unfolded protein response (UPR) were elevated in skeletal muscles. Denervation-mediated enhancement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in Gfpt1-KI mice facilitated protein folding, ubiquitin-proteasome degradation and apoptosis, whereas autophagy was not induced and protein aggregates were markedly increased. Lack of autophagy was accounted for by enhanced degradation of FoxO1 by increased Xbp1-s/u proteins. Similarly, in Gfpt1-silenced C2C12 myotubes, ER stress exacerbated protein aggregates and activated apoptosis, but autophagy was attenuated. In both skeletal muscles in Gfpt1-KI mice and Gfpt1-silenced C2C12 myotubes, maladaptive UPR failed to eliminate protein aggregates and provoked apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchen Zhang
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Paniz Farshadyeganeh
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Bisei Ohkawara
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakajima
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Takeda
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mikako Ito
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shaochuan Zhang
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyasaka
- Division of Experimental Animals, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tamio Ohno
- Division of Experimental Animals, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Madoka Mori-Yoshimura
- Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira 187-8775, Japan
| | - Akio Masuda
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Graduate School of Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, Nisshin 470-0196, Japan
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2
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Zhao Y, Tang T, Zhao W, Fu W, Li T. Inhibition of PEDV viral entry upon blocking N-glycan elaboration. Virology 2024; 594:110039. [PMID: 38492520 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) poses a significant threat to the global swine industry, demanding a thorough understanding of its cellular invasion mechanism for effective interventions. This study meticulously investigates the impact of O- and N-linked glycans on PEDV proteins and host cell interaction, shedding light on their influence on the virus's invasion process. Utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 technology to inhibit cell surface O- and N-linked glycan synthesis demonstrated no discernible impact on virus infection. However, progeny PEDV strains lacking these glycans exhibited a minor effect of O-linked glycans on virus infection. Conversely, a notable 40% reduction in infectivity was observed when the virus surface lacked N-linked glycans, emphasizing their pivotal role in facilitating virus recognition and binding to host cells. Additionally, inhibition studies utilizing kifunensine, a natural glycosidase I inhibitor, reaffirmed the significant role of N-linked glycans in virus infection. Inhibiting N-linked glycan synthesis with kifunensine substantially decreased virus entry into cells and potentially influenced spike protein expression. Assessment of the stability and recovery potential of N-linked glycan-deficient strains underscored the critical importance of N-glycans at various stages of the virus lifecycle. In vivo experiments infecting piglets with N-glycan-deficient strains exhibited milder clinical symptoms, reduced virus excretion, and less severe pathological lesions compared to conventional strains. These findings offer promising translational applications, proposing N-glycosylation inhibitors as potential therapeutic interventions against PEDV. The utilization of these inhibitors might mitigate virus invasion and disease transmission, providing avenues for effective antiviral strategies and vaccine development. Nonetheless, further research is warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms of N-linked glycans in PEDV infection for comprehensive clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China, No.1, Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Shanxi Province, 030801.
| | - Tao Tang
- Cangzhou Hospital Of Integrated TCM-WM Hebei, No.31, Huanghe Road, Cangzhou City, Hebei Province, 061013, China.
| | - Wenchang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China, No.1, Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Shanxi Province, 030801.
| | - Weiguang Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China, No.1, Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Shanxi Province, 030801.
| | - Tao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China, No.1, Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Shanxi Province, 030801.
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3
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Imae R, Manya H, Tsumoto H, Umezawa K, Miura Y, Endo T. Changes in the amount of nucleotide sugars in aged mouse tissues. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae032. [PMID: 38598324 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging affects tissue glycan profiles, which may alter cellular functions and increase the risk of age-related diseases. Glycans are biosynthesized by glycosyltransferases using the corresponding nucleotide sugar, and the availability of nucleotide sugars affects glycosylation efficiency. However, the effects of aging on nucleotide sugar profiles and contents are yet to be elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of aging on nucleotide sugars using a new LC-MS/MS method. Specifically, the new method was used to determine the nucleotide sugar contents of various tissues (brain, liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, lung, and colon) of male C57BL/6NCr mice (7- or 26-month-old). Characteristic age-associated nucleotide sugar changes were observed in each tissue sample. Particularly, there was a significant decrease in UDP-glucuronic acid content in the kidney of aged mice and a decrease in the contents of several nucleotide sugars, including UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, in the brain of aged mice. Additionally, there were variations in nucleotide sugar profiles among the tissues examined regardless of the age. The kidneys had the highest concentration of UDP-glucuronic acid among the seven tissues. In contrast, the skeletal muscle had the lowest concentration of total nucleotide sugars among the tissues; however, CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid and CDP-ribitol were relatively enriched. Conclusively, these findings may contribute to the understanding of the roles of glycans in tissue aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Imae
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Manya
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tsumoto
- Proteome Research, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Keitaro Umezawa
- Proteome Research, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yuri Miura
- Proteome Research, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Tamao Endo
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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Farshadyeganeh P, Nazim M, Zhang R, Ohkawara B, Nakajima K, Rahman MA, Nasrin F, Ito M, Takeda JI, Ohe K, Miyasaka Y, Ohno T, Masuda A, Ohno K. Splicing regulation of GFPT1 muscle-specific isoform and its roles in glucose metabolisms and neuromuscular junction. iScience 2023; 26:107746. [PMID: 37744035 PMCID: PMC10514471 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). A 54-bp exon 9 of GFPT1 is specifically included in skeletal and cardiac muscles to generate a long isoform of GFPT1 (GFPT1-L). We showed that SRSF1 and Rbfox1/2 cooperatively enhance, and hnRNP H/F suppresses, the inclusion of human GFPT1 exon 9 by modulating recruitment of U1 snRNP. Knockout (KO) of GFPT1-L in skeletal muscle markedly increased the amounts of GFPT1 and UDP-HexNAc, which subsequently suppressed the glycolytic pathway. Aged KO mice showed impaired insulin-mediated glucose uptake, as well as muscle weakness and fatigue likely due to abnormal formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction. Taken together, GFPT1-L is likely to be acquired in evolution in mammalian striated muscles to attenuate the HBP for efficient glycolytic energy production, insulin-mediated glucose uptake, and the formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paniz Farshadyeganeh
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mohammad Nazim
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ruchen Zhang
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Bisei Ohkawara
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakajima
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mohammad Alinoor Rahman
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Farhana Nasrin
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Mikako Ito
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Takeda
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohe
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyasaka
- Division of Experimental Animals, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tamio Ohno
- Division of Experimental Animals, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akio Masuda
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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5
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Zha ZQ, You S, Hu YH, Zhang F, Chen YW, Wang J. Asn57 N-glycosylation promotes the degradation of hemicellulose by β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Rhizopus homothallicus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:8707-8721. [PMID: 35366731 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation alters the properties of different enzymes in different ways. Rhizopus homothallicus was first described as an environmental isolate from desert soil in Guatemala. A new gene encoding glucanase RhGlu16B was identified in R. homothallicus. It had high specific activity (9673 U/mg) when barley glucan was used as a substrate, and β-glucan is hemicellulose that is abundant in nature. RhGlu16B has only one N-glycosylation site in its Ala55-Gly64 loop. It was found that N-glycosylation increased its Tm value and catalytic efficiency by 5.1 °C and 59%, respectively. Adding N-glycosylation to the same region of GH16 family glucanases TlGlu16A (from Talaromyces leycettanus) increased its thermostability and catalytic efficiency by 6.4 °C and 38%, respectively. In a verification experiment using GH16 family glucanases BisGlu16B (from Bisporus) in which N-glycosylation was removed, N-glycosylation also appeared to promote thermostability and catalytic efficiency. N-glycosylation reduced the overall root mean square deviation of the enzyme structure, creating rigidity and increasing overall thermostability. This study provided a reference for the molecular modification of GH16 family glucanases and guided the utilization of β-glucan in hemicellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qian Zha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212100, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Hao Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212100, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212100, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Xu S, Zheng J, Xiao H, Wu R. Simultaneously Identifying and Distinguishing Glycoproteins with O-GlcNAc and O-GalNAc (the Tn Antigen) in Human Cancer Cells. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3343-3351. [PMID: 35132862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins with diverse glycans are essential to human cells, and subtle differences in glycan structures may result in entirely different functions. One typical example is proteins modified with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and O-linked α-N-acetylgalactosamine (O-GalNAc) (the Tn antigen), in which the two glycans have very similar structures and identical chemical compositions, making them extraordinarily challenging to be distinguished. Here, we developed an effective method benefiting from selective enrichment and the enzymatic specificity to simultaneously identify and distinguish glycoproteins with O-GlcNAc and O-GalNAc. Metabolic labeling was combined with bioorthogonal chemistry for enriching glycoproteins modified with O-GlcNAc and O-GalNAc. Then, the enzymatic reaction with galactose oxidase was utilized to specifically oxidize O-GalNAc, but not O-GlcNAc, generating the different tags between glycopeptides with O-GlcNAc and O-GalNAc that can be easily distinguishable by mass spectrometry (MS). Among O-GlcNAcylated proteins commonly identified in three types of human cells, those related to transcription and RNA binding are highly enriched. Cell-specific features are also revealed. Among glycoproteins exclusively in Jurkat cells, those involved in human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection are overrepresented, which is consistent with the cell line source and suggests that protein O-GlcNAcylation participated in the response to the virus infection. Furthermore, glycoproteins with the Tn antigen have different subcellular distributions in different cells, which may be attributed to the distinct mechanisms for the formation of protein O-GalNAcylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senhan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jiangnan Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Haopeng Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ronghu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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7
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Comparative Glycomics Analysis of Mass Spectrometry Data. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34611866 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1685-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Glycan profiling is a common strategy that is used to determine the distribution of N-linked glycans, O-linked glycans and glycolipid associated complex carbohydrate structures that are part of various cell and tissue sources. Such data are central to our understanding of functional glycomics, and this knowledge can also be used for pathway construction and other applications in the field of Systems Glycobiology. Glycans released from cell/tissue samples are often studied in their free-form. They can also be functionalized with aglycones like 2-aminobenzamide (2AB) and procainamide to enhance separation and improve ionization during liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Additionally, these released glycans may be permethylated in order to improve glycan quantitation. In such work, besides studying the glycans in a single sample, there is also interest in comparing multiple samples in order to determine underlying similarities and differences, for example in terms of specific epitopes that are changed when cells of the same origin differentiate along different pathways. The current chapter describes the development and usage of cGlyco ("comparative Glycomics"), an open-source program that can be used to compare data from multiple mass spectrometry runs. As an example, we apply cGlyco to compare the glycan profile of multiple MALDI-TOF glycomics profiling data collected by core-C of the Consortium for Functional Glycomics (CFG).
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Cellular and Molecular Engineering of Glycan Sialylation in Heterologous Systems. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195950. [PMID: 34641494 PMCID: PMC8512710 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans have been shown to play a key role in many biological processes, such as signal transduction, immunogenicity, and disease progression. Among the various glycosylation modifications found on cell surfaces and in biomolecules, sialylation is especially important, because sialic acids are typically found at the terminus of glycans and have unique negatively charged moieties associated with cellular and molecular interactions. Sialic acids are also crucial for glycosylated biopharmaceutics, where they promote stability and activity. In this regard, heterogenous sialylation may produce variability in efficacy and limit therapeutic applications. Homogenous sialylation may be achieved through cellular and molecular engineering, both of which have gained traction in recent years. In this paper, we describe the engineering of intracellular glycosylation pathways through targeted disruption and the introduction of carbohydrate active enzyme genes. The focus of this review is on sialic acid-related genes and efforts to achieve homogenous, humanlike sialylation in model hosts. We also discuss the molecular engineering of sialyltransferases and their application in chemoenzymatic sialylation and sialic acid visualization on cell surfaces. The integration of these complementary engineering strategies will be useful for glycoscience to explore the biological significance of sialic acids on cell surfaces as well as the future development of advanced biopharmaceuticals.
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Li Y, Liu D, Wang Y, Su W, Liu G, Dong W. The Importance of Glycans of Viral and Host Proteins in Enveloped Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638573. [PMID: 33995356 PMCID: PMC8116741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal viruses are parasites of animal cells that have characteristics such as heredity and replication. Viruses can be divided into non-enveloped and enveloped viruses if a lipid bilayer membrane surrounds them or not. All the membrane proteins of enveloped viruses that function in attachment to target cells or membrane fusion are modified by glycosylation. Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications of proteins and plays an important role in many biological behaviors, such as protein folding and stabilization, virus attachment to target cell receptors and inhibition of antibody neutralization. Glycans of the host receptors can also regulate the attachment of the viruses and then influence the virus entry. With the development of glycosylation research technology, the research and development of novel virus vaccines and antiviral drugs based on glycan have received increasing attention. Here, we review the effects of host glycans and viral proteins on biological behaviors of viruses, and the opportunities for prevention and treatment of viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dongqi Liu
- The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenquan Su
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Weijie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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10
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Wang SS, Solar VD, Yu X, Antonopoulos A, Friedman AE, Agarwal K, Garg M, Ahmed SM, Addhya A, Nasirikenari M, Lau JT, Dell A, Haslam SM, Sampathkumar SG, Neelamegham S. Efficient inhibition of O-glycan biosynthesis using the hexosamine analog Ac 5GalNTGc. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:699-710.e5. [PMID: 33609441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a critical need to develop small-molecule inhibitors of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation. The best-known reagent currently is benzyl-GalNAc, but it is effective only at millimolar concentrations. This article demonstrates that Ac5GalNTGc, a peracetylated C-2 sulfhydryl-substituted GalNAc, fulfills this unmet need. When added to cultured leukocytes, breast cells, and prostate cells, Ac5GalNTGc increased cell-surface VVA binding by ∼10-fold, indicating truncation of O-glycan biosynthesis. Cytometry, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis of HL-60 promyelocytes demonstrated that 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc prevented elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans beyond the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage. The effect of the compound on N-glycans and glycosphingolipids was small. Glycan inhibition induced by Ac5GalNTGc resulted in 50%-80% reduction in leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression and L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling under flow conditions. Ac5GalNTGc was pharmacologically active in mouse. It reduced neutrophil infiltration to sites of inflammation by ∼60%. Overall, Ac5GalNTGc may find diverse applications as a potent inhibitor of O-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuen-Shiuan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Virginia Del Solar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xinheng Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Alan E Friedman
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kavita Agarwal
- Laboratory of Chemical Glycobiology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Monika Garg
- Laboratory of Chemical Glycobiology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Syed Meheboob Ahmed
- Laboratory of Chemical Glycobiology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ahana Addhya
- Laboratory of Chemical Glycobiology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mehrab Nasirikenari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joseph T Lau
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sriram Neelamegham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Yang Q, Hughes TA, Kelkar A, Yu X, Cheng K, Park S, Huang WC, Lovell JF, Neelamegham S. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry upon blocking N- and O-glycan elaboration. eLife 2020; 9:e61552. [PMID: 33103998 PMCID: PMC7685702 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, its receptor-binding domain (RBD), and its primary receptor ACE2 are extensively glycosylated. The impact of this post-translational modification on viral entry is yet unestablished. We expressed different glycoforms of the Spike-protein and ACE2 in CRISPR-Cas9 glycoengineered cells, and developed corresponding SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. We observed that N- and O-glycans had only minor contribution to Spike-ACE2 binding. However, these carbohydrates played a major role in regulating viral entry. Blocking N-glycan biosynthesis at the oligomannose stage using both genetic approaches and the small molecule kifunensine dramatically reduced viral entry into ACE2 expressing HEK293T cells. Blocking O-glycan elaboration also partially blocked viral entry. Mechanistic studies suggest multiple roles for glycans during viral entry. Among them, inhibition of N-glycan biosynthesis enhanced Spike-protein proteolysis. This could reduce RBD presentation on virus, lowering binding to host ACE2 and decreasing viral entry. Overall, chemical inhibitors of glycosylation may be evaluated for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, State University of New YorkBuffaloUnited States
| | - Thomas A Hughes
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, State University of New YorkBuffaloUnited States
| | - Anju Kelkar
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, State University of New YorkBuffaloUnited States
| | - Xinheng Yu
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, State University of New YorkBuffaloUnited States
| | - Kai Cheng
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, State University of New YorkBuffaloUnited States
| | - Sheldon Park
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, State University of New YorkBuffaloUnited States
| | - Wei-Chiao Huang
- Biomedical Engineering, State University of New YorkBuffaloUnited States
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, State University of New YorkBuffaloUnited States
- Biomedical Engineering, State University of New YorkBuffaloUnited States
| | - Sriram Neelamegham
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, State University of New YorkBuffaloUnited States
- Biomedical Engineering, State University of New YorkBuffaloUnited States
- Medicine, State University of New YorkBuffaloUnited States
- Clinical & Translational Research CenterBuffaloUnited States
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