1
|
Espinosa Ferao A. Deoxygenation of Oxiranes by λ 3 σ 3 -Phosphorus Reagents: A Computational, Mechanistic, and Stereochemical Study. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300474. [PMID: 37782574 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The deoxygenation of parent and substituted oxiranes by λ3 σ3 -phosphorus reagents has been explored in detail, therefore unveiling mechanistic aspects as well as regio- and stereochemical consequences. Attack to a ring C atom is almost always preferred over one-step deoxygenation by direct P-to-O attack. In most cases a carbene transfer occurs as first step, leading to a phosphorane and a carbonyl unit that thereafter react in the usual Wittig fashion via the corresponding λ5 σ5 -1,2-oxaphosphetane intermediate. Betaines rarely constitute true minima after the first C-attack to oxiranes, at least in the gas-phase. Use of the heavier derivatives AsMe3 and SbMe3 as oxirane deoxygenating reagents was also mechanistically studied. The thermodynamic tendency of λ3 σ3 -phosphorus reagents to act as oxygen (O-attack) or carbene acceptors (C-attack) was theoretically studied by means of the thermodynamic oxygen-transfer potential (TOP) and the newly defined thermodynamic carbene-transfer potential (TCP) parameters, that were explored in a wider context together with many other acceptor centres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Espinosa Ferao A, Rey Planells A. Ring Strain Energy of Diheteropnictogeniranes El 2 Pn (Pn=N, P, As, Sb)- Accurate versus Additive Approaches. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302243. [PMID: 37602558 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Accurate ring strain energy (RSE) values for sixty-six parent pnictogeniranes having two other identical p-block elements, El2 Pn, have been reported. A decrease in RSE was observed to correlate with an increase in the p character of the AO used in endocyclic bonds, which is particularly remarkable on descending the groups 15 and 16. The latter also parallels higher -NICS(1) values, which seems not to be related with an increase in aromaticity, as pointed out by other NICS-related criteria, but to atom-centred diatropic currents mostly arising from the presence of lone pairs. Only in case of pnictogenaditrieliranes Tr2 Pn (Tr=B, Al, Ga), the decrease of -NICS(1) is related to a lower Hückel-type 2π-electron aromaticity on descending group 13. The use of an additive methodology based on atom-strain contributions enables estimation of RSEs for a large majority of all possible three-membered rings containing group 13-16 elements with modest accuracy (RMSE=4.371 kcal/mol), that could be remarkably improved by using bond-strain contributions (RMSE=1.183 kcal/mol) instead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Murcia Faculty of Chemistry, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alicia Rey Planells
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Murcia Faculty of Chemistry, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Biskup D, Schnakenburg G, Boeré RT, Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel RK. Challenging an old paradigm by demonstrating transition metal-like chemistry at a neutral nonmetal center. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6456. [PMID: 37833259 PMCID: PMC10575908 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe nonmetal adducts of the phosphorus center of terminal phosphinidene complexes using classical C- and N-ligands from metal coordination chemistry. The nature of the L-P bond has been analyzed by various theoretical methods including a refined method on the variation of the Laplacian of electron density ∇2ρ along the L-P bond path. Studies on thermal stability reveal stark differences between N-ligands such as N-methyl imidazole and C-ligands such as tert-butyl isocyanide, including ligand exchange reactions and a surprising formation of white phosphorus. A milestone is the transformation of a nonmetal-bound isocyanide into phosphaguanidine or an acyclic bisaminocarbene bound to phosphorus; the latter is analogous to the chemistry of transition metal-bound isocyanides, and the former reveals the differences. This example has been studied via cutting-edge DFT calculations leading to two pathways differently favored depending on variations in steric demand. This study reveals the emergence of organometallic from coordination chemistry of a neutral nonmetal center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Biskup
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - René T Boeré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K3M4, Canada
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Rainer K Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Buzsáki D, Nyulászi L, Pietschnig R, Gudat D, Kelemen Z. Bending Ferrocenes with Low Coordinated Bridging Units: The Investigation of Carbenes and Their Analogues with a Ferrocenophane Backbone. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Buzsáki
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, and ELKH-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Nyulászi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, and ELKH-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Pietschnig
- Institut für Chemie und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Dietrich Gudat
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zsolt Kelemen
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, and ELKH-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rey Planells A, Espinosa Ferao A. Ring Strain Energies of Three-Membered Homoatomic Inorganic Rings El 3 and Diheterotetreliranes El 2Tt (Tt = C, Si, Ge): Accurate versus Additive Approaches. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:13846-13857. [PMID: 36001474 PMCID: PMC9449980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Accurate ring strain energies (RSEs) for three-membered
symmetric
inorganic rings El3 and organic dihetero-monocycles El2C and their silicon El2Si and germanium El2Ge analogues have been computed for group 14–16 “El”
heteroatoms using appropriate homodesmotic reactions and calculated
at the DLPNO-CCSD-(T)/def2-TZVPP//B3LYP-D4/def2-TZVP(ecp) level. Rings
containing triels and Sn/Pb heteroatoms are studied as exceptions
to the RSE calculation as they either do not constitute genuine rings
or cannot use the general homodesmotic reaction scheme due to uncompensated
interactions. Some remarkable concepts already related to the RSE
such as aromaticity or strain relaxation by increasing the s-character
in the lone pair (LP) of the group 15–16 elements are analyzed
extensively. An appealing alternative procedure for the rapid estimation
of RSEs using additive rules, based on contributions of ring atoms
or endocyclic bonds, is disclosed. Accurate
ring strain energies (RSEs) are calculated for
saturated three-membered homoatomic inorganic rings El3 and diheterotetreliranes El2Tt (Tt = C, Si, Ge). Aromaticity,
lone-pair-induced strain relaxation for the group 15−16 elements,
and bond stiffness are extensively discussed as main factors affecting
the RSE. An attractive alternative procedure for fast estimation of
the RSE using additive rules is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rey Planells
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rey Planells A, Espinosa Ferao A. Accurate Ring Strain Energies of Unsaturated Three-Membered Heterocycles with One Group 13-16 Element. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:6459-6468. [PMID: 35442022 PMCID: PMC9066411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
High-quality ring
strain energy (RSE) data for 1H-unsaturated (CH)2X parent rings, where X is a group 13–16
element, are reported in addition to the 2H-isomers
of the pnictogenirene rings. RSE data are obtained from appropriate
homosdesmotic reactions and calculated at the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/def2-TZVPP//B3LYP-D3/def2-TZVP(ecp)
level. 1H-Tallirene and 1H-plumbirene
have unique donor–acceptor structures between an acetylene
π(CC) orbital and an empty p orbital of a metallylene subunit
(a Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson description) and therefore
cannot be described as proper rings but as pseudocyclic structures.
Also, 1H-indirene and 1H-oxirene
lack ring critical points and constitute borderline cases of pseudorings.
1H-Unsaturated rings exhibit enhanced RSE compared
to their saturated homologues. The mechanism of ring strain relaxation
by increasing the s character in the lone pair (LP) of group 15–16
elements is remarkable and increases on descending the groups. Furthermore,
RSE is affected by the aromatic character of group 13 rings and certain
aromatic or antiaromatic character in group 14 or 15–16 rings,
respectively, which tend to vanish on descending the group as shown
by NICS(1) values. 2H-Unsaturated rings were found
only for group 15 elements (although only 2H-azirine
shows a proper cyclic structure) and displayed lower RSE (higher stability)
than the corresponding 1H-isomers. Accurate ring strain energies (RSE) are
calculated for three-membered
1H-unsaturated rings containing a 13−16 group
element and group 15 2H-isomers. The presence or
absence of lone pairs at the heteroatom and the existence of intrinsic
or residual (anti)aromaticity were shown to affect the RSE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rey Planells
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Škoch K, Daniliuc CG, Müller M, Grimme S, Kehr G, Erker G. Stereochemical Behavior of Pairs of P‐stereogenic Phosphanyl Groups at the Dimethylxanthene Backbone. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200248. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Škoch
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
- Current address: Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Husinec 250 68 Husinec-Řež (Czech Republic
| | | | - Marcel Müller
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Bonn Beringstraβe 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Bonn Beringstraβe 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schmer A, García Alcaraz A, Kyri AW, Schnakenburg G, Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. Synthesis of azadiphosphiridine complexes. Theoretical studies on ring formation, the P-to-P' metal shift and the resulting nitrogen geometry. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3275-3279. [PMID: 35133379 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04252a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A set of azadiphosphiridine complexes 3a and 4b,c were synthesized in high selectivity using N-H and P-H deprotonation as key steps and RPCl2 as substrates (R = NiPr2 (a), -tBu (b), Ph (c)). While complex 3a (P-NiPr2) retained the P-W linkage of the starting material W(CO)5{Ph3CP(H)NH}, complexes 4b (P-tBu) and 4c (P-Ph) revealed that a P-to-P' haptotropic shift of the W(CO)5 group has occurred. Remarkably, complex 3a, bearing an unligated P-NiPr2 unit, displays a planar ring N geometry while 4b,c showed a pyramidal geometry of the ring nitrogen atom. Theoretical studies on the ring formation including the P-to-P' haptotropic metal shift and the factors influencing the ring nitrogen geometry are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhards-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Antonio García Alcaraz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Andreas Wolfgang Kyri
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhards-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhards-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhards-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Geer AM, Tejel C. Organo-phosphanide and -phosphinidene complexes of Groups 8–11. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
10
|
Weller S, Klenk R, Kelemen Z, Nyulászi L, Nieger M, Gudat D. A P‐Functionalized [3]Ferrocenophane with a Dynamic SPS‐Bridge. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Weller
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70550 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Robert Klenk
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70550 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Zsolt Kelemen
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry and MTA-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group Budapest University of Technology and Economics Szent Gellért tér 4 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - László Nyulászi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry and MTA-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group Budapest University of Technology and Economics Szent Gellért tér 4 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki P.O Box 55 00014 University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Dietrich Gudat
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70550 Stuttgart Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gese A, Kermanshahian S, Schnakenburg G, Kelemen Z, Nyulaszi L, Ferao AE, Streubel RK. Toward a 1,4-Diphosphinine-Based Molecular CPS-Ternary Compound. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:13029-13040. [PMID: 34425675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of the tricyclic 1,3-dithiole-2-thione-derived 1,4-dihydro-1,4-diphosphinine is presented using a base-induced ring formation protocol and chloro(diethylamino)(1,3-dithiole-2-thion-4-yl)phosphane as the starting point. P-oxidation reactions of dihydrodiphosphinine by chalcogens led to bis(P-oxide), bis(P-sulfide), or bis(P-selenide), respectively; all tricyclic compounds were obtained as cis/trans mixtures. 1,4-Dihydro-1,4-diphosphinine was converted into 1,4-dichloro-1,4-dihydro-1,4-diphosphinine. This compound is almost insoluble in organic solvents, furnished selectively the trans-bis(amino) derivative upon a 2-fold P-substitution reaction with the weak nucleophile potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, and reacted also with alcohols ROH (R = nBu, iPr, tBu) to give cis/trans mixtures of the corresponding bis(alkoxy) derivatives. Furthermore, the dichloro derivative could be reduced to a 1,4-diphosphinine using PnBu3, but, unfortunately, the stubbornly insoluble product could be neither purified nor crystallized. Despite this, we achieved a thermal [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of this first CPS-ternary compound with diethylacetylene dicarboxylate to obtain the corresponding diphosphabarrelene, thus providing indirect evidence for the aromatic tricyclic diphosphinine. Detailed density functional theory studies on the formation of 1,4-diphosphinine provided insights into formation pathways as well as NMR, IR, and UV/vis data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gese
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Shahriar Kermanshahian
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Zsolt Kelemen
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics and MTA-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group Szt Gellert ter 4, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Nyulaszi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics and MTA-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group Szt Gellert ter 4, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rainer K Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Škoch K, Daniliuc CG, Kehr G, Ehlert S, Müller M, Grimme S, Erker G. Frustrated Lewis-Pair Neighbors at the Xanthene Framework: Epimerization at Phosphorus and Cooperative Formation of Macrocyclic Adduct Structures. Chemistry 2021; 27:12104-12114. [PMID: 34076908 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of a pair of P-stereogenic mesityl(alkynyl)phosphanyl groups at the 4- and 5-positions of a 9,9-dimethylxanthene framework gave mixtures of the respective rac- and meso-bisphosphanyl diastereoisomers. They slowly epimerized in a thermally induced reaction with Gibbs activation barriers of about 25 kcal mol-1 at room temperature (measured and DFT calculated). The reaction of the meso-mesityl(tert-butylethynyl)phosphanyl derivative with two molar equivalents of Piers' borane [HB(C6 F5 )2 ] led to the formation of the alkylidene-bridged geminal bisphosphane/borane-frustrated Lewis pair system. The compound was obtained enriched (>85 %) in the rac diastereoisomer. With a variety of bifunctional donor substrates, the rac-bis-P/B FLP formed macrocyclic compounds. They were all formally derived from meso-configurated diastereoisomers of the bisphosphanylxanthene backbone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Škoch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ehlert
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraβe 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Müller
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraβe 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraβe 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
García Alcaraz A, Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. Azaphosphiridines: challenges and perspectives. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7324-7336. [PMID: 33956019 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01174j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review describes a broad spectrum of synthetic strategies to access mono- and polycyclic azaphosphiridines; properties and theoretical calculations of free and metal-ligated are discussed. These species are characterized by a highly strained (saturated) CPN ring with three differently polarized endocyclic bonds. The latter causes a high reactivity of aza-phosphiridine complexes towards ring expansion and exchange reactions. Increasing the ring strain leads to masked FLP behaviour, i.e., small molecule activation was observed. New perspectives in homogenous catalysis are also offered, e.g., a pool of novel chiral P-heterocyclic ligands, ready to be explored, if the challenge to unligate them is solved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García Alcaraz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhards-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen X, Hu C, Zhang X, Liu S, Mei Y, Hu G, Liu LL, Li Z, Su CY. Reversible Stereoisomerization of 1,3-Diphosphetane Frameworks Revealed by a Single-Electron Redox Approach. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5771-5778. [PMID: 33780618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of pyramidal inversion has continued to impact modern organic and organometallic chemistry. Sequential alkylation reactions of an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligated dicarbondiphosphide 1 with RI (R = Me, Et, or iBu) and ZnMe2 give rise to the highly stereoselective synthesis of cis-1,3-diphosphetanes 3. cis-3 is conformationally favorable at room temperature, whereas inversion to trans-3 is observed at 110 °C. One-electron oxidation of cis-3 with Fc+(BArF) (Fc = [Fe(C5H5)2]; BArF = [B(3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)4)]-) leads to the stereoselective formation of trans-1,3-diphosphetane radical cation salts 3•+(BArF), which can be reversibly transformed to cis-3 upon one-electron reduction. Salts 3•+(BArF) represent the first examples of 1,3-diphosphetane radical cations. These results provide a potential application of planar four-membered heterocycle-based building blocks for electrically fueled molecular switches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shihua Liu
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanbo Mei
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guping Hu
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhongshu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Cheng-Yong Su
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Espinosa Ferao A, Rey Planells A, Streubel R. Between Oxirane and Phosphirane: The Spring‐loaded Oxaphosphirane Ring. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Murcia Campus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia
| | - Alicia Rey Planells
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Murcia Campus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Planells AR, Ferao AE. Accurate Ring Strain Energy Calculations on Saturated Three-Membered Heterocycles with One Group 13-16 Element. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11503-11513. [PMID: 32799495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accurate ring strain energy (RSE) data for parent (CH2)2X rings are reported, where X are group 13-16 elements (El) in their lowest oxidation state, from the second to the sixth row, with their covalence completed by bonds to H. They are obtained from appropriate homodesmotic and hyper-homodesmotic reactions at different levels up to the CCSD(T) level, thus providing a benchmark of high-quality reference RSE values, as well as acceptably accurate faster lower-level options. Derivatives of indium, thallium, and lead cannot be properly described by a three-member ring connectivity, because they display a unique donor-acceptor structure from an ethylene π(C═C) orbital to an empty p orbital of a metallylene subunit. The RSE of groups 13 and 14 heterocycles increases on descending in the group (except for Ga and Ge), while it decreases for groups 15 and 16. The latter is presumably due to a strain-releasing mechanism favored by the increase of p-character at the sp3-type atomic orbital used by El in the endocyclic El-C bonds, %p(El)El-C, originated by the tendency of the El lone pairs in groups 15-16 to increase their s-character. This strain-releasing mechanism does not exist in heavier tetrels, which keep almost unchanged the p-character in the endocyclic bonds at El, whereas for triels the p-character is still lower owing to their sp2-like hybridization. Remarkable linear correlations were found between the RSE and either the above-mentioned %p(El)El-C, the distal C-C bond distance or the relaxed force constants for the endocyclic bond angles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rey Planells
- Depto. Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Depto. Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|