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Gao W, Zhi G, Zhou M, Niu T. Growth of Single Crystalline 2D Materials beyond Graphene on Non-metallic Substrates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311317. [PMID: 38712469 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The advent of 2D materials has ushered in the exploration of their synthesis, characterization and application. While plenty of 2D materials have been synthesized on various metallic substrates, interfacial interaction significantly affects their intrinsic electronic properties. Additionally, the complex transfer process presents further challenges. In this context, experimental efforts are devoted to the direct growth on technologically important semiconductor/insulator substrates. This review aims to uncover the effects of substrate on the growth of 2D materials. The focus is on non-metallic substrate used for epitaxial growth and how this highlights the necessity for phase engineering and advanced characterization at atomic scale. Special attention is paid to monoelemental 2D structures with topological properties. The conclusion is drawn through a discussion of the requirements for integrating 2D materials with current semiconductor-based technology and the unique properties of heterostructures based on 2D materials. Overall, this review describes how 2D materials can be fabricated directly on non-metallic substrates and the exploration of growth mechanism at atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Gao
- Tianmushan Laboratory, Hangzhou, 310023, China
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, China
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | | | - Miao Zhou
- Tianmushan Laboratory, Hangzhou, 310023, China
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, China
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tianchao Niu
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, China
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2
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Frezza F, Sánchez-Grande A, Canola S, Lamancová A, Mutombo P, Chen Q, Wäckerlin C, Ernst KH, Muntwiler M, Zema N, Di Giovannantonio M, Nachtigallová D, Jelínek P. Controlling On-Surface Photoactivity: The Impact of π-Conjugation in Anhydride-Functionalized Molecules on a Semiconductor Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405983. [PMID: 38699982 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has become a prominent method for growing low-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials on metal surfaces. However, the necessity of decoupling organic nanostructures from metal substrates to exploit their properties requires either transfer methods or new strategies to perform reactions directly on inert surfaces. The use of on-surface light-induced reactions directly on semiconductor/insulating surfaces represents an alternative approach to address these challenges. Here, exploring the photochemical activity of different organic molecules on a SnSe semiconductor surface under ultra-high vacuum, we present a novel on-surface light-induced reaction. The selective photodissociation of the anhydride group is observed, releasing CO and CO2. Moreover, we rationalize the relationship between the photochemical activity and the π-conjugation of the molecular core. The different experimental behaviour of two model anhydrides was elucidated by theoretical calculations, showing how the molecular structure influences the distribution of the excited states. Our findings open new pathways for on-surface synthesis directly on technologically relevant substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Frezza
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 78/7, 11519, Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Sánchez-Grande
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Sofia Canola
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Lamancová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo námĕstí 542/2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pingo Mutombo
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Qifan Chen
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Wäckerlin
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicola Zema
- CNR - Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- CNR - Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Dana Nachtigallová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo námĕstí 542/2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Lackinger M. Possibilities and Limitations of Kinetic Studies in On-Surface Synthesis by Real Time X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400156. [PMID: 38528329 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The kinetics of coupling reactions on surfaces can be quantitatively studied in real time by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). From fitting experimental data, kinetic reaction parameters such as the rate constant's pre-exponential and activation energy can be deduced and compared to quantum chemical simulations. To elucidate the possibilities and limitations of this approach, we propose studies in which experimental data are first simulated and subsequently fitted. Knowing the exact kinetic parameters used in the simulation allows one to evaluate the accuracy of the fit result. Here, several experimental influences, such as the data point density and the addition of noise, are explored for a model reaction with first-order kinetics. The proposed procedure sheds light on the accuracy with which kinetic parameters can be derived and may also help in the design of future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, München, Germany
- Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
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Lipton-Duffin J, MacLeod J. Innovations in nanosynthesis: emerging techniques for precision, scalability, and spatial control in reactions of organic molecules on solid surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:183001. [PMID: 36876935 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acbc01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The surface science-based approach to synthesising new organic materials on surfaces has gained considerable attention in recent years, owing to its success in facilitating the formation of novel 0D, 1D and 2D architectures. The primary mechanism used to date has been the catalytic transformation of small organic molecules through substrate-enabled reactions. In this Topical Review, we provide an overview of alternate approaches to controlling molecular reactions on surfaces. These approaches include light, electron and ion-initiated reactions, electrospray ionisation deposition-based techniques, collisions of neutral atoms and molecules, and superhydrogenation. We focus on the opportunities afforded by these alternative approaches, in particular where they may offer advantages in terms of selectivity, spatial control or scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Lipton-Duffin
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer MacLeod
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) polymers have garnered widespread interest because of their intriguing physicochemical properties. Envisaged applications in fields including nanodevices, solid-state chemistry, physical organic chemistry, and condensed matter physics, however, demand high-quality and large-scale production. In this perspective, we first introduce exotic band structures of organic frameworks holding honeycomb, kagome, and Lieb lattices. We further discuss how mesoscale ordered 2D polymers can be synthesized by means of choosing suitable monomers and optimizing growth conditions. We describe successful polymerization strategies to introducing a non-benzenoid subunit into a π-conjugated carbon lattice via delicately designed monomer precursors. Also, to obviate transfer and restore the intrinsic properties of π-conjugated polymers, new paradigms of aryl-aryl coupling on inert surfaces are discussed. Recent achievements in the photopolymerization demonstrate the need for monomer design. We conclude the potential applications of these organic networks and project the future possibilities in providing new insights into on-surface polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchao Niu
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chenqiang Hua
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Miao Zhou
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
- School of Physics, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
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Lisiecki J, Szabelski P. Monte Carlo simulation of the surface-assisted self-assembly of metal-organic precursors comprising phenanthrene building blocks. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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On-Surface Chemistry on Low-Reactive Surfaces. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zero-dimensional (0D), mono-dimensional (1D), or two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures with well-defined properties fabricated directly on surfaces are of growing interest. The fabrication of covalently bound nanostructures on non-metallic surfaces is very promising in terms of applications, but the lack of surface assistance during their synthesis is still a challenge to achieving the fabrication of large-scale and defect-free nanostructures. We discuss the state-of-the-art approaches recently developed in order to provide covalently bounded nanoarchitectures on passivated metallic surfaces, semiconductors, and insulators.
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Initial Coupling and Reaction Progression of Directly Deposited Biradical Graphene Nanoribbon Monomers on Iodine-Passivated Versus Pristine Ag(111). CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of widely applicable methods for the synthesis of C-C-bonded nanostructures on inert and insulating surfaces is a challenging yet rewarding milestone in the field of on-surface synthesis. This would enable studies of nearly unperturbed covalent nanostructures with unique electronic properties as graphene nanoribbons (GNR) and π-conjugated 2D polymers. The prevalent Ullmann-type couplings are almost exclusively carried out on metal surfaces to lower the temperature required for initial dehalogenation well below the desorption threshold. To overcome the necessity for the activation of monomers on the target surface, we employ a recently developed Radical Deposition Source (RaDeS) for the direct deposition of radicals onto inert surfaces for subsequent coupling by addition reactions. The radicals are generated en route by indirect deposition of halogenated precursors through a heated reactive tube, where the dehalogenation reaction proceeds. Here, we use the ditopic 6,11-diiodo-1,2,3,4-tetraphenyltriphenylene (DITTP) precursor that afforded chevron-like GNR on Au(111) via the usual two-staged reaction comprised of monomer-coupling into covalent polymers and subsequent formation of an extended GNR by intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation (CDH). As a model system for inert surfaces, we use Ag(111) passivated with a closed monolayer of chemisorbed iodine that behaves in an inert manner with respect to dehalogenation reactions and facilitates the progressive coupling of radicals into extended covalent structures. We deposit the DITTP-derived biradicals onto both iodine-passivated and pristine Ag(111) surfaces. While on the passivated surface, we directly observe the formation of covalent polymers, on pristine Ag(111) organometallic intermediates emerge instead. This has decisive consequences for the further progression of the reaction: heating the organometallic chain directly on Ag(111) results in complete desorption, whereas the covalent polymer on iodine-passivated Ag(111) can be transformed into the GNR. Yet, the respective CDH proceeds directly on Ag(111) after thermal desorption of the iodine passivation. Accordingly, future work is aimed at the further development of approaches for the complete synthesis of GNR on inert surfaces.
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10
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Lisiecki J, Szabelski P. Theoretical modeling of the metal-organic precursors of anthracene-based covalent networks on surfaces. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202100877. [PMID: 35129274 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Surface-assisted fabrication of molecular network architectures has been a promising route to low-dimensional materials with unique physicochemical properties and functionalities. One versatile way in this field is the Ullmann coupling reaction of halogenated organic monomers on catalytically active metallic surfaces. In this work, using the coarse grained Monte Carlo simulations, we studied the on-surface self-assembly of metal-organic precursors preceding the covalent Ullman-type linkage of tetrahalogenated anthracene building blocks. To that end a series of positional isomers was examined and classified with respect to their ability of creation of extended network structures. Our simulations focused on the identification of basic types of self-assembly scenarios distinguishing enantiopure and racemic systems and producing periodic and aperiodic networks. The calculations carried out for selected tectons demonstrated wide possibilities of controlling porosity (e.g. pore size, shape, periodicity, chirality, heterogeneity) of the networks by suitable functionalization of the monomeric unit. The findings reported here can be helpful in rational designing of 2D polymeric networks with predefined structures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Lisiecki
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University: Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej, Theoretical Chemistry, Pl. M.C. Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031, Lublin, POLAND
| | - Paweł Szabelski
- Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Theoretical Chemistry, Pl. M.C. Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031, Lublin, POLAND
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Grossmann L, Duncan DA, Jarvis SP, Jones RG, De S, Rosen J, Schmittel M, Heckl WM, Björk J, Lackinger M. Evolution of adsorption heights in the on-surface synthesis and decoupling of covalent organic networks on Ag(111) by normal-incidence X-ray standing wave. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 7:51-62. [PMID: 34889932 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00486g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Structural characterization in on-surface synthesis is primarily carried out by Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) which provides high lateral resolution. Yet, important fresh perspectives on surface interactions and molecular conformations are gained from adsorption heights that remain largely inaccessible to SPM, but can be precisely measured with both elemental and chemical sensitivity by Normal-Incidence X-ray Standing Wave (NIXSW) analysis. Here, we study the evolution of adsorption heights in the on-surface synthesis and post-synthetic decoupling of porous covalent triazine-phenylene networks obtained from 2,4,6-tris(4-bromophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TBPT) precursors on Ag(111). Room temperature deposition of TBPT and mild annealing to ∼150 °C result in full debromination and formation of organometallic intermediates, where the monomers are linked into reticulated networks by C-Ag-C bonds. Topologically identical covalent networks comprised of triazine vertices that are interconnected by biphenyl units are obtained by a thermally activated chemical transformation of the organometallic intermediates. Exposure to iodine vapor facilitates decoupling by intercalation of an iodine monolayer between the covalent networks and the Ag(111) surface. Accordingly, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and NIXSW experiments are carried out for three successive sample stages: organometallic intermediates, covalent networks directly on Ag(111) and after decoupling. NIXSW analysis facilitates the determination of adsorption heights of chemically distinct carbon species, i.e. in the phenyl and triazine rings, and also for the organometallic carbon atoms. Thereby, molecular conformations are assessed for each sample stage. The interpretation of experimental results is informed by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, providing a consistent picture of adsorption heights and molecular deformations in the networks that result from the interplay between steric hindrance and surface interactions. Quantitative adsorption heights, i.e. vertical distances between adsorbates and surface, provide detailed insight into surface interactions, but are underexplored in on-surface synthesis. In particular, the direct comparison with an in situ prepared decoupled state unveils the surface influence on the network structure, and shows that iodine intercalation is a powerful decoupling strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grossmann
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München, Germany.
- Technische Universität München, Physics Department, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David A Duncan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Samuel P Jarvis
- Lancaster University, Physics Department, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Robert G Jones
- University of Nottingham, Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Soumen De
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Heckl
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München, Germany.
- Technische Universität München, Physics Department, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München, Germany.
- Technische Universität München, Physics Department, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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