Activation of the PPARγ/NF-κB pathway by A-MPDA@Fe3O4@PVP via scavenging reactive oxygen species to alleviate hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common pathological process during hepatectomy and liver transplantation and the two primary reasons for hepatic IRI are reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress and excessive inflammatory responses. Herein, a novel antioxidant nanodrug (A-MPDA@Fe3O4@PVP) is prepared by employing L-arginine-doped mesoporous polydopamine (A-MPDA) nanoparticles as the carrier for deposition of ultra-small ferric oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and further surface modification with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). A-MPDA@Fe3O4@PVP not only effectively reduces the aggregation of ultra-small Fe3O4, but also simultaneously replicates the catalytic activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). A-MPDA@Fe3O4@PVP with good antioxidant activity can rapidly remove various toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and effectively regulate macrophage polarization in vitro. In the treatment of hepatic IRI, A-MPDA@Fe3O4@PVP effectively alleviates ROS-induced oxidative stress, reduces the expression of inflammatory factors, and prevents apoptosis of hepatocytes through immune regulation. A-MPDA@Fe3O4@PVP can further protect liver tissue by activating the PPARγ/NF-κB pathway. This multiplex antioxidant enzyme therapy can provide new references for the treatment of IRI in organ transplantation and other ROS-related injuries such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and bacterial and hepatic viral infection.

Sequentially photocatalytic degradation of mussel-inspired polydopamine: From nanoscale disassembly to effective mineralization

Mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) coating has been utilized extensively as versatile deposition strategies that can functionalize surfaces of virtually all substrates. However, the strong adhesion, stability and intermolecular interaction of PDA make it inefficient in certain applications. Herein, a green and efficient photocatalytic method was reported to remove adhesion and degrade PDA by using TiO2-H2O2 as photocatalyst. The photodegradation process of the PDA spheres was first undergone nanoscale disassembly to form soluble PDA oligomers or well-dispersed nanoparticles. Most of the disassembled PDA can be photodegraded and finally mineralized to CO2 and H2O. Various PDA coated templates and PDA hollow structures can be photodegraded by this strategy. Such process provides a practical strategy for constructing the patterned and gradient surfaces by the "top-down" method under the control of light scope and intensity. This sequential degradation strategy is beneficial to achieve the decomposition of highly crosslinked polymers.

Polydopamine-modified konjac glucomannan scaffold with sustained release of vascular endothelial growth factor to promote angiogenesis

The fabrication of scaffolds capable of the sustained release of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to promote angiogenesis for a long time remains a challenge in tissue engineering. Here, we report a facile approach for effectively fabricating a bioactive scaffold that gradually releases VEGF to promote angiogenesis. The scaffold was fabricated by coating polydopamine (PDA) on a konjac glucomannan (KGM) scaffold, followed by the surface immobilization of VEGF with PDA. The resulting VEGF-PDA/KGM scaffold, with a porous and interconnected microstructure (392 μm pore size with 84.80 porosity), combined the features of long-term biodegradability (10 weeks with 51 % degradation rate), excellent biocompatibility, and sustained VEGF release for up to 21 days. The bioactive VEGF-PDA/KGM scaffold exhibited multiple angiogenic activities over time, as confirmed by in vivo and in vitro experiments. For example, the scaffold significantly promoted the attachment and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and the formation of vascular tubes in vitro. Moreover, the in vivo results demonstrated the formation and maturation of blood vessels after subcutaneous implantation in rats for four weeks. This promising strategy is a feasible approach for producing bioactive materials that can induce angiogenesis in vivo. These findings provide a new avenue for designing and fabricating biocompatible and long-term biodegradable scaffolds for sustained VEGF release to facilitate angiogenesis.

Stepwisely Assembled Multicomponent Fiber with High Water Content and Superior Mechanical Properties for Artificial Ligament

The ligament, which connects bones at the joints, has both high water content and excellent mechanical properties in living organisms. However, it is still challenging to fabricate fibrous materials that possess high water content and ligament-like mechanical characteristics simultaneously. Herein, the design and preparation of a ligament-mimicking multicomponent fiber is reported through stepwise assembly of polysaccharide, calcium, and dopamine. In simulated body fluid, the resulting fiber has a water content of 40 wt%, while demonstrating strength of ≈120 MPa, a Young's modulus of ≈3 GPa, and a toughness of ≈25 MJ m-3. Additionally, the multicomponent fiber exhibits excellent creep and fatigue resistance, as well as biocompatibility to support cell growth in vitro. These findings suggest that the fiber has potential for engineering high-performance artificial ligament.

Synergistic quorum sensing inhibition and mild-temperature photothermal therapy of integrated nanoplatform for implant-associated biofilm infections

In current clinical practice, the presence of biofilms poses a significant challenge in the effective elimination of bacterial infections because of the physical and chemical barriers formed by biofilms, which offer persistent protection to bacteria. Here, we developed hollow mesoporous polydopamine (hMP) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with luteolin (Lu) as a quorum sensing inhibitor, which were further coated with hyaluronic acid (HA) shells to create hMP-Lu@HA NPs. We observed that upon reaching the infection site, the HA shells underwent initial degradation by the hyaluronidase enzyme present in the bacterial infection's microenvironment to expose the hMP-Lu NPs. Subsequently, Lu was released in response to the acidic conditions characteristic of bacterial infections, which effectively hindered and dispersed the biofilm. Moreover, when subjected to near-infrared irradiation, the robust photothermal conversion effect of hMP NPs accelerated the release of Lu and disrupted the integrity of the biofilms by localized heating. This dual action enhanced the eradication of the biofilm infection. Importantly, hMP-Lu@HA NPs also promoted tissue regeneration and healing at the implantation site, concurrently addressing biofilm infection. Taken together, this nanosystem, combined with mild-temperature photothermal therapy and quorum sensing inhibition strategy, holds significant potential for applications in the treatment of implantation-associated infections.

A fingerprint-like supramolecular-assembled Ag3PO4/polydopamine/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanocomposite for enhanced solar-driven oxygen evolution in vivo

Biocompatible photocatalytic water-splitting systems are promising for tissue self-oxygenation. Herein, a structure-function dual biomimetic fingerprint-like silver phosphate/polydopamine/graphitic carbon nitride (Ag3PO4/PDA/g-C3N4) heterojunction nanocomposite is proposed for enhanced solar-driven oxygen (O2) evolution in vivo in situ. Briefly, a porous nitrogen-defected g-C3N4 nanovoile (CN) is synthesized as the base. Dopamine molecules are controllably inserted into the CN interlayer, forming PDA spacers (4.28 nm) through self-polymerization-induced supramolecular-assembly. Ag3PO4 nanoparticles are then in situ deposited to create Ag3PO4/PDA/CN. The fingerprint-like structure of PDA/CN enlarges the layer spacing, thereby accelerating mass transfer and increasing reaction sites. The PDA spacer roles as excellent light harvester, electronic-ionic conductor, and redox pair through conformational changes, resulting in tailored electronic band structure, optimized carrier behavior, and reduced electrochemical impedance. In physiological conditions, Ag3PO4/PDA/CN exhibits O2 evolution rate of 45.35 μmol⋅g-1⋅h-1, 9-fold of bulk g-C3N4. The biocompatibility and in vivo oxygen supply effectiveness for biomedical applications have been verified in animal models.

A gold nanocluster/MIL-100(Fe) bimodal nanovector for the therapy of inflammatory disease through attenuation of Toll-like receptor signaling

A better understanding of the molecular and cellular events involved in the inflammation process has opened novel perspectives in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, particularly through the development of well-designed nanomedicines. Here we describe the design of a novel class of anti-inflammatory nanomedicine (denoted as Au@MIL) synthesized through a one-pot, cost-effective and green approach by coupling a benchmark mesoporous iron(III) carboxylate metal organic framework (MOF) (i.e. MIL-100(Fe)) and glutathionate protected gold nanoclusters (i.e. Au25SG18 NCs). This nano-carrier exhibits low toxicity and excellent colloidal stability combined with the high loading capacity of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone phosphate (DexP) whose pH-dependent delivery was observed. The drug loaded Au@MIL nanocarrier shows high anti-inflammatory activity due to its capacity to specifically hinder inflammatory cell growth, scavenge intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. In addition, this formulation has the capacity to inhibit the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling cascade namely the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) pathways. This not only provides a new avenue for the nanotherapy of inflammatory diseases but also enhances our fundamental knowledge of the role of nanoMOF based nanomedicine in the regulation of innate immune signaling.

Metal-Loaded Synthetic Melanin via Oxidative Polymerization of Neurotransmitter Norepinephrine Exhibiting High Photothermal Conversion

Polydopamine (PDA)-derived melanin-like materials exhibit significant photothermal conversion owing to their broad-spectrum light absorption. However, their low near-infrared (NIR) absorption and inadequate hydrophilicity compromise their utilization of solar energy. Herein, we developed metal-loaded poly(norepinephrine) nanoparticles (PNE NPs) by predoping metal ions (Fe3+, Mn3+, Co2+, Ca2+, Ga3+, and Mg2+) with norepinephrine, a neuron-derived biomimetic molecule, to address the limitations of PDA. The chelation between catechol and metal ions induces a ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) through the formation of donor-acceptor pairs, modulating the light absorption behavior and reducing the band gap. Under 1 sun illumination, the Fe-loaded PNE coated wood evaporator achieved a high seawater evaporation rate and efficiency of 1.75 kg m-2 h-1 and 92.4%, respectively, owing to the superior hydrophilicity and photothermal performance of PNE. Therefore, this study offers a comprehensive exploration of the role of metal ions in enhancing the photothermal properties of synthetic melanins.

A Novel Multiarmed Bifunctional PEG Derivative for the Preparation of Mass Spectrometry Ion Sources with Antifouling Property and High Selectivity

It is challenging to prepare a highly selective mass spectrometry (MS) ion source for the rapid and highly sensitive detection of analytes, especially mycotoxins. In this study, an amino and tetrazine bifunctionalized multiarm PEG derivative (NH2HCl-4armPEG10K-(MTz)3), which can be easily immobilized on the substrate by the addition reaction between amino and polydopamine, was used for the preparation of MS ionization substrate. NH2HCl-4armPEG10K-(MTz)3 can also be used as a linker to immobilize sufficient streptavidin (SA) on the surface of the substrate by a click reaction. The process further promotes the immobilization of broad-spectrum antibodies (3D4), which were used as the recognition element for ZEN and its metabolites. The prepared SSS-Au-PDA-4armPEG10K-SA-3D4 not only can rapidly enrich ZEN and its metabolites with high selectivity but also shows good antifouling properties in the matrix. After simple sample preparation, the prepared SSS-Au-PDA-4armPEG10K-SA-3D4 can be directly coupled with MS to achieve high sensitivity (LODs: 0.18-0.66 ng/mL, LOQs: 0.5-1.0 ng/mL) and selective detection of ZEN and its metabolites in the matrix. At the same time, satisfactory recoveries (83.60-97.80%) and precision (RSD: 2.80-9.10%) can also be obtained. The prepared SSS-Au-PDA-4armPEG10K-SA-3D4 is expected to provide a powerful tool for the rapid and highly sensitive determination of multiple targets by MS.

Melanin for Photoprotection and Hair Coloration in the Emerging Era of Nanocosmetics

Nanotechnology is revolutionizing fields of high social and economic impact. such as human health preservation, energy conversion and storage, environmental decontamination, and art restoration. However, the possible global-scale application of nanomaterials is raising increasing concerns, mostly related to the possible toxicity of materials at the nanoscale. The possibility of using nanomaterials in cosmetics, and hence in products aimed to be applied directly to the human body, even just externally, is strongly debated. Preoccupation arises especially from the consideration that nanomaterials are mostly of synthetic origin, and hence are often seen as "artificial" and their effects as unpredictable. Melanin, in this framework, is a unique material since in nature it plays important roles that specific cosmetics are aimed to cover, such as photoprotection and hair and skin coloration. Moreover, melanin is mostly present in nature in the form of nanoparticles, as is clearly observable in the ink of some animals, like cuttlefish. Moreover, artificial melanin nanoparticles share the same high biocompatibility of the natural ones and the same unique chemical and photochemical properties. Melanin is hence a natural nanocosmetic agent, but its actual application in cosmetics is still under development, also because of regulatory issues. Here, we critically discuss the most recent examples of the application of natural and biomimetic melanin to cosmetics and highlight the requirements and future steps that would improve melanin-based cosmetics in the view of future applications in the everyday market.

UV absorption enhanced polydopamine coating

Mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) coatings have gained significant attention in various fields, including biomedicine, energy, detection, and UV protection, owing to their versatile and promising properties. Among these properties, UV shielding stands out as a key feature of PDA coatings. Nevertheless, the current methods for tuning the UV-shielding properties of PDA coatings are quite limited, and only rely on thickness adjustment, which might involve additional issues like color and visible light transmittance to the coating layer. In this study, we propose a facile and modular approach to enhance the UV absorption of PDA coatings by incorporating thiol-heterocycle (TH) derivatives. Both pre- and post-modification strategies can effectively impede the formation of conjugated structures within PDA, leading to enhanced UV absorption within the PDA layers. More importantly, these strategies can improve the UV absorption of PDA coatings while reducing the visible light absorption. Furthermore, this method enabled efficient regulation of the UV absorption of PDA coatings by altering the ring type (benzene ring or pyridine ring) and substituent on the ring (methoxyl group or hydrogen atom). These PDA coatings with enhanced UV absorption demonstrate great promise for applications in UV protection, antibacterial activity, wound healing and dye degradation.

Self-assembly of peptides in living cells for disease theranostics

The past few decades have witnessed substantial progress in biomedical materials for addressing health concerns and improving disease therapeutic and diagnostic efficacy. Conventional biomedical materials are typically created through an ex vivo approach and are usually utilized under physiological environments via transfer from preparative media. This transfer potentially gives rise to challenges for the efficient preservation of the bioactivity and implementation of theranostic goals on site. To overcome these issues, the in situ synthesis of biomedical materials on site has attracted great attention in the past few years. Peptides, which exhibit remarkable biocompability and reliable noncovalent interactions, can be tailored via tunable assembly to precisely create biomedical materials. In this review, we summarize the progress in the self-assembly of peptides in living cells for disease diagnosis and therapy. After a brief introduction to the basic design principles of peptide assembly systems in living cells, the applications of peptide assemblies for bioimaging and disease treatment are highlighted. The challenges in the field of peptide self-assembly in living cells and the prospects for novel peptide assembly systems towards next-generation biomaterials are also discussed, which will hopefully help elucidate the great potential of peptide assembly in living cells for future healthcare applications.

Quaternary Ammonium Assisted Synthesis of Melanin-like Poly(l-DOPA) Nanoparticles with a Boosted Photothermal Effect

Poly(levodopa) nanoparticles (P(l-DOPA) NPs) are another kind of melanin mimetic besides well-established polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs). Due to the presence of carboxyl groups, the oxidative polymerization of l-DOPA to obtain particles was not as efficient as that of dopamine. Several established methods toward P(l-DOPA) NP fabrication do not combine convenience, morphological regularity, size controllability, low cost, and adaptability to metal-free application scenarios. In this work, P(l-DOPA) NPs were successfully prepared in hot water with the assistant of organic quaternary ammonium, due to the extra physical cross-linking mediated by cations. The employed physical interactions could also be affected by quaternary ammonium structure (i.e., number of cation heads, length of alkyl chain) to achieve different polymerization acceleration effects. The obtained P(l-DOPA) NPs retained superior photothermal properties and outperformed PDA-based melanin materials. Furthermore, P(l-DOPA) NPs were used in photothermal tumor therapy and showed better efficacy. This study offers new insights into the synthesis of melanin-like materials, as well as new understanding of the interaction between quaternary ammonium and bioinspired polyphenolic materials.

Reversing cancer immunoediting phases with a tumor-activated and optically reinforced immunoscaffold

In situ vaccine (ISV) is a promising immunotherapeutic tactic due to its complete tumoral antigenic repertoire. However, its efficiency is limited by extrinsic inevitable immunosuppression and intrinsic immunogenicity scarcity. To break this plight, a tumor-activated and optically reinforced immunoscaffold (TURN) is exploited to trigger cancer immunoediting phases regression, thus levering potent systemic antitumor immune responses. Upon response to tumoral reactive oxygen species, TURN will first release RGX-104 to attenuate excessive immunosuppressive cells and cytokines, and thus immunosuppression falls and immunogenicity rises. Subsequently, intermittent laser irradiation-activated photothermal agents (PL) trigger abundant tumor antigens exposure, which causes immunogenicity springs and preliminary infiltration of T cells. Finally, CD137 agonists from TURN further promotes the proliferation, function, and survival of T cells for durable antitumor effects. Therefore, cancer immunoediting phases reverse and systemic antitumor immune responses occur. TURN achieves over 90 % tumor growth inhibition in both primary and secondary tumor lesions, induces potent systemic immune responses, and triggers superior long-term immune memory in vivo. Taken together, TURN provides a prospective sight for ISV from the perspective of immunoediting phases.

Magnetically actuated pandanus fruit-like nanorobots for enhanced pH-stimulated drug release and targeted biofilm elimination in wound healing

Conventional antibiotic treatment struggles to eliminate biofilms in wounds due to the formation compact barrier. Herein, we fabricate magnetic pandanus fruit-like nanorobots (NRs) that function as drug carriers while exhibit excellent maneuverability for enhanced antibacterial tasks. Specifically, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) is self-assembled on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, loaded with a small quantity of ciprofloxacin, and covered with a layer of polydopamine (PDA). Energized by external magnetic fields, the NRs (F@Z/C/P) are steered in defined direction to penetrate the infection tissues, and effectively arrive targeted areas for pH stimulated drug release and near-infrared triggered phototherapy, contributing to an antibacterial rate of >99.9 %. The Zn2+ in ZIF-8 and the catechol group in PDA form catechol-ZIF-8-drug structures, which effectively reduce drug release by 11 % in high pH environments and promote rapid drug release by 14 % in low pH environments compared to NRs without PDA. Additionally, F@Z/C/P can remove the biofilms and bacteria in Staphylococcus aureus infected wounds, and eventually be discharged from the infected site after treatment, leading to faster healing with an intact epidermis and minimal harm to surrounding tissues and organs. The study provides a promising strategy for tackling biofilm-associated infections in vivo through the use of multi-functional NRs.

A review of cellulose-based catechol-containing functional materials for advanced applications

With the increment in global energy consumption and severe environmental pollution, it is urgently needed to explore green and sustainable materials. Inspired by nature, catechol groups in mussel adhesion proteins have been successively understood and utilized as novel biomimetic materials. In parallel, cellulose presents a wide class of functional materials rating from macro-scale to nano-scale components. The cross-over among both research fields alters the introduction of impressive materials with potential engineering properties, where catechol-containing materials supply a general stage for the functionalization of cellulose or cellulose derivatives. In this review, the role of catechol groups in the modification of cellulose and cellulose derivatives is discussed. A broad variety of advanced applications of cellulose-based catechol-containing materials, including adhesives, hydrogels, aerogels, membranes, textiles, pulp and papermaking, composites, are presented. Furthermore, some critical remaining challenges and opportunities are studied to mount the way toward the rational purpose and applications of cellulose-based catechol-containing materials.

Electrochemical Doping Effect on the Conductivity of Melanin-Inspired Materials

Eumelanin is a natural pigment that can be particularly valuable for sustainable bioelectronic devices due to its inherent biocompatibility and hydration-dependent conductivity. However, the low conductivity of eumelanin limits its technological development. In this research, electrochemical doping was proposed as an alternative route to increase the electronic conductivity of synthetic eumelanin derivatives. Thin films of sulfonated eumelanin were deposited on platinum interdigitated electrodes and electrochemically treated by using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry treatments. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed ion doping in sulfonated melanin. Current-voltage, current-time, and electrochemical impedance measurements were used to investigate the effect of different aqueous electrolytes (including KCl and LiClO4) treatments on the charge transport of sulfonated eumelanin. We show that the conductivity depends on the type and size of the anion used and can reach 10-3 S·cm-1. Additionally, depending on the electrolyte, there is a change in charge transport from mixed ionic/electronic to a predominantly electronic-only conduction. Our results show that the chemical nature of the ion plays an important role in the electrochemical doping and, consequently, in the charge transport of eumelanin. These insights serve as inspiration to explore the use of alternative electrolytes with different compositions further and develop eumelanin-based devices with tunable conductivities.

Ultra-Strong Janus Covalent Organic Framework Membrane with Smart Response to Organic Vapor

Vapor-driven smart Janus materials have made significant advancements in intelligent monitoring, control, and interaction, etc. Nevertheless, the development of ultrafast response single-layer Janus membrane, along with a deep exploration of the smart response mechanisms, remains a long-term endeavor. Here, the successful synthesis of a high-crystallinity single-layer Covalent organic framework (COF) Janus membrane is reported by morphology control. This kind of membrane displays superior mechanical properties and specific surface area, along with excellent responsiveness to CH2Cl2 vapor. The analysis of the underlying mechanisms reveals that the vapor-induced breathing effect of the COF and the stress mismatch of the Janus structure play a crucial role in its smart deformation performance. It is believed that this COF Janus membrane holds promise for complex tasks in various fields.

Eumelanin-like Poly(levodopa) Nanoscavengers for Inflammation Disease Therapy

In the current years, polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs) have been extensively investigated as an eumelanin mimic. However, unlike natural eumelanin, PDA NPs contain no 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA)-derived units and may be limited in certain intrinsic properties; superior eumelanin-like nanomaterials are still actively being sought. Levodopa (l-DOPA) is a natural eumelanin precursor and expected to convert into DHICA and further remain within the final product through covalent or physical interactions. Herein, poly(levodopa) nanoparticles [P(l-DOPA) NPs] were synthesized with the assistance of zinc oxide as a supplement to synthetic eumelanin. This study found that P(l-DOPA) NPs had ∼90% DHICA-derived subunits on their surface and exhibited superior antioxidant activity compared to PDA NPs due to their looser polymeric microstructure. Benefitting from a stronger ROS scavenging ability, P(l-DOPA) NPs outperformed PDA NPs in treating cellular oxidative stress and acute inflammation. This research opens up new possibilities for the development and application of novel melanin-like materials.

Polydopamine-Coated Silk Fiber with Controllable Length for Enhanced Hemostatic Application

The development of highly effective hemostatic materials with high biocompatibility and outstanding performance is vital to the field of biomaterials. In this study, we develop a hemostatic fiber material that exhibits high biocompatibility and excellent performance. By incorporating polydopamine (PDA) into the alkaline treatment of silk fibroin (SF), we achieve PDA-coated SF fibers with lengths that can be controlled by the alkaline concentration. The PDA coating significantly enhances the hemostatic ability of the silk fibers and exhibits superior performance in both in vitro and ex vivo experiments. By performing animal studies involving a mouse liver puncture model and a femoral vein incision model, we demonstrate the remarkable hemostatic capability of the PDA-coated SF fibers, as evidenced by the lower blood loss compared to that of a commercial hemostat powder. These findings highlight the potential of applying a PDA-assisted alkaline treatment to SF fibers to efficiently create hemostatic fibers with controllable lengths, which would be promising candidates for clinical hemostatic applications.

Superhydrophobic sand evaporator with core-shell structure for long-term salt-resistant solar desalination

Solar-driven water evaporation, as an environmentally benign pathway, provides an opportunity for alleviating global clean water scarcity. However, the rapidly generated interfacial steam and localized heating could cause increased salt concentration and accumulation, deteriorating the evaporation performance and long-term stability. Herein, a novel superhydrophobic sand solar (FPPSD) evaporator with a core-shell structure was proposed through interface functionalization for continuous photothermal desalination. The collective behavior essence of the sand aggregate gave itself micron-scale self-organized pores and configurable shapes, generating desirable capillary force and supplying effective water-pumping channels. More importantly, combining the dopamine, polypyrrole (PPy), and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDTS) through π-π conjugation and multiple hydrogen bonding effects gave the FPPSD evaporator with stable superhydrophobic property and highly efficient photothermal conversion capability. Therefore, the FPPSD evaporator showed a continuous and stable photothermal performance even after 96 h continuous evaporation under 3-sun irradiation for 10 wt% saline solution, among the best values in the reported works of literature, demonstrating its excellent salt-resistance stability. Furthermore, this novel FPPSD evaporator displayed outstanding environmental stability that kept its initial water transport capacity even after being treated under harsh conditions for 30 days. With excellent salt-resistance ability and stable environmental stability, the FPPSD evaporator will provide an attractive platform for sustainable solar-driven water management.

Bioinspired Supramolecular Hydrogel from Design to Applications

Nature offers a wealth of opportunities to solve scientific and technological issues based on its unique structures and function. The dynamic non-covalent interaction is considered to be the main base of living functions of creatures including humans, animals, and plants. Supramolecular hydrogels formed by non-covalent bonding interactions has become a unique platform for constructing promising materials for medicine, energy, electronic, and biological substitute. In this review, the self-assemble principle of supramolecular hydrogels is summarized. Next, the stimulation of external environment that triggers the assembly or disassembly of supramolecular hydrogels are recapitulated, including temperature, mechanics, light, pH, ions, etc. The main applications of bioinspired supramolecular hydrogels in terms of bionic objects including humans, animals, and plants are also described. Although so many efforts are done for revealing the synergized mechanism of the function and non-covalent interactions on the supramolecular hydrogel, the complexity and variability between stimulus and non-covalent bonding in the supramolecular system still require impeccable theories. As an outlook, the bioinspired supramolecular hydrogel is just beginning to exhibit its great potential in human life, offering significant opportunities in drug delivery and screening, implantable devices and substitutions, tissue engineering, micro-fluidic devices, and biosensors.

Piezofluorochromism in Hierarchical Porous π-stacked Supermolecular Spring Frameworks from Aromatic Chiral Cages

Piezochromic materials that exhibit pressure-dependent luminescence variations are attracting interest with wide potential applications in mechanical sensors, anticounterfeiting and storage devices. Crystalline porous materials (CPMs) have been widely studied in piezochromism for highly tunable luminescence. Nevertheless, reversible and high-contrast emission response with a wide pressure range is still challenging. Herein, the first example of hierarchical porous cage-based πOF (Cage-πOF-1) with spring structure was synthesized by using aromatic chiral cages as building blocks. Its elastic properties evaluated based on the bulk modulus (9.5 GPa) is softer than most reported CPMs and the collapse point (20.0 GPa) significantly exceeds ever reported CPMs. As smart materials, Cage-πOF-1 displays linear pressure-dependent emission and achieves a high-contrast emission difference up to 154 nm. Pressure-responsive limit is up to 16 GPa, outperforming the CPMs reported so far. Dedicated experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations illustrate that π-π interactions-dominated controllable structural shrinkage and porous-spring-structure-mediated elasticity is responsible for the outstanding piezofluorochromism.

Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel Adhesives for Wound Closure and Tissue Regeneration

Sutures and staplers, as gold standards for clinical wound closure, usually cause secondary tissue injury and require professional technicians and equipment. The noninvasive hydrogel adhesives are used in various biomedical applications, such as wound closure, tissue sealing, and tissue regeneration, due to their remarkable properties. Recently-developed hydrogel adhesives, especially stimuli-responsive hydrogels, have shown great potential owing to their advantages in regulating their performance and functions according to the wound situations or external conditions, thus allowing the wounds to heal gradually. However, comprehensive summary on stimuli-responsive hydrogels as tissue adhesives is rarely reported to date. This review focuses on the advances in the design of various stimuli-responsive hydrogel adhesives over the past decade, including the systems responsive to pH, temperature, photo, and enzymes. Their potential biomedical applications, such as skin closure, cardiovascular and liver hemostasis, and gastrointestinal sealing, are emphasized. Meanwhile, the challenges and future development of stimuli-responsive hydrogel adhesives are discussed. This review aims to provide meaningful insights for the further design of next-generation of hydrogel adhesives for wound closure and tissue regeneration.

Protein-based bioactive coatings: from nanoarchitectonics to applications

Protein-based bioactive coatings have emerged as a versatile and promising strategy for enhancing the performance and biocompatibility of diverse biomedical materials and devices. Through surface modification, these coatings confer novel biofunctional attributes, rendering the material highly bioactive. Their widespread adoption across various domains in recent years underscores their importance. This review systematically elucidates the behavior of protein-based bioactive coatings in organisms and expounds on their underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, it highlights notable advancements in artificial synthesis methodologies and their functional applications in vitro. A focal point is the delineation of assembly strategies employed in crafting protein-based bioactive coatings, which provides a guide for their expansion and sustained implementation. Finally, the current trends, challenges, and future directions of protein-based bioactive coatings are discussed.

Rational Design of Stimuli-Responsive Inorganic 2D Materials via Molecular Engineering: Toward Molecule-Programmable Nanoelectronics

The ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information processing possible. Succeeding graphene, emerging inorganic 2D materials (i2DMs) have been identified as alternative 2D materials to harbor a variety of active molecular components to move the current silicon-based semiconductor technology forward to a post-Moore era focused on molecule-based information processing components. In this regard, i2DMs benefits are not only for their prominent physiochemical properties (e.g., the existence of bandgap), but also for their high surface-to-volume ratio rich in reactive sites. Nonetheless, since this field is still in an early stage, having knowledge of both i) the different strategies for molecularly functionalizing the current library of i2DMs, and ii) the different types of active molecular components is a sine qua non condition for a rational design of stimuli-responsive i2DMs capable of performing logical operations at the molecular level. Consequently, this Review provides a comprehensive tutorial for covalently anchoring ad hoc molecular components-as active units triggered by different external inputs-onto pivotal i2DMs to assess their role in the expanding field of molecule-programmable nanoelectronics for electrically monitoring bistable molecular switches. Limitations, challenges, and future perspectives of this emerging field which crosses materials chemistry with computation are critically discussed.

Melanin-Inspired Composite Materials: From Nanoarchitectonics to Applications

Synthetic melanin is a mimic of natural melanin analogue with intriguing properties such as metal-ion chelation, redox activity, adhesion, and broadband absorption. Melanin-inspired composite materials are formulated by assembly of melanin with other types of inorganic and organic components to target, combine, and build up the functionality, far beyond their natural capabilities. Developing efficient and universal methodologies to prepare melanin-based composite materials with unique functionality is vital for their further applications. In this review, we summarize three types of synthetic approaches, predoping, surface engineering, and physical blending, to access various melanin-inspired composite materials with distinctive structure and properties. The applications of melanin-inspired composite materials in free radical scavenging, bioimaging, antifouling, and catalytic applications are also reviewed. This review also concludes current challenges that must be addressed and research opportunities in future studies.

Dopant effect on the optical and thermal properties of the 2D organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite (HDA)2PbBr4

Lead-based two-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (2D HOIPs) are popular materials with various optical properties, which can be tuned through metal ion doping. Due to the size and valence misfit, metal ion dopants in 2D lead-based HOIPs are still limited. In this work, Mn2+, Sb3+ and Bi3+ are doped into 2D (HDA)2PbBr4 (HDA = protonated dopamine) successfully. As a result, the dopants in 2D (HDA)2PbBr4 can induce their characteristic optical spectra, which is studied at different temperatures and excitation powers. The temperature-dependent energy transfer in the Mn-doped sample has been clarified, in which abnormal phenomena including negative thermal quenching have been observed. In addition, the dopant ions can impact the phase transition temperatures of the samples, especially lowering their crystallization temperatures greatly. The mussel-inspired organic cation, feasible metal ion regulation, and superior stability provide (HDA)2PbBr4 potential for further applications.

Virus-Inspired Glucose and Polydopamine (GPDA)-Coating as an Effective Strategy for the Construction of Brain Delivery Platforms

The ability of drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is crucial for treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Inspired by natural viruses, here we report a glucose and polydopamine (GPDA) coating method for the construction of delivery platforms for efficient BBB crossing. Such platforms are composed of nanoparticles (NPs) as the inner core and surface functionalized with glucose-poly(ethylene glycol) (Glu-PEG) and polydopamine (PDA) coating. Glu-PEG provides selective targeting of the NPs to brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs), while PDA enhances the transcytosis of the NPs. This strategy is applicable to gold NPs (AuNPs), silica, and polymeric NPs, which achieves as high as 1.87% of the injected dose/g of brain in healthy brain tissues. In addition, the GPDA coating manages to deliver NPs into the tumor tissue in the orthotopic glioblastoma model. Our study may provide a universal strategy for the construction of delivery platforms for efficient BBB crossing and brain drug delivery.

pH-Responsive Sorafenib/Iron-Co-Loaded Mesoporous Polydopamine Nanoparticles for Synergistic Ferroptosis and Photothermal Therapy

Ferroptosis has attracted significant attention as a new mechanism of cell death. Sorafenib (SRF) is widely considered a prototypical ferroptosis-inducing drug, particularly for liver cancer treatment. However, the low solubility and hydrophobic nature of SRF, along with the absence of synergistic therapeutic strategies, still limit its application in cancer treatment. Herein, we report a dual therapeutic method incorporating photothermal therapy and ferroptosis by using Fe-doped mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles (Fe-mPDA@SRF-TPP) as a carrier for loading SRF and targeting triphenylphosphine (TPP). SRF molecules are efficiently encapsulated within the polydopamine nanospheres with a high loading ratio (80%) attributed to the porosity of Fe-mPDA, and the inherent biocompatibility and hydrophilicity of Fe-mPDA@SRF-TPP facilitate the transport of SRF to the target cancer cells. Under the external stimuli of acidic environment (pH 5.0), glutathione (GSH), and laser irradiation, Fe-mPDA@SRF-TPP shows sustained release of SRF and Fe ions with the ratio of 72 and 50% within 48 h. Fe-mPDA@SRF-TPP nanoparticles induce intracellular GSH depletion, inhibit glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity, and generate hydroxyl radicals, all of which are essential components of the therapeutic ferroptosis process for killing MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Additionally, the excellent near-infrared (NIR) light absorption of Fe-mPDA@SRF-TPP nanoparticles demonstrates their capability for photothermal therapy and further enhances the therapeutic efficiency. Therefore, this nanosystem provides a multifunctional therapeutic platform that overcomes the therapeutic limitations associated with standalone ferroptosis and enhances the therapeutic efficacy of SRF for breast cancer.

A review of the growing trend towards heteroatoms-doped carbon dots based on dopamine acting as a hybrid agent and detected analyte

Dopamine (DA) is a biomolecule that plays a critical part in the functioning of our brains by promoting motivation, maintaining focus, and altering mood. Excessive or low-level concentrations of DA in the human brain led to a dangerous neurological disorder. It is significantly important to trace the precise amount of DA to prevent such risky brain disease. Recently, heteroatoms-doped carbon dots (H-CDs) have attracted great attention for their capacity to detect biomolecules, metal ions, organic solvents, chemical dyes, etc. In this review, we have provided a comprehensive summary of the emerging trends in the heteroatom functional dopamine-doped carbon dots (DA-CDs), which are based on DA used as starting substances or functionalizing agents. Our analysis encompasses a detailed exploration of the synthetic methods, physical and chemical properties of carbon dots derived from dopamine, as well as their diverse range of applications. Additionally, we have also discussed the application of H-CDs in the dopmine detection by using various fluorescent, colorimetric, and electrochemical techniques.

Redox-active polyphenol nanoparticles deprive endogenous glutathione of electrons for ROS generation and tumor chemodynamic therapy

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) based on generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) is promising for cancer treatment. However, the intrinsic H2O2 is deficient for CDT, and glutathione (GSH) eliminates ROS to protect tumor cells from ROS cytotoxicity. Herein, we propose a strategy to switch the electron flow direction of GSH for O2 reduction and ROS generation rather than ROS clearance by using P(DA-Fc) nanoparticles, which are polymerized from ferrocenecarboxylic acid (Fc) coupled dopamine. P(DA-Fc) NPs with phenol-quinone conversion ability mimic NOX enzyme to deprive electrons from GSH to reduce O2 for H2O2 generation; the following •OH release can be triggered by Fc. Semiquinone radicals in P(DA-Fc) are significantly enhanced after GSH treatment, further demonstrated with strong single-electron reduction ability by calculation. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that P(DA-Fc) can consume intrinsic GSH to produce endogenous ROS; ROS generation strongly depends on GSH/pH level and eventually causes tumor cell death. Our work makes the first attempt to reverse the function of GSH from ROS scavenger to ROS producer, explores new roles of PDA-based nanomaterials in CDT beyond photothermal reagents and drug carriers, and provides a new strategy to improve the efficiency of CDT. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: P(DA-Fc) nanoparticles performing tumor microenvironment response capacity and tumor reductive power utilize ability were fabricated for CDT tumor suppression. After endocytosis by tumor cells, P(DA-Fc) deprived GSH of electrons for H2O2 and •OH release, mimicking the intrinsic ROS production conducted by NADPH, further inducing tumor cell necrosis and apoptosis. Our work makes the first attempt to reverse the function of GSH from ROS scavenger to producer, explores new functions of PDA-based nanomaterials in CDT beyond photothermal reagents and drug carriers, and provides a new strategy to improve CDT efficiency.

Polydopamine functionalized polyurethane shape memory sponge with controllable expansion performance triggered by near-infrared light for incompressible hemorrhage control

Uncontrolled expansion of shape memory sponges face a significant challenge in the treatment of lethal incompressible hemorrhage, which can lead to blood overflow or damage to the surrounding tissue. Herein, we developed a polydopamine functionalized polyurethane shape memory sponge (PDA-TPI-PU) with a controllable degree of expansion by near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered stimulation for the treatment of incompressible hemorrhage. The sponge has excellent liquid absorption performance and robust mechanical strength as well as good photothermal conversion ability. Under NIR light of 0.32 W/cm2, the maximum recovery rate of the fixed-shape compression sponge was 91% within 25 s in air and 80% within 25 s in blood. In the SD rat liver penetrating injury model, compared with commercial medical gelatin sponge and PVA sponge, the PDA-TPI-PU sponge could effectively control the bleeding under the NIR light irradiation and did not cause excessive compression of the wound. The sponge with these characteristics shows potential application prospects as a hemostatic material.

Melanin/melanin-like nanoparticles: As a naturally active platform for imaging-guided disease therapy

The development of biocompatible and efficient nanoplatforms that combine diagnostic and therapeutic functions is of great importance for precise disease treatment. Melanin, an endogenous biopolymer present in living organisms, has attracted increasing attention as a versatile bioinspired functional platform owing to its unique physicochemical properties (e.g., high biocompatibility, strong chelation of metal ions, broadband light absorption, high drug binding properties) and inherent antioxidant, photoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. In this review, the fundamental physicochemical properties and preparation methods of natural melanin and melanin-like nanoparticles were outlined. A systematical description of the recent progress of melanin and melanin-like nanoparticles in single, dual-, and tri-multimodal imaging-guided the visual administration and treatment of osteoarthritis, acute liver injury, acute kidney injury, acute lung injury, brain injury, periodontitis, iron overload, etc. Was then given. Finally, it concluded with a reasoned discussion of current challenges toward clinical translation and future striving directions. Therefore, this comprehensive review provides insight into the current status of melanin and melanin-like nanoparticles research and is expected to optimize the design of novel melanin-based therapeutic platforms and further clinical translation.

Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Nanoparticles Formed of POSS-PEG for the Delivery of Boronic Acid-Containing Therapeutics

Polymeric vehicles often exhibit batch-to-batch variations due to polydispersity, limiting their reproducibility for biomedical applications. In contrast, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) has emerged as an attractive candidate for drug delivery due to its precise chemical structure and rigid molecular shape. A promising strategy to enhance drug efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity is the development of multi-stimuli-responsive delivery systems capable of targeted drug release at a disease site. Herein, we developed a drug delivery platform based on POSS-polymer conjugates. By functionalizing the POSS with amino groups and establishing B-N coordination with boronic acids, the nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit responsive behavior to stimuli, including adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), acidic pH, and nucleophilic reagents. We successfully encapsulated two boronic acid-containing molecules: tetraphenylethylene (TPE), serving as a fluorescent probe, and bortezomib (BTZ), an anticancer drug. The TPE@NPs were employed to visualize the cellular uptake of NPs by tumor cells, while the BTZ@NPs exhibited increased cytotoxicity in tumor cells compared with normal cells. This POSS-PEG conjugate offers a nanoparticle platform for encapsulating versatile boronic acid-containing molecules, thereby enhancing drug efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity. Given the wide-ranging applications of boronic acid-containing molecules in biomedicine, our platform holds significant promise for the development of intelligent drug delivery systems for diagnostics and therapeutics.

An integrated quorum quenching biocatalytic nanoplatform for synergistic chemo-photothermal eradication of P. aeruginosa biofilm infections

Decontamination of biofilm-associated infections presents a significant challenge due to the physical and chemical barrier created by the formation of extracellular matrices. This barrier restricts the access of antibiotics to the bacterial communities within the biofilm and provides protection to the persister cells, potentially leading to antibiotic resistance. In this study, we have developed an integrated quorum quenching biocatalytic nanoplatform for the synergistic chemo-photothermal eradication of P. aeruginosa biofilm infections. Ciprofloxacin (Cip), a model antibiotic, was absorbed onto PDA NPs through π-π stacking. Additionally, acylase (AC) was immobilized on PDA NPs through Schiff base reaction and Michael addition, resulting in the formation of the biocatalytic nanoplatform (PDA-Cip-AC NPs). This biocatalytic nanoplatform was able to enzymatically degrade AHL signaling molecules, thus achieving efficient quorum quenching activity to prevent biofilm formation. Furthermore, the NIR light-triggered on-demand Ciprofloxacin release further enhanced the eradication of P. aeruginosa biofilm infections with a synergy of local hyperthermia. We envision that this integrated quorum quenching nanoplatform provides a reliable tool for combating P. aeruginosa biofilm infections. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: An integrated quorum quenching biocatalytic nanoplatform has been developed for the eradication of P. aeruginosa biofilm infections. Quorum-sensing signals play a crucial role in modulating bacterial cell-to-cell communication, biofilm formation, and secretion of virulence factors. This biocatalytic nanoplatform efficiently degrades AHL signaling molecules, thereby blocking cell-to-cell communication and preventing biofilm formation. Additionally, local hyperthermia and on-demand Ciprofloxacin release were achieved through NIR irradiation, working synergistically to eradicate P. aeruginosa biofilm infections.

Solute Stabilization Effects of Nanoparticles Containing Boronic Acids in the Absence of Binding Pairs

Boronic acids are widely used in materials science because of their ability to reversibly bind with diol and catechol moieties through dynamic covalent interactions in a pH- and oxidative-dependent manner. Considerably fewer studies focus on property modulation of boronic acid-based materials in the absence of a biding pair. Herein, we discuss the effects of the boronic acid-containing polymer block length on solute release kinetics from nanoparticles in a stimuli-responsive manner for on-demand delivery. In this study, ABC-type linear amphiphiles of poly(d,l-lactide) and poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) containing a middle block functionalized with 3-aminophenylboronic acid were synthesized by a combination of ring-opening and controlled free radical polymerizations. Nile red-loaded nanoparticles were self-assembled using a multi-inlet vortex mixer in a well-controlled manner. Release was evaluated at pH above and below the pKa of the boronic acid and in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Our results show that release kinetics from nanoparticles incorporating a boronic acid-functionalized interlayer were slower than those without it, and the rate could be modulated according to pH and oxidative conditions. These effects can be attributed to several factors, including the hydrophobicity of the boronic acid block as well as hydrogen bonding interactions existing between locally confined boronic acids. While boronic acids are generally utilized as boronic/boronate esters, their stabilizing effects in the absence of appropriate binding pairs are relevant and should be considered in the design of boronic acid-based technologies.

Advances in photothermal regulation strategies: from efficient solar heating to daytime passive cooling

Photothermal regulation concerning solar harvesting and repelling has recently attracted significant interest due to the fast-growing research focus in the areas of solar heating for evaporation, photocatalysis, motion, and electricity generation, as well as passive cooling for cooling textiles and smart buildings. The parallel development of photothermal regulation strategies through both material and system designs has further improved the overall solar utilization efficiency for heating/cooling. In this review, we will review the latest progress in photothermal regulation, including solar heating and passive cooling, and their manipulating strategies. The underlying mechanisms and criteria of highly efficient photothermal regulation in terms of optical absorption/reflection, thermal conversion, transfer, and emission properties corresponding to the extensive catalog of nanostructured materials are discussed. The rational material and structural designs with spectral selectivity for improving the photothermal regulation performance are then highlighted. We finally present the recent significant developments of applications of photothermal regulation in clean energy and environmental areas and give a brief perspective on the current challenges and future development of controlled solar energy utilization.

Polydopamine-Based Nanoprobes Application in Optical Biosensing

Polydopamine (PDA), the synthetic counterpart of melanin, is a widely investigated bio-inspired material for its chemical and photophysical properties, and in the last few years, bio-application of PDA and PDA-based materials have had a dramatic increase. In this review, we described PDA application in optical biosensing, exploring its multiple roles as a nanomaterial. In optical sensing, PDA can not only be used for its intrinsic fluorescent and photoacoustic properties as a probe: in some cases, a sample optical signal can be derived by melanin generation in situ or it can be enhanced in another material thanks to PDA modification. The various possibilities of PDA use coupled with its biocompatibility will indeed widen even more its application in optical bioimaging.

Light-driven modulation of electrical conductance with photochromic switches: bridging photochemistry with optoelectronics

Photochromic conducting molecules have emerged because of their unique capacity to modulate electrical conductivity upon exposure to light, toggling between high and low conductive states. This unique amalgamation has unlocked novel avenues for the application of these materials across diverse areas in optoelectronics and smart materials. The fundamental mechanism underpinning this phenomenon is based on the light-driven isomerization of conjugated π-systems which influences the extent of conjugation. The photoisomerization process discussed here involves photochromic switches such as azobenzenes, diarylethenes, spiropyrans, dimethyldihydropyrenes, and norbornadiene. The change in the degree of conjugation alters the charge transport in both single molecules and bulk states in solid samples or solutions. This article discusses a number of recent examples of photochromic conducting systems and the challenges and potentials of the field.

Stimulus-Detonated Biomimetic "Nanobomb" with Controlled Release of HSP90 Inhibitor to Disrupt Mitochondrial Function for Synergistic Gas and Photothermal Therapy

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is considered a promising treatment for tumors; however, its efficacy is restricted by heat shock proteins (HSPs). Herein, a stimuli-responsive theranostic nanoplatform (M/D@P/E-P) is designed for synergistic gas therapy and PTT. This nanoplatform is fabricated by a load of manganese carbonyl (MnCO, CO donor) in dendritic mesoporous silicon (DMS), followed by the coating with polydopamine (PDA) and loading of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, HSP90 inhibitor). Upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, the photothermal effect of PDA can kill tumor cells and allow for the controlled drug release of MnCO and EGCG. Moreover, the acidity and H2 O2 -rich tumor microenvironment enable the decomposition of the released MnCO, accompanied by the production of CO. CO-initiated gas therapy can realize to disrupt the mitochondrial function, which will accelerate cell apoptosis and down-regulate HSP90 expression by decreasing intracellular ATP. The combination of EGCG and MnCO can significantly minimize the thermo-resistance of tumors and improve PTT sensitivity. In addition, the released Mn2+ enables T1 -weighted magnetic imaging of tumors. The therapeutic efficacy of the nanoplatform is methodically appraised and validated both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, this study affords a prime paradigm for applying this strategy for enhanced PTT via mitochondrial dysfunction.

Advances of nanotechnology for intracerebral hemorrhage therapy

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the most devastating subtype of stoke, is of high mortality at 5 years and even those survivors usually would suffer permanent disabilities. Fortunately, various preclinical active drugs have been approached in ICH, meanwhile, the therapeutic effects of these pharmaceutical ingredients could be fully boosted with the assistance of nanotechnology. In this review, besides the pathology of ICH, some ICH therapeutically available active drugs and their employed nanotechnologies, material functions, and therapeutic principles were comprehensively discussed hoping to provide novel and efficient strategies for ICH therapy in the future.

Catechol-Modified and MnO2-Nanozyme-Reinforced Hydrogel with Improved Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacity for Periodontitis Treatment

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by tooth loss and alveolar bone resorption. Bacteria are the original cause of periodontitis, and excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) encourage and intensify inflammation. In this study, a mussel-inspired and MnO2 NPs-reinforced adhesive hydrogel capable of alleviating periodontitis with improved antibacterial and antioxidant abilities was developed. The hydrogel was created by combining polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 3,4-dihydroxy-d-phenylalanine (DOPA), and MnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) (named PDMO hydrogel). The hydrogel was demonstrated to be able to scavenge various free radicals (including total ROS─O2•- and OH•) and relieve the hypoxia in an inflammatory microenvironment by scavenging excess ROS and generating O2 due to its superoxide dismutase (SOD)/catalase (CAT)-like activity. Besides, under 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) light, the photothermal performance of the PDMO hydrogel displayed favorable antibacterial and antibiofilm effects toward Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Porphyromonas gingivalis (up to nearly 100% antibacterial rate). Furthermore, the PDMO hydrogel exhibited favorable therapeutic efficacy in alleviating gingivitis in Sprague-Dawley rats, even comparable to or better than the commercial PERIO. In addition, in the periodontitis models, the PDMO2 group showed the height of the residual alveolar bone and the smallest shadow area of low density among other groups, indicating the positive role of the PDMO2 hydrogel in bone regeneration. Finally, the biosafety of the PDMO hydrogel was comprehensively investigated, and the hydrogel was demonstrated to have good biocompatibility. Therefore, the developed PDMO hydrogel provided an effective solution to resolve biofilm recolonization and oxidative stress in periodontitis and could be a superior candidate for local drug delivery system in the clinical management of periodontitis with great potential for future clinical translation.

Facile Synthesis of Catechol-Containing Polyacrylamide Copolymers: Synergistic Effects of Amine, Amide and Catechol Residues in Mussel-Inspired Adhesives

The straightforward synthesis of polyamide-derived statistical copolymers with catechol, amine, amide and hydroxy residues via free radical polymerization is presented. In particular, catechol, amine and amide residues are present in natural mussel foot proteins, enabling strong underwater adhesion due to synergistic effects where cationic residues displace hydration and ion layers, followed by strong short-rang hydrogen bonding between the catechol or primary amides and SiO2 surfaces. The present study is aimed at investigating whether such synergistic effects also exist for statistical copolymer systems that lack the sequence-defined positioning of functional groups in mussel foot proteins. A series of copolymers is established and the adsorption in saline solutions on SiO2 is determined by quartz crystal microbalance measurements and ellipsometry. These studies confirm a synergy between cationic amine groups with catechol units and primary amide groups via an increased adsorptivity and increased polymer layer thicknesses. Therefore, the free radical polymerization of catechol, amine and amide monomers as shown here may lead to simplified mussel-inspired adhesives that can be prepared with the readily scalable methods required for large-scale applications.

Surface charge adaptive nitric oxide nanogenerator for enhanced photothermal eradication of drug-resistant biofilm infections

Due to protection of extracellular polymeric substances, the therapeutic efficiency of conventional antimicrobial agents is often impeded by their poor infiltration and accumulation in biofilm. Herein, one type of surface charge adaptable nitric oxide (NO) nanogenerator was developed for biofilm permeation, retention and eradication. This nanogenerator (PDG@Au-NO/PBAM) is composed of a core-shell structure: thermo-sensitive NO donor conjugated AuNPs on cationic poly(dopamine-co-glucosamine) nanoparticle (PDG@Au-NO) served as core, and anionic phenylboronic acid-acryloylmorpholine (PBAM) copolymer was employed as a shell. The NO nanogenerator featured long circulation and good biocompatibility. Once the nanogenerator reached acidic biofilm, its surface charge would be switched to positive after shell dissociation and cationic core exposure, which was conducive for the nanogenerator to infiltrate and accumulate in the depth of biofilm. In addition, the nanogenerator could sustainably generate NO to disturb the integrity of biofilm at physiological temperature, then generate hyperthermia and explosive NO release upon NIR irradiation to efficiently eradicate drug-resistant bacteria biofilm. Such rational design offers a promising approach for developing nanosystems against biofilm-associated infections.

Recent advances of smart materials for ocular drug delivery

Owing to the variety and complexity of ocular diseases and the natural ocular barriers, drug therapy for ocular diseases has significant limitations, such as poor drug targeting to the site of the disease, poor drug penetration, and short drug retention time in the vitreous body. With the development of biotechnology, biomedical materials have reached the "smart" stage. To date, despite their inability to overcome all the aforementioned drawbacks, a variety of smart materials have been widely tested to treat various ocular diseases. This review analyses the most recent developments in multiple smart materials (inorganic particles, polymeric particles, lipid-based particles, hydrogels, and devices) to treat common ocular diseases and discusses the future directions and perspectives regarding clinical translation issues. This review can help researchers rationally design more smart materials for specific ocular applications.

Analysis of the Self-Healing Capability of Thermoplastic Elastomer Capsules in a Polymeric Beam Structure Based on Strain Energy Release Behaviour during Crack Growth

The objective of this study was to investigate the elastic and plastic responses of 3D-printed thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) beams under various bending loads. The study also aimed to develop a self-healing mechanism using origami TPE capsules embedded within an ABS structure. These cross-shaped capsules have the ability to be either folded or elastically deformed. When a crack occurs in the ABS structure, the strain is released, causing the TPE capsule to unfold along the crack direction, thereby enhancing the crack resistance of the ABS structure. The enhanced ability to resist cracks was confirmed through a delamination test on a double cantilever specimen subjected to quasi-static load conditions. Consistent test outcomes highlighted how the self-healing process influenced the development of structural cracks. These results indicate that the suggested self-healing mechanism has the potential to be a unique addition to current methods, which mostly rely on external healing agents.

D-A Structured High-Performance Photothermal/Photodynamic Thionin-Synthetic Melanin Nanoparticles for Rapid Bactericidal and Wound Healing Effects

Synthesized melanin nanoparticles (SMNPs) are used as advanced photothermal materials. However, their internal structures are complex and disordered, and tuning the photothermal performance of nanoparticles is still a hot spot of concern. This article presents thionin (Th)-doped SMNPs, namely Th-SMNPs, which are the first SMNPs formed using the one-pot polymerization of Th with Levodopa. Th can undergo Michael addition and Schiff base reaction between indole dihydroxy/indolequinone and their oligomers to form donor-acceptor pairs in the structure to modulate the photothermal performance of SMNPs. Structural and spectroscopic analyses and density functional theory simulations further confirm the existence of the donor-acceptor structure. Th-SMNPs exhibit excellent total photothermal efficiency (34.49%) in the near-infrared region (808 nm), which is a 60% improvement compared to SMNPs. This allows Th-SMNPs to exhibit excellent photothermal performance at low power 808 nm laser irradiation. Meanwhile, Th not only enhances the photothermal properties of SMNPs, but also imparts photodynamic effects to SMNPs. Th-SMNPs can produce 1 O2 under 660 nm laser irradiation. A dual-function photothermal and photodynamic textile named Th-SMNPs@cotton is constructed based on Th-SMNPs, which can act as a rapid photothermal/photodynamic sterilization and is promising for wound healing treatment of bacterial infections under low-power dual laser irradiation.

Sequential-Stimuli Induced Stepwise-Response of Pyridylpyrenes

Stimuli-responsive materials, especially multi-stimuli-responsive materials, can sense external stimuli such as light, heat, and force, have shown great potential in drug delivery, data storage, encryption, energy-harvesting, and artificial intelligence. Conventional multi-stimuli-responsive materials are sensitive to each independent stimulus, causing losses in the diversity and accuracy of the identification for practical application. Herein, a unique phenomenon of sequential-stimuli induced stepwise-response generated from elaborately designed single-component organic materials is reported, which shows large bathochromic shifts up to 5800 cm-1 under sequential stimuli of force and light. In contrast to multi-stimuli-responsive materials, the response of these materials strictly relies on the sequence of stimuli, allowing logicality, rigidity, and accuracy to be integrated into one single-component material. The molecular keypad lock is built based on these materials, pointing promising to a future for this logical response in significant practical applications. This breakthrough gives a new drive to classical stimuli-responsiveness and provides a fundamental design strategy for new generations of high-performance stimuli-responsive materials.

Melanin inspired microcapsules delivering immune metabolites for hepatic fibrosis management

Patients with hepatic fibrosis (HF) have a high risk of developing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and there is an urgent need for preventive strategies to block this process. Previous studies have found that disordered inflammation and oxidative damage play important roles in HF progression, suggesting two attractive therapeutic targets. Herein, a new kind of bioinspired microcapsules with a core-shell structure is generated using microfluidics. Polydopamine nanoparticles (PDANPs), a synthetic analogue of natural melanin, are embedded in the polymer shell to provide antioxidative properties for these microcapsules. The aqueous core is used to encapsulate ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), an energy metabolite recently known to have regulating effects of cellular signals involved in chronic inflammation. In a HF mouse model, the BHB-encapsulated PDANPs-embedded microcapsules (BHB-PDA-MCs) can not only decrease the severity of inflammatory response, but also the level of oxidative stress. As a result, this combinational strategy is demonstrated to prevent the activation of hepatic stellate cells, the accumulation of extracellular matrix, and the damage of hepatic lobules. These findings indicate that BHB-PDA-MCs can be a promising drug delivery system and have a synergistic effect on HF management.