1
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Draper F, DiLuzio S, Sayre HJ, Pham LN, Coote ML, Doeven EH, Francis PS, Connell TU. Maximizing Photon-to-Electron Conversion for Atom Efficient Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:26830-26843. [PMID: 39302225 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis is a powerful tool to access challenging and diverse syntheses. Absorption of visible light forms the excited state catalyst (*PC) but photons may be wasted if one of several unproductive pathways occur. Facile dissociation of the charge-separated encounter complex [PC•-:D•+], also known as (solvent) cage escape, is required for productive chemistry and directly governs availability of the critical PC•- intermediate. Competitive charge recombination, either inside or outside the solvent cage, may limit the overall efficiency of a photochemical reaction or internal quantum yield (defined as the moles of product formed per mole of photons absorbed by PC). Measuring the cage escape efficiency (ϕCE) typically requires time-resolved spectroscopy; however, we demonstrate how to estimate ϕCE using steady-state techniques that measure the efficiency of PC•- formation (ϕPC). Our results show that choice of electron donor critically impacts ϕPC, which directly correlates to improved synthetic and internal quantum yields. Furthermore, we demonstrate how modest structural differences between photocatalysts may afford a sizable effect on reactivity due to changes in ϕPC, and by extension ϕCE. Optimizing experimental conditions for cage escape provides photochemical reactions with improved atom economy and energy input, paving the way for sustainable design of photocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Draper
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Stephen DiLuzio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hannah J Sayre
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Le Nhan Pham
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Michelle L Coote
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Timothy U Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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2
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Min H, Kwon Y, Shin S, Choi M, Mehra MK, Jeon W, Kwon MS, Lee CW. Tailoring the Degradation of Cyanoarene-Based Photocatalysts for Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven Halogen Atom Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406880. [PMID: 38842479 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
We present the strategic design of donor-acceptor cyanoarene-based photocatalysts (PCs) aiming to augment beneficial PC degradation for halogen atom transfer (XAT)-induced dehalogenation reactions. Our investigation reveals a competitive nature between the catalytic cycle and the degradation pathway, with the degradation becoming dominant, particularly for less activated alkyl halides. The degradation behavior of PCs significantly impacts the efficiency of the XAT process, leading to exploration into manipulating the degradation behavior in a desirable direction. Recognizing the variation in the nature and rate of PC degradation, as well as its influence on the reaction across the range of PC structures, we carefully engineered the PCs to develop a pre-catalyst, named 3DP-DCDP-IPN. This pre-catalyst undergoes rapid degradation into an active form, 3DP-DCDP-Me-BN, exhibited an enhanced reducing ability in its radical anion form to induce better PC regeneration and consequently effectively catalyzes the XAT reaction, even with a challenging substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Min
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukhyun Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Miseon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Manish Kumar Mehra
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13120, Republic of Korea
- Present address, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, United States
| | - Woojin Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Whan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13120, Republic of Korea
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3
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Sephton T, Large JM, Natrajan LS, Butterworth S, Greaney MF. XAT-Catalysis for Intramolecular Biaryl Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407979. [PMID: 38818676 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Radical ipso-substitution offers an alternative to organometallic approaches for biaryl synthesis, but usually requires stoichiometric reagents such as tributyltin hydride. Here, we demonstrate that visible light photoredox catalysis can be used for ipso-biaryl synthesis, via a halogen-atom transfer (XAT) regime. Using amide substrates that promote ipso- over unwanted ortho-addition, we demonstrate smooth biaryl formation with no constraint on the electronic character of the migrating arene ring. The photoreaction can be combined in one operation to achieve a formal arylation of the inert aniline C-N bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sephton
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jonathan M Large
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Louise S Natrajan
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sam Butterworth
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Michael F Greaney
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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4
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Villa M, Fermi A, Calogero F, Wu X, Gualandi A, Cozzi PG, Troisi A, Ventura B, Ceroni P. Organic super-reducing photocatalysts generate solvated electrons via two consecutive photon induced processes. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04518a. [PMID: 39176242 PMCID: PMC11337074 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04518a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysts with extremely strong reducing potential are often thought to operate through a consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (ConPeT) mechanism, where a first photon generates the radical anion of the photocatalyst via electron transfer and a second photon excites the radical anion into a super-reducing agent. Among them, 4CzIPN, (2,4,5,6-tetrakis(9H-carbazol-9-yl) isophthalonitrile) and the analogous 4DPAIPN (2,4,5,6-tetrakis(diphenylamino)isophthalonitrile) are supposed to operate following this principle, but the knowledge of the photophysical properties of the photogenerated radical anions is still very limited. An in-depth spectroscopic and computational study of their radical anions demonstrates that the excited states of 4CzIPN˙- and 4DPAIPN˙- are not behaving as super-reducing agents: they are very short lived (ca. 20 ps), not emissive and not quenched by common organic substrates. Most importantly, longer lived solvated electrons are generated upon excitation of these radical anions in acetonitrile and we propose that it is the solvated electron the species responsible for the exceptional reducing capability of this photocatalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Villa
- Department of Chemistry Ciamician Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Fermi
- Department of Chemistry Ciamician Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | | | - Xia Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Andrea Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry Ciamician Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Barbara Ventura
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR) Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Department of Chemistry Ciamician Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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5
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Wan T, Ciszewski ŁW, Ravelli D, Capaldo L. Photoinduced Intermolecular Radical Hydroalkylation of Olefins via Ligated Boryl Radicals-Mediated Halogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 2024; 26:5839-5843. [PMID: 38950385 PMCID: PMC11250028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Light-mediated Halogen-Atom Transfer (XAT) has become a significant methodology in contemporary synthesis. Unlike α-aminoalkyl and silyl radicals, ligated boryl radicals (LBRs) have not been extensively explored as halogen atom abstractors. In this study, we introduce NHC-ligated boranes as optimal radical chain carriers for the intermolecular reductive radical hydroalkylation and hydroarylation of electron-deficient olefins by using direct UV-A light irradiation. DFT analysis allowed us to rationalize the critical role of the NHC ligand in facilitating efficient chain propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wan
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The
Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of
Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Łukasz W. Ciszewski
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen
Lab, Department of Chemistry, University
of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Capaldo
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- SynCat
Lab, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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6
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Märsch J, Reiter S, Rittner T, Rodriguez-Lugo RE, Whitfield M, Scott DJ, Kutta RJ, Nuernberger P, de Vivie-Riedle R, Wolf R. Cobalt-Mediated Photochemical C-H Arylation of Pyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405780. [PMID: 38693673 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Precious metal complexes remain ubiquitous in photoredox catalysis (PRC) despite concerted efforts to find more earth-abundant catalysts and replacements based on 3d metals in particular. Most otherwise plausible 3d metal complexes are assumed to be unsuitable due to short-lived excited states, which has led researchers to prioritize the pursuit of longer excited-state lifetimes through careful molecular design. However, we report herein that the C-H arylation of pyrroles and related substrates (which are benchmark reactions for assessing the efficacy of photoredox catalysts) can be achieved using a simple and readily accessible octahedral bis(diiminopyridine) cobalt complex, [1-Co](PF6)2. Notably, [1-Co]2+ efficiently functionalizes both chloro- and bromoarene substrates despite the short excited-state lifetime of the key photoexcited intermediate *[1-Co]2+ (8 ps). We present herein the scope of this C-H arylation protocol and provide mechanistic insights derived from detailed spectroscopic and computational studies. These indicate that, despite its transient existence, reduction of *[1-Co]2+ is facilitated via pre-assembly with the NEt3 reductant, highlighting an alternative strategy for the future development of 3d metal-catalyzed PRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Märsch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Rittner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rafael E Rodriguez-Lugo
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
- present address: Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Maximilian Whitfield
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel J Scott
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
- present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Jan Kutta
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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7
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Wang Y, Fan S, Tang X. Nucleophilic Organocatalyst for Photochemical Carbon Radical Generation via S N2 Substitution. Org Lett 2024; 26:4002-4007. [PMID: 38691539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Photochemical generation of radicals is a powerful way to construct various molecules. But most of these methods rely on initiators or the redox properties of radical precursors. Herein, we report a photochemical organic catalyst that reacts with benzyl halide to generate carbon radical via an SN2 pathway. This nucleophilic catalyst can be easily prepared and is bench-stable. The SN2 process does not rely on the redox properties of halides, showing potential synthetic utility. Control experiments and UV-vis spectroscopic analysis indicate that the SN2 substitution adduct is the key intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shiwen Fan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinjun Tang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Zhejiang Institute, China University of Geosciences, Hangzhou 311305, China
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8
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Tripathy A, Bisoyi A, P A, Venugopal S, Yatham VR. Synergistic Merger of Ketone, Halogen Atom Transfer (XAT), and Nickel-Mediated C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Cross-Electrophile Coupling Enabled by Light. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:229-234. [PMID: 38585508 PMCID: PMC10996044 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
In the present manuscript, we have developed a unique catalytic system by merging photoexcited ketone catalysis, halogen atom transfer (XAT), and nickel catalysis to forge C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-electrophile coupling products from unactivated iodoalkanes and (hetero)aryl bromides. The synergistic catalytic system works under mild reaction conditions and tolerates a variety of functional groups; moreover, this strategy allows the late-stage modification of medicinally relevant molecules. Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal the role of the α-aminoalkyl radical, which further participates in the XAT process with alkyl iodides to generate the desired alkyl radical, which eventually intercepts with the nickel catalytic cycle to liberate the products in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha
Rani Tripathy
- School
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Akash Bisoyi
- School
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Arya P
- School
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Sreelakshmi Venugopal
- School
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Veera Reddy Yatham
- School
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
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9
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Xiong B, Yuan M, Shi C, Zhu L, Cao F, Xu W, Ren Y, Liu Y, Tang KW. Recent Advances in the Application of P(III)-Nucleophiles to Create New P-C Bonds through Michaelis-Arbuzov-Type Rearrangement. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:10. [PMID: 38457062 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds have long been considered valuable in both organic synthesis and life science. P(III)-nucleophiles, such as phosphites, phosphonites, and diaryl/alkyl phosphines, are particularly noteworthy as phosphorylation reagents for their ability to form new P-C bonds, producing more stable, ecofriendly, and cost-effective organophosphorus compounds. These nucleophiles follow similar phosphorylation routes as in the functionalization of P-H bonds and P-OH bonds. Activation can occur through photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, or thermo-driven reactions, often in coordination with a Michaelis-Arbuzov-trpe rearrangement process, to produce the desired products. As such, this review offers a thorough overview of the phosphorylated transformation and potential mechanisms of P(III)-nucleophiles, specifically focusing on developments since 2010. Notably, this review may provide researchers with valuable insights into designing and synthesizing functionalized organophosphorus compounds from P(III)-nucleophiles, guiding future advancements in both research and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biquan Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Minjing Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chonghao Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Longzhi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yining Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Wen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
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10
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Xiang S, Li M, Xia Z, Fang C, Yang W, Deng W, Tan Z. Photocatalyst-free visible-light-promoted C(sp 2)-P coupling: efficient synthesis of aryl phosphonates. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1794-1799. [PMID: 38348741 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01987j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
A novel and efficient method for the synthesis of aryl phosphonates from aryl halides and trialkylphosphites via EDA complex-based photochemistry has been developed. It is demonstrated that aryl radicals, generated from the photoexcitation of the EDA complex formed by aryl halide and potassium thioacetate, could be intercepted with trialkylphosphite to produce the corresponding aryl phosphonates in moderate to good yields. It should be noted that the reaction is performed at room temperature in the absence of any transition metal catalyst, oxidant and photocatalyst, exhibiting high efficiency, high selectivity, and operational simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Chen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Ze Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
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11
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Mao X, Li MM, Wang P, Cao Q, Zhou W, Ding W. Transition-Metal-Free Anti-Markovnikov Hydroarylation of Alkenes with Aryl Chlorides through Consecutive Photoinduced Electron Transfer. Org Lett 2024; 26:1265-1270. [PMID: 38319734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The hydroarylation of alkenes has emerged as a powerful strategy for arene functionalization. However, aryl chlorides remain a large challenge in this type of reaction due to the chemical inertness of the C(sp2)-Cl bond and high negative reduction potential. Herein, we report an anti-Markovnikov radical hydroarylation of alkenes with aryl chlorides via visible-light photoredox catalysis. The key reactive aryl radicals can be efficiently achieved from aryl chlorides by consecutive photoinduced electron transfer. This transition-metal-free protocol features mild conditions, a wide substrate scope, and functional group tolerance, producing a diverse range of linear alkylarenes in moderate to good yields. The reaction is proposed to proceed through a radical-polar crossover pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Mao
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Miao-Miao Li
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhi Cao
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ding
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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12
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Li T, Sun Z, Zhang S, Ma Q, Chen Y, Yuan Y, Jia X. Single-Electron Reduction of "Push-Pull" C-C Single Bond and Decyanation Using Tertiary Amines as the Organic Electron Donor. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2516-2524. [PMID: 38319086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Using commercially available tertiary amines as an organic electron donor (OED), the reduction of "push-pull" C-C single bond and reductive decyanation of tetrahydroisoquinolines were realized. These reactions exhibited higher reaction efficiency and better functional group tolerance compared with those of metallic reductants, and the mechanistic study indicated that a radical intermediate was involved in the reduction of the C-C single bond, which provides a new way to the OED-enabled mild reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, China
- Economic Development Bureau, Jiangsu Hangji Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone, Yangzhou 225111, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiyuan Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqin Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, China
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13
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Wu X, Gao B. Hydrosulfonylation of Unactivated Alkenes and Alkynes by Halogen-Atom Transfer (XAT) Cleavage of S VI-F Bond. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38019153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
A photochemical halogen-atom transfer (XAT) method for generating sulfonyl radicals from aryl sulfonyl fluorides has been developed. It allows the hydrosulfonylation of unactivated alkenes, which was challenging to achieve through our previous single-electron transfer route. This reaction has excellent functional group tolerance and substrate scope under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Bing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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14
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Ma C, Li X, Chen X, He X, Zhang ST, Jiang YQ, Yu B. Photocatalytic Umpolung Strategy for the Synthesis of α-Amino Phosphine Oxides and Deuterated Derivatives. Org Lett 2023; 25:8016-8021. [PMID: 37903293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Direct, economical, and green synthesis of deuterated α-amino phosphine oxides remains an elusive challenge in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we report a visible-light-driven umpolung strategy for synthesizing deuterated α-amino phosphine oxides from isocyanide using 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene as the photocatalyst and D2O as the deuterium source. Moreover, the streamlined and sustainable methodology can be applied in the modification of amino acids, natural products, and drugs. The strong antiproliferative activity of the desired products indicates that the method could provide a novel privileged scaffold for antitumor drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiya Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xing He
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shu-Ting Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yu-Qin Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Green Catalysis Centre, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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15
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Zhang T, Huang H. Photocatalyzed Aminomethylation of Alkyl Halides Enabled by Sterically Hindered N-Substituents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310114. [PMID: 37721856 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) coupling of alkyl halides and tertiary amines offers a promising tool for the rapid decoration of amine skeletons. However, this approach has not been well established, partially due to the challenges in precisely distinguishing and controlling the reactivity of amine-coupling partners and their product homologues. Herein, we developed a metal-free photocatalytic system for the aminomethylation of alkyl halides through radical-involved C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bond formation, allowing for the synthesis of sterically congested tertiary amines that are of interest in organic synthesis but not easily prepared by other methods. Mechanistic studies disclosed that sterically hindered N-substituents are key to activate the amine coupling partners by tuning their redox potentials to drive the reaction forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, P. R. China
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16
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Tu YL, Zhang BB, Qiu BS, Wang ZX, Chen XY. Cross-Electrophile C-P III Coupling of Chlorophosphines with Organic Halides: Photoinduced P III and Aminoalkyl Radical Generation Enabled by Pnictogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310764. [PMID: 37668107 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Pnictogen bonding (PnB) has gained recognition as an appealing strategy for constructing novel architectures and unlocking new properties. Within the synthetic community, the development of a straightforward and much simpler protocol for cross-electrophile C-PIII coupling remains an ongoing challenge with organic halides. In this study, we present a simple strategy for photoinduced PnB-enabled cross-electrophile C-PIII couplings using readily available chlorophosphines and organic halides via merging single electron transfer (SET) and halogen atom transfer (XAT) processes. In this photomediated transformation, the PnB formed between chlorophosphines and alkyl amines facilitates the photogeneration of PIII radicals and α-aminoalkyl radicals through SET. Subsequently, the resulting α-aminoalkyl radicals activate C-X bonds via XAT, leading to the formation of carbon radicals. This methodology offers operational simplicity and compatibility with both aliphatic and aromatic chlorophosphines and organic halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Liang Tu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bing-Sheng Qiu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou, Shandong Province, 256606, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou, Shandong Province, 256606, China
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17
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Gallego-Gamo A, Reyes-Mesa D, Guinart-Guillem A, Pleixats R, Gimbert-Suriñach C, Vallribera A, Granados A. Site-selective and metal-free C-H phosphonation of arenes via photoactivation of thianthrenium salts. RSC Adv 2023; 13:23359-23364. [PMID: 37559697 PMCID: PMC10407877 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04512a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl phosphonates are prevalent moieties in medicinal chemistry and agrochemicals. Their chemical synthesis normally relies on the use of precious metals, harsh conditions or aryl halides as substrates. Herein, we describe a sustainable light-promoted and site-selective C-H phosphonation of arenes via thianthrenation and the formation of an electron donor-acceptor complex (EDA) as key steps. The method tolerates a wide range of functional groups including biomolecules. The use of sunlight also promotes this transformation and our mechanistic investigations support a radical chain mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gallego-Gamo
- Departament de Química and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - David Reyes-Mesa
- Departament de Química and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Axel Guinart-Guillem
- Departament de Química and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Roser Pleixats
- Departament de Química and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Carolina Gimbert-Suriñach
- Departament de Química and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Adelina Vallribera
- Departament de Química and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Albert Granados
- Departament de Química and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Barcelona Spain
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18
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Mondal K, Mallik S, Sardana S, Baidya M. A Visible-Light-Induced α-Aminoalkyl-Radical-Mediated Halogen-Atom Transfer Process: Modular Synthesis of Phenanthridinone Alkaloids. Org Lett 2023; 25:1689-1694. [PMID: 36867403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
A halogen-atom transfer (XAT) strategy utilizing α-aminoalkyl radicals allows the generation of aryl radicals at room temperature, which is applied for intramolecular cyclization reactions en route to biologically relevant alkaloids. Starting from simple halogen-substituted benzamides under visible light irradiation in the presence of an organophotocatalyst (4CzIPN) and nBu3N allows the modular construction of the phenanthridinone core, which gives facile access to drug analogs and alkaloids, e.g., from the Amaryllidaceae family. The reaction pathway most likely involves a quantum mechanical tunneling enabled transfer event to achieve aromatization-halogen-atom transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunamayee Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sumitava Mallik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sunaina Sardana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahiuddin Baidya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
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19
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Wei HZ, Shi M, Wei Y. Visible-light-induced reactions of methylenecyclopropanes (MCPs). Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2726-2738. [PMID: 36752186 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Diverse, visible-light-induced transformations of methylenecyclopropanes (MCPs) have been reported in recent years, attracting significant attention from synthetic chemists. As readily accessible strained molecules, MCPs have sufficient reactivity to selectively generate different target products, through reactions with various radical species upon visible-light irradiation under regulated reaction conditions. These transformations can be classified into three subcategories of reaction pathway, forming ring-opened products, cyclopropane derivatives, and alkynes. These products include pharmaceutical intermediates and polycyclic/heterocyclic compounds that are challenging to obtain using traditional methods. This review summarizes the recent advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Zhao Wei
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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20
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Roy VJ, Raha Roy S. Light-Induced Activation of C-X Bond via Carbonate-Assisted Anion-π Interactions: Applications to C-P and C-B Bond Formation. Org Lett 2023; 25:923-927. [PMID: 36752768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We have presented a carbonate anion assisted photochemical protocol for the C-X bond activation. Anion-π interactions have been leveraged to generate aryl radicals from easily accessible aryl halides that are further utilized in C-P and C-B bond formation reactions with excellent reactivity and broad functional group tolerance. Spectroscopic investigations and DFT studies were conducted for mechanistic insights. This inexpensive method alleviates the use of a photocatalyst and the need of preactivation of the substrate for the light-induced activation of C-X bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Jyoti Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sudipta Raha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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21
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Herrera-Luna JC, Pérez-Aguilar MC, Gerken L, García Mancheño O, Consuelo Jiménez M, Pérez-Ruiz R. Effective Formation of New C(sp 2 )-S Bonds via Photoactivation of Alkylamine-based Electron Donor-Acceptor Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203353. [PMID: 36314234 PMCID: PMC10107790 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel visible light promoted formation of CAryl- S bonds through electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes of alkylamines with 5- and 6-membered (hetero)arene halides is presented. This represents the first EDA-based thiolation method not relying on π-π or a thiolate-anion-π interactions and provides a facile access to heteroarene radicals, which can be suitably trapped by disulfide derivatives to form the corresponding versatile arylsulfides. Mechanistic investigations on the aspects of the whole process were conducted by spectroscopic measurements, demonstrating the hypothesized EDA complex formation. Moreover, the strength of this method has been proven by a gram-scale synthesis of thiolated products and the late-stage derivatization of an anticoagulant drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge C Herrera-Luna
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camí de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Leon Gerken
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Olga García Mancheño
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - M Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camí de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camí de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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22
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Majhi J, Granados A, Matsuo B, Ciccone V, Dhungana RK, Sharique M, Molander GA. Practical, scalable, and transition metal-free visible light-induced heteroarylation route to substituted oxindoles. Chem Sci 2023; 14:897-902. [PMID: 36755706 PMCID: PMC9890556 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05918e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthetic application of (hetero)aryl radicals in organic synthesis has been known since the last century. However, their applicability has significantly suffered from ineffective generation protocols. Herein, we present a visible-light-induced transition metal-free (hetero)aryl radical generation from readily available (hetero)aryl halides for the synthesis of 3,3'-disubstituted oxindoles. This transformation is amenable to a wide range of (hetero)aryl halides as well as several easily accessible acrylamides, and it is also scalable to multigram synthesis. Finally, the versatility of the oxindole products is demonstrated through their conversion to a variety of useful intermediates applicable to target-directed synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Albert Granados
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Bianca Matsuo
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Vittorio Ciccone
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Roshan K Dhungana
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Mohammed Sharique
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
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23
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Wan T, Capaldo L, Ravelli D, Vitullo W, de Zwart FJ, de Bruin B, Noël T. Photoinduced Halogen-Atom Transfer by N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Ligated Boryl Radicals for C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Bond Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:991-999. [PMID: 36583709 PMCID: PMC9853867 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a comprehensive study on the use of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-ligated boryl radicals to enable C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond formation under visible-light irradiation via Halogen-Atom Transfer (XAT). The methodology relies on the use of an acridinium dye to generate the boron-centered radicals from the corresponding NHC-ligated boranes via single-electron transfer (SET) and deprotonation. These boryl radicals subsequently engage with alkyl halides in an XAT step, delivering the desired nucleophilic alkyl radicals. The present XAT strategy is very mild and accommodates a broad scope of alkyl halides, including medicinally relevant compounds and biologically active molecules. The key role of NHC-ligated boryl radicals in the operative reaction mechanism has been elucidated through a combination of experimental, spectroscopic, and computational studies. This methodology stands as a significant advancement in the chemistry of NHC-ligated boryl radicals, which had long been restricted to radical reductions, enabling C-C bond formation under visible-light photoredox conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wan
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Capaldo
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen
Lab, Department of Chemistry, University
of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Walter Vitullo
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix J. de Zwart
- Homogeneous,
Supramolecular and Bio-inspired Catalysis Group (HomKat), van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous,
Supramolecular and Bio-inspired Catalysis Group (HomKat), van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands,E-mail:
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24
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Zhang J, Jiang M, Wang CS, Guo K, Li QX, Ma C, Ni SF, Chen GQ, Zong Y, Lu H, Xu LW, Shao X. Transition-metal free C-N bond formation from alkyl iodides and diazonium salts via halogen-atom transfer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7961. [PMID: 36575172 PMCID: PMC9794826 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35613-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Construction of C-N bond continues to be one part of the most significant goals in organic chemistry because of the universal applications of amines in pharmaceuticals, materials and agrochemicals. However, E2 elimination through classic SN2 substitution of alkyl halides lead to generation of alkenes as major side-products. Thus, formation of a challenging C(sp3)-N bond especially on tertiary carbon center remains highly desirable. Herein, we present a practical alternative to prepare primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl amines with high efficiency between alkyl iodides and easily accessible diazonium salts. This robust transformation only employs Cs2CO3 promoting halogen-atom transfer (XAT) process under transition-metal-free reaction conditions, thus providing a rapid method to assemble diverse C(sp3)-N bonds. Moreover, diazonium salts served as alkyl radical initiator and amination reagent in the reaction. Mechanism studies suggest this reaction undergo through halogen-atom transfer process to generate active alkyl radical which couples with diazonium cations to furnish final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Jiang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Quan-Xin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guang-dong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guang-dong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guang-dong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Gen-Qiang Chen
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yan Zong
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hua Lu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinxin Shao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.
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25
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Kundu S, Roy L, Maji MS. Development of Carbazole-Cored Organo-Photocatalyst for Visible Light-Driven Reductive Pinacol/Imino-Pinacol Coupling. Org Lett 2022; 24:9001-9006. [PMID: 36469513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Benzoperylenocarbazole (BPC), a unique carbazole-based organophotocatalyst, is reported herein as a potent organo-photoreductant. Lower excited state oxidation potential (-2.0 V vs SCE) and reasonable excited state lifetime (4.61 ns) render BPC an effective photosensitizer. Under irradiation of blue light employing low catalyst loading (0.5 mol %), a plethora of vicinal diols and diamines were synthesized in excellent yields through reductive coupling of carbonyls and imines, respectively. Insight about the electronic structure of BPC was obtained by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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26
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Burešová Z, Jandová V, Klikar M, Grygarová M, Bureš F. Construction of bi(hetero)aryls via dicyanopyrazine-mediated photochemical cross-coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9378-9384. [PMID: 36385305 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01836e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A photochemical cross-coupling protocol towards bi(hetero)aryls has been developed. The coupling reactions were mediated by dicyanopyrazine photoredox catalyst, while a photoinduced disproportionation process has been identified as an accompanying mechanism, especially for pyrrole derivatives. The developed method allows the cross-coupling of five-membered rings such as pyrrole, imidazole, thiazole and oxazole as well as various diazines (pyridine and pyrimidine) and benzene derivatives. A plausible mechanism of the reaction has also been disclosed. The practical application and relevance of the developed method were demonstrated by constructing an atorvastatin core or by the gradual functionalization of benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole. In total, twenty-one bi(hetero)aryls were prepared in yields ranging from 19 to 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Burešová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Jandová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Klikar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Monika Grygarová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Filip Bureš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
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27
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Wei Q, Lee Y, Liang W, Chen X, Mu BS, Cui XY, Wu W, Bai S, Liu Z. Photocatalytic direct borylation of carboxylic acids. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7112. [PMID: 36402764 PMCID: PMC9675845 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34833-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of high value-added boronic acids from cheap and plentiful carboxylic acids is desirable. To date, the decarboxylative borylation of carboxylic acids is generally realized through the extra step synthesized redox-active ester intermediate or in situ generated carboxylic acid covalent derivatives above 150 °C reaction temperature. Here, we report a direct decarboxylative borylation method of carboxylic acids enabled by visible-light catalysis and that does not require any extra stoichiometric additives or synthesis steps. This operationally simple process produces CO2 and proceeds under mild reaction conditions, in terms of high step economy and good functional group compatibility. A guanidine-based biomimetic active decarboxylative mechanism is proposed and rationalized by mechanistic studies. The methodology reported herein should see broad application extending beyond borylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Yuhsuan Lee
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Weiqiu Liang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Xiaolei Chen
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Bo-shuai Mu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Xi-Yang Cui
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Wangsuo Wu
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Shuming Bai
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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28
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Jia H, Ritter T. α-Thianthrenium Carbonyl Species: The Equivalent of an α-Carbonyl Carbocation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208978. [PMID: 35895980 PMCID: PMC9804271 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Here we report an α-thianthrenium carbonyl species, as the equivalent of an α-carbonyl carbocation, which is generated by the radical conjugate addition of a trifluoromethyl thianthrenium salt to Michael acceptors. The reactivity allows for the synthesis of Cα -tetrasubstituted α- and β-amino acid analogues via a Ritter reaction by addition of acetonitrile. Addition of hydroxide, methoxide, and even fluoride can afford α-heteroatom substituted α-phenylpropanoates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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29
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Constantin T, Górski B, Tilby MJ, Chelli S, Juliá F, Llaveria J, Gillen KJ, Zipse H, Lakhdar S, Leonori D. Halogen-atom and group transfer reactivity enabled by hydrogen tunneling. Science 2022; 377:1323-1328. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abq8663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The generation of carbon radicals by halogen-atom and group transfer reactions is generally achieved using tin and silicon reagents that maximize the interplay of enthalpic (thermodynamic) and polar (kinetic) effects. In this work, we demonstrate a distinct reactivity mode enabled by quantum mechanical tunneling that uses the cyclohexadiene derivative γ-terpinene as the abstractor under mild photochemical conditions. This protocol activates alkyl and aryl halides as well as several alcohol and thiol derivatives. Experimental and computational studies unveiled a noncanonical pathway whereby a cyclohexadienyl radical undergoes concerted aromatization and halogen-atom or group abstraction through the reactivity of an effective H atom. This activation mechanism is seemingly thermodynamically and kinetically unfavorable but is rendered feasible through quantum tunneling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bartosz Górski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Michael J. Tilby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Saloua Chelli
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR 5069, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Fabio Juliá
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Josep Llaveria
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Kevin J. Gillen
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department Chemie, LMU München, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR 5069, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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30
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Pan L, Deckert MM, Cooke MV, Bleeke AR, Laulhé S. Solvent Anions Enable Photoinduced Borylation and Phosphonation of Aryl Halides via EDA Complexes. Org Lett 2022; 24:6466-6471. [PMID: 36007222 PMCID: PMC9652786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of aryl boronic esters and aryl phosphonate esters promoted by visible-light in the absence of transition-metals or photoredox catalysts. The transformation proceeds at room temperature using sodium hydride, as a non-nucleophilic base, and exhibits functional group tolerance for anilines, amides, and esters. UV-vis spectroscopy, radical trapping experiments, and computational (TD-DFT) calculations suggest an electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between solvent anions and aryl halides as the species responsible for this reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5143, United States
| | - Macy M Deckert
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5143, United States
| | - Maria Victoria Cooke
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5143, United States
| | - Annika R Bleeke
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5143, United States
| | - Sébastien Laulhé
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5143, United States
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31
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Upreti GC, Singh T, Ranjan S, Gupta RK, Singh A. Visible-Light-Mediated Three-Component Cascade Sulfonylative Annulation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:29728-29733. [PMID: 36061680 PMCID: PMC9434776 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light-promoted cascade radical cyclization for the synthesis of sulfonylated benzimidazo/indolo[2,1-a]iso-quinolin-6(5H)-ones has been reported. The reaction provides transition-metal-free and expeditious access to sulfonylated polyaromatics. The use of sodium metabisulfite as a SO2 surrogate and the rapid generation of molecular complexity using a three-component photochemical protocol are the salient features of this reaction manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Chandra Upreti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Tavinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Sudhir Ranjan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Raju Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Anand Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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32
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Connell TU. The forgotten reagent of photoredox catalysis. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13176-13188. [PMID: 35997070 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01491b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visible light powers an ever-expanding suite of reactions to both make and break chemical bonds under otherwise mild conditions. As a reagent in photochemical synthesis, light is obviously critical for reactivity but rarely optimized other than in light/dark controls. This Frontier Article presents an overview of recent research that investigates the unique ways light may be manipulated, and its unusual interactions with homogeneous transition metal and organic photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy U Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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33
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Tian X, Kaur J, Yakubov S, Barham JP. α-Amino Radical Halogen Atom Transfer Agents for Metallaphotoredox-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Couplings of Distinct Organic Halides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200906. [PMID: 35587725 PMCID: PMC9541218 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
α-Amino radicals from simple tertiary amines were employed as halogen atom transfer (XAT) agents in metallaphotoredox catalysis for cross-electrophile couplings of organic bromides with organic iodides. This XAT strategy proved to be efficient for the generation of carbon radicals from a range of partners (alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl iodides). The reactivities of these radical intermediates were captured by nickel catalysis with organobromides including aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, and alkyl bromides, enabling six diverse C-C bond formations. Classic named reactions including Negishi, Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira reactions were readily achieved in a net-reductive fashion under mild conditions. More importantly, the cross coupling was viable with either organic bromide or iodide as limiting reactant based on the availability of substrates, which is beneficial to the late-stage functionalization of complex molecules. The scalability of this method in batch and flow was investigated, further demonstrating its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
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34
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Jia H, Ritter T. α‐Thianthrenium Carbonyl Species: The Equivalent of an α‐Carbonyl Carbocation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- Max-Planck-Institute für Kohlenforschung: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kohlenforschung Chemistry Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Muelheim an der Ruhr GERMANY
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kohlenforschung Department of Organic Chemistry Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Muelheim an der Ruhr GERMANY
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35
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Bellotti P, Huang HM, Faber T, Laskar R, Glorius F. Catalytic defluorinative ketyl-olefin coupling by halogen-atom transfer. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7855-7862. [PMID: 35865891 PMCID: PMC9258324 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02732a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketyl-olefin coupling reactions stand as one of the fundamental chemical transformations in synthetic chemistry and have been widely employed in the generation of complex molecular architectures and natural product synthesis. However, catalytic ketyl-olefin coupling, until the recent development of photoredox chemistry and electrosynthesis through single-electron transfer mechanisms, has remained largely undeveloped. Herein, we describe a new approach to achieve catalytic ketyl-olefin coupling reactions by a halogen-atom transfer mechanism, which provides innovative and efficient access to various gem-difluorohomoallylic alcohols under mild conditions with broad substrate scope. Preliminary mechanistic experimental and computational studies demonstrate that this radical-to-polar crossover transformation could be achieved by sequentially orchestrated Lewis acid activation, halogen-atom transfer, radical addition, single-electron reduction and β-fluoro elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Teresa Faber
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Ranjini Laskar
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
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36
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Chen KQ, Zhang BB, Wang ZX, Chen XY. N-Heterocyclic Nitreniums Can Be Employed as Photoredox Catalysts for the Single-Electron Reduction of Aryl Halides. Org Lett 2022; 24:4598-4602. [PMID: 35709368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic nitrenium (NHN) salts, the analogues of N-heterocyclic carbenes, have attracted considerable interest. However, relatively little is known about their catalytic ability beyond their Lewis acid catalysis. Herein, we describe that NHNs can serve as catalytic electron acceptors for charge transfer complex photoactivations. We showcase that, under blue light irradiation, the NHN salts could catalyze the generation of aryl radicals from aryl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Quan Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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37
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Widness JK, Enny DG, McFarlane-Connelly KS, Miedenbauer MT, Krauss TD, Weix DJ. CdS Quantum Dots as Potent Photoreductants for Organic Chemistry Enabled by Auger Processes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12229-12246. [PMID: 35772053 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Strong reducing agents (<-2.0 V vs saturated calomel electrode (SCE)) enable a wide array of useful organic chemistry, but suffer from a variety of limitations. Stoichiometric metallic reductants such as alkali metals and SmI2 are commonly employed for these reactions; however, considerations including expense, ease of use, safety, and waste generation limit the practicality of these methods. Recent approaches utilizing energy from multiple photons or electron-primed photoredox catalysis have accessed reduction potentials equivalent to Li0 and shown how this enables selective transformations of aryl chlorides via aryl radicals. However, in some cases, low stability of catalytic intermediates can limit turnover numbers. Herein, we report the ability of CdS nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) to function as strong photoreductants and present evidence that a highly reducing electron is generated from two consecutive photoexcitations of CdS QDs with intermediate reductive quenching. Mechanistic experiments suggest that Auger recombination, a photophysical phenomenon known to occur in photoexcited anionic QDs, generates transient thermally excited electrons to enable the observed reductions. Using blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and sacrificial amine reductants, aryl chlorides and phosphate esters with reduction potentials up to -3.4 V vs SCE are photoreductively cleaved to afford hydrodefunctionalized or functionalized products. In contrast to small-molecule catalysts, QDs are stable under these conditions and turnover numbers up to 47 500 have been achieved. These conditions can also effect other challenging reductions, such as tosylate protecting group removal from amines, debenzylation of benzyl-protected alcohols, and reductive ring opening of cyclopropane carboxylic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas K Widness
- Department of Chemistry, UW─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel G Enny
- Department of Chemistry, UW─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | - Mahilet T Miedenbauer
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Todd D Krauss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Daniel J Weix
- Department of Chemistry, UW─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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38
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Bawden JC, Francis PS, DiLuzio S, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Truong J, Alexander R, Henderson LC, Gómez DE, Massi M, Armstrong BI, Draper FA, Bernhard S, Connell TU. Reinterpreting the Fate of Iridium(III) Photocatalysts─Screening a Combinatorial Library to Explore Light-Driven Side-Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11189-11202. [PMID: 35704840 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysts are primarily selected based on ground and excited state properties, but their activity is also intrinsically tied to the nature of their reduced (or oxidized) intermediates. Catalyst reactivity often necessitates an inherent instability, thus these intermediates represent a mechanistic turning point that affords either product formation or side-reactions. In this work, we explore the scope of a previously demonstrated side-reaction that partially saturates one pyridine ring of the ancillary ligand in heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes. Using high-throughput synthesis and screening under photochemical conditions, we identified different chemical pathways, ultimately governed by ligand composition. The ancillary ligand was the key factor that determined photochemical stability. Following photoinitiated electron transfer from a sacrificial tertiary amine, the reduced intermediate of complexes containing 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives exhibited long-term stability. In contrast, complexes containing 2,2'-bipyridines were highly susceptible to hydrogen atom transfer and ancillary ligand modification. Detailed characterization of selected complexes before and after transformation showed differing effects on the ground and excited state reduction potentials dependent on the nature of the cyclometalating ligands and excited states. The implications of catalyst stability and reactivity in chemical synthesis was demonstrated in a model photoredox reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Bawden
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Stephen DiLuzio
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - David J Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Johnny Truong
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Richard Alexander
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Daniel E Gómez
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Blake I Armstrong
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Felicity A Draper
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Stefan Bernhard
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Timothy U Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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39
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Mao B, Zhang XY, Wei Y, Shi M. Visible-light-mediated intramolecular radical cyclization of α-brominated amide-tethered alkylidenecyclopropanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3653-3656. [PMID: 35213679 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07136j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A ring-opening/cyclization cascade reaction of α-brominated amide-tethered alkylidenecyclopropanes in the presence of photocatalyst 4CzIPN under visible-light irradiation was developed to afford polycyclic benzazepine derivatives in good yields with broad substrate scope and good functional tolerance. A plausible mechanism involving a halogen atom transfer (XAT) process and a radical chain process is proposed for this reaction. This study provides a concise and practical strategy for the synthesis of benzazepine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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40
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Shen N, Li R, Liu C, Shen X, Guan W, Shang R. Photocatalytic Cross-Couplings of Aryl Halides Enabled by o-Phosphinophenolate and o-Phosphinothiophenolate. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ni Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Runhan Li
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xuzhong Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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41
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Abstract
Abstractα-Aminoalkyl radicals are easily accessible through multiple pathways from various precursors. Apart from their utilization as nitrogen-containing building blocks, they have recently been used as halogen atom abstraction reagents or single-electron reductants to transform organic halides or sulfonium salts into their corresponding highly reactive radical species. Benefiting from the richness of various halides and the diverse reactivity of radical intermediates, new transformations of halides and sulfonium salts have been developed. This short review summarizes this emerging chemistry that uses α-aminoalkyl radicals as the reaction activators.1 Introduction2 Activation of Halides as Halogen-Atom Transfer Agents2.1 Addition to Unsaturated Bonds2.1.1 Addition to C=C Bonds2.1.2 Addition to C=O Bonds2.2 Substitution Reactions2.2.1 Deuteration2.2.2 Olefination2.2.3 Allylation2.2.4 Aromatic Substitution2.2.5 Amination3 Activation of Sulfonium Salts as Single-Electron Reductants4 Conclusion and Outlook
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42
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Niu B, Sachidanandan K, Blackburn BG, Cooke MV, Laulhé S. Photoredox Polyfluoroarylation of Alkyl Halides via Halogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 2022; 24:916-920. [PMID: 35023751 PMCID: PMC9650968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroarene moieties are of interest in medicinal chemistry, agrochemicals, and material sciences. Herein, we present the first polyfluoroarylation of unactivated alkyl halides via a halogen atom transfer process. This method converts primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl halides into the respective polyfluoroaryl compounds in good yields in the presence of amide, carbamate, ester, aromatic, and sulfonamide moieties, including derivatives of complex bioactive molecules. Mechanistic work revealed that this transformation proceeds through an alkyl radical generated after the halogen atom transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Niu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Krishnakumar Sachidanandan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Bryan G. Blackburn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Maria Victoria Cooke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Sébastien Laulhé
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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43
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Ma N, Guo L, Shen ZJ, Qi D, Yang C, Xia W. Cascade Cyclization for the Synthesis of Indolo[2,1-α]isoquinoline Derivatives via Visible-Light-Induced Halogen-Atom-Transfer (XAT) and Hydrogen-Atom-Transfer (HAT). Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1731-1737. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02480a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A transition metal-free photoredox cascade cyclization is herein reported. In this protocol, sustainable visible light was used as energy source and organic light-emitting molecule Eosin Y served as efficient photocatalyst....
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44
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Juliá F, Constantin T, Leonori D. Applications of Halogen-Atom Transfer (XAT) for the Generation of Carbon Radicals in Synthetic Photochemistry and Photocatalysis. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2292-2352. [PMID: 34882396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The halogen-atom transfer (XAT) is one of the most important and applied processes for the generation of carbon radicals in synthetic chemistry. In this review, we summarize and highlight the most important aspects associated with XAT and the impact it has had on photochemistry and photocatalysis. The organization of the material starts with the analysis of the most important mechanistic aspects and then follows a subdivision based on the nature of the reagents used in the halogen abstraction. This review aims to provide a general overview of the fundamental concepts and main agents involved in XAT processes with the objective of offering a tool to understand and facilitate the development of new synthetic radical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Juliá
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Timothée Constantin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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45
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Xu ZJ, Liu XY, Zhu MZ, Xu YL, Yu Y, Xu HR, Cheng AX, Lou HX. Photoredox-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions Involving Aryl Radical: Total Synthesis of (±)-Norascyronone A and (±)-Eudesmol. Org Lett 2021; 23:9073-9077. [PMID: 34797080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have developed two types of photoredox-catalyzed cascade reactions using diaryliodonium salts for the concise synthesis of norascyronone A and β-eudesmol. A rationally designed photoredox-catalyzed arylation/cyclization/Friedel-Crafts cascade reaction of enone was exploited to generate the norascyronone polycyclic skeleton. A visible-light-induced radical cyclization/acyloxy-migration reaction was explored to forge the decalin skeleton of eudesmol, and mechanistic studies indicated the reaction was initiated by one-electron oxidation of the enol ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jun Xu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinan 2000325, China
| | - Xu-Yuan Liu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Zhu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yu-Liang Xu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hai-Ruo Xu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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46
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Milyutin CV, Galimova RD, Komogortsev AN, Lichitskii BV, Melekhina VG, Migulin VA, Fakhrutdinov AN, Minyaev ME. Photoinduced assembly of the 3,4,4a,7a-tetrahydro-1 H-cyclopenta[ b]pyridine-2,7-dione core on the basis of allomaltol derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9975-9985. [PMID: 34751292 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01871j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel photochemical method for the construction of previously unknown substituted 4a,7a-dihydroxy-5-methyl-3,4,4a,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]pyridine-2,7-diones based on readily available allomaltol derivatives containing an amide group was established. The proposed approach includes the photoinduced contraction of an allomaltol ring and the subsequent intramolecular cyclization of an unstable α-hydroxy-1,2-diketone intermediate. For the first time we have shown the use of a side chain amide function as a trapping element for the final cyclization of photogenerated α-hydroxy-1,2-diketones. The structures of two synthesized photoproducts were determined by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine V Milyutin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr., 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Renata D Galimova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr., 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation. .,M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey N Komogortsev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr., 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Boris V Lichitskii
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr., 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Valeriya G Melekhina
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr., 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Vasily A Migulin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr., 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Artem N Fakhrutdinov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr., 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Mikhail E Minyaev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr., 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
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47
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Herrera-Luna J, Díaz DD, Jiménez MC, Pérez-Ruiz R. Highly Efficient Production of Heteroarene Phosphonates by Dichromatic Photoredox Catalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:48784-48794. [PMID: 34615352 PMCID: PMC8630706 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy to achieve efficient aerobic phosphorylation of five-membered heteraroenes with excellent yields using dichromatic photoredox catalysis in a gel-based nanoreactor is described here. The procedure involves visible aerobic irradiation (cold white LEDs) of a mixture containing the heteroarene halide, trisubstituted phospite, N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) as sacrificial agent, and catalytic amounts of 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) in the presence of an adequate gelator, which permits a faster process than at the homogeneous phase. The methodology, which operates by a consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (ConPET) mechanism, has been successfully applied to the straightforward and clean synthesis of a number of different heteroarene (furan, thiophene, selenophene, pyrrole, oxazole, or thioxazole) phosphonates, extending to the late-stage phosphonylation of the anticoagulant rivaroxaban. Strategically, employment of cold white light is critical since it provides both selective wavelengths for exciting first DCA (blue region) and subsequently its corresponding radical anion DCA•- (green region). The resultant strongly reducing excited agent DCA•-* is capable of even activate five-membered heteroarene halides (Br, Cl) with high reduction potentials (∼-2.7 V) to effect the C(sp2)-P bond formation. Spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies have supported the proposed reaction mechanism. Interestingly, the rate of product formation has been clearly enhanced in gel media because reactants can be presumably localized not only in the solvent pools but also through to the fibers of the viscoelastic gel network. This has been confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy images where a marked densification of the network has been observed, modifying its fibrillary morphology. Finally, rheological measurements have shown the resistance of the gel network to the incorporation of the reactants and the formation of the desired products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge
C. Herrera-Luna
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València (UPV), Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - David Díaz Díaz
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Bio-Orgánica
Antonio González, Universidad de
La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico
Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität
Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M. Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València (UPV), Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València (UPV), Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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48
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Chernowsky CP, Chmiel AF, Wickens ZK. Electrochemical Activation of Diverse Conventional Photoredox Catalysts Induces Potent Photoreductant Activity*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21418-21425. [PMID: 34288312 PMCID: PMC8440429 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose that electrochemical stimulation induces new photocatalytic activity from a range of structurally diverse conventional photocatalysts. These studies uncover a new electron-primed photoredox catalyst capable of promoting the reductive cleavage of strong C(sp2 )-N and C(sp2 )-O bonds. We illustrate several examples of the synthetic utility of these deeply reducing but otherwise safe and mild catalytic conditions. Finally, we employ electrochemical current measurements to perform a reaction progress kinetic analysis. This technique reveals that the improved activity of this new system is a consequence of an enhanced catalyst stability profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen P. Chernowsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Alyah F. Chmiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Zachary K. Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706
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49
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Chernowsky CP, Chmiel AF, Wickens ZK. Electrochemical Activation of Diverse Conventional Photoredox Catalysts Induces Potent Photoreductant Activity**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen P. Chernowsky
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Alyah F. Chmiel
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Zachary K. Wickens
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
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50
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Liu S, Su YL, Sun TY, Doyle MP, Wu YD, Zhang X. Precise Introduction of the -CH nX 3-n (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Moiety to Target Molecules by a Radical Strategy: A Theoretical and Experimental Study. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13195-13204. [PMID: 34374531 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Addition of halomethyl radicals to form bioactive molecules has recently become an efficient strategy. The reaction has a bottleneck, however, which is the effective and selective generation of the proper halomethyl •CHnX3-n radical by combining CHnX4-n with a carbon radical. Understanding the reactivity and selectivity of carbon radicals in the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and halogen atom transfer (XAT) reactions of CHnX4-n is key to the development of such an attractive method. With the help of the emerging data-driven strategy, DFT calculations were used to explore various correlations. For selectivity, the relative energy barriers between HAT and XAT reactions (ΔG⧧H - ΔG⧧X) correlate reasonably well with the three parameters ΔGH, ΔGX, and IP, and the correlation studies reveal that the calculated IPinver and the experimental ΔBDE can be used to conveniently predict the selectivity. Predicted selectivities are consistent with experimental determinations. This work not only provides a possibility for selecting carbon radicals with the known or easily obtained physicochemical data but also demonstrates that the informatic workflow such as generating data and identifying correlations has potential applications in mining reaction rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Yong-Liang Su
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.,Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.,Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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