1
|
Kim T, Kim Y, Wuttig A. Interfacial Science for Electrosynthesis. CURRENT OPINION IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2024; 47:101569. [PMID: 39092135 PMCID: PMC11290363 DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2024.101569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial science and electroorganic syntheses are inextricably linked because all electrochemical reactions occur at the interface between the electrode and the solution. Thus, the surface chemistry of the electrode material impacts the organic reaction selectivity. In this short review, we highlight emergent examples of electrode surface chemistries that enable selective electroorganic synthesis in three reaction classes: (1) hydrogenation, (2) oxidation, and (3) reductive C‒C bond formation between two electrophiles. We showcase the breadth of techniques, including materials and in-situ characterization, requisite to establish mechanistic schemes consistent with the observed reactivity patterns. Leveraging an electrode's unique surface chemistry will provide complementary approaches to tune the selectivity of electroorganic syntheses and unlock an electrode's catalytic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taemin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - YeJi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Anna Wuttig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brunetti A, Garbini M, Autuori G, Zanardi C, Bertuzzi G, Bandini M. Electrochemical Synthesis of Itaconic Acid Derivatives via Chemodivergent Single and Double Carboxylation of Allenes with CO 2. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401754. [PMID: 38923037 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Leveraging electrochemistry, a new synthesis of non-natural derivatives of itaconic acid is proposed by utilizing carbon dioxide (CO2) as a valuable C1 synthon. An electrochemical cross-electrophile coupling between allenoates and CO2 was targeted, allowing for the synthesis of both mono- and di-carboxylation products in a catalyst- and additive-free environment (yields up to 87 %, 30 examples). Elaboration of the model mono-carboxylation product, and detailed cyclovoltammetric, as well as mechanistic analyses complete the present investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Garbini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Autuori
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Zanardi
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, via Torino, 155, 30170, Venezia (Mestre), Italy
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li M, Cheng X. Aggregation-induced C-C bond formation on an electrode driven by the surface tension of water. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7540. [PMID: 39215021 PMCID: PMC11364745 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52042-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical organic synthesis is typically conducted in organic media. The solvent and related supporting electrolytes negatively affect the greenness of electrosynthesis. In this work, with 100% water used as the solvent, we realize aggregation-driven electrochemical radical cross coupling of unsaturated compounds driven by water tension. A key finding is that aggregation of the substrate at the electrode confined the radical intermediate and prevented side reactions, thus providing a way to regulate radical reactions in addition to their native properties. The reaction provides up to 90% yields with almost quantitative chemoselectivity. The pure water system readily yields the products via cold filtration, and the solvent is recycled repeatedly. In particular, the life span of the radical species generated in the reaction increase significantly because of the confined environment in the aggregation state. The greenness of this protocol is further enhanced with readily separation of product from media using cooling and filtration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lan L, Xu K, Zeng C. The merger of electro-reduction and hydrogen bonding activation for a radical Smiles rearrangement. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13459-13465. [PMID: 39183920 PMCID: PMC11339951 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02821j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The reductive activation of chemical bonds at less negative potentials provides a foundation for high functional group tolerance and selectivity, and it is one of the central topics in organic electrosynthesis. Along this line, we report the design of a dual-activation mode by merging electro-reduction with hydrogen bonding activation. As a proof of principle, the reduction potential of N-phenylpropiolamide was shifted positively by 218 mV. Enabled by this strategy, the radical Smiles rearrangement of N-arylpropiolamides without external radical precursors and prefunctionalization steps was accomplished. [DBU][HOAc], a readily accessible ionic liquid, was exploited for the first time both as a hydrogen bonding donor and as a supporting electrolyte.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Lan
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saha SK, Mallick S, Nath A, De Sarkar S. Electrosynthesis of Highly Functionalized Quinolines through Radical Annulation-Polar Addition Cascade. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39172934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis of diversely functionalized quinoline-2-carboxylates is illustrated through electrochemical cross-dehydrogenative coupling between N-aryl glycinates and methylenecyclopropanes. An extensive range of distinct functionalities is well-compatible under these transition-metal- and oxidant-free mild electrochemical conditions, contributing to a broad substrate scope and practical applicability. Cyclic voltammetric measurements and control experiments suggested a formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition involving radical intermediates, followed by a cyclopropyl ring opening through nucleophilic polar addition, consecutively fabricating C-C and C-N bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kumar Saha
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Samrat Mallick
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Aritra Nath
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu F, Su F, Pan S, Wu X, Wu X, Chi YR. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Enabled Functionalization of Inert C(Sp 3)-H Bonds via Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) Processes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401811. [PMID: 39092881 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Developing methods to directly transform C(sp3) -H bonds is crucial in synthetic chemistry due to their prevalence in various organic compounds. While conventional protocols have largely relied on transition metal catalysis, recent advancements in organocatalysis, particularly with radical NHC catalysis have sparked interest in the direct functionalization of "inert" C(sp3) -H bonds for cross C-C coupling with carbonyl moieties. This strategy involves selective cleavage of C(sp3) -H bonds to generate key carbon radicals, often achieved via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes. By leveraging the bond dissociation energy (BDE) and polarity effects, HAT enables the rapid functionalization of diverse C(sp3)-H substrates, such as ethers, amines, and alkanes. This mini-review summarizes the progress in carbene organocatalytic functionalization of inert C(sp3)-H bonds enabled by HAT processes, categorizing them into two sections: 1) C-H functionalization involving acyl azolium intermediates; and 2) functionalization of C-H bonds via reductive Breslow intermediates.
Collapse
Grants
- U23A20201, 22071036 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 2022YFD1700300 National Key Research and Development Program of China
- (2022)47) National Natural Science Fund for Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program (Overseas)-YQHW, the starting grant of Guizhou University
- [Qiankehejichu-ZK[2024]yiban030 Science and Technology Department of Guizhou Province
- 111 Program, D20023 Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities of China (111 Program, D20023) at Guizhou University
- [Qianjiaohe KY (2020)004] Frontiers Science Center for Asymmetric Synthesis and Medicinal Molecules, Department of Education, Guizhou Province
- MOE AcRF Tier 1 Award (RG84/22, RG70/21), MOE AcRF Tier 2 (MOE-T2EP10222-0006), and MOE AcRF Tier 3 Award (MOE2018-T3-1-003) Ministry of Education, Singapore
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengfei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Fen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shijie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiuli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xingxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jat PK, Badsara SS. Rapid Access to Triarylmethanes (TRAMs) Enabled by Direct Electrolysis of Indolizines with Carbonyls. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39147725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
A fast, scalable, transition metal-free, electrochemical sp2 geminal functionalization of carbonyls enabled by anodic oxidation of non-prefunctionalized chromone-fused indolizines to access the triarylmethanes (TRAMs) is disclosed for the first time. This momentary electrochemical approach features the use of readily available carbonyls, implantation of the C(sp3) center (well-known for dramatically improving biological active potency), a broad substrate scope, and excellent yields of TRAMs with fluorescence properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Kumari Jat
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302004, India
| | - Satpal Singh Badsara
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302004, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen Z, Zhao S, Wang T, Xue F, Zhu C, Yue Y, Feng C. Electrooxidative 1,3-Oxo/Carboamination of Arylcyclopropanes. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39140316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the work demonstrates an electrochemically paired electrolysis approach facilitating the efficient achievement of the electrooxidative 1,3-oxo/carboamination of arylcyclopropanes under mild conditions. The formation of 1,3-arylamination of arylcyclopropanes involves commercially available amine redox mediators through a radical-radical process. In addition, the successful execution of β-amino ketones also occurs under atmospheric conditions. The control experiments supported the existence of key benzylic radical intermediates in the reaction pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Chen
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhao
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Institute of Material Physics & Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chuan Zhu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yanni Yue
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering of Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang J, Yang Z, Liu C, Wan H, Hao Z, Ji X, Wang P, Yi H, Lei A. Tailoring photocatalysts to modulate oxidative potential of anilides enhances para-selective electrochemical hydroxylation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6954. [PMID: 39138164 PMCID: PMC11322519 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds have long captivated the interest of organic synthesis, particularly in their quest for selective hydroxylation of arenes using H2O as a hydroxyl source. However, the inherent high reactivity and low redox potential of phenols often lead to undesirable overoxidation byproducts. To address this challenge, herein, we develop an electrophotochemical approach, finetuning substrate oxidative potential and enabling para-selective hydroxylation of anilides. This method showcases versatility, accommodating a wide array of substrates, while revealing high regional selectivity and compatibility with diverse functional groups. Moreover, the protocol allows facile late-stage functionalization of biologically active molecules. Mechanistic investigations demonstrate the activation of anilides by the excited state photocatalyst, effectively decreasing their oxidative potential and enhancing regional selectivity during hydroxylation. By using this protocol, important drug molecules such as Paracetamol, Fenretinide, Practolol, and AM404 could be synthesized, demonstrating the applicability of this approach in drug synthesis and late-stage functionalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianye Zhang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoliang Yang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China.
| | - Chunlei Liu
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wan
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Zizhao Hao
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Xinrui Ji
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China.
| | - Aiwen Lei
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China.
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Capaldo L, Wan T, Mulder R, Djossou J, Noël T. Visible light-induced halogen-atom transfer by N-heterocyclic carbene-ligated boryl radicals for diastereoselective C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) bond formation. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc02962c. [PMID: 39184300 PMCID: PMC11340342 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02962c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoinduced halogen-atom transfer (XAT) has rapidly emerged as a programmable approach to generate carbon-centered radical intermediates, mainly relying on silyl and α-aminoalkyl radicals as halogen abstractors. More recently, ligated boryl radicals have also been proposed as effective halogen abstractors under visible-light irradiation. In this study, we describe the use of this approach to enable C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond formation via radical addition of carbon-centered radicals generated via XAT onto chloroalkynes. Our mechanistic investigation reveals a complex interplay of highly reactive radical intermediates which, under optimized conditions, delivered the targeted vinyl chlorides in excellent yields and Z : E ratios. Finally, we demonstrated the synthetic value of these products in transition metal-based cross-coupling reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, SynCat Lab, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Ting Wan
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Robin Mulder
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Djossou
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hirbawi N, Raffman ETA, Pedroarena JR, McGinnis TM, Jarvo ER. Sacrificial Anode-Free Electrochemical Cross-Electrophile Coupling of 1,3-Diol Derivatives to Form Aliphatic and Aryl Cyclopropanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:6556-6561. [PMID: 39082621 PMCID: PMC11320640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile coupling reactions that forge C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds are strategic methods for the synthesis of molecules with high F(sp3), yet very few employ electrochemical conditions as the necessary reductant. Herein, we report an electrochemical intramolecular cross-electrophile coupling reaction of 1,3-diol derivatives to access aliphatic and aryl cyclopropanes, including spirocyclic and fused bicyclic cyclopropanes. The scalable electrochemical cross-electrophile coupling (eXEC) reaction employs a nonsacrificial anode in an undivided cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James R. Pedroarena
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Tristan M. McGinnis
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Jarvo
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zheng Y, Chen C, Lu Y, Huang S. Recent advances in electrochemically enabled construction of indoles from non-indole-based substrates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8516-8525. [PMID: 39036971 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03040k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Indole motifs are important heterocycles found in natural products, pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, and materials. Although there are well-established classical name reactions for indole synthesis, these transformations often require harsh reaction conditions, have a limited substrate scope, and exhibit poor regioselectivity. As a result, organic synthesis chemists have been exploring efficient and practical methods, leading to numerous strategies for synthesizing a variety of functionalized indoles. In recent years, electrochemistry has emerged as an environmentally friendly and sustainable synthetic tool, with widespread applications in organic synthesis. This technology allows for elegant synthetic routes to be developed for the construction of indoles under external oxidant-free conditions. This feature article specifically focuses on recent advancements in indole synthesis from non-indole-based substrates, as well as the mechanisms underlying these transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Chunxi Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yanju Lu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hoque MA, Jiang T, Poole DL, Stahl SS. Manganese-Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation of Thioethers to Sulfoxides Using Water as the Source of Oxygen Atoms. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21960-21967. [PMID: 39042816 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen-atom transfer reactions are a prominent class of synthetic redox reactions that often use high-energy oxygen-atom donor reagents. Electrochemical methods can bypass these reagents by using water as the source of oxygen atoms through pathways involving direct or indirect (mediated) electrolysis. Here, manganese porphyrins and related mediators are shown to be effective molecular electrocatalysts for selective oxidation of thioethers to sulfoxides, without overoxidation to the sulfone. The reactions proceed by proton-coupled oxidation of a MnIII-OH2 species to generate a MnIV-OH and MnV═O species. This methodology is compared to direct electrolysis methods initiated by single-electron oxidation of the thioether, and chloride-mediated electrochemical oxidation of thioethers. The Mn-mediated reactions operate at lower applied potential and exhibit improved substrate scope and functional group compatibility relative to direct electrolysis, and the tunability of the Mn-based mediators allows for improved performance relative to chloride-mediated electrolysis. An electrochemical parallel screening platform is developed and applied to a library of pharmaceutically relevant thioethers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Asmaul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tianxiao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Darren L Poole
- Molecular Modalities Capabilities, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schoetz MD, Deckers K, Singh G, Ahrweiler E, Hoeppner A, Schoenebeck F. Electrochemistry-Enabled C-Heteroatom Bond Formation of Alkyl Germanes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21257-21263. [PMID: 39058901 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Because of their robustness and orthogonal reactivity features, alkyl germanes bear significant potential as functional handles for the construction of C(sp3)-rich scaffolds, especially in the context of modular synthetic approaches. However, to date, only radical-based reactivity has been accessible from these functional handles, which limits the types of possible decorations. Here, we describe the first general C(sp3)-heteroatom bond formation of alkyl germanes (-GeEt3) by leveraging electrochemistry to unlock polar reactivity. This approach allowed us to couple C(sp3)-GeEt3 with a variety of nucleophiles to construct ethers, esters, amines, amides, sulfonamides, sulfides, as well as C-P, C-F, and C-C bonds. The compatibility of the electrochemical approach with a modular synthetic strategy of a C1 motif was also showcased, involving the sequential functionalization of Cl, Bpin, and ultimately GeEt3 via electrochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Schoetz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristina Deckers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gurdeep Singh
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eric Ahrweiler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Annika Hoeppner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu J, Purushothaman R, Kallert F, Homölle SL, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Glycosylation via Halogen-Atom-Transfer for C-Glycoside Assembly. ACS Catal 2024; 14:11532-11544. [PMID: 39114086 PMCID: PMC11301629 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c02322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Glycosyl donor activation emerged as an enabling technology for anomeric functionalization, but aimed primarily at O-glycosylation. In contrast, we herein disclose mechanistically distinct electrochemical glycosyl bromide donor activations via halogen-atom transfer and anomeric C-glycosylation. The anomeric radical addition to alkenes led to C-alkyl glycoside synthesis under precious metal-free reaction conditions from readily available glycosyl bromides. The robustness of our e-XAT strategy was further mirrored by C-aryl and C-acyl glycosides assembly through nickela-electrocatalysis. Our approach provides an orthogonal strategy for glycosyl donor activation with expedient scope, hence representing a general method for direct C-glycosides assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felix Kallert
- Wöhler-Research Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße
2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Simon L. Homölle
- Wöhler-Research Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße
2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Wöhler-Research Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße
2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Díaz-Ruiz M, Nieto-Rodríguez M, Maseras F. Revealing the Mechanistic Features of an Electrosynthetic Catalytic Reaction and the Role of Redox Mediators through DFT Calculations and Microkinetic Modeling. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400402. [PMID: 38739104 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis is an emerging field that provides original selectivity while adding features of atom economy, sustainability, and selectivity. Electrosynthesis is often enhanced by redox mediators or electroauxiliaries. The mechanistic understanding of organic electrosynthesis is however often limited by the low lifetime of intermediates and its difficult detection. In this work, we report a computational analysis of the mechanism of an appealing reaction previously reported by Mei and co-workers which is catalyzed by copper and employs iodide as redox mediator. Our scheme combines DFT calculations with microkinetic modeling and covers both the reaction in solution and the electrodic steps. A detailed mechanistic scheme is obtained which reproduces well experimental data and opens perspectives for the general treatment of these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Díaz-Ruiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països, Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel⋅lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Marc Nieto-Rodríguez
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països, Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel⋅lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països, Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
von Münchow T, Liu YR, Parmar R, Peters SE, Trienes S, Ackermann L. Cobaltaelectro-Catalyzed C-H Activation for Central and Axial Double Enantio-Induction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405423. [PMID: 38758011 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, enantioselective electrocatalysis has surfaced as an increasingly-effective platform for sustainable molecular synthesis. Despite indisputable progress, strategies that allow the control of two distinct stereogenic elements with high selectivity remain elusive. In contrast, we, herein, describe electrochemical cobalt-catalyzed C-H activations that enable the installation of chiral stereogenic centers along with a chiral axis with high levels of enantio- and diastereoselectivities. The developed electrocatalysis strategy allowed for C-H/N-H activations/annulations with cyclic and non-cyclic alkenes providing expedient access to various central as well as atropo-chiral dihydroisoquinolinones paired to the valuable hydrogen evolution reaction. Studies on the atropo-stability of the obtained compounds demonstrated that the exceedingly mild conditions ensured by the electrocatalytic process were key for the achieved high stereoselectivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan von Münchow
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yi-Ru Liu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rahul Parmar
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Erik Peters
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Trienes
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Boudjelel M, Zhong J, Ballerini L, Vanswearingen I, Al-Dhufari R, Malapit CA. Electrochemical Generation of Aryl Radicals from Organoboron Reagents Enabled by Pulsed Electrosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406203. [PMID: 38753725 PMCID: PMC11323302 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Aryl radicals play a pivotal role as reactive intermediates in chemical synthesis, commonly arising from aryl halides and aryl diazo compounds. Expanding the repertoire of sources for aryl radical generation to include abundant and stable organoboron reagents would significantly advance radical chemistry and broaden their reactivity profile. While traditional approaches utilize stoichiometric oxidants or photocatalysis to generate aryl radicals from these reagents, electrochemical conditions have been largely underexplored. Through rigorous mechanistic investigations, we identified fundamental challenges hindering aryl radical generation. In addition to the high oxidation potentials of aromatic organoboron compounds, electrode passivation through radical grafting, homocoupling of aryl radicals, and decomposition issues were identified. We demonstrate that pulsed electrosynthesis enables selective and efficient aryl radical generation by mitigating the fundamental challenges. Our discoveries facilitated the development of the first electrochemical conversion of aryl potassium trifluoroborate salts into aryl C-P bonds. This sustainable and straightforward oxidative electrochemical approach exhibited a broad substrate scope, accommodating various heterocycles and aryl chlorides, typical substrates in transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Furthermore, we extended this methodology to form aryl C-Se, C-Te, and C-S bonds, showcasing its versatility and potential in bond formation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boudjelel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 N Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Jessica Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 N Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Lorenzo Ballerini
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 N Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Ian Vanswearingen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 N Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Rossul Al-Dhufari
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 N Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Christian A. Malapit
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 N Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhao Z, Zhang H, Yan H, Yu X, Gu L, Zhang S. Electrophotocatalytic Tellurosulfonylation of Alkynes for the Synthesis of β-(Telluro)vinyl Sulfones. Org Lett 2024; 26:6114-6119. [PMID: 38968081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Difunctionalization of alkynes has gained a lot of interest in current organic chemistry. Herein, we developed an electrophotocatalytic multicomponent cascade reaction of alkynes and indoles with sulfinic acid sodium salts using elemental tellurium as the tellurium source. Using synergistic anodic oxidation and visible-light irradiation, various β-(telluro)vinyl sulfones have been prepared. This strategy features mild reaction conditions, excellent substrate scope, readily available starting materials, and great functional group tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu, Shandong 273155, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Xixi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Shengyong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Han F, Xie F, Yin M, Jing L, Han P. Electroreductive carboxylation of benzylphosphonium salts with CO 2 through the cleavage of the C(sp 3)-P bond. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5724-5728. [PMID: 38957074 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00838c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a electroreductive carboxylation of benzylphosphonium salts was achieved by the cleavage of the C(sp3)-P bond, and various valuable arylacetic acids could be synthesized by this strategy. Also, based on control experiments and previous studies, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed to explain the reaction process. The establishment of this procedure will provide a new paradigm for the functionalization of alkyl phosphonium salts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fen Han
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Fenfen Xie
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Mengyun Yin
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Linhai Jing
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Pan Han
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lu X, Qi K, Dai X, Li Y, Wang D, Dou J, Qi W. Selective electrooxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 5-formyl-furan-2-formic acid on non-metallic polyaniline catalysts: structure-function relationships. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11043-11052. [PMID: 39027310 PMCID: PMC11253170 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01752h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The biomass-derived HMF oxidation reaction (HMFOR) holds great promise for sustainable production of fine chemicals. However, selective electrooxidation of HMF to high value-added intermediate product 5-formyl-furan-2-formic acid (FFCA) is still challenging. Herein, we report the electrocatalytic HMFOR to selectively produce FFCA using carbon paper (CP) supported polyaniline (PANI) as a catalyst. The PANI/CP non-metallic hybrid catalyst with moderate oxidation capacity exhibitsoptimized FFCA selectivity up to 76% in alkaline media, which has reached the best performance in reported literature studies. Identification and quantification of active sites for the HMFOR are further realized via linking the activity to structural compositions of PANI; both polaronic-type nitrogen (N3) and positively charged nitrogen (N4) species are proved responsible for adsorption and activation of HMF, and the intrinsic activity of N4 is higher than that of N3. The present work provides new physical-chemical insights into the mechanism of the HMFOR on non-metallic catalysts, paving the way for the establishment of structure-function relations and further development of novel electrochemical synthesis systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Lu
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang Liaoning China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Ke Qi
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang Liaoning China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Xueya Dai
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang Liaoning China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang Liaoning China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University No. 26 Huatuo Rd, High & New Tech Development Zone Benxi Liaoning Province China
| | - Jing Dou
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang Liaoning China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Wei Qi
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang Liaoning China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Shenyang Liaoning China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Oh S, Stache EE. Recent advances in oxidative degradation of plastics. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:7309-7327. [PMID: 38884337 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00407h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative degradation is a powerful method to degrade plastics into oligomers and small oxidized products. While thermal energy has been conventionally employed as an external stimulus, recent advances in photochemistry have enabled photocatalytic oxidative degradation of polymers under mild conditions. This tutorial review presents an overview of oxidative degradation, from its earliest examples to emerging strategies. This review briefly discusses the motivation and the development of thermal oxidative degradation of polymers with a focus on underlying mechanisms. Then, we will examine modern studies primarily relevant to catalytic thermal oxidative degradation and photocatalytic oxidative degradation. Lastly, we highlight some unique studies using unconventional approaches for oxidative polymer degradation, such as electrochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sewon Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Erin E Stache
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Huang QH, Li SX, Kang JC, Liu RX, Li ZH, Xiong F, Ding TM, Zhang SY. Regioselective Electrooxidative [3+2] Annulation between Indole and Aniline Derivatives to Construct Functionalized Indolo[2,3- b]indoles. Org Lett 2024; 26:5657-5663. [PMID: 38941517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
A protocol for the electrooxidative [3+2] annulation to generate indolo[2,3-b]indoles in an undivided cell is reported. It exhibits good yields with excellent regioselectivities and tolerates various functional groups without external chemical oxidants. Cyclic voltammetry and density functional theory calculations indicate that the [3+2] annulation is initiated by the simultaneous anodic oxidation of indole and aniline derivatives, and the step to determine the rate relies on the combination of radical cations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shuai-Xin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Chen Kang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ru-Xin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Hao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Tong-Mei Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Inner Mongolia Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Inner Mongolia 010052, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhou X, Wang J, Ma D, Shen Y, Zhao Y, Wu J. Electrochemical synthesis of phosphorylated azaspiro[4.5]di/trienones through dearomative spirocyclization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7351-7354. [PMID: 38916454 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02638a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Cp2Fe-mediated electrochemical synthesis of a diverse array of phosphorylated azaspiro[4.5]di/trienones has been developed, which demonstrated broad substrate scope and good diastereoselectivity. It represents the first example of electrochemical synthesis of phosphorylated azaspiro[4.5]di/trienones, circumventing the need for external oxidants and high temperatures. Moreover, a plausible mechanism including radical-initiated dearomative cyclization driven by ferrocenium cations has been provided, which was supported by the related mechanistic study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Zhou
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dumei Ma
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yirui Shen
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, 315211 Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ju Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen YX, Wu S, Shen X, Xu DF, Wang Q, Ji SH, Zhu H, Wu G, Sheng C, Cai YR. Two-Phase Electrosynthesis of Dihydroxycoumestans: Discovery of a New Scaffold for Topoisomerase I Poison. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401400. [PMID: 38736421 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Coumestan represents a biologically relevant structural motif distributed in a number of natural products, and the rapid construction of related derivatives as well as the characterization of targets would accelerate lead compound discovery in medicinal chemistry. In this work, a general and scalable approach to 8,9-dihydroxycoumestans via two-electrode constant current electrolysis was developed. The application of a two-phase (aqueous/organic) system plays a crucial role for success, protecting the sensitive o-benzoquinone intermediates from over-oxidation. Based on the structurally diverse products, a primary SAR study on coumestan scaffold was completed, and compound 3 r exhibited potent antiproliferative activities and a robust topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitory activity. Further mechanism studies demonstrates that compound 3 r was a novel Top1 poison, which might open an avenue for the development of Top1-targeted antitumor agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Xi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanchao Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Fang Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Hui Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ge Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Rui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wu R, Xu H, Zhou H, Yu P, Wen Z, Chen W. Electrochemically promoted thio-Michael addition of N-substituted maleimides to thiols in an aqueous medium. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5401-5405. [PMID: 38874577 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00734d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
A stable and practical electrochemical method was developed to promote the thio-Michael addition of N-substituted maleimides to various thiols in an aqueous medium. This protocol was found to be excellent in terms of facile scale-up, oxidant- and catalyst-free conditions, broad substrate scopes, good functional group tolerance, and easily available substrates. Notably, a plausible reaction mechanism was derived from the results of a series of control experiments and CV studies, which indicated that a radical pathway might speed up the thio-Michael addition under constant current.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Run Wu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Haojian Xu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Haiping Zhou
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Pingbing Yu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Zhaoyue Wen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang XY, Pan YZ, Yang J, Li WH, Gan T, Pan YM, Tang HT, Wang D. Single-Atom Iron Catalyst as an Advanced Redox Mediator for Anodic Oxidation of Organic Electrosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404295. [PMID: 38649323 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Homogeneous electrocatalysts can indirect oxidate the high overpotential substrates through single-electron transfer on the electrode surface, enabling efficient operation of organic electrosynthesis catalytic cycles. However, the problems of this chemistry still exist such as high dosage, difficult recovery, and low catalytic efficiency. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) exhibit high atom utilization and excellent catalytic activity, hold great promise in addressing the limitations of homogeneous catalysts. In view of this, we have employed Fe-SA@NC as an advanced redox mediator to try to change this situation. Fe-SA@NC was synthesized using an encapsulation-pyrolysis method, and it demonstrated remarkable performance as a redox mediator in a range of reported organic electrosynthesis reactions, and enabling the construction of various C-C/C-X bonds. Moreover, Fe-SA@NC demonstrated a great potential in exploring new synthetic method for organic electrosynthesis. We employed it to develop a new electro-oxidative ring-opening transformation of cyclopropyl amides. In this new reaction system, Fe-SA@NC showed good tolerance to drug molecules with complex structures, as well as enabling flow electrochemical syntheses and gram-scale transformations. This work highlights the great potential of SACs in organic electrosynthesis, thereby opening a new avenue in synthetic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yong-Zhou Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jiarui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wen-Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Tao Gan
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Ying-Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hai-Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu ZR, Zhu XY, Guo JF, Ma C, Zuo Z, Mei TS. Synergistic use of photocatalysis and convergent paired electrolysis for nickel-catalyzed arylation of cyclic alcohols. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:1866-1874. [PMID: 38670850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The merging of transition metal catalysis with electrochemistry has become a powerful tool for organic synthesis because catalysts can govern the reactivity and selectivity. However, coupling catalysts with alkyl radical species generated by anodic oxidation remains challenging because of electrode passivation, dimerization, and overoxidation. In this study, we developed convergent paired electrolysis for the coupling of nickel catalysts with alkyl radicals derived from photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge-transfer of cyclic alcohols and iron catalysts, providing a practical method for site-specific and remote arylation of ketones. The synergistic use of photocatalysis with convergent paired electrolysis can provide alternative avenues for metal-catalyzed radical coupling reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian-Feng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Huang Q, Liu J, Wan JP. Electrochemical Enaminone-Thioamide Annulation and Thioamide Dimeric Annulation for the Tunable Synthesis of Thiazoles and 1,2,4-Thiadiazole. Org Lett 2024; 26:5263-5268. [PMID: 38875707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
A green and sustainable electrochemical oxidative cyclization of enaminones with thioamides under metal- and oxidant-free conditions has been developed, providing an efficient approach for thiazole synthesis. Furthermore, 1,2,4-thiadiazoles can be selectively accessed via the electrochemical dimerization of thioamides in the absence of enaminones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Ping Wan
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Baidya M, De Sarkar S. Electrosynthesis of 1,2,3-Benzotriazines through an Iodide-Catalyzed Skeletal Editing of 3-Aminoindazoles. Chemistry 2024:e202401900. [PMID: 38932565 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This report describes an environmentally benign synthesis of 1,2,3-benzotriazines through an iodide-catalyzed electro-oxidative N-centered [1,2]-rearrangement of 3-aminoindazoles. The developed method demonstrates the activation of heteroatoms via electrochemically generated reactive iodide species without using any metal catalysts and peroxides. The protocol features practical and mild reaction conditions and displays a wide substrate scope. Various mechanistic experiments and cyclic voltammetric studies have been instrumental in elucidating the reaction mechanism, operating via a skeletal rearrangement of 3-aminoindazoles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Baidya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246, Mohanpur, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246, Mohanpur, India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dutta S. Catalytic Transformation of Carbohydrates into Renewable Organic Chemicals by Revering the Principles of Green Chemistry. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:26805-26825. [PMID: 38947803 PMCID: PMC11209912 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Adherence to the principles of green chemistry in a biorefinery setting ensures energy efficiency, reduces the consumption of materials, simplifies reactor design, and rationalizes the process parameters for synthesizing affordable organic chemicals of desired functional efficacy and ingrained sustainability. The green chemistry metrics facilitate assessing the relative merits and demerits of alternative synthetic pathways for the targeted product(s). This work elaborates on how green chemistry has emerged as a transformative framework and inspired innovations toward the catalytic conversion of biomass-derived carbohydrates into fuels, chemicals, and synthetic polymers. Specific discussions have been incorporated on the judicious selection of feedstock, reaction parameters, reagents (stoichiometric or catalytic), and other synthetic auxiliaries to obtain the targeted product(s) in desired selectivity and yield. The prospects of a carbohydrate-centric biorefinery have been emphasized and research avenues have been proposed to eliminate the remaining roadblocks. The analyses presented in this review will steer to developing superior synthetic strategies and processes for envisaging a sustainable bioeconomy centered on biomass-derived carbohydrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore-575025, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sun Y, Yang T, Wang Q, Shi L, Song MP, Niu JL. Atroposelective N-N Axes Synthesis via Electrochemical Cobalt Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:5063-5068. [PMID: 38864356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Here, we disclosed an unprecedented cobalt electrocatalyzed atroposelective C-H activation and annulation for the efficient construction of diversely functionalized N-N axes in an undivided cell. A broad range of allene substrates and benzamides bearing different functionalities are compatible with generating axially chiral products with good yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 92% yield and 99% ee). A series of synthetic applications and control experiments were also performed, which further expanded the practicality of this strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Sun
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Taixin Yang
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiuling Wang
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jun-Long Niu
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zou L, Sun R, Tao Y, Wang X, Zheng X, Lu Q. Photoelectrochemical Fe/Ni cocatalyzed C-C functionalization of alcohols. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5245. [PMID: 38898017 PMCID: PMC11187109 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous activation of reactants on the anode and cathode via paired electrocatalysis has not been extensively demonstrated. This report presents a paired oxidative and reductive catalysis based on earth-abundant iron/nickel cocatalyzed C-C functionalization of ubiquitous alcohols. A variety of alcohols (i.e., primary, secondary, tertiary, or unstrained cyclic alcohols) can be activated at very low oxidation potential of (~0.30 V vs. Ag/AgCl) via photoelectrocatalysis coupled with versatile electrophiles. This reactivity yields a wide range of structurally diverse molecules with broad functional group compatibility (more than 50 examples).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zou
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Tao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Zheng
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Alam T, Gupta S, Patel BK. Electrochemical NH-Sulfoximidation with α-Keto Acids. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400599. [PMID: 38884606 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical N-acylation of sulfoximine has been achieved via the coupling of α-keto acids and NH-sulfoximines. This process involves the sequential cleavage of C-C bond followed by C(sp2)-N bond formation, with the liberation of H2 and CO2 as the by-products. A library of N-aroylated sulfoximines is produced via the coupling of aroyl and sulfoximidoyl radicals by anodic oxidation under constant current electrolysis (CCE). The compatibility of the present protocol has been demonstrated by coupling of various bio-active compounds, such as NH-sulfoximine derived from (-)-borneol, L-menthol, D-glucose derivative, and some commercial drugs such as flurbiprofen, and ibuprofen. This late-stage functionalization highlights the importance of this sustainable protocol. Besides this, various control experiments and detection of H2 evolution have been performed to support the proposed mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tipu Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Shalini Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Bhisma K Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Xiao W, Wang J, Ye J, Wang H, Wu J, Ye S. Electrochemical Synthesis of Spirolactones from α-Tetralone Derivatives with Methanol as a C1 Source. Org Lett 2024; 26:5016-5020. [PMID: 38825794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Spirolactones are widely found in pharmaceuticals and bioactive natural products. However, efficient and environmentally friendly approaches to accessing spirolactones are still highly desirable. Herein, a novel electrochemical synthesis of spirolactones from α-tetralone derivatives with methanol as a C1 source is described. This electrochemical reaction exhibits a high efficiency and good functional group tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jianyan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jiamin Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Shengqing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu G, Xu S, Yue Y, Su C, Song W. Synthesis of thioesters using an electrochemical three-component reaction involving elemental sulfur. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6154-6157. [PMID: 38804515 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01910e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical three-component reaction involving elemental sulfur is disclosed for achieving a metal-free, oxidant-free synthesis of thioesters in a high atom-economical, step-economical and chemoselective manner. A mechanistic investigation indicates that the use of elemental sulfur to trap acyl radical derived from radical umpolung of α-keto acid with an electrochemical design can efficiently generate a carbonyl thiyl radical, which can further be captured by diazoalkane to afford various thioesters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gongbo Liu
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, School of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Shuoyu Xu
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, School of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Yangyang Yue
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, School of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Changhui Su
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, School of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Wangze Song
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, School of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang B, Huang X, Bi H, Liu J. Electroreductive alkylations of (hetero)arenes with carboxylic acids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4970. [PMID: 38862567 PMCID: PMC11166922 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are widely available and generally inexpensive from abundant biomass feedstocks, and they are suitable and generic coupling partners in synthetic chemistry. Reported herein is an electroreductive coupling of stable and versatile carboxylic acids with (hetero)arenes using protons as the hydrogen source. The application of an earth-abundant titanium catalyst has significantly improved the deoxygenative reduction process. Preliminary mechanistic studies provide insights into the deoxygenative reduction of in-situ generated ketone pathway, and the intermediacy generation of ketyl radical and alkylidene titanocene. Without the necessity of pressurized hydrogen or stoichiometric hydride as reductants, this protocol enables highly selective and straightforward synthesis of various functionalized and structurally diverse alkylbenzenes under mild conditions. The utility of this reaction is further demonstrated through practical and valuable isotope incorporation from readily available deuterium source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Xianshuai Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Huihua Bi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China.
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, 511300, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li Y, Xu J, Oliveira JC, Scheremetjew A, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Enantioselective C-H Annulation by Achiral Rhodium(III)/Chiral Brønsted Base Domino Catalysis. ACS Catal 2024; 14:8160-8167. [PMID: 38868099 PMCID: PMC11165455 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c01886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Rhodium(III)-catalyzed enantioselective C-H activation has emerged as a powerful tool for assembling enabling chiral molecules. However, this approach is significantly hampered by the cumbersome synthetic routes for preparing chiral rhodium catalysts. In sharp contrast, we herein report on an electrochemical domino catalysis system that exploits an achiral Cp*-rhodium catalyst along with an easily accessible chiral Brønsted base for an enantioselective C-H activation/annulation reaction of alkenes by benzoic acids. Our strategy offers an environmentally benign and most user-friendly approach for assembling synthetically useful chiral phthalides in good enantioselectivity, employing electricity as the sustainable oxidant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C.
A. Oliveira
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexej Scheremetjew
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gao X, He H, Miao K, Zhang L, Ni SF, Li M, Guo W. Electrochemical Allylic C(sp 3)-H Isothiocyanation via [3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement. Org Lett 2024; 26:4554-4559. [PMID: 38767297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The direct allylic C(sp3)-H functionalization provides a straightforward protocol for the synthesis of valuable molecules. We report herein the first chemo- and site-selective method for allylic C(sp3)-H isothiocyanation of various internal alkenes under mild electrochemical conditions. This method exhibits broad functional group tolerance and excellent selectivity and can be applied for late-stage isothiocyanation of bioactive molecules. Combined experimental and computational studies indicate that the reaction proceeds via an unexpected [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhuang Gao
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Hui He
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Kaili Miao
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Linbao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Weisi Guo
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xie F, Han F, Su Q, Peng Y, Jing L, Han P. Electroreductive Arylcarboxylation of Styrenes with CO 2 and Aryl Halides via a Radical-Polar Crossover Mechanism. Org Lett 2024; 26:4427-4432. [PMID: 38757832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
2,3-Diaryl propanoic acids are important structures as a result of their widespread presence in numerous bioactive compounds. However, the limitations of existing synthetic techniques include the requirement for costly catalysts and limited substrates. Here, we developed a novel electroreductive arylcarboxylation of alkenes with CO2 based on a radical-polar crossover pathway assisted by easily accessible dimethyl terephthalate as a reductive mediator. This method will provide an efficient strategy for the synthesis of 2,3-diarylpropanoic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Xie
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637002, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Han
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Su
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Peng
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637002, People's Republic of China
| | - Linhai Jing
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637002, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Han
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637002, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Suryawanshi SM, Sahoo S, Shaligram PS, Manna N, Samanta RC. Electrochemically enabled (3+2) cycloaddition of unbiased alkenes and β-dicarbonyls. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5836-5839. [PMID: 38747259 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
A (3+2) cycloaddition between unbiased alkenes and 1,3-dicarbonyls is accomplished by judicious choice of electrode material and electrocatalyst to access dihydrofuran derivatives. A fluorinated porous carbon electrode with appropriate thickness governs unprecedented reactivity. This methodology eliminates the necessity for any stabilizing group within the alkene substrate. This is a rare example of the annulation of unbiased internal and terminal alkenes with cyclic and acyclic β-dicarbonyls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharad M Suryawanshi
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Suman Sahoo
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
| | - Parth S Shaligram
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Narugopal Manna
- Log 9 Materials HQ and R&D Centre Survey 9, Jakkuru Layout, Bengaluru 560092, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramesh C Samanta
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li HR, Ran YA, Zhu YY, Guo W, Ni SF, Wen LR, Li M, Zhang LB. Electrochemical stereoselective synthesis of polysubstituted 1,4-dicarbonyl Z-alkenes via three-component coupling of sulfoxonium ylides and alkynes with water. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8156-8162. [PMID: 38817557 PMCID: PMC11134330 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01141d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The first straightforward strategy for the synthesis of 1,4-dicarbonyl Z-alkenes has been developed via an electrochemical cross-coupling reaction of sulfoxonium ylides and alkynes with water. The metal-free protocol showed an easy-to-handle nature, good functional group tolerance, and high Z-stereoselectivity, which is rare in previous cases. The proposed reaction mechanism was convincingly established by carrying out a series of control experiments, cyclic voltammetry experiments, and density functional theory (DFT) studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Yi-An Ran
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Yu-Yi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Weisi Guo
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Li-Rong Wen
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Lin-Bao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tao L, Wang H, Liu XF, Ren WM, Lu XB, Zhang WZ. Electrochemical ring-opening carboxylation of cyclic carbonate with carbon dioxide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5735-5738. [PMID: 38742637 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01695e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Electroreductive ring-opening carboxylation of styrene carbonates with CO2 to achieve dicarboxylic acids and/or β-hydroxy acids has been developed via the selective cleavage of the C(sp3)-O bond in cyclic carbonates. The product selectivity is probably determined by the stability and reactivity of the key benzylic radical and carbanion intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Xiao-Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Wen-Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Li L, Wang X, Fu N. Electrochemical Nickel-Catalyzed Hydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403475. [PMID: 38504466 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Olefin hydrogenation is one of the most important transformations in organic synthesis. Electrochemical transition metal-catalyzed hydrogenation is an attractive approach to replace the dangerous hydrogen gas with electrons and protons. However, this reaction poses major challenges due to rapid hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of metal-hydride species that outcompetes alkene hydrogenation step, and facile deposition of the metal catalyst at the electrode that stalls reaction. Here we report an economical and efficient strategy to achieve high selectivity for hydrogenation reactivity over the well-established HER. Using an inexpensive and bench-stable nickel salt as the catalyst, this mild reaction features outstanding substrate generality and functional group compatibility, and distinct chemoselectivity. In addition, hydrodebromination of alkyl and aryl bromides could be realized using the same reaction system with a different ligand, and high chemoselectivity between hydrogenation and hydrodebromination could be achieved through ligand selection. The practicability of our method has been demonstrated by the success of large-scale synthesis using catalytic amount of electrolyte and a minimal amount of solvent. Cyclic voltammetry and kinetic studies were performed, which support a NiII/0 catalytic cycle and the pre-coordination of the substrate to the nickel center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liubo Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Niankai Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Luo J, Davenport MT, Ess DH, Liu TL. Electro/Ni Dual-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Cross-Coupling Reactions of Carboxylates and Aryl Bromide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403844. [PMID: 38518115 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Paired redox-neutral electrolysis offers an attractive green platform for organic synthesis by avoiding sacrificial oxidants and reductants. Carboxylates are non-toxic, stable, inexpensive, and widely available, making them ideal nucleophiles for C-C cross-coupling reactions. Here, we report the electro/Ni dual-catalyzed redox-neutral decarboxylative C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling reactions of pristine carboxylates with aryl bromides. At a cathode, a NiII(Ar)(Br) intermediate is formed through the activation of Ar-Br bond by a NiI-bipyridine catalyst and subsequent reduction. At an anode, the carboxylates, including amino acid, benzyl carboxylic acid, and 2-phenoxy propionic acid, undergo oxidative decarboxylation to form carbon-based free radicals. The combination of NiII(Ar)(Br) intermediate and carbon radical results in the formation of C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling products. The adaptation of this electrosynthesis method to flow synthesis and valuable molecule synthesis was demonstrated. The reaction mechanism was systematically studied through electrochemical voltammetry and density functional theory (DFT) computational studies. The relationships between the electrochemical properties of carboxylates and the reaction selectivity were revealed. The electro/Ni dual-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions described herein expand the chemical space of paired electrochemical C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling and represent a promising method for the construction of the C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds because of the ubiquitous carboxylate nucleophiles and the innate scalability and flexibility of electrochemical flow-synthesis technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, United States
| | - Michael T Davenport
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84604, United States
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84604, United States
| | - T Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yan Y, Hao J, Peng Y, Yin M, Jing L, Han P. Electrochemical benzylic deuteration of p-QMs enabling the synthesis of benzylic deuterated diarylmethanes. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4047-4051. [PMID: 38712523 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00537f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Herein, electroreductive umpolung benzylic deuteration of p-QMs using cheap and easily accessible D2O as a deuterium source is reported. Various value-added benzylic deuterated diarylmethanes can be synthesized without the requirement of noble metal catalysts, redox reagents, and strong bases. The establishment of this protocol will provide an alternative strategy for acquiring benzylic deuterated diarylmethanes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Yan
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Jianjun Hao
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Yulin Peng
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Mengyun Yin
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Linhai Jing
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Pan Han
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wan Q, Wu XD, Hou ZW, Ma Y, Wang L. Organophotoelectrocatalytic C(sp 2)-H alkylation of heteroarenes with unactivated C(sp 3)-H compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5502-5505. [PMID: 38699797 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01335b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
An organophotoelectrocatalytic method for the C(sp2)-H alkylation of heteroarenes with unactivated C(sp3)-H compounds through dehydrogenation cross-coupling has been developed. The C(sp2)-H alkylation combines organic catalysis, photochemistry and electrochemistry, avoiding the need for external metal-reagents, HAT-reagents, and oxidants. This protocol exhibits good substrate tolerance and functional group compatibility, providing a straightforward and powerful pathway to access a variety of alkylated heteroarenes under green conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinhui Wan
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Xia-Die Wu
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Yongmin Ma
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
He H, Pan CM, Hou ZW, Sun M, Wang L. Organocatalyzed Photoelectrochemistry for the Generation of Acyl and Phosphoryl Radicals through Hydrogen Atom-Transfer Process. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38761155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
An organocatalyzed photoelectrochemical method for the generation of acyl and phosphoryl radicals from formamides, aldehydes, and phosphine oxides has been developed. This protocol utilizes 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) as both a molecular catalyst and a hydrogen atom-transfer (HAT) reagent, eliminating the requirement for external metal-based reagents, HAT reagents, and oxidants. The generated acyl radicals can be applied to a range of radical-mediated transformation reactions, including C-H carbamoylation of heteroarenes, intermolecular tandem radical cyclization of CF3-substituted N-arylacrylamides, as well as intramolecular cyclization reactions. The use of acyl radicals in these transformations offers an efficient and sustainable approach to accessing structurally diverse carbonyl compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong He
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Mi Pan
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Manman Sun
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Song B, Gao P, Hu B, Zhang C. Electrochemical Oxidative Sulfonylation-Azidation of Alkenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6951-6959. [PMID: 38662799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical oxidative sulfonylation-azidation of alkenes is accomplished by using sulfonyl hydrazide and trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN3) for the one-pot and green synthesis of β-azidoarylsulfone, which involves the direct construction of new C-S and C-N bonds. Notably, neither exogenous oxidants/additives nor metal catalysts are required for this method. In addition, this electrochemical strategy features mild conditions and wide substrate scope and has been proved to be a radical pathway by mechanistic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Pengxiang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Bingcheng Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhang H, Ye Z, Tang J, Wu Y, Zhang X, Ma W, Zhan Z, Zhang F. Electrochemical Reductive Cross-Coupling of Alkyl or Alkenyl Halides with gem-Difluoroalkenes. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38743653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe an electroreductive cross-electrophile coupling protocol for the construction of valuable monofluoroalkenes from easily accessible alkyl or alkenyl halides with gem-difluoroalkenes. The reaction can be conducted under sustainable and mild conditions delivering valuable and functionalized monofluoroalkenes with excellent Z-selectivity. The protocol's most notable advantage is the in situ release of nickel catalyst from the inexpensive electrodes without the addition of extra hazardous metal catalyst and superstoichiometric reductant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zenghui Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiyuan Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yanqi Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weiyuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhajun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|