1
|
Boateng ID, Li F, Yang XM, Guo D. Combinative effect of pulsed-light irradiation and solid-state fermentation on ginkgolic acids, ginkgols, ginkgolides, bilobalide, flavonoids, product quality and sensory assessment of Ginkgo biloba dark tea. Food Chem 2024; 456:139979. [PMID: 38852441 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Pulsed light (PL) is a prospective non-thermal technology that can improve the degradation of ginkgolic acid (GA) and retain the main bioactive compounds in Ginkgo biloba leaves (GBL). However, only using PL hasn't yet achieved the ideal effect of reducing GA. Fermentation of GBL to make ginkgo dark tea (GDT) could decrease GA. Because different microbial strains are used for fermentation, their metabolites and product quality might differ. However, there is no research on the combinative effect of PL irradiation fixation and microbial strain fermentation on main bioactive compounds and sensory assessment of GDT. In this research, first, Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were selected as fermentation strains that can reduce GA from the five microbial strains. Next, the fresh GBL was irradiated by PL for 200 s (fluences of 0.52 J/cm2), followed by B. subtilis, S. cerevisiae, or natural fermentation to make GDT. The results showed that compared with the control (unirradiated and unfermented GBL) and the only PL irradiated GBL, the GA in GDT using PL + B. subtilis fermentation was the lowest, decreasing by 29.74%; PL + natural fermentation reduced by 24.53%. The total flavonoid content increased by 14.64% in GDT using PL + B. subtilis fermentation, whose phenolic and antioxidant levels also increased significantly. Sensory evaluation showed that the color, aroma, and taste of the tea infusion of PL + B. subtilis fermentation had the highest scores. In conclusion, the combined PL irradiation and solid-state fermentation using B. subtilis can effectively reduce GA and increase the main bioactive compounds, thus providing a new technological approach for GDT with lower GA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Duah Boateng
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.; Certified Group, 199 W Rhapsody Dr, San Antonio, Texas, TX 78216, United States of America..
| | - Fengnan Li
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China..
| | - Xiao-Ming Yang
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China..
| | - Danzhao Guo
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China..
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Boateng ID, Yang XM, Yin H, Liu W. Separation and purification of polyprenols from Ginkgo biloba leaves by silver ion anchored on imidazole-based ionic liquid functionalized mesoporous MCM-41 sorbent. Food Chem 2024; 450:139284. [PMID: 38640543 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Polyprenols (PPs) are compounds with excellent biological activities and are applied in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. However, its strong non-polar nature makes it difficult to separate with many saturated impurities (such as saturated fatty acids) extracted together. Complexation extraction is an effective method for separating saturated and polyunsaturated compounds. In this study, mesoporous silica MCM-41 was modified by imidazole-based ionic liquids (IL) followed by coating these MCM-41-supported IL compounds with silver salt to construct π-complexing adsorbent (AgBF4/IL•MCM-41) to enrich PPs from Ginkgo biloba leaves (GBL) extract. The mesoporous π-complexing sorbent was characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), FTIR, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption. The effect of the ratio of silver salt to IL•MCM-41 on the adsorption capacity of polyprenols from GBL was compared, and the dosage of AgBF4 was determined to be 1.5 mmol/g IL•MCM-41. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics indicate that the π-complexing adsorbent has excellent PPs adsorption performance (153 mg/g at 30 °C) and a fast adsorption rate (the time to reach adsorption equilibrium is 210 s). The PPs were separated using the fixed bed after treatment for only one cycle with AgBF4/IL•MCM-41, and the content of PPs in the product was increased from 38.54% to 70.2%, with a recovery rate of 86.6%. The π-complexing adsorbent showed excellent reusability for ≥3 adsorption-desorption cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Duah Boateng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Certified Group, 199 W Rhapsody Dr, San Antonio, TX 78216, United States..
| | - Xiao-Ming Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Hengbo Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Weimin Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Su Y, Chen Y, Sun M, Ren A, Li J, Liu Z, Zheng T. Tailoring the physicochemical properties of starch: impact of integrated ultrasonic and ethanol pretreatment on the oil uptake of infrared fried ginkgo seeds. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5896-5906. [PMID: 38477402 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The structural changes of starch would have a more crucial impact on oil absorption and quality changes in starch-rich fruits and vegetables during frying process with enhanced heat transfer (such as infrared frying). In the present study, the influence of integrated ultrasonic and ethanol (US + ethanol) pretreatment on oil uptake in infrared fried (IF) ginkgo seeds was evaluated regarding modifications in the physicochemical properties of starch. The pretreatment was performed with ultrasonic (40 kHz, 300 W) and ethanol osmotic (95%, v/v) treatment individually or integrated for 40 min. RESULTS The mass transfer in the pretreatment was facilitated by combined ultrasound and ethanol. The swelling power, solubility, and gelatinization degree of starch was significantly increased. Low-frequency-NMR curves and images revealed that the bound water fraction in ginkgo seeds was increased and the water distribution was homogenized. The results of Fourier transform-infrared spectrum and differential scanning calorimeter revealed that the crystalline regions of starch were reduced and the thermal enthalpy was decreased after US + ethanol pretreatment. The total, surface and structural oil content in IF ginkgo seeds with US + ethanol pretreatment was reduced by 29.10%, 34.52% and 29.73%, respectively. The US + ethanol pretreatment led to a thinner crust layer with increased porosity and smaller-sized pores in the IF ginkgo seeds as observed by stereo microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. CONCLUSION The changes in structural and physicochemical properties of starch by combined ultrasound and ethanol affect the crust ratio and pore characteristics in fried high-starch fruits and vegetables, thereby reducing oil absorption. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Su
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Menglin Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiqing Ren
- Institute of Food Research, Hezhou University, Hezhou, China
| | - Jianlin Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenbin Liu
- Shaanxi Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Tiesong Zheng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chummun Phul I, Gómez-Llonín A, Bhaw-Luximon A. From traditional medicine to nanomedicine: potential of Ginkgo biloba extracts in treating inflammatory skin diseases. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:2643-2656. [PMID: 39149101 PMCID: PMC11324057 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00194j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of plant extracts as a potential cure for various conditions has moved from traditional medicine to evidence-based medicine. Skin diseases have been addressed since time immemorial using plant extracts through observational and traditional knowledge and passed on through generations. With the advent of modern techniques, the molecular mechanisms of action of plant extracts/isolates are being deciphered with more precision, and more nanomedicine-based therapies are being studied to improve their therapeutic efficacy and stability. The leaves and seeds of Ginkgo biloba (G. biloba), an ancient medicinal tree species, have been used in Chinese herbal medicine for thousands of years. G. biloba extracts have been widely studied as a neuroprotective and anti-ischaemic drug for ischaemia-reperfusion injuries in the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, and other organs. However, the use of G. biloba can be accompanied with side effects and drug interactions. Although, there is now a growing interest for its use in skincare, the mechanisms of action of the extract are not fully understood and vital aspects of G. biloba, such as its neuroprotective and angiogenic properties contributing to the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases and skin ageing, are yet to be investigated. This review critically discusses the mechanisms of action of different constituents of G. biloba extracts linked to their potential interference in the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases. In addition to its ability to act on oxidative stress, G. biloba can regulate angiogenesis through its compounds such as ginkgetin or ginkgolide K, which either inhibit aberrant angiogenesis in eczema/psoriasis or increase microcirculation during skin ageing. G. biloba may also contribute to the control of pruritus in atopic dermatitis via a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory mechanism by suppressing JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathways. This review also highlights nanomedicine strategies to decrease the side effects and enhance the efficacy of the extracts. Similar strategies have been successfully used for anticancer molecules in targeted chemotherapy and iron delivery in anaemia treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itisha Chummun Phul
- Biomaterials, Drug Delivery & Nanotechnology Unit, Centre for Biomedical & Biomaterials Research (CBBR), University of Mauritius 80837 Réduit Mauritius
| | - Andrea Gómez-Llonín
- Biomaterials, Drug Delivery & Nanotechnology Unit, Centre for Biomedical & Biomaterials Research (CBBR), University of Mauritius 80837 Réduit Mauritius
| | - Archana Bhaw-Luximon
- Biomaterials, Drug Delivery & Nanotechnology Unit, Centre for Biomedical & Biomaterials Research (CBBR), University of Mauritius 80837 Réduit Mauritius
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Z, Tian P, Li L, Guo J, Zhou Y, Liu S, Yang Z. Preparative separation of the constituents from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves by a combination of multi-stage solvent extraction and countercurrent chromatography. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400234. [PMID: 39005007 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we employed a combination approach for the preparative separation of constituents from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves. It involved multi-stage solvent extractions utilizing two-phase multi-solvent systems and countercurrent chromatography (CCC) separations using three different solvent systems. The n-heptane/ethyl acetate/water (1:1:2, v/v) and n-heptane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (HepEMWat, 7:3:7:3, v/v) solvent systems were screened out as extraction systems. The polarities of the upper and lower phases in the multi-solvent systems were adjustable, enabling the effectively segmented separation of complex constituents in G. biloba L. The segmented products were subsequently directly utilized as samples and separated using CCC with the solvent systems acetate/n-butanol/water (4:1:5, v/v), HepEMWat (5:5:5:5, v/v), and HepEMWat (9:1:9:1, v/v), respectively. As a result, a total of 11 compounds were successfully isolated and identified from a 2 g methanol extract of G. biloba L through two-stage extraction and three CCC separation processes; among them, nine compounds exhibited high-performance liquid chromatography purity exceeding 85%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Liu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Peng Tian
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Luqi Li
- Life Science Research Core Services, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jinxing Guo
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuhui Liu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang Z, Fang X, Zhang Y, Bai Y, Zhao L, Zhou X. Ginkgolic acids induce liver injury in mice through cell cycle arrest and immune stress under specific condition. Toxicon 2024; 245:107788. [PMID: 38823652 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L. is a valuable plant, which can be used for medicine, food and ornamental purposes. Despite the above benefits, the components of ginkgolic acids (GA) in ginkgo are considered to cause allergies, embryotoxicity, liver damage and some other adverse reactions. However, the mechanism of GA induced liver injury is still unclear. In this study, we developed an acute liver injury model induced by GA in mice, and investigated the mechanism of GA induced liver injury from the perspectives of oxidative stress, steatosis, apoptosis, and immune response. Intraperitoneal injection of GA (400 mg/kg) can cause liver damage. The levels of serum transaminase, oxidation and triglycerides were increased, liver fibrosis, hepatocyte apoptosis, G2/M phase arrest of the hepatic cell cycle and monocyte infiltration in the liver were detected in GA-treated mice. Flow cytometry analysis of cells separated from the spleen showed that the proportion of Th1 and Th17 cells were increased, and the proportion of Th2 cells were decreased in GA-treated mice. The rise in Th1/Th2 ratio and Th17 cell ratio usually cause inflammatory problems. At the same time, cleaved Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 were detected in hepatocytes, indicating that GA may induce apoptosis through FADD pathway. Although GA is capable of causing the above problems, the inflammation and damage in liver tissue are not severe and there are certain individual differences. Our study reveals the potential hepatotoxicity of GA in ginkgo and its mechanism of action, providing a new perspective for the intervention and prevention of ginkgo toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xianying Fang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xinhu Zhou
- Yanghe Distillery Co. Ltd, Suqian, 223800, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peng Y, Chen Q, Xue YH, Jin H, Liu S, Du MQ, Yao SY. Ginkgo biloba and Its Chemical Components in the Management of Alzheimer's Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024; 52:625-666. [PMID: 38654507 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x24500277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a degenerative disease of the central nervous system, remains unclear. The main manifestations of AD include cognitive and behavioral disorders, neuropsychiatric symptoms, neuroinflammation, amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. However, current drugs for AD once the dementia stage has been reached only treat symptoms and do not delay progression, and the research and development of targeted drugs for AD have reached a bottleneck. Thus, other treatment options are needed. Bioactive ingredients derived from plants are promising therapeutic agents. Specifically, Ginkgo biloba (Gb) extracts exert anti-oxidant, anticancer, neuroplastic, neurotransmitter-modulating, blood fluidity, and anti-inflammatory effects, offering alternative options in the treatment of cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. The main chemical components of Gb include flavonoids, terpene lactones, proanthocyanidins, organic acids, polysaccharides, and amino acids. Gb and its extracts have shown remarkable therapeutic effects on various neurodegenerative diseases, including AD, with few adverse reactions. Thus, high-quality Gb extracts are a well-established treatment option for AD. In this review, we summarize the insights derived from traditional Chinese medicine, experimental models, and emerging clinical trials on the role of Gb and its chemical components in the treatment of the main clinical manifestations of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional, Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, P. R. China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Quan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional, Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, P. R. China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Hui Xue
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional, Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, P. R. China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional, Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, P. R. China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional, Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, P. R. China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Miao-Qiao Du
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional, Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, P. R. China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Shun-Yu Yao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional, Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, P. R. China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wei J, Xu R, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Li S, Zhao Z. Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Distinguishing the Origin of Ellagic Acid Extracts: Pomegranate Peels or Gallnuts. Molecules 2024; 29:666. [PMID: 38338410 PMCID: PMC10856690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ellagic acid, known for its various biological activities, is widely used. Ellagic acid from pomegranate peels is safe for consumption, while that from gallnuts is only suitable for external use. However, there is currently no effective method to confirm the source of ellagic acid. Therefore, this study establishes an analysis method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-HR-MS) to identify the components of crude ellagic acid extracts from pomegranate peels and gallnuts. The analysis revealed that there was a mix of components in the crude extracts, such as ellagic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and 9(10)-EpODE. Furthermore, it could be observed that ellagic acid extracted from gallnuts contained toxic substances such as anacardic acid and ginkgolic acid (15:1). These components could be used to effectively distinguish the origin of ellagic acid from pomegranate peels or gallnuts. Additionally, a rapid quantitative analysis method using UHPLC-ESI-MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was developed for the quality control of ellagic acid products, by quantifying anacardic acid and ginkgolic acid (15:1). It was found that one of three ellagic acid health care products contained ginkgolic acid (C15:1) and anacardic acid at more than 1 ppm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (S.L.)
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Renjian Xu
- Anhui Deren Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 234122, China;
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (S.L.)
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingyu Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (S.L.)
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shumu Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Zhenwen Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (S.L.)
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sarra H, Salim B, Hocine A. Modeling the Antiviral Activity of Ginkgo biloba Polyphenols against Variola: In Silico Exploration of Inhibitory Candidates for VarTMPK and HssTMPK Enzymes. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2024; 21:e101023221938. [PMID: 37861017 DOI: 10.2174/0115701638261541230922095853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to use modeling methods to estimate the antiviral activity of natural molecules extracted from Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of variola which is a zoonotic disease posing a growing threat to human survival. The recent spread of variola in nonendemic countries and the possibility of its use as a bioterrorism weapon have made it a global threat once again. Therefore, the search for new antiviral therapies with reduced side effects is necessary. METHODS In this study, we examined the interactions between polyphenolic compounds from Ginkgo biloba, a plant known for its antiviral activity, and two enzymes involved in variola treatment, VarTMPK and HssTMPK, using molecular docking. RESULTS The obtained docking scores showed that among the 152 selected polyphenolic compounds; many ligands had high inhibitory potential according to the energy affinity. By considering Lipinski's rules, we found that Liquiritin and Olivil molecules are the best candidates to be developed into drugs that inhibit VarTMPK because of their high obtained scores compared to reference ligands, and zero violations of Lipinski's rules. We also found that ginkgolic acids have good affinities with HssTMPK and acceptable physicochemical properties to be developed into drugs administered orally. CONCLUSION Based on the obtained scores and Lipinski's rules, Liquiritin, Olivil, and ginkgolic acids molecules showed interesting results for both studied enzymes, indicating the existence of promising and moderate activity of these polyphenols for the treatment of variola and for possible multi-targeting. Liquiritin has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects on various inflammation- related diseases such as skin injury, hepatic inflammatory injury, and rheumatoid arthritis. Olivil has been shown to have antioxidant activity. Olivil derivatives have also been studied for their potential use as anticancer agents. Ginkgolic acids have been shown to have antimicrobial and antifungal properties. However, ginkgolic acids are also known to cause allergic reactions in some people. Therefore, future studies should consider these results and explore the potential of these compounds as antiviral agents. Further experimental studies in-vitro and in-vivo are required to validate and scale up these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamdani Sarra
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Abou Bekr Belkaïd University, Tlemcen 13000, P.O. Box 119, Algeria
- Laboratory of Natural and Bioactive Substances (LASNABIO), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Abou Bekr Belkaïd University, Tlemcen 13000, P.O. Box 119, Algeria
| | - Bouchentouf Salim
- Laboratory of Natural and Bioactive Substances (LASNABIO), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Abou Bekr Belkaïd University, Tlemcen 13000, P.O. Box 119, Algeria
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Doctor Tahar Moulay University of Saida, Algeria, Saïda 20000, BP 138 cité EN-NASR, Algeria
| | - Allali Hocine
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Abou Bekr Belkaïd University, Tlemcen 13000, P.O. Box 119, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yu J, Wang J, Yang J, Ouyang T, Gao H, Kan H, Yang Y. New insight into the mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba leaves in the treatment of cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155088. [PMID: 37844377 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginkgo biloba leaves (GBLs), as an herbal dietary supplement and a traditional Chinese medicine, have been used in treating diseases for hundred years. Recently, increasing evidence reveals that the extracts and active ingredients of GBLs have anti-cancer (chemo-preventive) properties. However, the molecular mechanism of GBLs in anti-cancer has not been comprehensively summarized. PURPOSE To systematically summarize the literatures for identifying the molecular mechanism of GBLs in cellular, animal models and clinical trials of cancers, as well as for critically evaluating the current evidence of efficacy and safety of GBLs for cancers. METHODS Employing the search terms "Ginkgo biloba" and "cancer" till July 25, 2023, a comprehensive search was carried out in four electronic databases including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science. The articles not contained in the databases are performed by manual searches and all the literatures on anti-cancer research and mechanism of action of GBLs was extracted and summarized. The quality of methodology was assessed independently through PRISMA 2020. RESULTS Among 84 records found in the database, 28 were systematic reviews related to GBLs, while the remaining 56 records were related to the anticancer effects of GBLs, which include studies on the anticancer activities and mechanisms of extracts or its components in GBLs at cellular, animal, and clinical levels. During these studies, the top six cancer types associated with GBLs are lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and cervical cancer. Further analysis reveals that GBLs primarily exert their anticancer effects by stimulating cancer cell apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, invasion and migration of cancers, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and modulating signaling pathways. Besides, the pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical research on the anti-tumor activity of GBLs have also been discussed. CONCLUSIONS This is the first paper to thoroughly investigate the pharmacology effect, toxicology, and the mechanisms of action of GBLs for anti-cancer properties. All the findings will reinforce the need to explore the new usage of GBLs in cancers and offer comprehensive reference data and recommendations for future research on this herbal medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinsese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China.
| | - Jianhua Yang
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinsese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Ting Ouyang
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinsese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Honglei Gao
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinsese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Hongxing Kan
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinsese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China; Anhui Computer Application Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Yinfeng Yang
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinsese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China; Anhui Computer Application Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Suliburska J, Cholik RS. Risks and benefits of salicylates in food: a narrative review. Nutr Rev 2023:nuad136. [PMID: 37897072 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylates are generally present in plants as part of their defense system against pathogens and environmental stress. Major dietary sources of salicylates were found in spices and herbs, such as curry and paprika (hot powder). Several studies suggest that these natural salicylates offer health benefits in the human body, such as antidiabetic, anticancer, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, despite their advantages, salicylates can be harmful to people with allergies, and high doses of salicylates may cause respiratory alkalosis and gastrointestinal bleeding. Additionally, salicylates can interact with certain drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and warfarin. This narrative review aimed to consolidate recent information on the content of salicylates in food based on the literature, while also highlighting the benefits and risks associated with salicylate consumption in humans. Based on the literature review and analysis of results, it can be concluded that the dietary intake of salicylates in vegetarians can be relatively high, resulting in concentrations of salicylic acid in the blood and urine that are comparable to those observed in patients taking a low dose of aspirin (75 mg). This suggests that a diet rich in salicylates may have potential benefits in preventing and treating some diseases that require low doses of aspirin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Suliburska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rafsan Syabani Cholik
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Boateng ID. Polyprenols in Ginkgo biloba; a review of their chemistry (synthesis of polyprenols and their derivatives), extraction, purification, and bioactivities. Food Chem 2023; 418:136006. [PMID: 36996648 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The Ginkgo biloba L. (GB) contains high bioactive compounds. To date, flavonoids and terpene trilactone have received the majority of attention in GB studies, and the GB has been utilized globally in functional food and pharmacological firms, with sales > $10 billion since 2017, while the other active components, for instance, polyprenols (a natural lipid) with various bioactivities have received less attention. Hence, this review focused on polyprenols' chemistry (synthesis of polyprenols and their derivatives) extraction, purification, and bioactivities from GB for the first time. The various extractions and purification methods (nano silica-based adsorbent, bulk ionic liquid membrane, etc.) were delved into, and their advantages and limitations were discussed. Besides, numerous bioactivities of the extracted Ginkgo biloba polyprenols (GBP) were reviewed. The review showed that GB contains some polyprenols in acetic esters' form. Prenylacetic esters are free of adverse effects. Besides, the polyprenols from GB have numerous bioactivities such as anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-viral activity, etc. The application of GBPs in the food, cosmetics, and drugs industries such as micelles, liposomes, and nano-emulsions was delved into. Finally, the toxicity of polyprenol was reviewed, and it was concluded that GBP was not carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic, giving a theoretical justification for using GBP as a raw material for functional foods. This article will aid researchers to better understand the need to explore GBP usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Duah Boateng
- Food Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, 1406 E Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Boateng ID. Ginkgols and bilobols in Ginkgo biloba L. A review of their extraction and bioactivities. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3211-3223. [PMID: 37190926 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba (GB) has enormous bioactives with anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and immune-stimulating properties, with global sales exceeding $10 billion. The terpene trilactones (ginkgolides A, B, and C) and flavonoids (mostly quercetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol) have received the most significant focus in GB research to date, whereas other bioactive compounds such as ginkgols and bilobols with various bioactivities such as anti-viral, anti-oxidant, and anti-tumor actions have received less attention. Therefore, for the first time, this review focused on GB ginkgols, bilobols extraction, and bioactivities. This review showed that petroleum ether and acetone extraction had successfully extracted ginkgols and bilobols. Furthermore, bioactivities such as anti-tumor activity and so on have been demonstrated for ginkgols, and bilobols, providing theoretical justification for ginkgols and bilobol as raw material for nutraceuticals, functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. Future research could look into other biological applications (such as anti-oxidant, antitoxins, anti-radiation, anti-microbial, and antiparasite) and their applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutraceutical industries. Besides, the primary research should be on developing green and effective methods for preparing ginkgols and bilobols and fully utilizing their pharmacological activity. This will also provide a new avenue for efficiently utilizing these bioactive compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Duah Boateng
- Food Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wawoczny A, Gillner D. The Most Potent Natural Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics, and Food Ingredients Isolated from Plants with Deep Eutectic Solvents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37433265 PMCID: PMC10375538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in reducing the number of synthetic products or additives and replacing them with natural ones. The pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries are especially focused on natural and bioactive chemicals isolated from plants or microorganisms. The main challenge here is to develop efficient and ecological methods for their isolation. According to the strategies and rules of sustainable development and green chemistry, green solvents and environmentally friendly technologies must be used. The application of deep eutectic solvents as efficient and biodegradable solvents seems to be a promising alternative to traditional methods. They are classified as being green and ecological but, most importantly, very efficient extraction media compared to organic solvents. The aim of this review is to present the recent findings on green extraction, as well as the biological activities and the possible applications of natural plant ingredients, namely, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenes, saponins, and some others. This paper thoroughly reviews modern, ecological, and efficient extraction methods with the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The newest findings, as well as the factors influencing the efficiency of extraction, such as water content, and hydrogen bond donor and acceptor types, as well as the extraction systems, are also discussed. New solutions to the major problem of separating DESs from the extract and for solvent recycling are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Wawoczny
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Danuta Gillner
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Biernacka P, Adamska I, Felisiak K. The Potential of Ginkgo biloba as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds-A Review of the Recent Literature and Patents. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28103993. [PMID: 37241734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28103993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is a relict tree species showing high resistance to adverse biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Its fruits and leaves have high medicinal value due to the presence of flavonoids, terpene trilactones and phenolic compounds. However, ginkgo seeds contain toxic and allergenic alkylphenols. The publication revises the latest research results (mainly from 2018-2022) regarding the chemical composition of extracts obtained from this plant and provides information on the use of extracts or their selected ingredients in medicine and food production. A very important section of the publication is the part in which the results of the review of patents concerning the use of Ginkgo biloba and its selected ingredients in food production are presented. Despite the constantly growing number of studies on its toxicity and interactions with synthetic drugs, its health-promoting properties are the reason for the interest of scientists and motivation to create new food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Biernacka
- Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, Department of Food Science and Technology-West Pomeranian University of Technology, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Iwona Adamska
- Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, Department of Food Science and Technology-West Pomeranian University of Technology, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Felisiak
- Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, Department of Food Science and Technology-West Pomeranian University of Technology, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Current Trends in Toxicity Assessment of Herbal Medicines: A Narrative Review. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Even in modern times, the popularity level of medicinal plants and herbal medicines in therapy is still high. The World Health Organization estimates that 80% of the population in developing countries uses these types of remedies. Even though herbal medicine products are usually perceived as low risk, their potential health risks should be carefully assessed. Several factors can cause the toxicity of herbal medicine products: plant components or metabolites with a toxic potential, adulteration, environmental pollutants (heavy metals, pesticides), or contamination of microorganisms (toxigenic fungi). Their correct evaluation is essential for the patient’s safety. The toxicity assessment of herbal medicine combines in vitro and in vivo methods, but in the past decades, several new techniques emerged besides conventional methods. The use of omics has become a valuable research tool for prediction and toxicity evaluation, while DNA sequencing can be used successfully to detect contaminants and adulteration. The use of invertebrate models (Danio renio or Galleria mellonella) became popular due to the ethical issues associated with vertebrate models. The aim of the present article is to provide an overview of the current trends and methods used to investigate the toxic potential of herbal medicinal products and the challenges in this research field.
Collapse
|
17
|
Li F, Boateng ID, Yang X, Li Y. Extraction, Purification, and Elucidation of Six Ginkgol Homologs from Ginkgo biloba Sarcotesta and Evaluation of Their Anticancer Activities. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227777. [PMID: 36431878 PMCID: PMC9699512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgols are active constituents from Ginkgo biloba L. (GB) and have pharmacological activities, such as antibacterial and antioxidant activities. In our previous report, only five ginkgols were separated. However, ginkgol C17:1 had two isomers, for which their separation, identification, and bioactivities have not yet been investigated. Hence, this research reports the successful isolation of six ginkgol homologs with alkyl substituents-C17:1-Δ12, C15:1-Δ8, C13:0, C17:2, C17:1-Δ10, and C15:0-for the first time using HPLC. This was followed by the identification of their chemical structures using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet (UV), gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) analysis. The results showed that two ginkgol isomers, C17:1-Δ12 and C17:1-Δ10, were obtained simultaneously from the ginkgol C17:1 mixture and identified entirely for the first time. That aside, the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that the six ginkgol homologs possessed significant antiproliferation effects against HGC and HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the ginkgols with unsaturated side chains (C17:2, C15:1-Δ8, C17:1-Δ12, and C17:1-Δ10) exhibited more potent inhibitory effects than ginkgols with saturated side chains (C13:0, C15:0). In addition, unsaturated ginkgol C15:1-Δ8 showed the most potent cytotoxicity on HepG2 and HGC cells, of which the half-maximal inhibition concentrations (IC50) were 18.84 ± 2.58 and 13.15 ± 2.91 μM, respectively. The IC50 for HepG2 and HGC cells for the three unsaturated ginkgols (C17:1-Δ10, C17:2 and C17:1-Δ12) were ~59.97, ~60.82, and ~68.97 μM for HepG2 and ~30.97, ~33.81, and ~34.55 μM for HGC cells, respectively. Comparing the ginkgols' structure-activity relations, the findings revealed that the position and number of the double bonds of the ginkgols with 17 side chain carbons in length had no significant difference in anticancer activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengnan Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Isaac Duah Boateng
- Food Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, 1406 E Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Zhenjiang Food and Drug Supervision and Inspection Center, Zhenjiang 212004, China
| |
Collapse
|