1
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Lei Z, Chen H, Huang S, Wayment LJ, Xu Q, Zhang W. New Advances in Covalent Network Polymers via Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7829-7906. [PMID: 38829268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Covalent network polymers, as materials composed of atoms interconnected by covalent bonds in a continuous network, are known for their thermal and chemical stability. Over the past two decades, these materials have undergone significant transformations, gaining properties such as malleability, environmental responsiveness, recyclability, crystallinity, and customizable porosity, enabled by the development and integration of dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC). In this review, we explore the innovative realm of covalent network polymers by focusing on the recent advances achieved through the application of DCvC. We start by examining the history and fundamental principles of DCvC, detailing its inception and core concepts and noting its key role in reversible covalent bond formation. Then the reprocessability of covalent network polymers enabled by DCvC is thoroughly discussed, starting from the significant milestones that marked the evolution of these polymers and progressing to their current trends and applications. The influence of DCvC on the crystallinity of covalent network polymers is then reviewed, covering their bond diversity, synthesis techniques, and functionalities. In the concluding section, we address the current challenges faced in the field of covalent network polymers and speculates on potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hongxuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Lacey J Wayment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Qiucheng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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2
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Grosjean M, Berne D, Caillol S, Ladmiral V, Nottelet B. Dynamic PEG-PLA/Hydroxyurethane Networks Based on Imine Bonds as Reprocessable Elastomeric Biomaterials. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:3472-3483. [PMID: 37458381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of dynamic covalent chemistry opens the way to the design of materials able to be reprocessed by an internal exchange reaction under thermal stimulus. Imine exchange differs from other exchange reactions by its relatively low temperature of activation. In this study, amine-functionalized star-shaped PEG-PLA and an aldehyde-functionalized hydroxyurethane modifier were combined to produce PEG-PLA/hydroxyurethane networks incorporating imine bonds. The thermal and mechanical properties of these new materials were evaluated as a function of the initial ratio of amine/aldehyde used during synthesis. Rheological analyses highlighted the dynamic behavior of these vitrimers at moderate temperature (60-85 °C) and provided the flow activation energies. Additionally, the reprocessability of these PEG-PLA/hydroxyurethane vitrimers was assessed by comparing the material properties before reshaping and after three reprocessing cycles (1 ton, 1 h, 70 °C). Hence, these materials can easily be designed to satisfy a specific medical application without properties loss. This work opens the way to the development of a new generation of dynamic materials combining degradable PEG-PLA copolymers and hydroxyurethane modifiers, which could find applications in the shape of medical devices on-demand under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitri Berne
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34090, France
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3
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Guggenbiller G, Al Balushi A, Weems AC. Poly(β‐hydroxythioether)s as shape memory polymer foams for oil sorption in aquatic environments. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant Guggenbiller
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering Department, Russ College of Engineering Ohio University Athens Ohio USA
| | - Ali Al Balushi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Russ College of Engineering Ohio University Athens Ohio USA
| | - Andrew C Weems
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering Department, Russ College of Engineering Ohio University Athens Ohio USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Russ College of Engineering Ohio University Athens Ohio USA
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, and Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Russ College of Engineering Ohio University Athens Ohio USA
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4
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Zhang V, Kang B, Accardo JV, Kalow JA. Structure-Reactivity-Property Relationships in Covalent Adaptable Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22358-22377. [PMID: 36445040 PMCID: PMC9812368 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymer networks built out of dynamic covalent bonds offer the potential to translate the control and tunability of chemical reactions to macroscopic physical properties. Under conditions at which these reactions occur, the topology of covalent adaptable networks (CANs) can rearrange, meaning that they can flow, self-heal, be remolded, and respond to stimuli. Materials with these properties are necessary to fields ranging from sustainability to tissue engineering; thus the conditions and time scale of network rearrangement must be compatible with the intended use. The mechanical properties of CANs are based on the thermodynamics and kinetics of their constituent bonds. Therefore, strategies are needed that connect the molecular and macroscopic worlds. In this Perspective, we analyze structure-reactivity-property relationships for several classes of CANs, illustrating both general design principles and the predictive potential of linear free energy relationships (LFERs) applied to CANs. We discuss opportunities in the field to develop quantitative structure-reactivity-property relationships and open challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Boyeong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Joseph V Accardo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
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5
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Perego A, Lazarenko D, Cloitre M, Khabaz F. Microscopic Dynamics and Viscoelasticity of Vitrimers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Perego
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Daria Lazarenko
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Michel Cloitre
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fardin Khabaz
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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6
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Vashchuk A, Motrunich S, Lishchuk P, Demchenko V, Isaiev M, Iurzhenko M. Thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of epoxy vitrimer nanocomposites reinforced with graphene oxide. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Isogai T, Hayashi M. Critical Effects of Branch Numbers at the Cross-Link Point on the Relaxation Behaviors of Transesterification Vitrimers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taketo Isogai
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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8
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Chen J, Wang L, Xu X, Liu G, Liu H, Qiao Y, Chen J, Cao S, Cha Q, Wang T. Self-Healing Materials-Based Electronic Skin: Mechanism, Development and Applications. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060356. [PMID: 35735699 PMCID: PMC9222937 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin) has brought us great convenience and revolutionized our way of life. However, due to physical or chemical aging and damage, they will inevitably be degraded gradually with practical operation. The emergence of self-healing materials enables e-skins to achieve repairment of cracks and restoration of mechanical function by themselves, meeting the requirements of the era for building durable and self-healing electronic devices. This work reviews the current development of self-healing e-skins with various application scenarios, including motion sensor, human–machine interaction and soft robots. The new application fields and present challenges are discussed; meanwhile, thinkable strategies and prospects of future potential applications are conferenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (L.W.); (X.X.); (G.L.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Lei Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (L.W.); (X.X.); (G.L.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo 315103, China
| | - Xiangou Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (L.W.); (X.X.); (G.L.); (Y.Q.)
- Queen Mary University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (S.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Guming Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (L.W.); (X.X.); (G.L.); (Y.Q.)
- Queen Mary University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (S.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Haoyan Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Yuxuan Qiao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (L.W.); (X.X.); (G.L.); (Y.Q.)
- Honors College, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Jialin Chen
- Queen Mary University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (S.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Siwei Cao
- Queen Mary University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (S.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Quanbin Cha
- Queen Mary University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (S.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Tengjiao Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (L.W.); (X.X.); (G.L.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo 315103, China
- Correspondence:
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9
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Pirayesh A, Qolizade N, Talebi S, Salami-Kalajahi M. Application of butane-1,4-diyl bis(2-mercaptoacetate) as dithiol prepolymer for preparation of polythiourethane and clay-based nanocomposites. J Sulphur Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2022.2059370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Pirayesh
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazanin Qolizade
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeid Talebi
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Salami-Kalajahi
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Saed M, Gablier A, Terentjev EM. Exchangeable Liquid Crystalline Elastomers and Their Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4927-4945. [PMID: 33596647 PMCID: PMC8915166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This Review presents and discusses the current state of the art in "exchangeable liquid crystalline elastomers", that is, LCE materials utilizing dynamically cross-linked networks capable of reprocessing, reprogramming, and recycling. The focus here is on the chemistry and the specific reaction mechanisms that enable the dynamic bond exchange, of which there is a variety. We compare and contrast these different chemical mechanisms and the key properties of their resulting elastomers. In the conclusion, we discuss the most promising applications that are enabled by dynamic cross-linking and present a summary table: a library of currently available materials and their main characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohand
O. Saed
- Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Alexandra Gablier
- Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Eugene M. Terentjev
- Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
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11
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Lin X, Gablier A, Terentjev EM. Imine-Based Reactive Mesogen and Its Corresponding Exchangeable Liquid Crystal Elastomer. Macromolecules 2022; 55:821-830. [PMID: 35572090 PMCID: PMC9098173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
To date, exchangeable liquid crystalline
elastomers (xLCEs) have
been mainly fabricated by combining conventional LCEs with additional
exchangeable functional groups in their networks. While conventional
LCEs are frequently made from commercially available aromatic–ester
reacting mesogens or from mesogens based on a biphenyl core, such
reacting monomers are not optimized to fabricating xLCEs whose bond-exchange
reaction is fast and clean cut. Here, we develop a fast synthesis
route to produce a new type of reactive mesogen based on an aromatic–imine
structure that intrinsically enables a fast and stable bond-exchange
reaction in the resulting imine-based xLCE. This new xLCE displays
vitrimer plastic-flow behavior, and its bond-exchange activation energy
is calculated to be 54 kJ/mol. We also demonstrate that this xLCE
is thermally stable to withstand many recycling cycles without visible
decay, and its liquid crystallinity is preserved. Finally, we demonstrate
the reprogramming and realignment of the mesogen orientation in this
xLCE with the realigned xLCE capable of reversible thermal actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Lin
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Gablier
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene M. Terentjev
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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12
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Zhao S, Yang H, Wang D, Russell TP. A simple, efficient route to modify the properties of epoxy dynamic polymer networks. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:382-389. [PMID: 34897356 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01402a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient strategy to modify epoxy dynamic polymer networks (DPNs) is presented. The introduction of the flexible epoxidized form of naturally occurring soybean oil (ESO) into epoxy DPNs markedly improves their mechanical properties, stress relaxation rate and malleability. Specifically, at 7.5 wt% ESO loading, the elongation at break of the as-produced epoxy-ESO DPNs was increased from 10% to 108%, the stress relaxation time decreased from 6100 s to 2570 s at 120 °C, and the reprocessing temperature was reduced by 26 °C, which is advantageous for expanding the scope of applications of these materials, especially for reducing the energy consumption during reprocessing. At this composition, the epoxy-ESO DPNs also showed excellent self-healing, welding and chemical degradation properties. This work provides a novel pathway to fabricate epoxy-based DPNs with high performance in an energy-conserving manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Hongkun Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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13
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Fugolin AP, Pfeifer CS. Engineering a new generation of thermoset self-healing polymers based on intrinsic approaches. JADA FOUNDATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 1:100014. [PMID: 36721425 PMCID: PMC9885846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfscie.2022.100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The development of thermosetting polymers with autonomic reparability has become an important research topic since it has the potential to benefit several fields such as biomaterials, tissue engineering, paint and coating technologies, electronics, and soft robotics. In dentistry, the development of restorative materials capable of inhibiting the propagation of microcracks caused by masticatory forces and thermal stress may represent a crucial expansion of the limited clinical lifespan of dental restorations, which is a pressing challenge. Biological systems have inspired the underlying concepts and designs of synthetic polymeric self-healing systems, and different strategies have been used to impart autonomous repair capability in polymers. In this review, the most relevant intrinsic strategies are categorized based on the reaction mechanisms. In general, these strategies rely on the incorporation of latent functionalities capable of undergoing reversible chemical bonds within the polymeric structure (chemically or compositionally tuned). Search Strategy The searches were conducted in the databases Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar and limited to articles that were written in English and published during the last ten years. A few additional articles were included by complementing the database searches with manual review of the reference lists. Overall Conclusions Although intrinsic approaches remain underexplored in dentistry, a wide variety of elegant chemistries with tremendous translational potential employed in other fields to promote autonomic repair are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Fugolin
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Restorative Dentistry Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Carmem S. Pfeifer
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Restorative Dentistry Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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14
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Reisinger D, Dietliker KP, Sangermano M, Schlögl S. Streamlined concept towards spatially resolved photoactivation of dynamic transesterification in vitrimeric polymers by applying thermally stable photolatent bases. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01722e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Through a well targeted design, vitrimers are able to reorganise their three-dimensional covalently crosslinked network structure by associative exchange reactions when the so-called topology freezing transition temperature (Tv) is exceeded....
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15
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Reisinger D, Kaiser S, Rossegger E, Alabiso W, Rieger B, Schlögl S. Introduction of Photolatent Bases for Locally Controlling Dynamic Exchange Reactions in Thermo-Activated Vitrimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14302-14306. [PMID: 33929092 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitrimers exhibit a covalently crosslinked network structure, as is characteristic of classic thermosetting polymers. However, they are capable of rearranging their network topology by thermo-activated associative exchange reactions when the topology freezing transition temperature (Tv ) is exceeded. Despite the vast number of developed vitrimers, there is a serious lack of methods that enable a (spatially) controlled onset of these rearrangement reactions above Tv . Herein, we highlight the localized release of the efficient transesterification catalyst 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) by the UV-induced cleavage of a photolatent base within a covalently crosslinked thiol-epoxy network. Demonstrated with stress relaxation measurements conducted well above the network's Tv , only the controlled release of TBD facilitates the immediate onset of transesterification in terms of a viscoelastic flow. Moreover, the spatially resolved UV-mediated photoactivation of vitrimeric properties is confirmed by permanent shape changes induced locally in the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Simon Kaiser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
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16
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Reisinger D, Kaiser S, Rossegger E, Alabiso W, Rieger B, Schlögl S. Einsatz photolatenter Basen zur lokalen Kontrolle dynamischer Austauschreaktionen in thermisch aktivierbaren Vitrimeren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Simon Kaiser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
| | - Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
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17
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King O, Constant E, Weems AC. Shape Memory Poly(β-hydroxythioether) Foams for Oil Remediation in Aquatic Environments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:20641-20652. [PMID: 33872493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory poly(β-hydroxythioether) foams were produced using organobase catalyzed reactions between epoxide and thiol monomers, allowing for the rapid formation of porous media within approximately 5 min, confirmed using both rheology and physical foam blowing. The porous materials possess ultralow densities (0.022 g × cm-3) and gel fractions of approximately 93%. Thermomechanical characterizations of the materials revealed glass transition temperatures tunable from approximately 50 to 100 °C, elastic moduli of approximately 2 kPa, and complete strain recovery upon heating of the sample above its glass transition temperature. The foams were characterized for their ability to take up oil from an aqueous multilayered ideal environment, revealing more than 2000% mass of oil (relative to the foam mass) could be collected. Importantly, while post-fabrication functionalization was possible with isocyanate chemistry followed by addition of hexadecanethiol or 3,3-bis(hexadecylthio)propan-1-ol, the oil collection efficiency of the system was not significantly enhanced, indicating that these materials, as porous media, possess unique attributes that make them appealing for environmental remediation without the need for costly modifications or manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia King
- Biomedical Engineering, Russ College of Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Eric Constant
- Biomedical Engineering, Russ College of Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Andrew C Weems
- Biomedical Engineering, Russ College of Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Translational Biosciences; Molecular and Chemical Biology; Orthopedic and Musculoskeletal Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
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18
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Soman B, Evans CM. Effect of precise linker length, bond density, and broad temperature window on the rheological properties of ethylene vitrimers. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3569-3577. [PMID: 33231233 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01544j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic networks which undergo topology conserving exchange reactions, sometimes called vitrimers, show properties intermediate to thermosets and thermoplastics. The dynamic nature of the networks results in complex rheological properties and has attracted much attention in the past decade for self-healing, malleable and recyclable polymers. Here, we investigate a series of precise, high crosslink density telechelic ethylene vitrimers as a function of temperature and crosslink density. The networks show a rubbery plateau at high frequencies and a terminal flow regime at lower frequencies. With increasing crosslink density, the rubbery plateau modulus shows a monotonic increase and the terminal flow shifts to lower frequencies. The plateau modulus at high frequency increases as a function of temperature, as expected for a conserved network topology. When plotted against inverse temperature, the zero shear viscosities show a characteristic Arrhenius behavior, and the activation energy monotonically increases with crosslink density. Crossover frequency and shift factors (from time temperature superposition) also show Arrhenius behavior with activation energies in good agreement with those determined from zero shear viscosity. A positive deviation from this Arrhenius trend is observed beginning as high as 100 K above the glass transition temperature for C6 and C8 networks. Further investigations of such networks are critical for the development of sustainable and recyclable replacements for commercial plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Soman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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19
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Versatile functionalization of polymeric soft materials by implanting various types of dynamic cross-links. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Schoustra SK, Groeneveld T, Smulders MMJ. The effect of polarity on the molecular exchange dynamics in imine-based covalent adaptable networks. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01555e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polarity-induced effects in dynamic covalent polyimine CANs were studied, revealing a three-step stress relaxation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren K. Schoustra
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WE Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Timo Groeneveld
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WE Wageningen
- The Netherlands
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21
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Gablier A, Saed MO, Terentjev EM. Transesterification in Epoxy–Thiol Exchangeable Liquid Crystalline Elastomers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gablier
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Mohand O. Saed
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
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