Oxyresveratrol inhibits human colon cancer cell migration through regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition and microRNA

An overview of potential of natural compounds to regulate epigenetic modifications in colorectal cancer: a recent update

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains an alarming global health concern despite advancements in treatment modalities over recent decades. Among the various factors contributing to CRC, this review emphasizes the critical role of epigenetic mechanisms in its pathogenesis and progression. This review also describes the potential role of natural compounds in altering the epigenetic landscape, focused mainly on DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs. Publications from the previous five years were searched and retrieved using well-known search engines and databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Keywords like CRC/colorectal cancer, CAC/Colitis associated CRC, inflammasomes, epigenetic modulation, genistein, curcumin, quercetin, resveratrol, anthocyanins, sulforaphane, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate were used in various combinations during the search. These natural compounds predominantly affect pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, NF-κB, and PI3K/AKT to suppress CRC cell proliferation and oxidative stress and enhance anti-inflammation and apoptosis. However, their clinical use is restricted due to their low bioavailability. However, multiple methods exist to overcome challenges like this, including but not limited to structural modifications, nanoparticle encapsulations, bio-enhancers, and novel advanced delivery systems. These methods improve their potential as supportive therapies that target CRC progression epigenetically with fewer side effects. Current research focuses on enhancing epigenetic targeting to control CRC progression while minimizing side effects, emphasizing improved specificity, bioavailability, and efficacy as standalone or synergistic therapies.

The Interplay Between Autophagy and Apoptosis in the Mechanisms of Action of Stilbenes in Cancer Cells

Plant-based stilbenes are low-molecular-weight polyphenolic compounds that exhibit anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-cancer activities. They are phytoalexins produced in diverse plant species in response to stress, such as fungal and bacterial infections or excessive UV irradiation. Plant-derived dietary products containing stilbenes are common components of the human diet. Stilbenes appear to be promising chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. Accumulating evidence indicates that stilbenes are able to trigger both apoptotic and autophagic molecular pathways in many human cancer cell lines. Of note, the molecular crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis under cellular stress conditions determines the cell fate. The autophagy and apoptosis relationship is complex and depends on the cellular context, e.g., cell type and cellular stress level. Apoptosis is a type of regulated cell death, whereas autophagy may act as a pro-survival or pro-death mechanism depending on the context. The interplay between autophagy and apoptosis may have an important impact on chemotherapy efficiency. This review focuses on the in vitro effects of stilbenes in different human cancer cell lines concerning the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis.

Natural compounds as regulators of miRNAs: exploring a new avenue for treating colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the second leading cause of cancer-related death globally, impacting both genders equally. The increasing global mortality rates from CRC are strongly linked to contemporary dietary habits, characterized by excessive meat consumption, alcohol intake, and insufficient physical activity. Thus, there is an unprecedented need to develop less hazardous and new therapies for CRC. CRC affects a substantial global population. The main treatments for CRC include chemotherapy and surgical intervention. Nonetheless, the advancement of innovative, safer, and more effective pharmaceuticals for CRC therapy is of paramount importance due to the widespread adverse effects and the dynamic nature of drug resistance. A growing amount of research suggests that natural chemicals may effectively battle CRC and, in certain cases, serve as alternatives to chemotherapeutics. Evidence suggests that miRNAs control important cancer features, including the maintenance of proliferative signals. These features also involve evasion of growth inhibition, resistance to cell death, and immortalization of replication. Additionally, miRNAs play a role in angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Numerous compounds, including those exhibiting cytotoxic and apoptogenic properties against different malignancies, such as CRC, are sourced from diverse marine and medicinal plants. These chemicals stimulate several signaling pathways originating from different phytochemical families. This article evaluates the existing understanding of the anti-CRC capabilities of several phytochemical substances. Furthermore, their impact on several signaling pathways associated with cancer is examined. This article also highlights the potential of medicinal plants as a source of promising anti-CRC chemicals through modulating miRNA expression and the role of nanoparticle-based miRNA therapeutics in enhancing CRC treatment by improving tumor targeting and minimizing off-target effects.

Oxyresveratrol Alleviates Irinotecan-Induced Diarrhea and Enhances Antitumor Effects in Colorectal Cancer

Objective

To investigate whether oxyresveratrol (OXY) can alleviate irinotecan (CPT-11)-induced intestinal toxicity and whether the combination of these two drugs can enhance the inhibition of colorectal cancer cells.

Methods

The CCK-8 assay was used to assess the inhibitory effects of OXY and CPT-11, both as monotherapies and in combination, on the proliferation of colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and SW620. Mice were grouped (8/mice/group) into: control, CPT-11, low-dose OXY+CPT-11, high-dose OXY+CPT-11. Each trial was conducted as an independent experiment. A mouse diarrhea model induced by CPT-11 was established to observe the general condition, diarrhea score, spleen and colon of each group of mice. Bioinformatics tools were employed to predict the targets of OXY and CPT-11, followed by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses.

Results

CPT-11 inhibited the growth of colorectal cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, and OXY combined treatment had additive effects. Mice in the CPT-11 group experienced significant weight loss and severe diarrhea, while the co-administration of OXY alleviated these adverse effects. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the targets of OXY and CPT-11 were enriched in pathways such as PI3K/Akt and cell cycle, suggesting that the combination therapy might exert a synergistic effect by modulating these pathways.

Conclusion

The combination of OXY and CPT-11 enhances the inhibitory effect on colorectal tumor cells and reduces the intestinal toxicity induced by CPT-11. This study provides a novel strategy for colorectal cancer chemotherapy.

The Anti-Metastatic Action of Oxyresveratrol via Suppression of Phosphoryl-ERK/-PKCα-Mediated Sp1/MMP1 Signaling in Human Renal Carcinoma Cells

Oxyresveratrol (OxyR) exerts biological and pharmacological effects in a variety of tumor cells, including antioxidant action, antitumor activity, and proapoptotic effects. However, the regulation of targeted signaling pathways by OxyR and the mechanism underlying these effects in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have been less studied. We observed that OxyR at noncytotoxic doses did not affect the growth of human RCC cells or normal kidney HK2 cells. OxyR inhibited ACHN and Caki-1 cell migration and invasion through targeting matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) expression. Analysis of clinical databases showed that high MMP1 expression is associated with lower overall survival (OS) in these cancers (p < 0.01). OxyR significantly inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of Sp1. Furthermore, luciferase assay results showed that OxyR inhibited Sp1 transcriptional activity. Additionally, OxyR preferentially suppressed the activation of ERK and PKCα. Treatment with U0126 (MEK inhibitor) or G06976 (PKCα inhibitor) clearly decreased Sp1 and MMP1 expression and inhibited RCC cell migration and invasion. In conclusion, OxyR may be a potential antitumor therapy for the inhibition of migration and invasion by controlling p-ERK/Sp1 and p-PKCα/Sp1-mediated MMP1 expression in RCC.

Oxyresveratrol Enhances the Anti-Cancer Effect of Cisplatin against Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cells through Suppressing the Activation of Protein Kinase B (AKT)

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma poses a significant challenge due to its resistance to chemotherapy and propensity for metastasis, thereby reducing the effectiveness of conventional treatments. Hence, the identification of novel compounds capable of augmenting the anti-cancer efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy is imperative. Oxyresveratrol (OXY), a derivative of resveratrol, has been demonstrated to possess antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects across various cancer cell lines. Notably, OXY appears to exert its effects by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. However, the synergistic potential of OXY in combination with cisplatin against epithelial ovarian cancer has not yet been elucidated. The current study investigated the synergistic effects of OXY and cisplatin on the ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3 and TOV21G. We found that OXY significantly enhanced cisplatin's ability to reduce cell viability, induce apoptosis, induce cell cycle arrest, and increase the proportion of cells in the sub-G1 phase. Furthermore, OXY treatment alone dose-dependently inhibited the production of anti-apoptotic proteins including Mcl-1, Bcl-xL, and XIAP under EGF activation. Mechanistically, OXY suppressed the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by reducing phosphorylated AKT, while having no discernible effect on the MAPK pathway. These findings highlight OXY's potential to enhance ovarian cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapy, suggesting its development as a pharmaceutical adjunct for clinical use in combination therapies.

Unearthing the Potential Therapeutic Effects of Oxyresveratrol Based on Intrinsic Links between Pharmacological Effects: Implications for the Gut-Liver-Brain Axis

Oxyresveratrol is a stilbene compound with a simple chemical structure and various therapeutic potentials. This study summarized and analyzed the multiple pharmacological effects and mechanisms of oxyresveratrol, identifying its prominent performance in neuroprotection, hepatoprotection, and anti-inflammatory activities in the intestines. By integrating the pharmacological effects of oxyresveratrol with insights from the network pharmacology and molecular docking of its interactions with targets linked to gut-liver-brain axis disorders, it has been shown that oxyresveratrol may hold promise for the treatment of gut-liver-brain axis-related disorders. The synergistic effect between various mechanisms has inspired further research and the development of oxyresveratrol's application value.

Oxyresveratrol in Breast Cancer Cells: Synergistic Effect with Chemotherapeutics Doxorubicin or Melphalan on Proliferation, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Cell Death

Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer in the world. Polyphenols can act at all stages of carcinogenesis and oxyresveratrol (OXY) promising anticancer properties, mainly associated with chemotherapy drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of OXY with doxorubicin (DOX) or melphalan (MEL), either isolated or associated, in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Our results showed that OXY, DOX, and MEL presented cytotoxicity, in addition to altering cell morphology. The synergistic association of OXY + DOX and OXY + MEL reduced the cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. The OXY, DOX, or MEL and associations were able to alter the ROS production, ∆Ψm, and cell cycle; DOX and OXY + DOX led the cells to necrosis. Furthermore, OXY and OXY + MEL were able to lead the cells to apoptosis and upregulate caspases-3, -7, -8, and -9 in both cells. LC-HRMS showed that 7-deoxidoxorubicinone and doxorubicinol, responsible for the cardiotoxic effect, were not identified in cells treated with the OXY + DOX association. In summary, our results demonstrate for the first time the synergistic effect of OXY with chemotherapeutic agents in breast cancer cells, offering a new strategy for future animal studies.

Resveratrol as sensitizer in colorectal cancer plasticity

Despite tremendous medical treatment successes, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Chemotherapy as monotherapy can lead to significant side effects and chemoresistance that can be linked to several resistance-activating biological processes, including an increase in inflammation, cellular plasticity, multidrug resistance (MDR), inhibition of the sentinel gene p53, and apoptosis. As a consequence, tumor cells can escape the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents. This underscores the need for cross-target therapeutic approaches that are not only pharmacologically safe but also modulate multiple potent signaling pathways and sensitize cancer cells to overcome resistance to standard drugs. In recent years, scientists have been searching for natural compounds that can be used as chemosensitizers in addition to conventional medications for the synergistic treatment of CRC. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic phytoalexin found in various fruits and vegetables such as peanuts, berries, and red grapes, is one of the most effective natural chemopreventive agents. Abundant in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that resveratrol, in interaction with standard drugs, is an effective chemosensitizer for CRC cells to chemotherapeutic agents and thus prevents drug resistance by modulating multiple pathways, including transcription factors, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-plasticity, proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, cell cycle, and apoptosis. The ability of resveratrol to modify multiple subcellular pathways that may suppress cancer cell plasticity and reversal of chemoresistance are critical parameters for understanding its anti-cancer effects. In this review, we focus on the chemosensitizing properties of resveratrol in CRC and, thus, its potential importance as an additive to ongoing treatments.

Gastrointestinal Cancer Therapeutics via Triggering Unfolded Protein Response and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by 2-Arylbenzofuran

Gastrointestinal cancers are a major global health challenge, with high mortality rates. This study investigated the anti-cancer activities of 30 monomers extracted from Morus alba L. (mulberry) against gastrointestinal cancers. Toxicological assessments revealed that most of the compounds, particularly immunotoxicity, exhibit some level of toxicity, but it is generally not life-threatening under normal conditions. Among these components, Sanggenol L, Sanggenon C, Kuwanon H, 3'-Geranyl-3-prenyl-5,7,2',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone, Morusinol, Mulberrin, Moracin P, Kuwanon E, and Kuwanon A demonstrate significant anti-cancer properties against various gastrointestinal cancers, including colon, pancreatic, and gastric cancers. The anti-cancer mechanism of these chemical components was explored in gastric cancer cells, revealing that they inhibit cell cycle and DNA replication-related gene expression, leading to the effective suppression of tumor cell growth. Additionally, they induced unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, potentially resulting in DNA damage, autophagy, and cell death. Moracin P, an active monomer characterized as a 2-arylbenzofuran, was found to induce ER stress and promote apoptosis in gastric cancer cells, confirming its potential to inhibit tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of Morus alba L. monomers in gastrointestinal cancers, especially focusing on Moracin P as a potent inducer of ER stress and apoptosis.

Role of natural products in tumor therapy from basic research and clinical perspectives

Cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is an important barrier to lengthening life expectancy in every country. Natural products are receiving increased attention from researchers globally and increasing numbers of natural products are approved for clinical studies involving cancer in recent years. To gain more insight into natural products that have undergone clinical trials for cancer treatment, a comprehensive search was conducted. The https://clinicaltrials.gov website was searched for relevant clinical trials and natural product information up to December 2022. The search terms included different types of cancers, such as colorectal, lung, breast, gynecologic, kidney, bladder, melanoma, pancreatic, hepatocellular, gastric and haematologic. Then, PubMed and Web of Science were searched for relevant articles up to February 2024. Hence, we listed existing clinical trials about natural products used in the treatment of cancers and discussed the preclinical and clinical studies of some promising natural products and their targets, indications, and underlying mechanisms of action. Our intent was to provide basic information to readers who are interested or majoring in natural products and obtain a deeper understanding of the progress and actions of natural product mechanisms of action.

Inhibitory actions of oxyresveratrol on the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade in cervical cancer cells

The phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling plays a critical role in cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. This signal transduction axis in HPV-positive cervical cancer has been proved to be directly activated by E6/E7 proteins of the virus enhancing cervical cancer progression. Hence, the PI3K/AKT pathway is one of the key therapeutic targets for HPV-positive cervical cancer. Here we discovered that oxyresveratrol (Oxy) at noncytotoxic concentration specifically suppressed the phosphorylation of AKT but not ERK1/2. This potent inhibitory effect of Oxy was still observed even when cells were stimulated with fetal bovine serum. Inhibition of AKT phosphorylation at serine 473 by Oxy resulted in a significant decrease in serine 9 phosphorylation of GSK-3β, a downstream target of AKT. Dephosphorylation of GSK-3β at this serine residue activates its function in promoting the degradation of MCL-1, an anti-apoptotic protein. Results clearly demonstrated that in association with GSK-3β activation, Oxy preferentially downregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein MCL-1. Furthermore, results from the functional analyses revealed that Oxy inhibited cervical cancer cell proliferation, at least in part through suppressing nuclear expression of Ki-67. Besides, the compound retarded cervical cancer cell migration even the cells were exposed to a potent enhancer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, TGF-β1. In consistent with these data, Oxy reduced the expression of β-catenin, N-cadherin, and vimentin. In conclusion, the study disclosed that Oxy specifically inhibits the AKT/GSK-3β/MCL-1 axis resulting in reduction in cervical cancer cell viability, proliferation, and migration.

Anti-Cancer Potential of Phytochemicals: The Regulation of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

A biological process called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows epithelial cells to change into mesenchymal cells and acquire some cancer stem cell properties. EMT contributes significantly to the metastasis, invasion, and development of treatment resistance in cancer cells. Current research has demonstrated that phytochemicals are emerging as a potential source of safe and efficient anti-cancer medications. Phytochemicals could disrupt signaling pathways related to malignant cell metastasis and drug resistance by suppressing or reversing the EMT process. In this review, we briefly describe the pathophysiological properties and the molecular mechanisms of EMT in the progression of cancers, then summarize phytochemicals with diverse structures that could block the EMT process in different types of cancer. Hopefully, these will provide some guidance for future research on phytochemicals targeting EMT.

Inhibition of Ribosomal RNA Processing 15 Homolog (RRP15) Suppressed Tumor Growth, Invasion and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) of Colon Cancer

Although ribosomal RNA processing 15 Homolog (RRP15) has been implicated in the occurrence of various cancers and is considered a potential target for cancer treatment, its significance in colon cancer (CC) is unclear. Thus, this present study aims to determine RRP15 expression and biological function in CC. The results demonstrated a strong expression of RRP15 in CC compared to normal colon specimens, which was correlated with poorer overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of the patients. Among the nine investigated CC cell lines, RRP15 demonstrated the highest and lowest expression in HCT15 and HCT116 cells, respectively. In vitro assays demonstrated that the knockdown of RRP15 inhibited the growth, colony-forming ability and invasive ability of the CC cells whereas its overexpression enhanced the above oncogenic function. Moreover, subcutaneous tumors in nude mice showed that RRP15 knockdown inhibited the CC growth while its overexpression enhanced their growth. Additionally, the knockdown of RRP15 inhibited the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereas overexpression of RRP15 promoted the EMT process in CC. Collectively, inhibition of RRP15 suppressed tumor growth, invasion and EMT of CC, and might be considered a promising therapeutic target for treating CC.

Larotrectinib induces autophagic cell death through AMPK/mTOR signalling in colon cancer

Larotrectinib (Lar) is a highly selective and potent small-molecule inhibitor used in patients with tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) fusion-positive cancers, including colon cancer. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms specifically in patients with colon cancer have not yet been explored. Our data showed that Lar significantly suppressed proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells. In addition, Lar suppressed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, as evidenced by elevation in E-cadherin (E-cad), and downregulation of vimentin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2/9 expression. Furthermore, Lar was found to activate autophagic flux, in which Lar increased the ratio between LC3II/LC3I and decreased the expression of p62 in colon cancer cells. More importantly, Lar also increased AMPK phosphorylation and suppressed mTOR phosphorylation in colon cancer cells. However, when we silenced AMPK in colon cancer cells, Lar-induced accumulation of autolysomes as well as Lar-induced suppression of the EMT process were significantly diminished. An in vivo assay also confirmed that tumour volume and weight decreased in Lar-treated mice than in control mice. Taken together, this study suggests that Lar significantly suppresses colon cancer proliferation and migration by activating AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagic cell death.

Overcoming therapeutic resistance to platinum-based drugs by targeting Epithelial–Mesenchymal transition

Platinum-based drugs (PBDs), including cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, have been widely used in clinical practice as mainstay treatments for various types of cancer. Although there is firm evidence of notable achievements with PBDs in the management of cancers, the acquisition of resistance to these agents is still a major challenge to efforts at cure. The introduction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) concept, a critical process during embryonic morphogenesis and carcinoma progression, has offered a mechanistic explanation for the phenotypic switch of cancer cells upon PBD exposure. Accumulating evidence has suggested that carcinoma cells can enter a resistant state via induction of the EMT. In this review, we discussed the underlying mechanism of PBD-induced EMT and the current understanding of its role in cancer drug resistance, with emphasis on how this novel knowledge can be exploited to overcome PBD resistance via EMT-targeted compounds, especially those under clinical trials.

Inhibition and potential treatment of colorectal cancer by natural compounds via various signaling pathways

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common type of malignant digestive tract tumor with a high incidence rate worldwide. Currently, the clinical treatment of CRC predominantly include surgical resection, postoperative chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, these treatments contain severe limitations such as drug side effects, the risk of recurrence and drug resistance. Some natural compounds found in plants, fungi, marine animals, and bacteria have been shown to inhibit the occurrence and development of CRC. Although the explicit molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of these compounds on CRC are not clear, classical signaling transduction pathways such as NF-kB and Wnt/β-catenin are extensively regulated. In this review, we have summarized the specific mechanisms regulating the inhibition and development of CRC by various types of natural compounds through nine signaling pathways, and explored the potential therapeutic values of these natural compounds in the clinical treatment of CRC.

Using ncRNAs as Tools in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment-The Way towards Personalized Medicine to Improve Patients' Health

Although the first discovery of a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) dates back to 1958, only in recent years has the complexity of the transcriptome started to be elucidated. However, its components are still under investigation and their identification is one of the challenges that scientists are presently facing. In addition, their function is still far from being fully understood. The non-coding portion of the genome is indeed the largest, both quantitatively and qualitatively. A large fraction of these ncRNAs have a regulatory role either in coding mRNAs or in other ncRNAs, creating an intracellular network of crossed interactions (competing endogenous RNA networks, or ceRNET) that fine-tune the gene expression in both health and disease. The alteration of the equilibrium among such interactions can be enough to cause a transition from health to disease, but the opposite is equally true, leading to the possibility of intervening based on these mechanisms to cure human conditions. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge on these mechanisms, illustrating how they can be used for disease treatment, the current challenges and pitfalls, and the roles of environmental and lifestyle-related contributing factors, in addition to the ethical, legal, and social issues arising from their (improper) use.

PPARGC1A affects inflammatory responses in photodynamic therapy (PDT)-treated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

BACKGROUND

Chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is a feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Targeting inflammatory signaling represents promising strategy for IBD treatment regimens.

METHODS

Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model was established in mice. Histopathological examinations were conducted by H&E staining and IHC staining. IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α were tested by ELISA kits. TargetScan was used to predict miRNAs that target PPARGC1A and luciferase activity assay was performed to validate the predicted binding.

RESULTS

DSS-induced acute colitis model was successfully established in mice; photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment partially improved DSS-induced colonic damages and cell inflammation. Microarray assays and integrative bioinformatics analysis identified PPARG coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A) as a significantly differentially-expressed gene in PDT-treated IBD compared with non-treated IBD. PPARGC1A expression was downregulated in IBD clinical samples, DSS-induced colitis mice colons, and DSS-stimulated colonic epithelial cells, whereas partially upregulated by PDT treatment in DSS-stimulated cells. Single DSS stimulation significantly promoted cellular inflammation; PDT partially attenuated, whereas sh-PPARGC1A transduction further enhanced DSS effects on cancer cell inflammation. In colitis mice, DSS decreased PPRA-α and PPRA-γ proteins in mice colons; the in vivo effects of DSS were partially attenuated by PDT treatment, whereas amplified by sh-PPARGC1A transduction. Upstream miR-301a-3p targeted and inhibited PPARGC1A expression.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, PPARGC1A, which is downregulated in DSS-induced acute colitis and DSS-stimulated colonic epithelial cells, could be upregulated by PDT treatment. PPARGC1A knockdown could attenuate PDT therapeutic effects on DSS-induced acute colitis and DSS-stimulated colonic epithelial cells.

Utility of Indian fruits in cancer prevention and treatment: Time to undertake translational and bedside studies

The World Health Organization predicts a 70% increase in cancer incidents in developing nations over the next decade, and it will be the second leading cause of death worldwide. Traditional plant-based medicine systems play an important role against various diseases and provide health care to a large section of the population in developing countries. Indigenous fruits and their bioactive compounds with beneficial effects like antioxidant, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory are shown to be useful in preventing the incidence of cancer. India is one of the biodiversity regions and is native to numerous flora and fauna in the world. Of the many fruiting trees indigenous to India, Mango (Mangifera indica), Black plum (Eugenia jambolana or Syzygium jambolana), Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis or Phyllanthus emblica), kokum (Garcinia indica or Brindonia indica), stone apple or bael (Aegle marmelos), Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Karaunda (Carissa carandas) and Phalsa (Grewia asiatica), Monkey Jackfruit (Artocarpus lakoocha) and Elephant apple (Dillenia indica) have been shown to be beneficial in preventing cancer and in the treatment of cancer in validated preclinical models of study. In this review, efforts are also made to collate the fruits' anticancer effects and the important phytochemicals. Efforts are also made at emphasizing the underlying mechanism/s responsible for the beneficial effects in cancer prevention and treatment. These fruits have been a part of the diet, are non-toxic, and easily acceptable for human application. The plants and some of their phytochemicals possess diverse medicinal properties. The authors propose that future studies should be directed at detailed studies with various preclinical models of study with both composite fruit extract/juice and the individual phytochemicals. Additionally, translational studies should be planned with the highly beneficial, well-investigated and pharmacologically multifactorial amla to understand its usefulness as a cancer preventive in the high-risk population and as a supportive agent in cancer survivors. The outcome of both preclinical and clinical studies will be useful for patients, the healthcare fraternity, pharmaceutical, and agro-based sectors.

Bioactive food components for colorectal cancer prevention and treatment: A good match

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent cancer worldwide, accounts for about 10% of the total cancer cases, and ranks as the second cause of death by cancer. CRC is more prevalent in developed countries in close causal relation with occidental diets. Due to anatomy, the diet has a strong impact on CRC. High contents in meat are acknowledged risk factors whereas a diet rich in fruits and vegetables is an established CRC protective factor. Fruits and vegetables contain numerous Bioactive Food Components (BFCs), physiologically active food compounds, beneficial on health. Preventive and therapeutic benefits of BFCs in cancer have increasingly been reported over the past 20 years. BFCs show both chemopreventive and anti-tumor properties in CRC but more interestingly, abundant research describes BFCs as enhancers of conventional cancer treatments. Despite these promising results, their clinical transferability is slowed down by bioavailability interrogations and their poorly understood hormetic effect. In this review, we would like to reposition BFCs as well-fitted for applications in CRC. We provide a synthetic overview of trustworthy BFC applications in CRC, with a special highlight on combinatory approaches and conventional cancer treatment potentiation strategies.