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Sun Z, Chen Z, Chung Lan Mow MC, Liao X, Wei X, Ma G, Wang X, Yu H. Chloramine Disinfection of Levofloxacin and Sulfaphenazole: Unraveling Novel Disinfection Byproducts and Elucidating Formation Mechanisms for an Enhanced Understanding of Water Treatment. Molecules 2024; 29:396. [PMID: 38257310 PMCID: PMC10820186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The unrestricted utilization of antibiotics poses a critical challenge to global public health and safety. Levofloxacin (LEV) and sulfaphenazole (SPN), widely employed broad-spectrum antimicrobials, are frequently detected at the terminal stage of water treatment, raising concerns regarding their potential conversion into detrimental disinfection byproducts (DBPs). However, current knowledge is deficient in identifying the potential DBPs and elucidating the precise transformation pathways and influencing factors during the chloramine disinfection process of these two antibiotics. This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of reaction pathways, encompassing piperazine ring opening/oxidation, Cl-substitution, OH-substitution, desulfurization, and S-N bond cleavage, during chloramine disinfection. Twelve new DBPs were identified in this study, exhibiting stability and persistence even after 24 h of disinfection. Additionally, an examination of DBP generation under varying disinfectant concentrations and pH values revealed peak levels at a molar ratio of 25 for LEV and SPN to chloramine, with LEV contributing 11.5% and SPN 23.8% to the relative abundance of DBPs. Remarkably, this research underscores a substantial increase in DBP formation within the molar ratio range of 1:1 to 1:10 compared to 1:10 to 1:25. Furthermore, a pronounced elevation in DBP generation was observed in the pH range of 7 to 8. These findings present critical insights into the impact of the disinfection process on these antibiotics, emphasizing the innovation and significance of this research in assessing associated health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoxuan Wei
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua 321004, China; (Z.S.); (M.C.C.L.M.)
| | | | | | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua 321004, China; (Z.S.); (M.C.C.L.M.)
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Alegbeleye O, Daramola OB, Adetunji AT, Ore OT, Ayantunji YJ, Omole RK, Ajagbe D, Adekoya SO. Efficient removal of antibiotics from water resources is a public health priority: a critical assessment of the efficacy of some remediation strategies for antibiotics in water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:56948-57020. [PMID: 35716301 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the fundamental principles and mechanism of antibiotic removal from water of some commonly applied treatment techniques including chlorination, ozonation, UV-irradiation, Fenton processes, photocatalysis, electrochemical-oxidation, plasma, biochar, anaerobicdigestion, activated carbon and nanomaterials. Some experimental shortfalls identified by researchers such as certain characteristics of degradation agent applied and the strategies explored to override the identified limitations are briefly discussed. Depending on interactions of a range of factors including the type of antibiotic compound, operational parameters applied such as pH, temperature and treatment time, among other factors, all reviewed techniques can eliminate or reduce the levels of antibiotic compounds in water to varying extents. Some of the reviewed techniques such as anaerobic digestion generally require longer treatment times (up to 360, 193 and 170 days, according to some studies), while others such as photocatalysis achieved degradation within short contact time (within a minimum of 30, but up to 60, 240, 300 and 1880 minutes, in some cases). For some treatment techniques such as ozonation and Fenton, it is apparent that subjecting compounds to longer treatment times may improve elimination efficiency, whereas for some other techniques such as nanotechnology, application of longer treatment time generally meant comparatively minimal elimination efficiency. Based on the findings of experimental studies summarized, it is apparent that operational parameters such as pH and treatment time, while critical, do not exert sole or primary influence on the elimination percentage(s) achieved. Elimination efficiency achieved rather seems to be due more to the force of a combination of several factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadara Alegbeleye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil.
| | | | - Adewole Tomiwa Adetunji
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Wellington, Western Cape, 7654, South Africa
| | - Odunayo T Ore
- Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Yemisi Juliet Ayantunji
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Advanced Space Technology Applications Laboratory, Cooperative Information Network, National Space Research and Development Agency, Ile-Ife, P.M.B. 022, Nigeria
| | - Richard Kolade Omole
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Applied Sciences, Osun State College of Technology, Esa-Oke, Nigeria
| | - Damilare Ajagbe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma, USA
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Detenchuk EA, Mazur DM, Latkin TB, Lebedev AT. Halogen substitution reactions of halobenzenes during water disinfection. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133866. [PMID: 35134400 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although being successfully applied all over the world for more than 100 years water disinfection by means of chlorination possesses certain drawbacks, first of all formation of hazardous disinfection by-products (DBP). Aromatic halogenated DBPs significantly contribute to the total organic halogen and developmental toxicity of chlorinated water. The present study deals with investigation of possible substitution of one halogen for another in aromatic substrates in conditions of aqueous chlorination/bromination. The reaction showed high yields especially in case of substrates with proper position of an activating group in the aromatic ring. Thus, ipso-substitution of iodine by chlorine is the main process of aqueous chlorination of para-iodoanisole. Oxidation of the eliminating I+ ions into non-reactive IO3- species facilitates the substitution. Oxidation of eliminating Br+ is not so easy while being highly reactive it attacks initial substrates forming polybrominated products. Substitution of iodine and bromine by chlorine may also involve migration of electrophilic species inside the aromatic ring resulting in larger number of isomeric DBPs. Substitution of chlorine by bromine in aromatic substrates during aqueous bromination is not so pronounced as substitution of bromine by chlorine in aqueous chlorination due to higher electronegativity of chlorine atom. However, formation of some chlorine-free polybrominated products proves possibility of that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Detenchuk
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - D M Mazur
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility "Arktika", nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - T B Latkin
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility "Arktika", nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - A T Lebedev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility "Arktika", nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia.
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Lou X, Liu Z, Fang C, Tang Y, Guan J, Guo Y, Zhang X, Shi Y, Huang D, Cai Y. Fate of sulfamethoxazole and potential formation of haloacetic acids during chlorine disinfection process in aquaculture water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111958. [PMID: 34478721 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There exist two common processes in fishery culture, i.e. antibiotic addition to reduce disease in fishery, and chlorination disinfection to inhibit infectious pathogenic microorganisms. However, antibiotic residues might play important reverse side roles for both aquaculture water pollution and potential formation of chlorination side products. Herein, the transformation behaviour, intermediates analyses and conversion pathway of antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and potential generation of halogenated acetic acids (HAAs) in the process of chlorination in fishery water were examined, and the results revealed that the decomposing of SMX satisfied a pseudo first-order kinetic equation. Both the addition of available chlorine and high temperature had affirmative influences on the decontamination of SMX and production of HAAs, and the near-neutral pHs promoted the removal of SMX and generation of HAAs. Br- was favorable for the removal of SMX and yields of brominated acetic acids (Br-AAs). Based on the identified intermediate products, the transformation path of SMX in chlorination process was propounded, to wit, the C-S and S-N bonds in the SMX molecules were firstly cracked, and the primeval intermediate groups are then transformed to form chloroanilines, chlorophenols, etc., and subsequently, chlorophenols were chlorinated and ring-opened to generate toxic HAAs. This study might be meaningful to evaluate the effective removal of sulfonamide antibiotic residues and the potential generation of halogenated DBPs (H-DBPs) when chlorinated in aquaculture water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Lou
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Changling Fang
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Yunyu Tang
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Jie Guan
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Yaoguang Guo
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Yongfu Shi
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Dongmei Huang
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Youqiong Cai
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
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Zhu P, Sun Y, Wang H, Ji X, Zeng Y. Molecular insight into the hepatopancreas of oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) in response to residual chlorine stimulus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 243:106052. [PMID: 34995866 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine or chloric disinfectants are cost-effective disinfectants, which are widely used to disinfect domestic and industrial water. The residual chlorine levels in some of these waters have been proven toxic to several aquatic organisms; however, the molecular mechanisms of toxicity of residual chlorine to aquatic crustaceans, including Macrobrachium nipponense, an economically important freshwater prawn native to Asian countries, have not been investigated to date. Here, M. nipponense was exposed to 0.53 mg/L of residual chlorine, and comparative transcriptomics analyses were performed to determine their response mechanisms at the molecular level. Residual chlorine caused lethal effects on prawns. Furthermore, a total of 940 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 501 up-regulated and 439 down-regulated genes, were identified after 48 h of residual chlorine exposure compared to the control group. After enrichment analysis of GO (Gene Ontology) functions and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways, identified DEGs were demonstrated to be associated with a variety of functions including exerting "oxidoreductase activity", and participating in "oxidation-reduction process". In addition, cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A1 (CYP1A1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) were enriched in the pathway of metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed interactions among actin beta/gamma 1 (ACTB_G1) gene encoding protein and a series of multiple functional DEGs (e.g., hexokinase (HK), fructose 1,6-biphosphate-aldolase A (ALDOA), cytochrome c (CYC), and elongation factor 1-alpha (EEF1A)) encoding proteins. This study laid a theoretical foundation for safety evaluation of chlorinated aquatic water and further investigation of the toxicity of chlorination to M. nipponense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhu
- Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China; Department of Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Yaojiadai Sun
- Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China; Library, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Xiangshan Ji
- Department of Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Yongqing Zeng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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