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Wang Y, Sheng L, Xu B, Shi J, Chen Z. Study on Thermophysical Properties and Phase Change Regulation Mechanism of Optically-Controlled Phase Change Materials: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Molecular Dynamics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404184. [PMID: 39128134 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Optically-controlled phase change materials, which are prepared by introducing molecular photoswitches into traditional phase change materials (PCMs), can convert and store solar energy into photochemical enthalpy and phase change enthalpy. However, the thermophysical properties of optically controlled PCMs, which are crucial in the practical, are rarely paid attention to. 4-(phenyldiazenyl)phenyl decanoate (Azo-A-10) is experimentally prepared as an optically-controlled PCMs, whose energy storage density is 210.0 kJ·kg-1, and the trans single crystal structure is obtained. The density, phase transition temperature, thermal conductivity, and other parameters in trans state are measured experimentally. Furthermore, a microscopic model of Azo-A-10 is established, and the thermophysical properties are analyzed based on molecular dynamics. The results show that the microstructure parameter (order parameters) and thermophysical properties (density, radial distribution function, self-diffusion coefficient, phase change temperature, and thermal conductivity) of partially or completely isomerized Azo-A-10, which are challenging to observe in experiments, can be predicted by molecular dynamics simulation. The optically-controlled phase change mechanism can be clarified according to the differences in microstructure. The optically-controlled switchability of thermophysical properties of an optically-controlled PCM is analyzed. This study provides ideas for the improvement, development, and application of optically-controlled PCMs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
| | - Lisha Sheng
- College of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, P. R. China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
| | - Juan Shi
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
| | - Zhenqian Chen
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
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2
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Kuntze K, Isokuortti J, van der Wal JJ, Laaksonen T, Crespi S, Durandin NA, Priimagi A. Detour to success: photoswitching via indirect excitation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11684-11698. [PMID: 39092110 PMCID: PMC11290455 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02538e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoswitchable molecules that undergo nanoscopic changes upon photoisomerisation can be harnessed to control macroscopic properties such as colour, solubility, shape, and motion of the systems they are incorporated into. These molecules find applications in various fields of chemistry, physics, biology, and materials science. Until recently, research efforts have focused on the design of efficient photoswitches responsive to low-energy (red or near-infrared) irradiation, which however may compromise other molecular properties such as thermal stability and robustness. Indirect isomerisation methods enable photoisomerisation with low-energy photons without altering the photoswitch core, and also open up new avenues in controlling the thermal switching mechanism. In this perspective, we present the state of the art of five indirect excitation methods: two-photon excitation, triplet sensitisation, photon upconversion, photoinduced electron transfer, and indirect thermal methods. Each impacts our understanding of the fundamental physicochemical properties of photochemical switches, and offers unique application prospects in biomedical technologies and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kuntze
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Jussi Isokuortti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Jacob J van der Wal
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Tampere Finland
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Nikita A Durandin
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Tampere Finland
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3
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Dang T, Zhang ZY, Li T. Visible-Light-Activated Heteroaryl Azoswitches: Toward a More Colorful Future. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19609-19620. [PMID: 38991225 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Azobenzenes (Ph-N═N-Ph) are known as the most widely studied molecular photoswitches, and the recent rise of azoheteroarenes (Het-N═N-Ph or Het-N═N-Het) offers great opportunities to advance this already mature field. A common limitation is that azo-switches generally require harmful UV light for activation, which hinders their application across various fields. Despite great efforts in developing visible-light azobenzenes over the past few decades, the potential of visible-light heteroaryl azoswitches remains largely unexplored. This Perspective summarizes the state-of-the-art advancements in visible-light heteroaryl azoswitches, covering molecular design strategies, the structure-property relationship, and potential applications. We highlight the distinctive advantages of azoheteroarenes over azobenzenes in the research and development of visible-light switches. Furthermore, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in this emerging field and propose potential solutions to address crucial issues such as spectral red-shift and thermal half-life. Through this Perspective paper, we aim to provide inspiration for further exploration in this field, in anticipation of the growing prosperity and bright future of visible-light azoheteroarene photoswitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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4
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Richter RC, Biebl SM, Einholz R, Walz J, Maichle-Mössmer C, Ströbele M, Bettinger HF, Fleischer I. Facile Energy Release from Substituted Dewar Isomers of 1,2-Dihydro-1,2-Azaborinines Catalyzed by Coinage Metal Lewis Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405818. [PMID: 38665012 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal systems (MOST) represent an auspicious solution for the storage of solar energy. We report silver salts as a unique class of catalysts, capable of releasing the stored energy from the promising 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborinine based MOST system. Mechanistic investigations provided insights into the silver catalyzed thermal backreaction, concurrently unveiling the first crystal structure of a 2-aza-3-borabicyclo[2.2.0]hex-5-ene, the Dewar isomer of 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborinine. Quantification of activation energies by kinetic experiments has elucidated the advantageous energy change associated with Lewis acid catalysts, a phenomenon corroborated through computational analysis. By means of low temperature NMR spectroscopy, mechanistic insights into the coordination of Ag+ to the 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborinine were gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Richter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sonja M Biebl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Einholz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Walz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Current address, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cäcilia Maichle-Mössmer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Ströbele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics (LISA+) at the, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ivana Fleischer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Aslam AS, Muhammad LM, Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen A, Mikkelsen KV, Moth-Poulsen K. Norbornadiene-Quadricyclane Photoswitches with Enhanced Solar Spectrum Match. Chemistry 2024:e202401430. [PMID: 38825835 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report monomeric and dimeric norbornadiene-quadricyclane molecular photoswitch systems intended for molecular solar thermal applications. A series of six new norbornadiene derivatives conjugated with benzothiadiazole as the acceptor unit and dithiafulvene as the donor unit were synthesized and fully characterized. The photoswitches were evaluated by experimentally and theoretically measuring optical absorption profiles and thermal conversion of quadricyclane to norbornadiene. Computational insight by density functional theory calculations at the M06-2X/def2-SVPD level of theory provided geometries, storage energies, UV-vis absorption spectra, and HOMO-LUMO levels that are used to describe the function of the molecular systems. The studied molecules exhibit absorption onset ranging from 416 nm to 595 nm due to a systemic change in their donor-acceptor character. This approach was advantageous due to the introduction of benzothiadiazole and the dimeric nature of molecular structures. The best-performing system has a half-life of 3 days with quantum yields over 50 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil S Aslam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lidiya M Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Llu'ıs Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Kumar H, Parthiban G, Velloth A, Saini J, De R, Pal SK, Hazra KS, Venkataramani S. Arylazo-3,5-diphenylpyrazole Derivatives: Molecular Probes Exhibiting Reversible Light-induced Phase Transitions for Energy Storage and Direct Photolithographic Patterning. Chemistry 2024:e202401836. [PMID: 38818932 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
We report azopyrazole photoswitches decorated with variable N-alkyl and alkoxy chains (for hydrophobic interactions) and phenyl substituents on the pyrazoles (enabling π-π stacking), showing efficient bidirectional photoswitching and reversible light-induced phase transition (LIPT). Extensive spectroscopic, microscopic, and diffraction studies and computations confirmed the manifestation of molecular-level interactions and photoisomerization into macroscopic changes leading to the LIPT phenomena. Using differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) studies, the energetics associated with those accompanying processes were estimated. The long half-lives of Z isomers, high energy contents for isomerization and phase transitions, and the stability of phases over an extended temperature range (-60 to 80 °C) make them excellent candidates for energy storage and release applications. Remarkably, the difference in the solubility of the distinct phases in one of the derivatives allowed us to utilize it as a photoresist in photolithography applications on diverse substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, 140 306, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Gayathri Parthiban
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, 140 306, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Archana Velloth
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, 140 306, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti Saini
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, 140 306, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Ritobrata De
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, 140 306, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, 140 306, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Kiran Shankar Hazra
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, 140 306, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, 140 306, Manauli, Punjab, India
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7
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Antoniou G, Athanasopoulos S, Koyioni M, Koutentis PA, Keivanidis PE. Unexpected Performance of a Bifunctional Sensitizer/Activator Component for Photon Energy Management via Upconversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5337-5343. [PMID: 38728150 PMCID: PMC11129295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
We here report on the observation of upconverted photoluminescence (UC-PL) from the blue-light-emitting 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) mixed with the yellow-light-absorbing bifunctional sensitizer/activator component of (3,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrin-22,24-diid-2-one) PtII (PtOEP-K). Yellow-to-blue UC-PL (0.680 eV spectral upshift) is achieved at room temperature under ultralow power continuous incoherent photoexcitation (220 μW/cm2) despite the absence of triplet energy transfer (TET) between PtOEP-K and DPA. Under selective CW-laser photoexcitation of PtOEP-K in DPA:PtOEP-K, a 2.5% UC-PL quantum yield is obtained; that is an improvement exceeding by more than 3 orders of magnitude the UC-PL quantum yield of TTA-UC material combinations wherein no TET is operative. The PL response of DPA:PtOEP-K to varying laser fluence suggests that bimolecular annihilation reactions between triplet-excited PtOEP-K facilitate the UC-PL activation in DPA. These findings pave the way toward low-complexity strategies for the reduction of transmission losses in solar energy technologies through an innovative wavelength upshifting protocol involving excitonic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannis Antoniou
- Device
Technology and Chemical Physics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 45 Kitiou Kyprianou str., 3041 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Stavros Athanasopoulos
- Departamento
de Física, Universidad Carlos III
de Madrid, Avenida Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Koyioni
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Panagiotis E. Keivanidis
- Device
Technology and Chemical Physics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 45 Kitiou Kyprianou str., 3041 Limassol, Cyprus
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8
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Zitzmann M, Fröhling M, Dube H. Gain of Function Recyclable Photoswitches: Reversible Simultaneous Substitution and Photochromism Generation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318767. [PMID: 38315498 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The use of molecular photoswitches has spread to virtually every field of pure and applied chemistry because of the extraordinary level of control they provide over the behavior of matter at the smallest scales. Photoswitches possess at least two different states with distinct structures and/or electronics and further functionalization of their core chromophore structures is needed to tailor them for a specific application. In this work we present a different concept for the generation and use of molecular photoswitches. It allows not only simultaneous establishment of photochromism and functionalization, but also full recyclability of a non-photochromic precursor material. Using a high-yielding and reversible ammonium salt formation, a functional group is introduced into a symmetric precursor while at the same time a strong electronic push-pull character is established in the structure. The resulting desymmetrization leads to efficient photoswitching capacity and the functional group can be fully removed subsequently by a simple heating step recovering the precursor for another functionalization round. We finally demonstrate feasibility of this concept over two consecutive closed loop functionalization/photoswitching/recovery steps. This concept offers great potential in any chemical research and application driven area but especially for the creation of responsive reprogrammable materials, no-background photoswitch labeling, and sustainable chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Zitzmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Fröhling
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Sangolkar AA, Kadiyam RK, Pawar R. Novel route to enhance the thermo-optical performance of bicyclic diene photoswitches for solar thermal batteries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1053-1068. [PMID: 38774273 PMCID: PMC11106670 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Harnessing solar energy by employing chemical photoswitches in molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage systems is a topic of appealing research interest. However, incorporating all the features desired for an ideal MOST system in a single photoswitching couple is challenging. Inspired by experimental synthesis, herein we report our attempt to enhance both the thermochemical and photophysical properties in a single-bridged bicyclic diene (BBD)-based photoswitch by elongating the unsaturated bridge with different heteroatomic units. To elucidate the best elongation unit, the energy storage capacity and the TBR barriers were accounted using the DLPNO-CCSD(T) and (8,8)-CASPT2 methods, respectively. The photophysical properties including the absorption onset, excitation wavelengths, and the absorption intensities were extensively investigated with the time-dependent calculations. The result provides information on the most versatile solvent to exhibit the best photoswitching behaviour which is beneficial for real-life energy storage applications. Additionally, the stability and reversibility of the photoswitching system with elongated unsaturated bridges have also been assessed. By means of the studied modification, the storage energy of 158.57 kJ/mol, energy storage density of 1.48 MJ/kg, TBR barrier of 136.36 kJ/mol, and the absorption onset of 305.00 nm is achieved in acetonitrile. These values are substantially higher when compared with the storage energy (96.06 kJ/mol), energy storage density (1.04 MJ/kg), and TBR barrier (121.76 kJ/mol) of prototype NBD/QC in the gas phase. The outcomes render useful insights into the stability and properties of bicyclic diene-based photoswitches having elongated unsaturated bridges and indeed paves the way for the rational design of practical MOST systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Ashok Sangolkar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana-506004, India
| | - Rama Krishna Kadiyam
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana-506004, India
| | - Ravinder Pawar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana-506004, India
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10
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Hemauer F, Steinrück HP, Papp C. The Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Pair as Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage System: Surface Science Investigations. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300806. [PMID: 38375756 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
For the transition to renewable energy sources, novel energy storage materials are more important than ever. This review addresses so-called molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, which appear very promising since they combine light harvesting and energy storing in one-photon one-molecule processes. The focus is on norbornadiene (NBD), a particularly interesting candidate, which is converted to the strained valence isomer quadricyclane (QC) upon irradiation. The stored energy can be released on demand. The energy-releasing cycloreversion from QC to NBD can be initiated by a thermal, catalytic, or electrochemical trigger. The reversibility of the energy storage and release cycles determines the general practicality of a MOST system. In the search for derivatives, which enable large-scale applications, fundamental surface science studies help to assess the feasibility of potential substituted NBD/QC couples. We include investigations under well-defined ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions as well as experiments in liquid phase. Next to the influence of the catalytically active surfaces on the isomerization between the two valence isomers, information on adsorption geometries, thermal stability limits, and reaction pathways of the respective molecules are discussed. Moreover, laboratory-scaled test devices demonstrate the proof of concept in various areas of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hemauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Chen J, Kou Y, Zhang S, Zhang X, Liu H, Yan H, Shi Q. Spatiotemporal Utilization of Latent Heat in Erythritol-based Phase Change Materials as Solar Thermal Fuels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400759. [PMID: 38375575 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Solar thermal fuels (STFs) have been particularly concerned as sustainable future energy due to their impressive ability to store solar energy in chemical bonds and controllably release thermal energy. However, currently studied STFs mainly focus on molecule-based materials with high photochemical activity, toxicity, and compromised features, which greatly restricts their applications in practical scenarios of solar energy utilization. Herein, we present a novel erythritol-based composite phase change material (PCM) as a new type of STFs with an outstanding capability to store solar energy as latent heat in its stable supercooling state and release thermal energy as needed. This composite PCM with stored thermal energy can be maintained stably at room temperature and subsequently release latent heat as high as 224.9 J/g during the crystallization process triggered by thermal stimuli. Remarkably, solar energy can be converted into latent heat stored in the composite PCM over months. Through mechanical stimulations, the released latent heat can increase the temperature of the composite up to 91 °C. This work presents a new concept of using spatiotemporal storage and release of latent heat in PCMs for solar energy utilization, making it a potential candidate as STFs for developing future clean energy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Thermochemistry Laboratory, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Energy Materials Thermodynamics, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Thermochemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yan Kou
- Thermochemistry Laboratory, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Energy Materials Thermodynamics, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Thermochemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Shihui Zhang
- Thermochemistry Laboratory, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Energy Materials Thermodynamics, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Thermochemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Thermochemistry Laboratory, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Energy Materials Thermodynamics, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Thermochemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hanqing Liu
- Thermochemistry Laboratory, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Energy Materials Thermodynamics, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Thermochemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Huiming Yan
- Thermochemistry Laboratory, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Energy Materials Thermodynamics, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Thermochemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Quan Shi
- Thermochemistry Laboratory, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Energy Materials Thermodynamics, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Thermochemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
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12
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Borne KD, Cooper JC, Ashfold MNR, Bachmann J, Bhattacharyya S, Boll R, Bonanomi M, Bosch M, Callegari C, Centurion M, Coreno M, Curchod BFE, Danailov MB, Demidovich A, Di Fraia M, Erk B, Faccialà D, Feifel R, Forbes RJG, Hansen CS, Holland DMP, Ingle RA, Lindh R, Ma L, McGhee HG, Muvva SB, Nunes JPF, Odate A, Pathak S, Plekan O, Prince KC, Rebernik P, Rouzée A, Rudenko A, Simoncig A, Squibb RJ, Venkatachalam AS, Vozzi C, Weber PM, Kirrander A, Rolles D. Ultrafast electronic relaxation pathways of the molecular photoswitch quadricyclane. Nat Chem 2024; 16:499-505. [PMID: 38307994 PMCID: PMC10997510 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The light-induced ultrafast switching between molecular isomers norbornadiene and quadricyclane can reversibly store and release a substantial amount of chemical energy. Prior work observed signatures of ultrafast molecular dynamics in both isomers upon ultraviolet excitation but could not follow the electronic relaxation all the way back to the ground state experimentally. Here we study the electronic relaxation of quadricyclane after exciting in the ultraviolet (201 nanometres) using time-resolved gas-phase extreme ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy combined with non-adiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. We identify two competing pathways by which electronically excited quadricyclane molecules relax to the electronic ground state. The fast pathway (<100 femtoseconds) is distinguished by effective coupling to valence electronic states, while the slow pathway involves initial motions across Rydberg states and takes several hundred femtoseconds. Both pathways facilitate interconversion between the two isomers, albeit on different timescales, and we predict that the branching ratio of norbornadiene/quadricyclane products immediately after returning to the electronic ground state is approximately 3:2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis D Borne
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Joseph C Cooper
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Julien Bachmann
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Surjendu Bhattacharyya
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Matteo Bonanomi
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (CNR-IFN), CNR, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Michael Bosch
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Centurion
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Marcello Coreno
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), CNR, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Benjamin Erk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Davide Faccialà
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (CNR-IFN), CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - Raimund Feifel
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ruaridh J G Forbes
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Christopher S Hansen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca A Ingle
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Roland Lindh
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lingyu Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Henry G McGhee
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sri Bhavya Muvva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Asami Odate
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Shashank Pathak
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Oksana Plekan
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Artem Rudenko
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Richard J Squibb
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Caterina Vozzi
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (CNR-IFN), CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - Peter M Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Adam Kirrander
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Daniel Rolles
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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13
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Salthouse RJ, Moth-Poulsen K. Multichromophoric photoswitches for solar energy storage: from azobenzene to norbornadiene, and MOST things in between. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2024; 12:3180-3208. [PMID: 38327567 PMCID: PMC10846599 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta05972c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The ever-increasing global demands for energy supply and storage have led to numerous research efforts into finding and developing renewable energy technologies. Molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) systems utilise molecular photoswitches that can be isomerized to a metastable high-energy state upon solar irradiation. These high-energy isomers can then be thermally or catalytically converted back to their original state, releasing the stored energy as heat on-demand, offering a means of emission-free energy storage from a closed system, often from only organic materials. In this context, multichromophoric systems which incorporate two or more photochromic units may offer additional functionality over monosubstituted analogues, due to their potential to access multiple states as well as having more attractive physical properties. The extended conjugation offered by these systems can lead to a red shift in the absorption profile and hence a better overlap with the solar spectrum. Additionally, the multichromophoric design may lead to increased energy storage densities due to some of the molecular weight being 'shared' across several energy storage units. This review provides an overview and analysis of multichromophoric photoswitches incorporating the norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) couple, azobenzene (AZB), dihydroazulene (DHA) and diarylethene (DAE) systems, in the context of energy storage applications. Mixed systems, where two or more different chromophores are linked together in one molecule, are also discussed, as well as limitations such as the loss of photochromism due to inner filter effects or self-quenching, and how these challenges may be overcome in future designs of multichromophoric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Salthouse
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 16 08019 Barcelona Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 16 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Llu'ıs Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivagen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
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14
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Baggi N, Hölzel H, Schomaker H, Moreno K, Moth-Poulsen K. Flow-Integrated Preparation of Norbornadiene Precursors for Solar Thermal Energy Storage. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301184. [PMID: 37747153 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage systems are getting increased attention related to renewable energy storage applications. Particularly, 2,3-difunctionalized norbornadiene-quadricyclane (NBD-QC) switches bearing a nitrile (CN) group as one of the two substituents are investigated as promising MOST candidates thanks to their high energy storage densities and their red-shifted absorbance. Moreover, such NBD systems can be prepared in large quantities (a requirement for MOST-device applications) in flow through Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and appropriately functionalized propynenitriles. However, these acetylene precursors are traditionally prepared in batch from their corresponding acetophenones using reactive chemicals potentially leading to health and physical hazards, especially when working on a several-grams scale. Here, we develop a multistep flow-chemistry route to enhance the production of these crucial precursors. Furthermore, we assess the atom economy (AE) and the E-factor showing improved green metrics compared to classical batch methods. Our results pave the way for a complete flow synthesis of NBDs with a positive impact on green chemistry aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Baggi
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hannes Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- AutoSyn AB, Plockerotegatan 207, SE-422 57, Hisings Backa, Sweden
| | - Kevin Moreno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Gimenez-Gomez A, Rollins B, Steele A, Hölzel H, Baggi N, Moth-Poulsen K, Funes-Ardoiz I, Sampedro D. Unveiling the Potential of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Molecular Solar Thermal Systems. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303230. [PMID: 37947164 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy utilization has gained considerable attention due to its abundance and renewability. However, its intermittent nature presents a challenge in harnessing its full potential. The development of energy storing compounds capable of capturing and releasing solar energy on demand has emerged as a potential solution. These compounds undergo a photochemical transformation that results in a high-energy metastable photoisomer, which stores solar energy in the form of chemical bonds and can release it as heat when required. Such systems are referred to as MOlecular Solar Thermal (MOST)-systems. Although the photoisomerization of MOST systems has been vastly studied, its back-conversion, particularly using heterogeneous catalysts, is still underexplored and the development of effective catalysts for releasing stored energy is crucial. Herein we compare the performance of 27 heterogeneous catalysts releasing the stored energy in an efficient Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane (NBD/QC) MOST system. We report the first benchmarking of heterogeneous catalysts for a MOST system using a robust comparison method of the catalysts' activity and monitoring the conversion using UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Our findings provide insights into the development of effective catalysts for MOST systems. We anticipate that our assay will reveal the necessity of further investigation on heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gimenez-Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación Química de la Universidad de La Rioja (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Benjamin Rollins
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court Road, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, Reading, UK
| | - Andrew Steele
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court Road, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, Reading, UK
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolò Baggi
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación Química de la Universidad de La Rioja (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación Química de la Universidad de La Rioja (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
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16
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Chen H, Yang C, Ren H, Zhang W, Cui X, Tang Q. Water-Soluble Azobenzene-Based Solar Thermal Fuels with Improved Long-Term Energy Storage and Energy Density. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37944917 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene (azo)-based solar thermal fuels (STFs) have been developed to harvest and store solar energy. However, due to the lipophilicity and low energy density of azo-based STFs, the derived devices demand a large amount of toxic organic solvents for continuous and scalable energy storage. Herein, we report an ionic strategy to prepare water-soluble azo-based STFs (WASTFs) with improved energy storage performance, which can be realized through a facile quaternization reaction using commercial reagents. A family of WASTFs were synthesized, and all of them showed good water solubility, long-term thermal half-life (>30 days), and high energy storage density (a highest energy density of ∼143.6 J g-1 corresponding to an energy storage enthalpy of ∼111.8 kJ mol-1). Compared to the electrically neutral azo-based STFs with similar chemical structures, ΔH and thermal half-life (τ1/2) of the WASTFs are 2.5 times higher and 7.3 times longer, respectively. Cation-π interactions between the quaternized moieties [N+(CHx)4] and benzene moieties of azo were confirmed, which could account for their improvement of the energy storage performance. Macroscale heat release with an average temperature difference of ∼2 °C was achieved for the WASTFs prepared in this work. Generally, a novel family of WASTFs are synthesized and show great applicable prospects in fabricating advanced solar energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory for New Textile Materials and Applications, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Chang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory for New Textile Materials and Applications, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory for New Textile Materials and Applications, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xin Cui
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Technology Research Center, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qingquan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory for New Textile Materials and Applications, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
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17
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Gupta D, Gaur AK, Kaur R, Ashish, Kaur N, Venkataramani S. Photoswitchable Azoheteroarene-Based Chelating Ligands: Light Modulation of Properties, Aqueous Solubility and Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301906. [PMID: 37477625 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
We report the design and synthesis of eight photoswitchable phenylazopyridine- and phenylazopyrazole-based molecular systems as chelation-type light-controllable ligands. Besides the studies on fundamental photoisomerization behaviour, the ligands were also screened for light-tuneable properties such as photochromism, phase transition, and solubility, especially in the aqueous medium. This investigation demonstrates how the modulation of aqueous solubility can be achieved through photoisomerization and can further be utilized towards controlling the amount of catalytically active Cu(I) species in the aqueous conditions. Through this approach, light control over the catalytic activity was achieved for Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions, along with a partial recovery of the catalytically active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140 306, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Gaur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140 306, India
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140 306, India
| | - Ashish
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140 306, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140 306, India
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140 306, India
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18
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Castro F, Gancheff JS, Ramos JC, Seoane G, Bazzicalupi C, Bianchi A, Ridi F, Savastano M. A Norbornadiene-Based Molecular System for the Storage of Solar-Thermal Energy in an Aqueous Solution: Study of the Heat-Release Process Triggered by a Co(II)-Complex. Molecules 2023; 28:7270. [PMID: 37959690 PMCID: PMC10650538 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is urgent yet challenging to develop new environmentally friendly and cost-effective sources of energy. Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems for energy capture and storage are a promising option. With this in mind, we have prepared a new water-soluble (pH > 6) norbornadiene derivative (HNBD1) whose MOST properties are reported here. HNBD1 shows a better matching to the solar spectrum compared to unmodified norbornadiene, with an onset absorbance of λonset = 364 nm. The corresponding quadricyclane photoisomer (HQC1) is quantitatively generated through the light irradiation of HNBD1. In an alkaline aqueous solution, the MOST system consists of the NBD1-/QC1- pair of deprotonated species. QC1- is very stable toward thermal back-conversion to NBD1-; it is absolutely stable at 298 K for three months and shows a marked resistance to temperature increase (half-life t½ = 587 h at 371 K). Yet, it rapidly (t½ = 11 min) releases the stored energy in the presence of the Co(II) porphyrin catalyst Co-TPPC (ΔHstorage = 65(2) kJ∙mol-1). Under the explored conditions, Co-TPPC maintains its catalytic activity for at least 200 turnovers. These results are very promising for the creation of MOST systems that work in water, a very interesting solvent for environmental sustainability, and offer a strong incentive to continue research towards this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Castro
- Área Química Inorgánica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
- Laboratorio de Química Fina, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, By Pass de Rutas 8 y 101 s/n, Pando 91000, Uruguay;
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Jorge S. Gancheff
- Área Química Inorgánica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Juan C. Ramos
- Laboratorio de Química Fina, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, By Pass de Rutas 8 y 101 s/n, Pando 91000, Uruguay;
- Área Química Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Gustavo Seoane
- Área Química Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Carla Bazzicalupi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (A.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (A.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Francesca Ridi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (A.B.); (F.R.)
- CSGI Consortium, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Matteo Savastano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane e Promozione della Qualità della Vita, Università Telematica San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Roma, Italy
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19
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Mukherjee A, Seyfried MD, Ravoo BJ. Azoheteroarene and Diazocine Molecular Photoswitches: Self-Assembly, Responsive Materials and Photopharmacology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304437. [PMID: 37212536 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic units tethered with an azo (-N=N-) functionality comprise a unique class of compounds, known as molecular photoswitches, exhibiting a reversible transformation between their E- and Z-isomers in response to photo-irradiation. Photoswitches have been explored extensively in the recent past to prepare dynamic self-assembled materials, optoelectronic devices, responsive biomaterials, and more. Most of such materials involve azobenzenes as the molecular photoswitch and to date, SciFinder lists more than 7000 articles and 1000 patents. Subsequently, a great deal of effort has been invested to improve the photo-isomerization efficiency and related mesoscopic properties of azobenzenes. Recently, azoheteroarenes and cyclic azobenzenes, such as arylazopyrazoles, arylazoisoxazoles, arylazopyridines, and diazocines, have emerged as second generation molecular photoswitches beyond conventional azobenzenes. These photoswitches offer distinct photoswitching behavior and responsive properties which make them highly promising candidates for multifaceted applications ranging from photoresponsive materials to photopharmacophores. In this minireview, we introduce the structural refinement and photoresponsive properties of azoheteroarenes and diazocines and summarize the state-of-the-art on utilizing these photoswitches as responsive building blocks in supramolecular assembly, material science and photopharmacology, highlighting their versatile photochemical behavior, enhanced functionality, and latest applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Mukherjee
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Maximilian D Seyfried
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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20
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Doellerer D, Pooler DRS, Guinart A, Crespi S, Feringa BL. Highly Efficient Oxindole-Based Molecular Photoswitches. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301634. [PMID: 37345715 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
3-Benzylidene-indoline-2-ones play a prominent role in the pharmaceutical industry due to the diverse biomedical applications of oxindole heterocycles. Despite the extensive reports on their biological properties, these compounds have hardly been studied for their photochemical activity. Here, we present 3-benzylidene-indoline-2-ones as a promising class of photoswitches with high yields, robust photochemical switching with quantum yields reaching up to 50 % and potential for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Doellerer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daisy R S Pooler
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ainoa Guinart
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry -, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Sun W, Shangguan Z, Zhang X, Dang T, Zhang ZY, Li T. Solar Efficiency of Azo-Photoswitches for Energy Conversion: A Comprehensive Assessment. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300582. [PMID: 37278140 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitches can absorb solar photons and store them as chemical energy by photoisomerization, which is regarded as a promising strategy for photochemical solar energy storage. Although many efforts have been devoted to photoswitch discovery, the solar efficiency, a critical fundamental parameter assessing the solar energy conversion ability, has attracted little attention and remains to be studied comprehensively. Here we provide a systematic evaluation of the solar efficiency of typical azo-switches including azobenzenes and azopyrazoles, and gain a comprehensive understanding on its decisive factors. All the efficiencies are found below 1.0 %, far from the proposed limits for molecular solar thermal energy storage systems. Azopyrazoles exhibit remarkably higher solar efficiencies (0.59-0.94 %) than azobenzenes (0.11-0.43 %), benefiting from largely improved quantum yield and photoisomerization yield. Light filters can be used to improve the isomerization yield but inevitably narrow the usable range of solar spectrum, and these two contradictory effects ultimately reduce solar efficiencies. We envision this conflict could be resolved through developing azo-switches that afford high isomerization yields by absorbing wide-spectrum solar energy. We hope this work could promote more efforts to improve the solar efficiency of photoswitches, which is highly relevant to the prospect for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Zhichun Shangguan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Tongtong Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
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22
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Schulte R, Afflerbach S, Paululat T, Ihmels H. Bis- and Tris-norbornadienes with High Energy Densities for Efficient Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309544. [PMID: 37504899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) systems can convert, store and release solar energy in chemical bonds, i.e., as chemical energy. In this work, phenyl- and naphthyl-linked bis- and tris-norbornadienes are presented as promising MOST systems with very high energy densities. The substrates were synthesized by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions and their absorption properties and characteristic parameters for MOST applications were investigated. The norbornadiene derivatives showed absorption onsets of up to 386 nm and photoisomerization quantum yields of 56 % per photoisomerization event. The resulting quadricyclane products have half-lifes up to 14 d and very high energy densities of up to 734 kJ/kg. Overall, these norbornadienes fulfill necessary criteria for an optimal MOST system and are, therefore, a highly promising basis for the development of materials for efficient solar energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schulte
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio-)Technology (Cμ), University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Sandra Afflerbach
- Chair of Thermal and Thermochemical Energy Storage, Technische Universität Berlin, KT2, Marchstrasse 18, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Paululat
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio-)Technology (Cμ), University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Heiko Ihmels
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio-)Technology (Cμ), University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
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23
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Naimovičius L, Bharmoria P, Moth-Poulsen K. Triplet-triplet annihilation mediated photon upconversion solar energy systems. MATERIALS CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS 2023; 7:2297-2315. [PMID: 37313216 PMCID: PMC10259159 DOI: 10.1039/d3qm00069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy harvesting is among the best solutions for a global transition toward carbon-neutral energy technologies. The existing solar energy harvesting technologies like photovoltaics (PV) and emerging molecular concepts such as solar fuels and molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) are rapidly developing. However, to realize their full potential, fundamental solar energy loss channels like photon transmission, recombination, and thermalization need to be addressed. Triplet-triplet annihilation mediated photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is emerging as a way to overcome losses due to the transmission of photons below the PV/chromophore band gap. However, there are several challenges related to the integration of efficient solid-state TTA-UC systems into efficient devices such as: wide band absorption, materials sustainability, and device architecture. In this article, we review existing work, identify and discuss challenges as well as present our perspective toward possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Naimovičius
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Pankaj Bharmoria
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivagen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
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24
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An S, Shi B, Jiang M, Fu B, Song C, Tao P, Shang W, Deng T. Biological and Bioinspired Thermal Energy Regulation and Utilization. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37162476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The regulation and utilization of thermal energy is increasingly important in modern society due to the growing demand for heating and cooling in applications ranging from buildings, to cooling high power electronics, and from personal thermal management to the pursuit of renewable thermal energy technologies. Over billions of years of natural selection, biological organisms have evolved unique mechanisms and delicate structures for efficient and intelligent regulation and utilization of thermal energy. These structures also provide inspiration for developing advanced thermal engineering materials and systems with extraordinary performance. In this review, we summarize research progress in biological and bioinspired thermal energy materials and technologies, including thermal regulation through insulation, radiative cooling, evaporative cooling and camouflage, and conversion and utilization of thermal energy from solar thermal radiation and biological bodies for vapor/electricity generation, temperature/infrared sensing, and communication. Emphasis is placed on introducing bioinspired principles, identifying key bioinspired structures, revealing structure-property-function relationships, and discussing promising and implementable bioinspired strategies. We also present perspectives on current challenges and outlook for future research directions. We anticipate that this review will stimulate further in-depth research in biological and bioinspired thermal energy materials and technologies, and help accelerate the growth of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun An
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Boning Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Modi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Benwei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chengyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wen Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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25
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Franz E, Jung J, Kunz A, Wegner HA, Brummel O, Mollenhauer D, Libuda J. How Adsorption Affects the Energy Release in an Azothiophene-Based Molecular Solar-Thermal System. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1470-1477. [PMID: 36744855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar-thermal (MOST) systems combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release within one single molecule. To release the energy, different approaches are applicable, e.g., the electrochemical and the catalytic pathways. While the electrochemical pathway requires catalytically inert electrode materials, the catalytic pathway requires active and selective catalysts. In this work, we studied the catalytic activity and selectivity of graphite(0001), Pt(111), and Au(111) surfaces for the energy release from the MOST system 3-cyanophenylazothiophene along with its adsorption properties. In our study, we combine in situ photochemical IR spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT). Graphite(0001) is catalytically inactive, shows the weakest reactant-surface interaction, and therefore is ideally suitable for electrochemical triggering. On Pt(111), we observe strong reactant-surface interactions along with moderate catalytic activity and partial decomposition, which limit the applicability of this material. On Au(111), we observe high catalytic activity and high selectivity (>99%). We assign these catalytic properties to the moderate reactant surface interaction, which prevents decomposition but facilitates energy release via a singlet-triplet mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jannis Jung
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne Kunz
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392Giessen, Germany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058Erlangen, Germany
| | - Doreen Mollenhauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Au-Yeung KH, Sarkar S, Kühne T, Aiboudi O, Ryndyk DA, Robles R, Lorente N, Lissel F, Joachim C, Moresco F. A Nanocar and Rotor in One Molecule. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3128-3134. [PMID: 36638056 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Depending on its adsorption conformation on the Au(111) surface, a zwitterionic single-molecule machine works in two different ways under bias voltage pulses. It is a unidirectional rotor while anchored on the surface. It is a fast-drivable molecule vehicle (nanocar) while physisorbed. By tuning the surface coverage, the conformation of the molecule can be selected to be either rotor or nanocar. The inelastic tunneling excitation producing the movement is investigated in the same experimental conditions for both the unidirectional rotation of the rotor and the directed movement of the nanocar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Ho Au-Yeung
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Suchetana Sarkar
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Tim Kühne
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Oumaima Aiboudi
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Dmitry A Ryndyk
- Institute for Materials Science, TU Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
- Theoretical Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Roberto Robles
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), 20018Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nicolas Lorente
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), 20018Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia international physics center, 20018Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Franziska Lissel
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Joachim
- GNS & MANA Satellite, CEMES, CNRS, 29 rue J. Marvig, 31055Toulouse, France
| | - Francesca Moresco
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
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27
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Usuba J, Han GG. Photoswitch designs for molecular solar thermal energy storage. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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28
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Franz E, Krappmann D, Fromm L, Luchs T, Görling A, Hirsch A, Brummel O, Libuda J. Electrocatalytic Energy Release of Norbornadiene-Based Molecular Solar Thermal Systems: Tuning the Electrochemical Stability by Molecular Design. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201483. [PMID: 36213958 PMCID: PMC10099746 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, such as the norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) couple, combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release in a simple one-photon one-molecule process. Triggering the energy release electrochemically enables high control of the process, high selectivity, and reversibility. In this work, the influence of the molecular design of the MOST couple on the electrochemically triggered back-conversion reaction was addressed for the first time. The MOST systems phenyl-ethyl ester-NBD/QC (NBD1/QC1) and p-methoxyphenyl-ethyl ester-NBD/QC (NBD2/QC2) were investigated by in-situ photoelectrochemical infrared spectroscopy, voltammetry, and density functional theory modelling. For QC1, partial decomposition (40 %) was observed upon back-conversion and along with a voltammetric peak at 0.6 Vfc , which was assigned primarily to decomposition. The back-conversion of QC2, however, occurred without detectable side products, and the corresponding peak at 0.45 Vfc was weaker by a factor of 10. It was concluded that the electrochemical stability of a NBD/QC couple is easy tunable by simple structural changes. Furthermore, the charge input and, therefore, the current for the electrochemically triggered energy release is very low, which ensures a high overall efficiency of the MOST system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Lukas Fromm
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tobias Luchs
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
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29
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Franz E, Stumm C, Waidhas F, Bertram M, Jevric M, Orrego-Hernández J, Hölzel H, Moth-Poulsen K, Brummel O, Libuda J. Tunable Energy Release in a Reversible Molecular Solar Thermal System. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Corinna Stumm
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Fabian Waidhas
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | | | - Helen Hölzel
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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