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He L, Zhu Z, Qi C. β-Glucan-A promising immunocyte-targeting drug delivery vehicle: Superiority, applications and future prospects. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122252. [PMID: 38823919 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Drug delivery technologies that could convert promising therapeutics into successful therapies have been under broad research for many years. Recently, β-glucans, natural-occurring polysaccharides extracted from many organism species such as yeast, fungi and bacteria, have attracted increasing attention to serve as drug delivery carriers. With their unique structure and innate immunocompetence, β-glucans are considered as promising carriers for targeting delivery especially when applied in the vaccine construction and oral administration of therapeutic agents. In this review, we focus on three types of β-glucans applied in the drug delivery system including yeast β-glucan, Schizophyllan and curdlan, highlighting the benefits of β-glucan based delivery system. We summarize how β-glucans as delivery vehicles have aided various therapeutics ranging from macromolecules including proteins, peptides and nucleic acids to small molecular drugs to reach desired cells or organs in terms of loading strategies. We also outline the challenges and future directions for developing the next generation of β-glucan based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang He
- The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou Medical Center, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Zhichao Zhu
- The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou Medical Center, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Chunjian Qi
- The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou Medical Center, Changzhou 213003, China.
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2
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Barcan AS, Barcan RA, Vamanu E. Therapeutic Potential of Fungal Polysaccharides in Gut Microbiota Regulation: Implications for Diabetes, Neurodegeneration, and Oncology. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:394. [PMID: 38921380 PMCID: PMC11204944 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This review evaluates the therapeutic effects of polysaccharides derived from mushroom species that have medicinal and edible properties. The fungal polysaccharides were recently studied, focusing on their modulation of the gut microbiota and their impact on various diseases. The study covers both clinical and preclinical studies, detailing the results and highlighting the significant influence of these polysaccharides on gut microbiota modulation. It discusses the potential health benefits derived from incorporating these polysaccharides into the diet for managing chronic diseases such as diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the interaction between fungal polysaccharides and the gut microbiota, underscoring their role in modulating the gut microbial community. It presents a systematic analysis of the findings, demonstrating the substantial impact of fungal polysaccharides on gut microbiota composition and function, which may contribute to their therapeutic effects in various chronic conditions. We conclude that the modulation of the gut microbiota by these polysaccharides may play a crucial role in mediating their therapeutic effects, offering a promising avenue for further research and potential applications in disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Stefan Barcan
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Emanuel Vamanu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Chen B, Zhao C, Zhu H, Lu X, Liu H, Lu Q, Zhu T, Huang C. β-glucan, a specific immuno-stimulant, produces rapid antidepressant effects by stimulating ERK1/2-dependent synthesis of BDNF in the hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 961:176161. [PMID: 37939990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
A decline in microglia in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus has recently been described as an important mechanism for the progression of depression. Reversal of this decline by innate immune system stimulants may represent a novel strategy to ameliorate the depressive phenotype in chronically stressed animals. β-glucan is a polysaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It can efficiently stimulate microglia without inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, β-glucan could be an ideal drug to ameliorate depressive phenotypes. In the present study, we found that a single injection of β-glucan reversed depression-like behaviors in mice induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) in a dose-dependent manner, which was accompanied by a reversal of the CUS-induced decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in the dentate gyrus. The crucial role of BDNF signaling in the antidepressant effect of β-glucan was demonstrated by experiments showing that infusion of an anti-BDNF antibody into dentate gyrus, construction of BDNF-Val68Met allele knock-in mice, or treatment with the BDNF receptor antagonist K252a abolished the antidepressant effect of β-glucan. The increased BDNF signaling induced by β-glucan was mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2)-mediated BDNF synthesis, and inhibition of ERK1/2 by SL327 was able to abolish the antidepressant effect of β-glucan. Moreover, inhibition or depletion of microglia by minocycline or PLX3397 abolished the reversal effect of β-glucan on CUS-induced depression-like behaviors and CUS-induced impairment of ERK1/2-BDNF signaling. These results suggest that β-glucan exhibits antidepressant effects by stimulating microglia-mediated activation of ERK1/2 and synthesis of BDNF in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingran Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, #66 Renmin South Road, Yancheng, 224006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, #60 Middle Qingnian Road, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Bell V, Rodrigues AR, Antoniadou M, Peponis M, Varzakas T, Fernandes T. An Update on Drug-Nutrient Interactions and Dental Decay in Older Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:4900. [PMID: 38068758 PMCID: PMC10708094 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the global demographic landscape has undergone a discernible shift that has been characterised by a progressive increase in the proportion of elderly individuals, indicative of an enduring global inclination toward extended lifespans. The aging process, accompanied by physiological changes and dietary patterns, contributes to detrimental deviations in micronutrient consumption. This vulnerable aging population faces heightened risks, including dental caries, due to structural and functional modifications resulting from insufficient nutritional sustenance. Factors such as physiological changes, inadequate nutrition, and the prevalence of multiple chronic pathologies leading to polypharmacy contribute to the challenge of maintaining an optimal nutritional status. This scenario increases the likelihood of drug interactions, both between medications and with nutrients and the microbiome, triggering complications such as dental decay and other pathologies. Since the drug industry is evolving and new types of food, supplements, and nutrients are being designed, there is a need for further research on the mechanisms by which drugs interfere with certain nutrients that affect homeostasis, exemplified by the prevalence of caries in the mouths of older adults. Infectious diseases, among them dental caries, exert serious impacts on the health and overall quality of life of the elderly demographic. This comprehensive review endeavours to elucidate the intricate interplay among drugs, nutrients, the microbiome, and the oral cavity environment, with the overarching objective of mitigating the potential hazards posed to both the general health and dental well-being of older adults. By scrutinising and optimising these multifaceted interactions, this examination aims to proactively minimise the susceptibility of the elderly population to a spectrum of health-related issues and the consequences associated with dental decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Bell
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (V.B.)
| | - Ana Rita Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (V.B.)
| | - Maria Antoniadou
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15772 Athens, Greece; (M.A.); (M.P.)
- CSAP Executive Mastering Program in Systemic Management, University of Piraeus, GR-18534 Piraeus, Greece
| | - Marios Peponis
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15772 Athens, Greece; (M.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, GR-22100 Kalamata, Greece
| | - Tito Fernandes
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
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5
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Yu C, Dong Q, Chen M, Zhao R, Zha L, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Zhang B, Ma A. The Effect of Mushroom Dietary Fiber on the Gut Microbiota and Related Health Benefits: A Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1028. [PMID: 37888284 PMCID: PMC10608147 DOI: 10.3390/jof9101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushroom dietary fiber is a type of bioactive macromolecule derived from the mycelia, fruiting bodies, or sclerotia of edible or medicinal fungi. The use of mushroom dietary fiber as a prebiotic has recently gained significant attention for providing health benefits to the host by promoting the growth of beneficial microorganisms; therefore, mushroom dietary fiber has promising prospects for application in the functional food industry and in drug development. This review summarizes methods for the preparation and modification of mushroom dietary fiber, its degradation and metabolism in the intestine, its impact on the gut microbiota community, and the generation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs); this review also systematically summarizes the beneficial effects of mushroom dietary fiber on host health. Overall, this review aims to provide theoretical guidance and a fresh perspective for the prebiotic application of mushroom dietary fiber in the development of new functional foods and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Yu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (C.Y.); (Q.D.); (M.C.); (L.Z.); (M.Z.); (B.Z.)
| | - Qin Dong
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (C.Y.); (Q.D.); (M.C.); (L.Z.); (M.Z.); (B.Z.)
| | - Mingjie Chen
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (C.Y.); (Q.D.); (M.C.); (L.Z.); (M.Z.); (B.Z.)
| | - Ruihua Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China;
| | - Lei Zha
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (C.Y.); (Q.D.); (M.C.); (L.Z.); (M.Z.); (B.Z.)
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (C.Y.); (Q.D.); (M.C.); (L.Z.); (M.Z.); (B.Z.)
| | - Mengke Zhang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (C.Y.); (Q.D.); (M.C.); (L.Z.); (M.Z.); (B.Z.)
| | - Baosheng Zhang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (C.Y.); (Q.D.); (M.C.); (L.Z.); (M.Z.); (B.Z.)
| | - Aimin Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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6
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Szwed-Georgiou A, Płociński P, Kupikowska-Stobba B, Urbaniak MM, Rusek-Wala P, Szustakiewicz K, Piszko P, Krupa A, Biernat M, Gazińska M, Kasprzak M, Nawrotek K, Mira NP, Rudnicka K. Bioactive Materials for Bone Regeneration: Biomolecules and Delivery Systems. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5222-5254. [PMID: 37585562 PMCID: PMC10498424 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Novel tissue regeneration strategies are constantly being developed worldwide. Research on bone regeneration is noteworthy, as many promising new approaches have been documented with novel strategies currently under investigation. Innovative biomaterials that allow the coordinated and well-controlled repair of bone fractures and bone loss are being designed to reduce the need for autologous or allogeneic bone grafts eventually. The current engineering technologies permit the construction of synthetic, complex, biomimetic biomaterials with properties nearly as good as those of natural bone with good biocompatibility. To ensure that all these requirements meet, bioactive molecules are coupled to structural scaffolding constituents to form a final product with the desired physical, chemical, and biological properties. Bioactive molecules that have been used to promote bone regeneration include protein growth factors, peptides, amino acids, hormones, lipids, and flavonoids. Various strategies have been adapted to investigate the coupling of bioactive molecules with scaffolding materials to sustain activity and allow controlled release. The current manuscript is a thorough survey of the strategies that have been exploited for the delivery of biomolecules for bone regeneration purposes, from choosing the bioactive molecule to selecting the optimal strategy to synthesize the scaffold and assessing the advantages and disadvantages of various delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szwed-Georgiou
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental
Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-136, Poland
| | - Przemysław Płociński
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental
Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-136, Poland
| | - Barbara Kupikowska-Stobba
- Biomaterials
Research Group, Lukasiewicz Research Network
- Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Krakow 31-983, Poland
| | - Mateusz M. Urbaniak
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental
Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-136, Poland
- The
Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School, University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes
of the Polish Academy of Sciences, University
of Lodz, Lodz 90-237, Poland
| | - Paulina Rusek-Wala
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental
Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-136, Poland
- The
Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School, University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes
of the Polish Academy of Sciences, University
of Lodz, Lodz 90-237, Poland
| | - Konrad Szustakiewicz
- Department
of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
| | - Paweł Piszko
- Department
of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Krupa
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental
Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-136, Poland
| | - Monika Biernat
- Biomaterials
Research Group, Lukasiewicz Research Network
- Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Krakow 31-983, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gazińska
- Department
of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
| | - Mirosław Kasprzak
- Biomaterials
Research Group, Lukasiewicz Research Network
- Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Krakow 31-983, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nawrotek
- Faculty
of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz 90-924, Poland
| | - Nuno Pereira Mira
- iBB-Institute
for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de
Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
- Associate
Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior
Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
- Instituto
Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Karolina Rudnicka
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental
Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-136, Poland
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7
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Zhang H, Zhang J, Liu Y, Tang C. Recent Advances in the Preparation, Structure, and Biological Activities of β-Glucan from Ganoderma Species: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:2975. [PMID: 37569244 PMCID: PMC10419088 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma has served as a valuable food supplement and medicinal ingredient with outstanding active compounds that are essential for human protection against chronic diseases. Modern pharmacology studies have proven that Ganoderma β-d-glucan exhibits versatile biological activities, such as immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and antiviral properties, as well as gut microbiota regulation. As a promising polysaccharide, β-d-glucan is widely used in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. In recent years, the extraction, purification, structural characterization, and pharmacological activities of polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies, mycelia, spores, and fermentation broth of Ganoderma species have received wide attention from scholars globally. Unfortunately, comprehensive studies on the preparation, structure and bioactivity, toxicology, and utilization of β-d-glucans from Ganoderma species still need to be further explored, which may result in limitations in future sustainable industrial applications of β-d-glucans. Thus, this review summarizes the research progress in recent years on the physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and bioactivity mechanisms of Ganoderma β-d-glucan, as well as its toxicological assessment and applications. This review is intended to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the development and application of β-d-glucan in the fields of pharmaceuticals, functional foods, and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chuanhong Tang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201403, China; (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.)
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Medoro A, Davinelli S, Colletti A, Di Micoli V, Grandi E, Fogacci F, Scapagnini G, Cicero AFG. Nutraceuticals as Modulators of Immune Function: A Review of Potential Therapeutic Effects. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2023; 28:89-107. [PMID: 37416796 PMCID: PMC10321448 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2023.28.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with nutraceuticals can promote optimal immune system activation, modulating different pathways that enhance immune defenses. Therefore, the immunity-boosting effects of nutraceuticals encompass not only immunomodulatory but also antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, with therapeutic effects against diverse pathological conditions. However, the complexity of the pathways that regulate the immune system, numerous mechanisms of action, and heterogeneity of the immunodeficiencies, and subjects treated make their application in the clinical field difficult. Some nutraceuticals appear to safely improve immune system function, particularly by preventing viral and bacterial infections in specific groups, such as children, the elderly, and athletes, as well as in frail patients, such as those affected by autoimmune diseases, chronic diseases, or cancer. Several nutraceuticals, such as vitamins, mineral salts, polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, many types of phytocompounds, and probiotic strains, have the most consolidated evidence in humans. In most cases, further large and long-term randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm the available preliminary positive data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Medoro
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy
- Italian Nutraceutical Society (SINut), Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Alessandro Colletti
- Italian Nutraceutical Society (SINut), Bologna 40138, Italy
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, Turin 10125, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Micoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Elisa Grandi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Federica Fogacci
- Italian Nutraceutical Society (SINut), Bologna 40138, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy
- Italian Nutraceutical Society (SINut), Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Arrigo F. G. Cicero
- Italian Nutraceutical Society (SINut), Bologna 40138, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna 40138, Italy
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9
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Zerva A, Mohammadi M, Dimopoulos G, Taoukis P, Topakas E. Transglycosylation of Stevioside by a Commercial β-Glucanase with Fungal Extracted β-Glucans as Donors. WASTE AND BIOMASS VALORIZATION 2023; 14:1-11. [PMID: 36713934 PMCID: PMC9872074 DOI: 10.1007/s12649-023-02052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Alternative sweeteners, such as steviol glucosides from the plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, are becoming increasingly popular for the design of next-generation foodstuffs. However, the bitter aftertaste of native steviol glucosides is one of the main reasons behind consumer reluctance towards stevia-containing products. Biocatalysis could be a sustainable solution to this problem, through addition of glucosyl moieties to the molecule. Glycoside hydrolases are enzymes performing transglycosylation reactions, and they can be exploited for such modifications. In the present work, the commercial β-glucanase Finizym 250L® was employed for the transglycosylation of stevioside. After optimization of several reaction parameters, the maximal reaction yield obtained was 19%, with barley β-glucan as the glycosyl donor. With the aim to develop a sustainable process, β-glucan extracts from different fungal sources were prepared. Pulsed Electric Field pretreatment of mycelial biomass resulted in extracts with higher β-glucan content. The extracts were tested as alternative glucosyl donors, reaching up to 15.5% conversion yield, from Pleurotus-extracted β-glucan. Overall, in the present work a novel enzymatic process for the modification of stevioside is proposed, with concomitant valorization of β-glucans extracted from fungal biomass, potentially generated as a byproduct from other applications, in concert with the principles of circular economy. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Zerva
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Milad Mohammadi
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Dimopoulos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Taoukis
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
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10
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Hobbs C. The Health and Clinical Benefits of Medicinal Fungi. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 184:285-356. [PMID: 37468715 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The human uses of mushrooms and cultured mycelium products for nutrition and medicine are detailed and supported by available human studies, which in many cases are clinical trials published in peer-reviewed journals. The major medically active immunomodulating compounds in the cell walls-chitin, beta-glucans, and glycoproteins, as well as lower weight molecules-nitrogen-containing compounds, phenolics, and terpenes-are discussed in relation to their current clinical uses. The nutritional content and foods derived from mushrooms, particularly related to their medical benefits, are discussed. High-quality major nutrients such as the high amounts of complete protein and prebiotic fibers found in edible and medicinal fungi and their products are presented. Mushrooms contain the highest amount of valuable medicinal fiber, while dried fruiting bodies of some fungi have up to 80% prebiotic fiber. These fibers are particularly complex and are not broken down in the upper gut, so they can diversify the microbiome and increase the most beneficial species, leading to better immune regulation and increasing normalizing levels of crucial neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine. Since the growth of medicinal mushroom products is expanding rapidly worldwide, attention is placed on reviewing important aspects of mushroom and mycelium cultivation and quality issues relating to adulteration, substitution, and purity and for maximizing medicinal potency. Common questions surrounding medicinal mushroom products in the marketplace, particularly the healing potential of fungal mycelium compared with fruiting bodies, extraction methods, and the use of fillers in products, are all explored, and many points are supported by the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hobbs
- Institute for Natural Products Research, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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11
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A Review of Ganoderma Triterpenoids and Their Bioactivities. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010024. [PMID: 36671409 PMCID: PMC9856212 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, Ganoderma has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries to prevent and treat various diseases. Numerous publications are stating that Ganoderma species have a variety of beneficial medicinal properties, and investigations on different metabolic regulations of Ganoderma species, extracts or isolated compounds have been performed both in vitro and in vivo. However, it has frequently been questioned whether Ganoderma is simply a dietary supplement for health or just a useful "medication" for restorative purposes. More than 600 chemical compounds including alkaloids, meroterpenoids, nucleobases, nucleosides, polysaccharides, proteins, steroids and triterpenes were extracted and identified from Ganoderma, with triterpenes serving as the primary components. In recent years, Ganoderma triterpenes and other small molecular constituents have aroused the interest of chemists and pharmacologists. Meanwhile, considering the significance of the triterpene constituents in the development of new drugs, this review describes 495 compounds from 25 Ganoderma species published between 1984 and 2022, commenting on their source, biosynthetic pathway, identification, biological activities and biosynthesis, together with applications of advanced analytical techniques to the characterization of Ganoderma triterpenoids.
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The Effect of Novel Selenopolysaccharide Isolated from Lentinula edodes Mycelium on Human T Lymphocytes Activation, Proliferation, and Cytokines Synthesis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121900. [PMID: 36551328 PMCID: PMC9776057 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides isolated from Lentinula edodes are bioactive compounds with immunomodulatory properties. In our previous studies from L. edodes mycelium, we have isolated a selenium(Se)-enriched fraction (named Se-Le-30), a mixture of linear 1,4-α-glucan and linear 1,3-β- and 1,6-β-glucans. In this study, we analyzed the effects of Se-Le-30 on the activation and proliferation of human T lymphocytes stimulated by anti-CD3 and anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies (Abs) and on the production of cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Se-Le-30 had effects on T cell proliferation induced by Abs against CD3 and CD28. It significantly inhibited the proliferation of CD3-stimulated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and enhanced the proliferation of CD4+ T cells stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 Ab. Moreover, Se-Le-30 downregulated the number of CD3-stimulated CD4+CD69+ cells, CD4+CD25+ cells, as well as CD8+CD25+ cells, and upregulated the expression of CD25 marker on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells activated with anti-CD3/CD28 Abs. Furthermore, Se-Le-30 enhanced the synthesis of IFN-γ by the unstimulated and anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated PBMCs, inhibited synthesis of IL-2 and IL-4 by CD3-stimulated cells, and augmented the synthesis of IL-6 and IL-10 by unstimulated, CD3-stimulated, and CD3/CD28-stimulated PBMCs. Together, we demonstrated that Se-Le-30 exerts immunomodulatory effects on human T lymphocytes. These observations are of importance for the prospective use of Se-Le-30 in research or as a therapeutic compound.
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Bartholomai BM, Ruwe KM, Thurston J, Jha P, Scaife K, Simon R, Abdelmoteleb M, Goodman RE, Farhi M. Safety evaluation of Neurospora crassa mycoprotein for use as a novel meat alternative and enhancer. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 168:113342. [PMID: 35963473 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Cultivation of filamentous fungi to produce sustainable, nutrient rich meat replacements has recently attracted significant commercial and research interest. Here, we report evidence for the safety and nutritional value of Neurospora crassa mycoprotein, a whole mycelium food ingredient produced by fermentation and minimal downstream processing. N. crassa has a long history of human use in fermented foods and in molecular biology research. A survey of studies that used N. crassa in animal feed revealed no adverse effects to the health of the animals. Furthermore, a review of the literature found no reports of confirmed allergenicity or toxicity in humans involving N. crassa. Genomic toxigenicity analysis and in vitro testing did not identify any toxins in N. crassa mycoprotein. Two independent genomic allergenicity studies did not identify proteins that would be considered a particular risk for allergenic potential. Furthermore, nutritional analysis demonstrated that N. crassa mycoprotein is a good source of complete protein and is rich in fiber, potassium, and iron. Taken together, the presented data and the history of human use without evidence of human or animal harm indicate that foods containing N. crassa can generally be regarded as safe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Prachi Jha
- The Better Meat Co., West Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Scaife
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan Simon
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | | | - Richard E Goodman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Moran Farhi
- The Better Meat Co., West Sacramento, CA, USA
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14
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Identification of Antibacterial Peptide Candidates Encrypted in Stress-Related and Metabolic Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020163. [PMID: 35215278 PMCID: PMC8877035 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein-rich nature of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has led this yeast to the spotlight concerning the search for antimicrobial peptides. Herein, a <10 kDa peptide-rich extract displaying antibacterial activity was obtained through the autolysis of yeast biomass under mild thermal treatment with self-proteolysis by endogenous peptidases. Estimated IC50 for the peptide pools obtained by FPLC gel filtration indicated improved antibacterial activities against foodborne bacteria and bacteria of clinical interest. Similarly, the estimated cytotoxicity concentrations against healthy human fibroblasts, alongside selective indices ≥10, indicates the fractions are safe, at least in a mixture format, for human tissues. Nano-LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the peptides in FPLC fractions could be derived from both induced-proteolysis and proteasome activity in abundant proteins, up-regulated under stress conditions during S. cerevisiae biomass manufacturing, including those coded by TDH1/2/3, HSP12, SSA1/2, ADH1/2, CDC19, PGK1, PPI1, PDC1, and GMP1, as well as by other non-abundant proteins. Fifty-eight AMP candidate sequences were predicted following an in silico analysis using four independent algorithms, indicating their possible contribution to the bacterial inactivation observed in the peptides pool, which deserve special attention for further validation of individual functionality. S. cerevisiae-biomass peptides, an unconventional but abundant source of pharmaceuticals, may be promissory adjuvants to treat infectious diseases that are poorly sensitive to conventional antibiotics.
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15
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Liang J, Zhang M, Wang X, Ren Y, Yue T, Wang Z, Gao Z. Edible fungal polysaccharides, the gut microbiota, and host health. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118558. [PMID: 34560969 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The plasticity of the gut microbiota (GM) creates an opportunity to reshape the biological output of gut microbes by manipulating external factors. It is well known that edible fungal polysaccharides (EFPs) can reach the distal intestine and be assimilated to reshape the GM. The GM has unique devices that utilize various EFPs and produce oligosaccharides, which can selectively promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and are fermented into short-chain fatty acids that interact closely with intestinal cells. Here we review EFPs-based interventions for the GM, particularly the key microorganisms, functions, and metabolites. In addition, we discuss the bi-directional causality between GM imbalance and diseases, and the beneficial effects of EFPs on host health via GM. This review can offer a valuable reference for the design of edible fungal polysaccharide- or oligosaccharide-based nutrition interventions or drug development for maintaining human health by targeted regulation of the GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Meina Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xingnan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yichen Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhouli Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhenpeng Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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16
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Kleftaki SA, Simati S, Amerikanou C, Gioxari A, Tzavara C, Zervakis GI, Kalogeropoulos N, Kokkinos A, Kaliora AC. Pleurotus eryngii improves postprandial glycaemia, hunger and fullness perception, and enhances ghrelin suppression in people with metabolically unhealthy obesity. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:105979. [PMID: 34798266 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine potential postprandial benefits of Pleurotus eryngii in nineteen volunteers with metabolically unhealthy obesity. An acute, randomized, crossover-designed trial comparing a meal with Pleurotus eryngii and a control meal was performed. The two meals matched in macronutrient and caloric content. Participants consumed both meals in random order after an overnight fast. Blood samples were drawn before and 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min after meal consumption (in total 266 samples) to determine glucose, insulin, ghrelin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glicentin. Visual analog scales measuring the subjective perception of hunger and fullness were completed at the same time points. The test meal resulted in lower glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Additionally, the iAUC of the ghrelin response over time was substantially lower after the test meal (p = 0.033). Lower desire to eat and higher fullness was reflected by significantly lower hunger iAUC (p = 0.046) and higher fullness iAUC (p = 0.042) after the test meal. No differences in insulin, PYY, GLP-1 and glicentin were observed. Pleurotus eryngii can ameliorate postprandial glycaemia, appetite and regulate ghrelin levels at the postprandial state. This effect is attributed to the bioactive polysaccharides that inhibit the activity of enzymes catalysing carbohydrate hydrolysis, cause a delayed gastric emptying and glucose absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia-Angeliki Kleftaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatia Simati
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampia Amerikanou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristea Gioxari
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Chara Tzavara
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios I Zervakis
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Nick Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andriana C Kaliora
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
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17
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Saxami G, Kerezoudi EN, Mitsou EK, Koutrotsios G, Zervakis GI, Pletsa V, Kyriacou A. Fermentation Supernatants of Pleurotus eryngii Mushroom Ameliorate Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Caco-2 Cells via Upregulation of Tight Junctions. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102071. [PMID: 34683391 PMCID: PMC8539016 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, modulation of gut microbiota through prebiotics has garnered interest as a potential to ameliorate intestinal barrier dysfunction. The aim of the study was to examine the in vitro effect of fermentation supernatants (FSs) from rich in β-glucan Pleurotus eryngii mushrooms on the expression levels of tight junctions (TJs) genes in Caco-2 cells stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Mushrooms were fermented using fecal inocula in an in vitro batch culture model. Caco-2 cells were subjected to LPS and FS treatment under three different conditions: pre-incubation with FS, co- and post-incubation. Reverse transcription PCR was applied to measure the expression levels of zonulin-1, occludin and claudin-1 genes. FSs from P. eryngii mushrooms led to a significant upregulation of the TJs gene expression in pre-incubation state, indicating potential preventive action. Down-regulation of all TJs gene expression levels was observed when the cells were challenged with LPS. The FS negative control (gut microbiota of each donor with no carbohydrate source) exhibited a significant upregulation of TJs expression levels compared to the cells that were challenged with LPS, for all three conditions. Overall, our data highlighted the positive and potential protective effects of P. eryngii mushrooms in upregulation of TJs’ genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Saxami
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia N Kerezoudi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Evdokia K Mitsou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Koutrotsios
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios I Zervakis
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Pletsa
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Adamantini Kyriacou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
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18
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Yadav D, Negi PS. Bioactive components of mushrooms: Processing effects and health benefits. Food Res Int 2021; 148:110599. [PMID: 34507744 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms have been recognized for their culinary attributes for long and were relished in the most influential civilizations in history. Currently, they are the focus of renewed research because of their therapeutic abilities. Nutritional benefits from mushrooms are in the form of a significant source of essential proteins, dietary non-digestible carbohydrates, unsaturated fats, minerals, as well as various vitamins, which have enhanced its consumption, and also resulted in the development of various processed mushroom products. Mushrooms are also a crucial ingredient in traditional medicine for their healing potential and curative properties. The literature on the nutritional, nutraceutical, and therapeutic potential of mushrooms, and their use as functional foods for the maintenance of health was reviewed, and the available literature indicates the enormous potential of the bioactive compounds present in mushrooms. Future research should be focused on the development of processes to retain the mushroom bioactive components, and valorization of waste generated during processing. Further, the mechanisms of action of mushroom bioactive components should be studied in detail to delineate their diverse roles and functions in the prevention and treatment of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Yadav
- Department of Fruit and Vegetables Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Pradeep Singh Negi
- Department of Fruit and Vegetables Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India.
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19
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Kiss A, Grünvald P, Ladányi M, Papp V, Papp I, Némedi E, Mirmazloum I. Heat Treatment of Reishi Medicinal Mushroom ( Ganoderma lingzhi) Basidiocarp Enhanced Its β-glucan Solubility, Antioxidant Capacity and Lactogenic Properties. Foods 2021; 10:2015. [PMID: 34574127 PMCID: PMC8466132 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of heat treatment on dried fruiting bodies of Reishi medicinal mushroom (Ganoderma lingzhi) is investigated. Control and samples treated for 20 min at temperatures of 70, 120, 150 and 180 °C were subjected for their free radical scavenging capacity, different glucans and total phenolic content determination. The growth rate of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus casei supplemented with control and heat-treated samples is also investigated. The roasted mushroom samples at 150 °C and 180 °C showed the highest level of β-glucan (37.82%) and free radical scavenging capacity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+). The content of total phenolics (TPC) was also influenced by heat treatment and significantly higher TPC values were recorded in samples treated at 120 °C and 150 °C. The presence of reducing sugars was only detected after heat treatment at 150 °C (0.23%) and at 180 °C (0.57%). The heat treatments at 120, 150 and 180 °C, significantly attenuated the number of colony-forming units (CFU) of pathogenic E. coli, in a linear relationship with an elevated temperature. The supplementation of heat-treated Reishi mushroom at 120 °C resulted in the highest growth rate of probiotic L. casei. The obtained results in this study revealed the significant effect of short-term heat treatment by enhancing the antioxidant capacity, β-glucan solubility and prebiotic property of the dried basidiocarp of Reishi mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kiss
- Agro-Food Science Techtransfer and Innovation Centre, Faculty for Agro-, Food- and Environmental Science, Debrecen University, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Petra Grünvald
- Department of Farm Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Márta Ladányi
- Department of Applied Statistics, Institute of Mathematics and Basic Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Villányi Str. 29-43, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Papp
- Department of Botany, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Papp
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Iman Mirmazloum
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
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20
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Pereira PR, Freitas CS, Paschoalin VMF. Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass as a source of next-generation food preservatives: Evaluating potential proteins as a source of antimicrobial peptides. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4450-4479. [PMID: 34378312 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the main biotechnological tool for the production of Baker's or Brewer's biomasses, largely applied in beverage and fermented-food production. Through its gene expression reprogramming and production of compounds that inactivate the growth of other microorganisms, S. cerevisiae is able to grow in adverse environments and in complex microbial consortia, as in fruit pulps and root flour fermentations. The distinct set of up-regulated genes throughout yeast biomass propagation includes those involved in sugar fermentation, ethanol metabolization, and in protective responses against abiotic stresses. These high abundant proteins are precursors of several peptides with promising health-beneficial activities such as antihypertensive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, anti-obesity, antidiabetes, and mitogenic properties. An in silico investigation of these S. cerevisiae derived peptides produced during yeast biomass propagation or induced by physicochemical treatments were performed using four algorithms to predict antimicrobial candidates encrypted in abundantly expressed stress-related proteins encoded by different genes like AHP1, TSA1, HSP26, SOD1, HSP10, and UTR2, or metabolic enzymes involved in carbon source utilization, like ENO1/2, TDH1/2/3, ADH1/2, FBA1, and PDC1. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and enolase II are noteworthy precursor proteins, since they exhibited the highest scores concerning the release of antimicrobial peptide candidates. Considering the set of genes upregulated during biomass propagation, we conclude that S. cerevisiae biomass, a food-grade product consumed and marketed worldwide, should be considered a safe and nonseasonal source for designing next-generation bioactive agents, especially protein encrypting antimicrobial peptides that display broad spectra activity and could reduce the emergence of microbial resistance while also avoiding cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R Pereira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Cyntia S Freitas
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Vania M F Paschoalin
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
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