1
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Tang C, Han H, Zhang R, de Moraes LS, Qi Y, Wu G, Jones CG, Rodriguez IH, Jiao Y, Liu W, Li X, Chen H, Bancroft L, Zhao X, Stern CL, Guo QH, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR, Nelson HM, Li P, Stoddart JF. A Geometrically Flexible Three-Dimensional Nanocarbon. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:20158-20167. [PMID: 38978232 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of architecturally unique molecular nanocarbons by bottom-up organic synthesis is essential for accessing functional organic materials awaiting technological developments in fields such as energy, electronics, and biomedicine. Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of a triptycene-based three-dimensional (3D) nanocarbon, GFN-1, with geometrical flexibility on account of its three peripheral π-panels being capable of interconverting between two curved conformations. An effective through-space electronic communication among the three π-panels of GFN-1 has been observed in its monocationic radical form, which exhibits an extensively delocalized spin density over the entire 3D π-system as revealed by electron paramagnetic resonance and UV-vis-NIR spectroscopies. The flexible 3D molecular architecture of GFN-1, along with its densely packed superstructures in the presence of fullerenes, is revealed by microcrystal electron diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which establish the coexistence of both propeller and tweezer conformations in the solid state. GFN-1 exhibits strong binding affinities for fullerenes, leading to host-guest complexes that display rapid photoinduced electron transfer within a picosecond. The outcomes of this research could pave the way for the utilization of shape and electronically complementary nanocarbons in the construction of functional coassemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Han Han
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lygia S de Moraes
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christopher G Jones
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Isabel Hernandez Rodriguez
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Laura Bancroft
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Qing-Hui Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hosea M Nelson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Penghao Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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2
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Iizumi K, Tanaka H, Muto K, Yamaguchi J. Palladium-Catalyzed Denitrative Synthesis of Aryl Nitriles from Nitroarenes and Organocyanides. Org Lett 2024; 26:3977-3981. [PMID: 38683691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A denitrative cyanation of nitroarenes using organocyanides and a palladium catalyst was developed. The key for this reaction was the utilization of an aminoacetonitrile as a cyano source to avoid the generation of stoichiometric metal- and halogen-containing chemical waste. A wide range of nitroarenes, including heteroarenes and pharmaceutical molecules, can be converted into aryl nitriles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Iizumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Kei Muto
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
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3
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Lei Z, Yao J, Xiao Y, Liu WH, Yu L, Duan W, Li CJ. Dual role of nitroarenes as electrophiles and arylamine surrogates in Buchwald-Hartwig-type coupling for C-N bond construction. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3552-3561. [PMID: 38455022 PMCID: PMC10915857 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06618e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most widely utilized methods for the construction of C(sp2)-N bonds is the transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl halides/boronic acids with amines, known as Ullmann condensation, Buchwald-Hartwig amination, and Chan-Lam coupling. However, aryl halides/boronic acids often require multi-step preparation while generating a large amount of corrosive and toxic waste, making the reaction less attractive. Herein, we present an unprecedented method for the C(sp2)-N formation via Buchwald-Hartwig-type reactions using synthetically upstream nitroarenes as the sole starting materials, thus eliminating the need for arylhalides and pre-formed arylamines. A diverse range of symmetrical di- and triarylamines were obtained in a single step from nitroarenes, and more importantly, various unsymmetrical di- and triarylamines were also highly selectively synthesized in a one-pot/two-step process. Furthermore, the success of the scale-up experiments, the late-stage functionalization of a drug intermediate, and the rapid preparation of hole-transporting material TCTA showcased the utility and practicality of this protocol in synthetic chemistry. Mechanistic studies indicate that this transformation may proceed via an arylamine intermediate generated in situ from the reduction of nitroarenes, which is followed by a denitrative Buchwald-Hartwig-type reaction with another nitroarene to form a C-N bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, Guangxi University East Daxue Road Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, Guangxi University East Daxue Road Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, Guangxi University East Daxue Road Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
| | - Wenbo H Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Lin Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, Guangxi University East Daxue Road Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
| | - Wengui Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, Guangxi University East Daxue Road Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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4
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Zhang F, Wang F, Zhao Y, Chen R, Wu X. Denitrative Mizoroki–Heck reaction of unactivated alkenes. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3qo00132f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
A general palladium-catalyzed denitrative Mizoroki–Heck reaction of unactivated alkenes has been developed with high E/Z selectivity.
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5
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Electrochemical borylation of nitroarenes. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Peng Y, Li Z, Hu J, Wu T. Palladium-Catalyzed Denitrative Mizoroki–Heck Reactions of Aryl or Alkyl Olefins with Nitrobenzenes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022120168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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7
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Zhou T, Gao P, Bisz E, Dziuk B, Lalancette R, Szostak R, Szostak M. Well-Defined, Air- and Moisture-Stable Palladium-Imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-ylidene Complexes: A Versatile Catalyst Platform for Cross-Coupling Reactions by L-Shaped NHC Ligands. Catal Sci Technol 2022; 12:6581-6589. [PMID: 38045636 PMCID: PMC10691866 DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01136k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe the development of [(NHC)Pd(cinnamyl)Cl] complexes of ImPy (ImPy = imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylidene) as a versatile class of precatalysts for cross-coupling reactions. These precatalysts feature fast activation to monoligated Pd(0) with 1:1 Pd to ligand ratio in a rigid imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylidene template. Steric matching of the C5-substituent and N2-wingtip in the catalytic pocket of the catalyst framework led to the discovery of ImPyMesDipp as a highly reactive imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylidene ligand for Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of nitroarenes by challenging C-NO2 activation. Kinetic studies demonstrate fast activation and high reactivity of this class of well-defined ImPy-Pd catalysts. Structural studies provide full characteristics of this new class of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylidene ligands. Computational studies establish electronic properties of sterically-restricted imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylidene ligands. Finally, a scalable synthesis of C5-substituted imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylidene ligands through Ni-catalyzed Kumada cross-coupling is disclosed. The method obviates chromatographic purification at any of the steps, resulting in a facile and modular access to ImPy ligands. We anticipate that well-defined [Pd-ImPy] complexes will find broad utility in organic synthesis and catalysis for activation of unreactive bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Elwira Bisz
- Department of Chemistry, Opole University, 48 Oleska Street, Opole 45-052, Poland
| | - Błażej Dziuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Norwida 4/6, Wroclaw 50-373, Poland
| | - Roger Lalancette
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Roman Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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8
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Chen W, Chen W, Liu M, Wu H. Construction of Heterobiaryl Skeletons through Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Nitroarenes and Heterocyclic Arylborononate Esters with a Sterically Demanding NHC Ligand. Org Lett 2022; 24:6983-6987. [PMID: 36135327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings of nitroarenes and heteroarylboronate esters has been developed. A number of heterobiaryl compounds containing pyridine, pyrimidine, quinoline, furan, thiophene, and pyrazole were prepared using [Pd(cinnamyl)Cl]2/2-aryl-5-(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)-2,3-imidazolylidene[1,5-a]pyridines as the catalysts in good to excellent yields. The synthetic practicality of this approach is demonstrated through the synthesis of druglike molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wanzhi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Miaochang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, 588 New Chaoyang Street, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Huayue Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, 588 New Chaoyang Street, Wenzhou 325027, China
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9
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Iizumi K, Nakayama KP, Kato K, Muto K, Yamaguchi J. Synthesis and Properties of Pyridine-Fused Triazolylidene-Palladium: Catalyst for Cross-Coupling Using Chloroarenes and Nitroarenes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11909-11918. [PMID: 36001867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and catalytic activity of pyridine-fused triazolylidene as a novel abnormal N-heterocyclic carbene (aNHC) ligand is described. The evaluation of physical properties using X-ray crystallographic analysis and infrared spectroscopy revealed that these triazolylidenes have a high electron-donating ability toward the metal center. The application of this triazolylidene to the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of chloroarenes and nitroarenes with arylboronic acids showcased its ability to activate C-Cl and C-NO2 bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Iizumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Keito P Nakayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Kenta Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Kei Muto
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
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10
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Sadowski B, Yuan B, Lin Z, Ackermann L. Rhodaelectro-Catalyzed peri-Selective Direct Alkenylations with Weak O-Coordination Enabled by the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117188. [PMID: 35179817 PMCID: PMC9311442 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Direct C−H functionalizations by electrocatalysis is dominated by strongly coordinating N(sp2)‐directing groups. In sharp contrast, direct electrocatalytic transformations of weakly‐coordinating phenols remain underdeveloped. Herein, electrooxidative peri C−H alkenylations of challenging 1‐naphthols were achieved by versatile rhodium(III) catalysis via user‐friendly constant current electrolysis. The rhodaelectrocatalysis employed readily‐available alkenes and a protic reaction medium and features ample scope, good functional group tolerance and high site‐ and stereoselectivity. The strategy was successfully applied to high‐value, nitrogen‐containing heterocycles, thereby providing direct access to uncommon heterocyclic motifs based on the dihydropyranoquinoline skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Sadowski
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Binbin Yuan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Sadowski B, Yuan B, Lin Z, Ackermann L. Rhodaelectro‐catalyzed peri‐selective direct alkenylations with weak O‐coordination enabled by hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Binbin Yuan
- University of Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen IOBC GERMANY
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- University of Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen IOBC GERMANY
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Tammannstr. 2 37077 Goettingen GERMANY
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12
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Feng L, Yao J, Yu L, Duan WG. Palladium-catalyzed denitrative N-arylation of nitroarenes with pyrroles, indoles, and carbazole. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00010e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an efficient palladium-catalyzed denitrative N-arylation via cross-coupling of N–H heteroarenes with nitroarenes, one of the most inexpensive and fundamental feedstocks in the chemical industry. A variety of...
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13
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Mo K, Zhou X, Wu J, Zhao Y. Radical-induced denitration of N-( p-nitrophenyl)propiolamides coupled with dearomatization: access to phosphonylated/trifluoromethylated azaspiro[4.5]-trienones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:1306-1309. [PMID: 34913445 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05724c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A robust dearomative denitration of nitroarene derivatives induced by a radical ipso-cyclization process has been developed, delivering valuable phosphonated or trifluoromethylated azaspiro[4.5]trienones with good functional group tolerance. This represents a convenient and powerful approach to activate nitroarenes in a radical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangdong Mo
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaocong Zhou
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ju Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China. .,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China. .,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Tsurusaki A, Kamikawa K. Multiple Helicenes Featuring Synthetic Approaches and Molecular Structures. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tsurusaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Ken Kamikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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15
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Sengupta S, Das P. C-H activation reactions of nitroarenes: current status and outlook. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8409-8424. [PMID: 34554174 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01455b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ring substitution reactions of nitroarenes remain an under-developed area of organic synthesis, confined to the narrow domains of SNAr and SNArH reactions. While searching for alternative methodologies, we took stock of the C-H activation reactions of nitroarenes which unearthed a variety of examples of nitro directed regioselective C-H functionalization reactions such as ortho-arylation, -benzylation/alkylation, and -allylation, oxidative Heck and C-H arylation reactions on (hetero)aromatic rings. A collective account of these reactions is presented in this review to showcase the existing landscape of C-H activation reactions of nitroarenes, to create interest in this field for further development and propagate this strategy as a superior alternative for ring substitution reactions of nitroarenes. The prospect of merging the C-H activation of nitroarenes with C-NO2 activation, thereby harnessing NO2 as a transformable multitasking directing group, is also illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumitra Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Dhanbad-826004, India.
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Dhanbad-826004, India.
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16
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Abstract
Cross-coupling reactions are powerful synthetic tools to construct diverse chemical bonds often found in, for example, advanced materials and pharmaceuticals. Since their discovery, haloarenes have habitually been used as electrophilic coupling partners both in academic and industrial contexts. However, concerning the efficiency and the often-negative environmental impact of haloarene-based cross-coupling processes, more readily available, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly electrophiles have been explored.Nitroarenes, for example, are obtained from the facile nitration of aromatic compounds and, thus, represent one of the most easy-to-access feedstock electrophiles. Furthermore, their electron-deficient arene core can be functionalized easily and site-selectively through a wide variety of reactions. Yet, despite these advantages and even though the direct transformation of the NO2 group would be an attractive option in cross-coupling chemistry, it has so far remained difficult to convert nitroarenes via a cleavage of the Ar-NO2 bond given the inherent reactivity (or the lack thereof) of the nitro group. Such denitrative conversion has been performed by a conventional sequence of reduction, diazotization, and Sandmeyer reactions, which severely lacks efficiency and generality.This Account summarizes our recent research progress on cross-coupling reactions that employ nitroarenes as electrophiles. First, we developed the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of nitroarenes using a palladium/BrettPhos catalyst. This reaction proceeds via an (at the time) unprecedented oxidative addition of the Ar-NO2 bond, which was supported by experimental results and theoretical calculations. A widely accepted catalytic cycle for Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings has since been extended to include nitroarenes as electrophiles, which significantly increases substrate generality. Second, this denitrative coupling protocol was applied to various bond-forming reactions, namely, Buchwald-Hartwig amination, etherification, and hydrogenation reactions. Such diversification has enhanced the utility of nitroarenes as cross-coupling partners. To develop each reaction, it was necessary to modify the reaction conditions as required to overcome the obstacles deriving from nitro functionality including transmetalation and side reactions, as well as oxidative addition. Third, we designed a new Pd/NHC catalyst that exhibits higher activity than Pd/BrettPhos. The improved performance of Pd/NHC system was supported by its strong electron-donicity and structural robustness, and it allows the reduction of the catalyst loading significantly, thus increasing the efficacy and practicality of this method.The field of nitroarene-based cross-coupling has just started to flourish. In addition to our original work, several research groups have already adopted Pd/BrettPhos or Pd/NHC catalysts to develop new denitrative functionalizations. The utility of nitroarenes in the context of organic synthesis should be now revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myuto Kashihara
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakao
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Matsushita
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Myuto Kashihara
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Michele Formica
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakao
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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18
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Ikai T, Yamakawa S, Suzuki N, Yashima E. One-Step Simultaneous Synthesis of Circularly Polarized Luminescent Multiple Helicenes Using a Chrysene Framework. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:769-774. [PMID: 33449407 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of multiple helicenes was simultaneously synthesized in one step by intramolecular cyclization of a single chrysene derivative containing two 2-[(4-alkoxyphenyl)ethynyl]phenyl units accompanied by rearrangements of the aryl pendants. The electrophile-induced double cyclization with or without aryl migrations proceeded efficiently under acidic conditions to afford annulative π-extension of the chrysene units and produced quadruple (QH-2), triple (TH-2), and double (DH-2) helicenes containing [4]- and/or [5]helicene frameworks with dynamic and/or static helicene chirality in one step. Three multiple helicenes' structures were determined by X-ray crystallography and/or density functional theory calculations. The multiple TH-2 and DH-2 helicenes were separated into enantiomers because of the stable one and two [5]helicene moieties, respectively, and showed intense circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence. Although QH-2, which comprises four [4]helicene subunits, was not resolved into enantiomers, the TH-2 enantiomers were further separated into a pair of diastereomers at low temperature resulting from their substituted [4]helicene chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Ikai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shoya Yamakawa
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Nozomu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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19
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Hong CM, Whittaker AM, Schultz DM. Nucleophilic Fluorination of Heteroaryl Chlorides and Aryl Triflates Enabled by Cooperative Catalysis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3999-4006. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M. Hong
- Department of Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065 United States
| | - Aaron M. Whittaker
- Department of Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065 United States
| | - Danielle M. Schultz
- Department of Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065 United States
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20
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Li Z, Peng Y, Wu T. Palladium-Catalyzed Denitrative α-Arylation of Ketones with Nitroarenes. Org Lett 2021; 23:881-885. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Li
- The College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Peng
- The College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- The College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China
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21
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Sun XQ, Wong WS, Li Y, Kuck D, Chow HF. A helically twisted ribbon-shaped nanographene constructed around a fenestrindane core. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00929j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ten C–C bonds and four cycloheptatriene rings were formed in one single operation, producing a helically twisted ribbon-shaped nanographene in 11% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wai-Shing Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yuke Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Dietmar Kuck
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hak-Fun Chow
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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22
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Asahara KK, Kashihara M, Muto K, Nakao Y, Yamaguchi J. Development of Pd-Catalyzed Denitrative Couplings. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Myuto Kashihara
- Department of Material Chemsitry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto Univeristy
| | - Kei Muto
- Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University
| | - Yoshiaki Nakao
- Department of Material Chemsitry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto Univeristy
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23
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Boit TB, Bulger AS, Dander JE, Garg NK. Activation of C-O and C-N Bonds Using Non-Precious-Metal Catalysis. ACS Catal 2020; 10:12109-12126. [PMID: 33868770 PMCID: PMC8049354 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Boit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ana S Bulger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jacob E Dander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Muto
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Okita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
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