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Bisen AC, Sanap SN, Agrawal S, Biswas A, Mishra A, Verma SK, Singh V, Bhatta RS. Etiopathology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Fungal Keratitis. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2356-2380. [PMID: 38847789 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a severe ocular condition resulting from corneal infection that is prevalent in tropical countries, particularly in developing regions of Asia and Africa. Factors like corneal lens misuse, inappropriate steroid use, and diagnostic challenges have provoked the epidemic. FK causes significant vision impairment, scarring, and ocular deformities. Accurate pathological diagnosis is crucial for effective therapeutic intervention. Topical antifungal therapy with surface healing medications proves effective in preventing fungal-borne ulcers. Managing FK requires a comprehensive understanding of fungal pathogenesis, guiding formulation strategies and preventive measures to curb global ocular blindness. This review provides in-depth insights into FK, covering etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, therapeutic interventions, antifungal resistance, limitations, prevention, and future perspectives on ocular surface disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sarvesh Kumar Verma
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Vaishali Singh
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
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Bisen AC, Dubey A, Agrawal S, Biswas A, Rawat KS, Srivastava S, Bhatta RS. Recent updates on ocular disease management with ophthalmic ointments. Ther Deliv 2024; 15:463-480. [PMID: 38888757 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2024.2346047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ophthalmic diseases can result in permanent vision loss and blindness. Convenient topical and systemic treatments are preferred to address these sight-threatening conditions. However, the unique anatomy of the eye presents challenges for drug delivery. Various ophthalmic ointment formulations have been developed to enhance bioavailability in the eye to prolong residence time and improve corneal permeability. This article explores a wide range of ocular diseases affecting individuals globally and how ointments are used to manage them. From eye to ocular barriers, this review focuses on published scientific research and formulation strategies for severe ocular complications using conventional topical ointments. Additionally, it delves through patented technologies and marketed formulations supporting the use of ointments in ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ayush Dubey
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CSJM University, Kanpur, 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kundan Singh Rawat
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience & Chemistry D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, 263001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CSJM University, Kanpur, 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Bisen AC, Srivastava S, Mishra A, Sanap SN, Biswas A, Choudhury AD, Dubey A, Gupta NM, Yadav KS, Mugale MN, Bhatta RS. Pharmaceutical Emulsions: A Viable Approach for Ocular Drug Delivery. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2024; 40:261-280. [PMID: 38654153 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2023.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Ayush Dubey
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Mohan Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Government P. G. College, Guna, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Karan Singh Yadav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhav Nilakanth Mugale
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Bisen AC, Mishra A, Agrawal S, Sanap SN, Biswas A, Verma SK, Bhatta RS. Codetermination of antimicrobial agents in rabbit tear fluid using LC-MS/MS assay: Insights into ocular pharmacokinetic study. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5031. [PMID: 38726684 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Managing ocular microbial infections typically requires pharmacotherapy using antibiotic eye drops, such as moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MFX), combined with an antifungal agent like amphotericin B (AB). We carried out and validated an LC-MS/MS assay to quantify these compounds in rabbit tear fluid in order to look into the pharmacokinetics of these two drugs. We employed a protein precipitation technique for the extraction of drugs under examination. A Waters Symmetry C18 column was used to separate the analytes and internal standard. The composition of the mobile phase was like (A) 0.1% v/v formic acid in water and (B) methanol. The detection of MFX and AB was accomplished through the utilization of positive ion electrospray ionization under multiple reaction monitoring mode. The linearity curves for both analytes exhibited an acceptable trendline across a concentration range of 2.34-300 ng/mL for MFX and 7.81-1000 ng/mL for AB in surrogate rabbit tear fluid. The lower limit of quantitation for MFX was 2.34 ng/mL, while for AB, it was 7.81 ng/mL. The approach was strictly validated, encompassing tests of selectivity, linearity (with r2 > 0.99), precision, accuracy, matrix effects, and stability. Consequently, we employed this method to evaluate the pharmacokinetics profiles of MFX and AB in rabbit tear fluid following single topical doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sarvesh Kumar Verma
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Yadav KS, Bisen AC, Ishteyaque S, Sharma I, Verma S, Sanap SN, Verma S, Washimkar KR, Kumar A, Tripathi V, Bhatta RS, Mugale MN. Solanum nigrum Toxicity and Its Neuroprotective Effect Against Retinal Ganglion Cell Death Through Modulation of Extracellular Matrix in a Glaucoma Rat Model. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2024; 40:309-324. [PMID: 38603587 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2023.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Glaucoma is a complex degenerative optic neuropathy characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) leading to irreversible vision loss and blindness. Solanum nigrum has been used for decades in traditional medicine system. However, no extensive studies were reported on its antiglaucoma properties. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of S. nigrum extract on RGC against glaucoma rat model. Methods: High performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the phytochemical profile of aqueous extract of S. nigrum (AESN). In vitro, {3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide} (MTT) and H2DCFDA assays were used to determine cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea cells. In vivo, AESN was orally administered to carbomer-induced rats for 4 weeks. Intraocular pressure, antioxidant levels, and electrolytes were determined. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis was carried out to evaluate the neurodegeneration of RGC. Results: MTT assay showed AESN exhibited greater cell viability and minimal ROS production at 10 μg/mL. Slit lamp and funduscopy confirmed glaucomatous changes in carbomer-induced rats. Administration of AESN showed minimal peripheral corneal vascularization and restored histopathological alterations such as minimal loss of corneal epithelium and moderate narrowing of the iridocorneal angle. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed increased expression of positive BRN3A cells and decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activation in retina and cornea, whereas western blot analysis revealed downregulation of extracellular matrix proteins (COL-1 and MMP-9) in AESN-treated rats compared with the diseased group rats. Conclusions: AESN protects RGC loss through remodeling of MMPs and, therefore, can be used for the development of novel neurotherapeutics for the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Singh Yadav
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, and CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Sharmeen Ishteyaque
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Isha Sharma
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Smriti Verma
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, and CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Shobhit Verma
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kaveri R Washimkar
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Vineeta Tripathi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Division of Botany, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, and CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Madhav Nilakanth Mugale
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Kanchan S, Marwaha D, Tomar B, Agrawal S, Mishra S, Kapoor R, Sushma, Jha G, Sharma D, Bhatta RS, Mishra PR, Rath SK. Nanocarrier - Mediated Salinomycin Delivery Induces Apoptosis and Alters EMT Phenomenon in Prostate Adenocarcinoma. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:104. [PMID: 38724836 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Salinomycin (Sal) has been recently discovered as a novel chemotherapeutic agent against various cancers including prostate cancer which is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers affecting male populations worldwide. Herein we designed salinomycin nanocarrier (Sal-NPs) to extend its systemic circulation and to increase its anticancer potential. Prepared nanoform showed high encapsulation and sustained release profile for salinomycin. The present study elucidated the cytotoxicity and mechanism of apoptotic cell death of Sal-NPs against prostate cancer both in vitro and in vivo. At all measured concentrations, Sal-NPs showed more significant cytotoxicity to DU145 and PC3 cells than Sal alone. This effect was mediated by apoptosis, as confirmed by ROS generation, loss of MMP and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase in both cells. Sal-NPs efficiently inhibited migration of PC3 and DU145 cells via effectively downregulating the epithelial mesenchymal transition. Also, the results confirmed that Sal-NPs can effectively inhibit the induction of Prostate adenocarcinoma in male Wistar rats. Sal-NPs treatment exhibited a decrease in tumour sizes, a reduction in prostate weight, and an increase in body weight, which suggests that Sal-NPs is more effective than salinomycin alone. Our results suggest that the molecular mechanism underlying the Sal-NPs anticancer effect may lead to the development of a potential therapeutic strategy for treating prostate adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Kanchan
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Disha Marwaha
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Bhawna Tomar
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sakshi Mishra
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Radhika Kapoor
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sushma
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Gaurav Jha
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Divyansh Sharma
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Prabhat Ranjan Mishra
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Srikanta Kumar Rath
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Bisen AC, Agrawal S, Rayiti R, Sanap SN, Biswas A, Mishra A, Gupta NM, Bhatta RS. Pirfenidone: A Promising Drug in Ocular Therapeutics. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301389. [PMID: 38299764 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Pirfenidone, initially indicated for lung fibrosis, has gone beyond its original purpose, and shown promise in eye care. This detailed review tracks its evolution from lung treatment to aiding eye healing as evidenced by published literature. Pirfenidone's multifaceted attributes extend to mitigating corneal fibrosis, inflammation, and trauma. Through rigorous investigations, its efficacy emerges in diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and postoperative glaucoma interventions. As an unheralded protagonist, pirfenidone reshapes ocular care paradigms, inviting renewed research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Ramakrishna Rayiti
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Neeraj Mohan Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Government P. G. College, Guna, Madhya Pradesh, 473001, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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Mishra A, Choudhury AD, Biswas A, Singh V, Verma S, Bisen AC, Kumar M, Bhatta RS. Concurrent determination of anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory drugs in lachrymal fluid and tissue by LC-MS/MS: A potential treatment for microbial keratitis and its PK-PD evaluation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 239:115920. [PMID: 38113826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Unforeseen surfacing of microbial keratitis (MKT) over the years has led to a requisite for promising treatment strategy involving combination of antifungal and antibacterial agents. Subsequently, symptoms associated with MKT including inflammation and watery eyes require treatment with anti-inflammatory agents. Thus, a requirement of functional clinical treatment strategy involving combination of anti-inflammatory corticosteroids (Betamethasone) with antifungal polyene (Amphotericin B, AmB) and antibacterials macrolide (Azithromycin, AZT) and aminoglycoside (Neomycin, NEO). In the ensuing pursuit, a sensitive and fast simultaneous LC-MS/MS method of four drastically different analytes in rabbit tear fluid and cornea was developed and validated as per US-FDA guidelines. The gradient LC set-up was used with C18 column and flow rate of 0.55 mL/min along with short run time of 7 min. The calibration curves showed good linearity over the concentration range of 0.07-300 ng/mL, 1.00-400 ng/mL, 3.00-600 ng/mL and 8.00-900 ng/mL for AZT, AmB, NEO and BEM respectively. The bioanalytical method requires only 10 µL of ocular sample and analytes were extracted with fast protein precipitation with acidic methanol. Finally, the developed method was validated for selectivity, linearity (r2 > 0.99), precision, accuracy, matrix effects, and stability. PK-PD indices and dosing frequency was predicted using Phoenix WinNonlin Software, based on single dose ocular pharmacokinetics and MIC values of AmB, AZT and NEO. According to the PK-PD simulation, S. aureus and E. coli required 6 and 12 instillations of AZT per 24 h, respectively whereas 12 instillation of NEO requires per 24 h for S. aureus. The result suggests that to minimize antimicrobial resistance; drug, dose and dosing schedule depend upon the pathogen as well as the strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Mishra
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Abhijit Deb Choudhury
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vaishali Singh
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sarvesh Verma
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
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Bisen AC, Bhatta RS. Ocular bioanalysis of moxifloxacin and ketorolac tromethamine in rabbit lacrimal matrix using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:219-232. [PMID: 38197429 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: The fixed-dose combination of moxifloxacin (MOXI) and ketorolac tromethamine (KTR) is widely used for the treatment of bacterial keratitis. Thus, a new LC-MS/MS method was developed to determine MOXI and KTR in lacrimal fluid. Methods: Bioanalysis was performed using a Shimadzu 8050 LC-MS/MS in electrospray ionization-positive mode and the method was validated per US FDA guidelines. Isocratic separation was performed with a Waters Symmetry C18 column using methanol and 0.1% formic acid containing deionized water (85:15, v/v). Results & conclusion: An easy, quick and selective method was established and applied to assess the ocular pharmacokinetic profile of a commercially available formulation containing MOXI and KTR. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, this work describes pharmacokinetics-based dosage regimen calculations and their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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Bisen AC, Rawat P, Sharma G, Sanap SN, Agrawal S, Kumar S, Kumar A, Choudhury AD, Kamboj S, Narender T, Shukla SK, Kanojiya S, Bhatta RS. Hesperidin: Enrichment, forced degradation, and structural elucidation of potential degradation products using spectral techniques. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9615. [PMID: 37706431 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hesperidin (HES) is a well-known citrus bioflavonoid phyto-nutraceutical agent with polypharmacological properties. After 2019, HES was widely used for prophylaxis and COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, it is commonly prescribed for treating varicose veins and other diseases in routine clinical practice. Pharmaceutical impurities and degradation products (DP) impact the drug's quality and safety and thus its effectiveness. Therefore, forced degradation studies help study drug stability, degradation mechanisms, and their DPs. This study was performed because stress stability studies using detailed structural characterization of hesperidin are currently unavailable in the literature. METHODS In the HES enrichment method crude HES was converted to its pure form (98% purity) using column chromatography and then subjected to forced degradation under acid, base, and neutral hydrolyses followed by oxidative, reductive, photolytic, and thermal stress testing (International Conference on Harmonization guidelines). The stability-indicating analytical method (SIAM) was developed to determine DPs using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (C18 column with methanol and 0.1% v/v acetic acid in deionized water [70:30, v/v] at 284 nm). Further, structural characterization of DPs was performed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In addition, in silico toxicity predictions were performed using pKCSM and DataWarior freeware. RESULTS HES was found to be susceptible to acidic and basic hydrolytic conditions and yielded three DPs in each, which were detected using designed SIAM. Of six DPs, three were pseudo-DPs (short lived), and the remaining were characterized using LC-MS/MS and NMR spectroscopy. The tentative mechanism of the formation of proposed DPs was explained. The proposed DPs were found inactive from in silico toxicity predictions. CONCLUSIONS Hesperidin was labile under acidic and basic stress conditions. The potential DPs were characterized using LC-ESI-MS/MS and NMR spectral techniques. The proposed mechanism of formation was hypothesized. In addition, to identify and characterize the DPs, a SIAM, which has broad biomedical applications, was successfully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Rawat
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijit Deb Choudhury
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sakshi Kamboj
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tadigoppula Narender
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev K Shukla
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev Kanojiya
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Chhatrapati Bisen A, Nashik Sanap S, Agrawal S, Biswas A, Sankar Bhatta R. Chemical metabolite synthesis and profiling: Mimicking in vivo biotransformation reactions. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106722. [PMID: 37453238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation was previously viewed as merely the structural characterization of drug metabolites, and it was performed only when drug candidates entered clinical development. The synthesis of drug metabolites is crucial to the drug development process because it generates either pharmacologically active, inactive, or reactive molecules and hence their characterization and comprehensive pharmacological evaluation is necessary. The chemical metabolite synthesis is very challenging due to the complex structures of many drug molecules, presence of multiple stereocenters, poor reaction yields, and the formation of unwanted by-products. Drug metabolites and their chemical synthesis have immense significance in the drug discovery process. The chemical synthesis of metabolites facilitates on- or off-target pharmacological and toxicological evaluations at the easiest. In a broader view metabolite could be a target lead molecule for drug design, toxic reactive metabolites, pharmaceutical standards for bioanalytical methods, etc. Collectively these metabolite information dossiers will aid regulatory agencies such as the EMA and FDA in maintaining strict vigilance over drug manufacturers with regard to the safety of NCE's and their hidden metabolites. Herein, we are presenting a systematic compilation of chemical and biocatalytic strategies reported to date for pharmaceutical drug metabolite synthesis. This review report is very useful for the laboratory synthesis of new drug metabolites, and their preclinical biological evaluation could aid in the detection of early threats (alerts) in drug discovery, eliminate the toxicity profile, explore newer pharmacology, and delivering a promising and safe drug candidate to humankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
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Agrawal S, Bisen AC, Sanap SN, Biswas A, Choudhury AD, Verma SK, Bhatta RS. LC-MS/MS based quantification of steroidal biomarkers in polycystic ovary syndrome induced rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115484. [PMID: 37453143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that causes reproductive hormones imbalance, missed periods, infertility and distributed steroidogenesis. Reportedly, during PCOS, the endogenous levels of P4 (Progesterone), 17OHP4 (17-α hydroxy progesterone), and T4 (Testosterone) were significantly altered. Thus, quantification of steroid biomarkers involved in the steroidogenesis pathway of PCOS, such as P4, 17OHP4, and T4, holds significant importance. One important drawback of current methods is steroid metabolome traceability. Without adequate traceability, the findings of these techniques will be less reliable for identifying P4, 17OHP4, and T4. These methods also need a high sample size, especially for the most important biomarker that initiates steroidogenesis. To address these challenges, we require a new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for steroid biomarker analysis. Herein the present work, using validated LC-MS/MS, PCOS biomarkers were measured and compared between normal control rats and PCOS-induced rats before and after analyte administration. The experiment utilized an isocratic separation method employing an analytical C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (ACN) and aqueous 0.1% formic acid (FA) in a ratio of 90:10 (v/v). The plasma samples were processed with protein precipitation (PPT) followed by the liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.5 ng/mL in plasma. According to USFDA criteria, the method's systematic validation took into account linearity (r2 > 0.99), accuracy and precision of intra- and inter-batch measurements, stability, biomarker recovery (60-85%) and matrix effect (<± 15%), all of which were determined to be within range ( ± 15%). The pharmacokinetic data showed that, as compared to normal rats, PCOS-induced animals had significantly higher Cmax values for 17OHP4 and T4 (∼2 fold), while lower Cmax values for P4 (∼2 fold). The present work is novel and provides scientific information to explore systematic processes involved in steroidogenesis and boost clinical applicability for PCOS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Abhijit Deb Choudhury
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sarvesh Kumar Verma
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Bisen AC, Sanap SN, Biswas A, Agrawal S, Mishra A, Kumar M, Choudhury AD, R HG, Bhatta RS. A QbD-led simple and sensitive RP-UHPLC method for simultaneous determination of moxifloxacin, voriconazole, and pirfenidone: An application to pharmaceutical analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5681. [PMID: 37153940 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel, quick and precise RP-UHPLC analytical method for the simultaneous determination of moxifloxacin (MFX), voriconazole (VCZ) and pirfenidone (PIR) was developed and validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines using a QbD-driven response surface Box-Behnken design. The developed method was validated considering the selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy-precision, robustness, stability, limit of detection and limit of quantification, respectively. Resolution between MFX, VCZ and PIR was achieved using a gradient elution protocol against a Waters Symmetry Shield C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm2 , 5 μm) using an Agilent 1290, Infinity II series LC system. The method was applied to quantitatively estimate proprietary and in-house prepared pharmaceutical topical ophthalmic formulations containing MFX, VCZ and PIR at wavelength (λmax ) of 296, 260 and 316 nm. The method is sensitive enough to detect up to 0.1 ppm of analytes in the formulation. The method was further exploited to study and identify the possible degradation products of the analytes. The proposed chromatographic method is simple, economical, reliable and reproducible. In conclusion, the developed method could be applicable for routine quality control analysis of single or combined MFX, VCZ and PIR-containing units or bulk dosage forms in pharmaceutical industries and research organizations working on drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijit Deb Choudhury
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Heamanth Ganesan R
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Bisen AC, Agrawal S, Sanap SN, Ravi Kumar HG, Kumar N, Gupta R, Bhatta RS. COVID-19 retreats and world recovers: A silver lining in the dark cloud. HEALTH CARE SCIENCE 2023; 2:264-285. [PMID: 38939523 PMCID: PMC11080794 DOI: 10.1002/hcs2.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which the World Health Organization classified as the Sixth Public Health Emergency Of International Concern (PHEIC) on January 30, 2020, is no longer a PHEIC. Millions were affected due to unawareness. The increase in fatalities and shortage of medicine was the first outrage of COVID-19. As per the Johns Hopkins COVID-19 resource center database, it was observed that the disease has spread dynamically across 200+ nations worldwide affecting more than 600 million people from 2019 to 2023, and over thousands of people were victimized regularly at a 2% mortality rate (approx.). In the midway, the mutant variants of concern like omicron, and delta have also created havoc and caused significant impact on public health, global economy, and lifestyle. Since 2019, 3 years now passed and the dynamic disease statistics seem decelerated; moreover, the prevalence of COVID-19 is also fading. The Johns Hopkins resource center has also stopped recording the data of the global pandemic recently from March 10, 2023. Hence, based on the facts, we are presenting a concise report on the pandemic from 2019 to 2023, which includes a brief discussion of the global pandemic. We have highlighted global epidemiology, emphasizing the Indian COVID scenario, vaccination across the globe, and the psychosocial and geopolitical consequences of COVID-19 with a brief background to pathology, clinical management, and the worldwide response against triage. A lot has changed and still needs to change after three tough years of COVID-19. Even though science has progressed and advanced research in medicine is pointing toward future generations, there is no standard care supplied for COVID-19-like calamities. COVID-19 cases might have declined but its influence on the society is still stagnant. This COVID experience has taught us that, despite our bleak beginnings, there is always hope for the future and that we must act with foresight to improve things for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics DivisionCSIR—Central Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics DivisionCSIR—Central Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics DivisionCSIR—Central Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadUttar PradeshIndia
| | | | - Nelam Kumar
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology DivisionCSIR—Central Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
- Present address:
International Centre for Translational Eye Research (ICTER)Institute of Physical Chemistry (IChF)Marcina Kasprzaka 44/5201‐224WarsawPoland
| | - Rajdeep Gupta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics DivisionCSIR—Central Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics DivisionCSIR—Central Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadUttar PradeshIndia
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Sanap SN, Bisen AC, Agrawal S, Kedar A, Bhatta RS. Ophthalmic nano-bioconjugates: critical challenges and technological advances. Ther Deliv 2023; 14:419-441. [PMID: 37535389 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophthalmic disease can cause permanent loss of vision and blindness. Easy-to-administer topical and systemic treatments are preferred for treating sight-threatening disorders. Typical ocular anatomy makes topical and systemic ophthalmic drug delivery challenging. Various novel nano-drug delivery approaches are developed to attain the desired bioavailability in the eye by increasing residence time and improved permeability across the cornea. The review focuses on novel methods that are biocompatible, safe and highly therapeutic. Novelty in nanocarrier design and modification can overcome their drawbacks and make them potential drug carriers for eye disorders in both the anterior and posterior eye segments. This review briefly discussed technologies, patented developments, and clinical trial data to support nanocarriers' use in ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ashwini Kedar
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Agrawal S, Sanap SN, Bisen AC, Biswas A, Choudhury AD, Verma SK, Jaiswal S, Narender T, Bhatta RS. Preclinical pharmacokinetics of 4-hydroxy isoleucine using LC-MS/MS: a potential polycystic ovary syndrome phytopharmaceutical therapeutics. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:711-725. [PMID: 37354099 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To study the preclinical pharmacokinetics of 4-hydroxy isoleucine (4-HIL) targeted for polycystic ovary syndrome. Methodology: The quantitative bioanalysis of 4-HIL in different biological matrices in female Sprage-Dawley rats using LC-MS/MS. Results: At 50 mg/kg, 4-HIL had 56.8% absolute oral bioavailability. It was quickly absorbed and distributed in various tissues in order of small intestine > kidney > ovary > spleen > lung > liver > heart > brain after oral administration. Moreover, 11.07% of 4-HIL was recovered in urine and feces within 72 h. Conclusion: 4-HIL levels in vital organs were found safe, as per tissue distribution results. Hence, 4-HIL could be used as promising therapeutics for management of polycystic ovary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Abhijit Deb Choudhury
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sarvesh Kumar Verma
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Shubham Jaiswal
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Tadigoppula Narender
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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