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Bautista-López JA, Díaz-Ponce A, Rangel-Méndez JR, Cházaro-Ruiz LF, Mumanga TJ, Olmos-Moya P, Vences-Álvarez E, Pineda-Arellano CA. Recent progress in organic waste recycling materials for solar cell applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:103367-103389. [PMID: 37700126 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic waste-derived solar cells (OWSC) are a classification of third-generation photovoltaic cells in which one or more constituents are fabricated from organic waste material. They are an inspirational complement to the conventional third-generation solar cell with the potential of revolutionizing our future approach to solar cell manufacture. This article provides a study and summary of solar cells that fall under the category of OWSC. OWSC own their merit to low cost of manufacturing and environmental friendliness. This review article reveals different organic waste raw materials, preparation-to-assembly methodologies, and novel approaches to solar cell manufacturing. Ideas for the optimization of the performance of OWSC are presented. The assembly configurations and photovoltaic parameters of reported OWSC are compared in detail. An overview of the trends in the research regarding OWSC in the past decade is given. Also, the advantages and disadvantages of the different solar cell technologies are discussed, and possible trends are proposed. Industrial organic waste raw materials such as paper, coal, and plastics are among the least explored and yet most attractive for solar cell fabrication. The power conversion efficiencies for the cited works are mentioned while emphasizing the products and functions of the organic waste raw materials used.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alfonso Bautista-López
- Inter-Institutional Postgraduate in Science and Technology-CONAHCYT-Optics Research Center, Fracc. Reserva Loma Bonita, A.C., Prol. Constitución #607, 20200, Aguascalientes, Ags, México
| | - Arturo Díaz-Ponce
- Aguascalientes Unit, CONAHCYT-Optics Research Center, Fracc. Reserva Loma Bonita, A.C., Prol. Constitución #607, 20200, Aguascalientes, Ags, México
| | - José René Rangel-Méndez
- Division of Environmental Sciences, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica Y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a La Presa San José #2055, Col. Lomas 4a sección, 78216, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P, México
| | - Luis Felipe Cházaro-Ruiz
- Division of Environmental Sciences, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica Y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a La Presa San José #2055, Col. Lomas 4a sección, 78216, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P, México
| | - Takawira Joseph Mumanga
- Aguascalientes Unit, Optics Research Center, A.C.., Prol. Constitución #607, Fracc. Reserva Loma Bonita, 20200, Aguascalientes, Ags, México
| | - Patricia Olmos-Moya
- Science and Engineering Division, University of Guanajuato, Lomas del Bosque #103, Lomas del Campestre, 37150, León, Gto, México
| | - Esmeralda Vences-Álvarez
- Division of Environmental Sciences, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica Y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a La Presa San José #2055, Col. Lomas 4a sección, 78216, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P, México
| | - Carlos Antonio Pineda-Arellano
- Aguascalientes Unit, CONAHCYT-Optics Research Center, Fracc. Reserva Loma Bonita, A.C., Prol. Constitución #607, 20200, Aguascalientes, Ags, México.
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Sajid S, Alzahmi S, Salem IB, Park J, Obaidat IM. Lead-Free Perovskite Homojunction-Based HTM-Free Perovskite Solar Cells: Theoretical and Experimental Viewpoints. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:983. [PMID: 36985875 PMCID: PMC10054775 DOI: 10.3390/nano13060983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Simplifying the design of lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has drawn a lot of interest due to their low manufacturing cost and relative non-toxic nature. Focus has been placed mostly on reducing the toxic lead element and eliminating the requirement for expensive hole transport materials (HTMs). However, in terms of power conversion efficiency (PCE), the PSCs using all charge transport materials surpass the environmentally beneficial HTM-free PSCs. The low PCEs of the lead-free HTM-free PSCs could be linked to poorer hole transport and extraction as well as lower light harvesting. In this context, a lead-free perovskite homojunction-based HTM-free PSC was investigated, and the performance was then assessed using a Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS). A two-step method was employed to fabricate lead-free perovskite homojunction-based HTM-free PSCs in order to validate the simulation results. The simulation results show that high hole mobility and a narrow band gap of cesium tin iodide (CsSnI3) boosted the hole collection and absorption spectrum, respectively. Additionally, the homojunction's built-in electric field, which was identified using SCAPS simulations, promoted the directed transport of the photo-induced charges, lowering carrier recombination losses. Homojunction-based HTM-free PSCs having a CsSnI3 layer with a thickness of 100 nm, defect density of 1015 cm-3, and interface defect density of 1018 cm-3 were found to be capable of delivering high PCEs under a working temperature of 300 K. When compared to formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3)-based devices, the open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit density (Jsc), fill factor (FF), and PCE of FASnI3/CsSnI3 homojunction-based HTM-free PSCs were all improved from 0.66 to 0.78 V, 26.07 to 27.65 mA cm-2, 76.37 to 79.74%, and 14.62 to 19.03%, respectively. In comparison to a FASnI3-based device (PCE = 8.94%), an experimentally fabricated device using homojunction of FASnI3/CsSnI3 performs better with Voc of 0.84 V, Jsc of 22.06 mA cm-2, FF of 63.50%, and PCE of 11.77%. Moreover, FASnI3/CsSnI3-based PSC is more stable over time than its FASnI3-based counterpart, preserving 89% of its initial PCE. These findings provide promising guidelines for developing highly efficient and environmentally friendly HTM-free PSCs based on perovskite homojunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Sajid
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salem Alzahmi
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Imen Ben Salem
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 144534, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Jongee Park
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Atilim University, Ankara 06836, Turkey;
| | - Ihab M. Obaidat
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Physics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Eco-design for perovskite solar cells to address future waste challenges and recover valuable materials. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13584. [PMID: 36852041 PMCID: PMC9958291 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Photovoltaic development should be steered by the circular economy. However, it is not. In case of perovskite photovoltaics even current environmental directives divert from profitably recycling. Here, we study the profitability of noble metals recovery from wasted perovskite solar cells depending on recycling routes. Our results show that substrates play a major role in the recovery of precious metals and in contrast to previous research even recycling carbon-based devices could reach profitability. Going beyond the recovery of valuable elements, our findings show that revival of the perovskite solar cells is strongly dependent on the device architecture, so far viable for mesoscopic structures with carbon back contacts. Perovskite solar cells are still at the development stage, but the window of opportunity to ensure eco-design will close with market entry, and device complexity might compromise profitability recycling and even result in failure of recovery critical materials. Therefore, its eco-design should be prioritized by materials researchers to develop devices, where valuable components can be separated and liberated with safe and low energy processes.
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Choi HS, Kim YN, Hong S, Yang B, Suo J, Seo JY, Kwon SJ, Hagfeldt A, Kim HJ, Lee WI, Kim HS. Oriented Crystal Growth during Perovskite Surface Reconstruction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:51149-51156. [PMID: 36318648 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Surface passivation has become a key strategy for an improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) since PSCs experienced a steep increase in PCE and reached a comparably matured point. Recently, surface passivation using a mixed salt of fluorinated alkyl ammonium iodide and formamidinium bromide demonstrated a remarkable improvement in both performance and stability, which can be tuned by the length of the alkyl chain. Nevertheless, the role of the alkyl chain in manipulating surface-limited crystal growth was not fully understood, preventing a further progress in interface control. In this study, we found that the length of the fluorine-substituted alkyl chain governed the crystal formation dynamics by manipulating surface tensions of different crystal orientations. The overall enhancement of the (001) plane, being the most favored, commonly resulted from the surface reformation of the perovskite film regardless of the chain length, while the highly oriented (001) over (111) was monitored with a particular chain length. The enhanced crystal orientation during surface recrystallization was responsible for the low trap density and thus effectively suppressed charge recombination at the interface, resulting in a considerable increase in open-circuit voltage and fill factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Seo Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon22212, Korea
| | - Yu-Na Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon22212, Korea
| | - Seungyeon Hong
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Bowen Yang
- Department of Chemistry─Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, UppsalaSE-75120, Sweden
| | - Jiajia Suo
- Department of Chemistry─Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, UppsalaSE-75120, Sweden
| | - Ji-Youn Seo
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Joon Kwon
- School of Chemical Engineering and SKKU Institute of Energy Science & Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon16419, Korea
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Department of Chemistry─Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, UppsalaSE-75120, Sweden
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan In Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon22212, Korea
| | - Hui-Seon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon22212, Korea
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Global Challenges and Prospects of Photovoltaic Materials Disposal and Recycling: A Comprehensive Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The considerable amount of waste PV modules expected to emerge from recent widespread of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is a cause of concern, especially in sustainability terms. Currently, most end-of-life (EoL) PV modules are either disposed of in landfills or bulk recycled in existing recycling facilities. Although these approaches are easier in execution as less efforts are directed at sustainable management of these modules, they can potentially cause environmental issues including loss of valuable resources and leakage of toxic materials. Hence, high-value closed-loop recycling is much preferred for its environmental merits, although its implementation brings forward challenges that this paper attempts to shed light on. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the EoL management of PV modules, concentrating on the challenges faced in PV recycling. Additionally, PV waste-related regulatory frameworks implemented in different countries are discussed. Recommendations to improve the EoL management of PV modules and trade-offs arising from conflicting solutions are proposed. To establish a sustainable PV waste management framework, legislations promoting the extended producer responsibility (EPR) principle, presence of suitable infrastructure, research and development (R&D) and cooperation of various governmental and private bodies are highly needed.
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Schoden F, Schnatmann AK, Davies E, Diederich D, Storck JL, Knefelkamp D, Blachowicz T, Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp E. Investigating the Recycling Potential of Glass Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells-Melting Experiment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6622. [PMID: 34772147 PMCID: PMC8587710 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of climate change are becoming increasingly clear, and the urgency of solving the energy and resource crisis has been recognized by politicians and society. One of the most important solutions is sustainable energy technologies. The problem with the state of the art, however, is that production is energy-intensive and non-recyclable waste remains after the useful life. For monocrystalline photovoltaics, for example, there are recycling processes for glass and aluminum, but these must rather be described as downcycling. The semiconductor material is not recycled at all. Another promising technology for sustainable energy generation is dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Although efficiency and long-term stability still need to be improved, the technology has high potential to complement the state of the art. DSSCs have comparatively low production costs and can be manufactured without toxic components. In this work, we present the world' s first experiment to test the recycling potential of non-toxic glass-based DSSCs in a melting test. The glass constituents were analyzed by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES), and the surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). The glass was melted in a furnace and compared to a standard glass recycling process. The results show that the described DSSCs are suitable for glass recycling and thus can potentially circulate in a circular economy without a downcycling process. However, material properties such as chemical resistance, transparency or viscosity are not investigated in this work and need further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schoden
- Institute for Technical Energy Systems (ITES), Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.K.S.); (E.D.); (J.L.S.); (D.K.); (E.S.-H.)
| | - Anna Katharina Schnatmann
- Institute for Technical Energy Systems (ITES), Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.K.S.); (E.D.); (J.L.S.); (D.K.); (E.S.-H.)
| | - Emma Davies
- Institute for Technical Energy Systems (ITES), Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.K.S.); (E.D.); (J.L.S.); (D.K.); (E.S.-H.)
| | - Dirk Diederich
- Institut für Glas- und Rohstofftechnologie GmbH, 37079 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Jan Lukas Storck
- Institute for Technical Energy Systems (ITES), Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.K.S.); (E.D.); (J.L.S.); (D.K.); (E.S.-H.)
| | - Dörthe Knefelkamp
- Institute for Technical Energy Systems (ITES), Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.K.S.); (E.D.); (J.L.S.); (D.K.); (E.S.-H.)
| | - Tomasz Blachowicz
- Institute of Physics—Center for Science and Education, Silesian University of Technology, 44100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Eva Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp
- Institute for Technical Energy Systems (ITES), Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.K.S.); (E.D.); (J.L.S.); (D.K.); (E.S.-H.)
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Maranghi S, Parisi ML, Basosi R, Sinicropi A. The critical issue of using lead for sustainable massive production of perovskite solar cells: a review of relevant literature. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2021; 1:44. [PMID: 37645134 PMCID: PMC10445902 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.13428.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to review the most significant studies dealing with the environmental issues of the use of lead in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A careful discussion and rationalization of the environmental and human health toxicity impacts, evaluated by life cycle assessment and risk assessment studies, is presented. The results of this analysis are prospectively related to the possible future massive production of PSC technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Maranghi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, R²ES Lab, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, Firenze, 50019, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Parisi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, R²ES Lab, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, Firenze, 50019, Italy
- Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Italian National Council for Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Firenze, 50019, Italy
| | - Riccardo Basosi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, R²ES Lab, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, Firenze, 50019, Italy
- Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Italian National Council for Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Firenze, 50019, Italy
| | - Adalgisa Sinicropi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, R²ES Lab, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, Firenze, 50019, Italy
- Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Italian National Council for Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Firenze, 50019, Italy
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