1
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Waddell PM, Tian L, Scavuzzo AR, Venigalla L, Scholes GD, Carrow BP. Visible light-induced palladium-carbon bond weakening in catalytically relevant T-shaped complexes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:14217-14228. [PMID: 38098701 PMCID: PMC10717500 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02588h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering one-electron redox processes during palladium catalysis holds the potential to unlock new reaction mechanisms and synthetic methods not previously accessible in the typical two-electron reaction manifolds that dominate palladium catalysis. We report that T-shaped organopalladium(ii) complexes coordinated by a bulky monophosphine, a class of organometallic intermediate featured in a range of contemporary catalytic reactions, undergo blue light-promoted bond weakening leading to mild and efficient homolytic cleavage of strong Pd(ii)-C(sp3) bonds under ambient conditions. The origin of light-triggered radical formation in these systems, which lack an obvious ligand-based chromophore (i.e., π-systems), was investigated using a combination of DFT calculations, photoactinometry, and transient absorption spectroscopy. The available data suggest T-shaped organopalladium(ii) complexes manifest unusual blue light-accessible Pd-to-C(sp3) transition. The quantum efficiency and excited state lifetime of this process were unexpectedly superior compared to a prototypical (α-diimine)Pd(ii) complex featuring a low-lying, ligand-centered LUMO (π*). These results suggest coordinatively-unsaturated organopalladium(ii) compounds, catalysts in myriad catalytic processes, have untapped potential for one-electron reactivity under visible light excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Waddell
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | | | - Lalu Venigalla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Brad P Carrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
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2
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Newman-Stonebraker SH, Raab TJ, Roshandel H, Doyle AG. Synthesis of Nickel(I)-Bromide Complexes via Oxidation and Ligand Displacement: Evaluation of Ligand Effects on Speciation and Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19368-19377. [PMID: 37610310 PMCID: PMC10616978 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Nickel's +1 oxidation state has received much interest due to its varied and often enigmatic behavior in increasingly popular catalytic methods. In part, the lack of understanding about NiI results from common synthetic strategies limiting the breadth of complexes that are accessible for mechanistic study and catalyst design. We report an oxidative approach using tribromide salts that allows for the generation of a well-defined precursor, [NiI(COD)Br]2, as well as several new NiI complexes. Included among them are complexes bearing bulky monophosphines, for which structure-speciation relationships are established and catalytic reactivity in a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling (SMC) is investigated. Notably, these routes also allow for the synthesis of well-defined monomeric t-Bubpy-bound NiI complexes, which has not previously been achieved. These complexes, which react with aryl halides, can enable previously challenging mechanistic investigations and present new opportunities for catalysis and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H. Newman-Stonebraker
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - T. Judah Raab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Hootan Roshandel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Abigail G. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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3
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Sahharova LT, Burykina JV, Kostyukovich AY, Eremin DB, Boiko DA, Fakhrutdinov AN, Ananikov VP. Expanding the Role of Dimeric Species: On-Cycle Involvement, Improved Stability, and Control of Stereo-Specificity. A Case Study of Atom-Economic Catalytic Hydrothiolation. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliya T. Sahharova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Julia V. Burykina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu. Kostyukovich
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry B. Eremin
- The Bridge@USC, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089-3502, United States
| | - Daniil A. Boiko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Artem N. Fakhrutdinov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
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4
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Firsan S, Sivakumar V, Colacot TJ. Emerging Trends in Cross-Coupling: Twelve-Electron-Based L 1Pd(0) Catalysts, Their Mechanism of Action, and Selected Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16983-17027. [PMID: 36190916 PMCID: PMC9756297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Monoligated palladium(0) species, L1Pd(0), have emerged as the most active catalytic species in the cross-coupling cycle. Today, there are methods available to generate the highly active but unstable L1Pd(0) catalysts from stable precatalysts. While the size of the ligand plays an important role in the formation of L1Pd(0) during in situ catalysis, the latter can be precisely generated from the precatalyst by various technologies. Computational, kinetic, and experimental studies indicate that all three steps in the catalytic cycle─oxidative addition, transmetalation, and reductive elimination─contain monoligated Pd. The synthesis of precatalysts, their mode of activation, application studies in model systems, as well as in industry are discussed. Ligand parametrization and AI based data science can potentially help predict the facile formation of L1Pd(0) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharbil
J. Firsan
- Science
and Lab Solutions−Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 North Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin53209, United States
| | - Vilvanathan Sivakumar
- Merck
Life Science Pvt Ltd, No-12, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Industrial Area, Bangalore560100, India
| | - Thomas J. Colacot
- Science
and Lab Solutions−Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 North Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin53209, United States
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5
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Sharma H, Mondal J, Ghosh AK, Pal RR, Goswami RK. Total synthesis of the antibacterial polyketide natural product thailandamide lactone. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13403-13408. [PMID: 36507156 PMCID: PMC9682914 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04727f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereoselective total synthesis of the structurally intriguing polyketide natural product thailandamide lactone was accomplished, and done so using a convergent approach for the first time to the best of our knowledge. The key features of this synthesis included use of a Crimmins acetate aldol reaction, Evans methylation, Urpi acetal aldol reaction, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation and subsequent γ-lactonization for the installation of six asymmetric centers and the use of the Negishi reaction, Julia-Kocienski olefination, cross metathesis, HWE olefination and intermolecular Heck coupling for construction of a variety of unsaturated linkages. Pd(i)-based Heck coupling was introduced, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, quite efficiently to couple the major eastern and sensitive western segments of the molecule. The antibacterial activity of thailandamide lactone was also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himangshu Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur Kolkata-700032 India
| | - Joyanta Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur Kolkata-700032 India
| | - Ananyo K Ghosh
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur Kolkata-700032 India
| | - Ritesh Ranjan Pal
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur Kolkata-700032 India
| | - Rajib Kumar Goswami
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur Kolkata-700032 India
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6
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Tran GN, Bouley BS, Mirica LM. Isolation and Characterization of Heteroleptic Mononuclear Palladium(I) Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20008-20015. [PMID: 36257056 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic transformations involving Pd(0)/Pd(II) catalytic cycles are very well known, and processes involving high-valent Pd(III) and Pd(IV) and low-valent Pd(I) intermediates have also gained interest in recent years. Although low-valent Pd(I) intermediates are proposed in these catalytic cycles, isolated and characterized mononuclear Pd(I) species are very rare. Herein, we report the isolation of two heteroleptic mononuclear Pd(I) complexes stabilized by dithiapyridinophane ligands that were fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction; EPR, IR, UV-vis spectroscopies; and computational studies. Excitingly, one of these Pd(I) complexes shows Kumada Csp3-Csp2 cross-coupling competency, and initial studies of the other shows direct evidence for Csp3-H bond activation proposed to occur at the Pd(I) center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang N Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bailey S Bouley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Liviu M Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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7
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Jeddi N, Scott NWJ, Fairlamb IJS. Well-Defined Pd n Clusters for Cross-Coupling and Hydrogenation Catalysis: New Opportunities for Catalyst Design. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Jeddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Neil W. J. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
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8
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Liang SW, Guo Y, Lee WC, Zeng PR, Lin TH, Xie PZ, Kang HH, Lu IC, Chang YC. Reactivity‐Tunable Palladium Precatalysts with Favorable Catalytic Properties in Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siou-Wei Liang
- Providence University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Yingjie Guo
- Providence University Department of Cosmetic Science TAIWAN
| | - Wan-Ching Lee
- National Chung Hsing University Department of Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Pin-Rui Zeng
- National Chung Hsing University Department of Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Tzu-Hao Lin
- Providence University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Pei-Zhen Xie
- Providence University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Hsuan-Hao Kang
- Providence University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - I-Chung Lu
- National Chung Hsing University Department of Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Yu-Chang Chang
- Providence University Department of Applied Chemistry 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu Dist. 43301 Taichung TAIWAN
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9
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Wang L, Yang D, Alhumade H, Yi H, Qi X, Lei A. Revealing the Solution Structure of Pd(
OAc
)
2
with Halide Additives. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education) Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Dali Yang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education) Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Hesham Alhumade
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems King Abdulaziz University Jdedah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hong Yi
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education) Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education) Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education) Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
- King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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10
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Scott NWJ, Ford MJ, Husbands DR, Whitwood AC, Fairlamb IJS. Reactivity of a Dinuclear Pd I Complex [Pd 2(μ-PPh 2)(μ 2-OAc)(PPh 3) 2] with PPh 3: Implications for Cross-Coupling Catalysis Using the Ubiquitous Pd(OAc) 2/nPPh 3 Catalyst System. Organometallics 2021; 40:2995-3002. [PMID: 34539028 PMCID: PMC8441971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
![]()
[PdI2(μ-PPh2)(μ2-OAc)(PPh3)2] is
the reduction product
of PdII(OAc)2(PPh3)2,
generated by reaction of ‘Pd(OAc)2’ with
two equivalents of PPh3. Here, we report that the reaction
of [PdI2(μ-PPh2)(μ2-OAc)(PPh3)2] with PPh3 results
in a nuanced disproportionation reaction, forming [Pd0(PPh3)3] and a phosphinito-bridged PdI-dinuclear
complex, namely [PdI2(μ-PPh2){κ2-P,O-μ-P(O)Ph2}(κ-PPh3)2]. The latter complex is proposed to form by
abstraction of an oxygen atom from an acetate ligand at Pd. A mechanism
for the formal reduction of a putative PdII disproportionation
species to the observed PdI complex is postulated. Upon
reaction of the mixture of [Pd0(PPh)3] and [PdI2(μ-PPh2){κ2-P,O-μ-P(O)Ph2}(κ-PPh3)2] with 2-bromopyridine,
the former Pd0 complex undergoes a fast oxidative addition
reaction, while the latter dinuclear PdI complex converts
slowly to a tripalladium cluster, of the type [Pd3(μ-X)(μ-PPh2)2(PPh3)3]X, with an overall
4/3 oxidation state per Pd. Our findings reveal complexity
associated with the precatalyst activation step for the ubiquitous
‘Pd(OAc)2’/nPPh3 catalyst system,
with implications for cross-coupling catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil W J Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Ford
- Bayer AG, Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - David R Husbands
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J S Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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11
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Martinez EE, Moreno MR, Barksdale CA, Michaelis DJ. Effect of Precatalyst Oxidation State in C–N Cross-Couplings with 2-Phosphinoimidazole-Derived Bimetallic Pd(I) and Pd(II) Complexes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Mariur Rodriguez Moreno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Caleb A. Barksdale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - David J. Michaelis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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12
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13
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Fricke C, Sperger T, Mendel M, Schoenebeck F. Catalysis with Palladium(I) Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3355-3366. [PMID: 33058375 PMCID: PMC7898807 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dinuclear PdI complexes have found widespread applications as diverse catalysts for a multitude of transformations. Initially their ability to function as pre-catalysts for low-coordinated Pd0 species was harnessed in cross-coupling. Such PdI dimers are inherently labile and relatively sensitive to oxygen. In recent years, more stable dinuclear PdI -PdI frameworks, which feature bench-stability and robustness towards nucleophiles as well as recoverability in reactions, were explored and shown to trigger privileged reactivities via dinuclear catalysis. This includes the predictable and substrate-independent, selective C-C and C-heteroatom bond formations of poly(pseudo)halogenated arenes as well as couplings of arenes with relatively weak nucleophiles, which would not engage in Pd0 /PdII catalysis. This Minireview highlights the use of dinuclear PdI complexes as both pre-catalysts for the formation of highly active Pd0 and PdII -H species as well as direct dinuclear catalysts. Focus is set on the mechanistic intricacies, the speciation and the impacts on reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fricke
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Marvin Mendel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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14
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Zhou DY, Miura-Akagi PM, McCarty SM, Guiles CH, O'Donnell TJ, Yoshida WY, Krause CE, Rheingold AL, Hughes RP, Cain MF. P-Alkynyl functionalized benzazaphospholes as transmetalating agents. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:599-611. [PMID: 33403375 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01367f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of 10π-electron benzazaphosphole 1 to HCl, followed by nucleophilic substitution with the Grignard reagent BrMgCCPh afforded alkynyl functionalized 3 featuring an exocyclic -C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-Ph group with an elongated P-C bond (1.7932(19) Å). Stoichiometric experiments revealed that treatment of trans-Pd(PEt3)2(Ar)(i) (Ar = p-Me (C) or p-F (D)) with 3 generated trans-Pd(PEt3)2(Ar)(CCPh) (Ar = p-Me (E) or p-F (F)), 5, which is the result of ligand exchange between P-I byproduct 4 and C/D, and the reductively eliminated product (Ar-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-Ph). Cyclic voltammetry studies showed and independent investigations confirmed 4 is also susceptible to redox processes including bimetallic oxidative addition to Pd(0) to give Pd(i) dimer 6-Pd2-(P(t-Bu)3)2 and reduction to diphosphine 7. During catalysis, we hypothesized that this unwanted reactivity could be circumvented by employing a source of fluoride as an additive. This was demonstrated by conducting a Sonogashira-type reaction between 1-iodotoluene and 3 in the presence of 10 mol% Na2PdCl4, 20 mol% P(t-Bu)Cy2, and 5 equiv. of tetramethylammonium fluoride (TMAF), resulting in turnover and the isolation of Ph-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-(o-Tol) as the major product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Y Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Preston M Miura-Akagi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Sierra M McCarty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Celeste H Guiles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Timothy J O'Donnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Wesley Y Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Colleen E Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hartford, 200 Bloomfield Avenue, West Hartford, Connecticut 06117, USA
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Russell P Hughes
- 6128 Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Matthew F Cain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
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15
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Kundu G, Sperger T, Rissanen K, Schoenebeck F. A Next-Generation Air-Stable Palladium(I) Dimer Enables Olefin Migration and Selective C-C Coupling in Air. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21930-21934. [PMID: 32810335 PMCID: PMC7756449 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report a new air-stable PdI dimer, [Pd(μ-I)(PCy2 t Bu)]2 , which triggers E-selective olefin migration to enamides and styrene derivatives in the presence of multiple functional groups and with complete tolerance of air. The same dimer also triggers extremely rapid C-C coupling (alkylation and arylation) at room temperature in a modular and triply selective fashion of aromatic C-Br, C-OTf/OFs, and C-Cl bonds in poly(pseudo)halogenated arenes, displaying superior activity over previous PdI dimer generations for substrates that bear substituents ortho to C-OTf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Kundu
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of ChemistryNanoscience CenterUniversity of Jyvaskyla40014JYUFinland
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16
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Kundu G, Sperger T, Rissanen K, Schoenebeck F. A Next‐Generation Air‐Stable Palladium(I) Dimer Enables Olefin Migration and Selective C−C Coupling in Air. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Kundu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry Nanoscience Center University of Jyvaskyla 40014 JYU Finland
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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17
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Luo J, Tran GN, Rath NP, Mirica LM. Detection and Characterization of Mononuclear Pd(I) Complexes Supported by N2S2 and N4 Tetradentate Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15659-15669. [PMID: 33058678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Palladium is a versatile transition metal used to catalyze a large number of chemical transformations, largely due to its ability to access various oxidation states (0, I, II, III, and IV). Among these oxidation states, Pd(I) is arguably the least studied, and while dinuclear Pd(I) complexes are more common, mononuclear Pd(I) species are very rare. Reported herein are spectroscopic studies of a series of Pd(I) intermediates generated by the chemical reduction at low temperatures of Pd(II) precursors supported by the tetradentate ligands 2,11-dithia[3.3](2,6)pyridinophane (N2S2) and N,N'-di-tert-butyl-2,11-diaza[3.3](2,6)pyridinophane (tBuN4): [(N2S2)PdII(MeCN)]2(OTf)4 (1), [(N2S2)PdIIMe]2(OTf)2 (2), [(N2S2)PdIICl](OTf) (3), [(N2S2)PdIIX](OTf)2 (X = tBuNC 4, PPh3 5), [(N2S2)PdIIMe(PPh3)](OTf) (6), and [(tBuN4)PdIIX2](OTf)2 (X = MeCN 8, tBuNC 9). In addition, a stable Pd(I) dinuclear species, [(N2S2)PdI(μ-tBuNC)]2(ClO4)2 (7), was isolated upon the electrochemical reduction of 4 and structurally characterized. Moreover, the (tBuN4)PdI intermediates, formed from the chemical reduction of [(tBuN4)PdIIX2](OTf)2 (X = MeCN 8, tBuNC 9) complexes, were investigated by EPR spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and DFT calculations and compared with the analogous (N2S2)PdI systems. Upon probing the stability of Pd(I) species under different ligand environments, it is apparent that the presence of soft ligands such as tBuNC and PPh3 significantly improves the stability of Pd(I) species, which should make the isolation of mononuclear Pd(I) species possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - Giang N Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nigam P Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4400, United States
| | - Liviu M Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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18
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Shaughnessy KH. Development of Palladium Precatalysts that Efficiently Generate LPd(0) Active Species. Isr J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H. Shaughnessy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487-0336 USA
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19
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Wagschal S, Perego LA, Simon A, Franco-Espejo A, Tocqueville C, Albaneze-Walker J, Jutand A, Grimaud L. Formation of XPhos-Ligated Palladium(0) Complexes and Reactivity in Oxidative Additions. Chemistry 2019; 25:6980-6987. [PMID: 30920694 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the nature of the intermediate species operating within a palladium catalytic cycle is crucial for developing efficient cross-coupling reactions. Even though the XPhos/Pd(OAc)2 catalytic system has found numerous applications, the nature of the active catalytic species remains elusive. A Pd0 complex ligated to XPhos has been detected and characterized in situ for the first time using cyclic voltammetry and NMR techniques. In the presence of XPhos, Pd(OAc)2 initially associates with the ligand to form a complex in solution, which has been characterized as PdII (OAc)2 (XPhos). This PdII center is then reduced to the Pd0 (XPhos)2 species by an intramolecular process. This study also sheds light on the formation of PdI -PdI dimers. Finally, a kinetic study probes a dissociative mechanism for the oxidative addition with aryl halides involving Pd0 (XPhos) as the reactive species in equilibrium with the unreactive Pd0 (XPhos)2 . Remarkably, the reportedly poorly reactive PhCl reacts at room temperature in the oxidative addition, which confirms the crucial role of the XPhos ligand in the activation of aryl chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wagschal
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Hochstrasse 201, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Luca Alessandro Perego
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Simon
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Aida Franco-Espejo
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Chanelle Tocqueville
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Albaneze-Walker
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Anny Jutand
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Grimaud
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
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20
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Pirkl N, Del Grosso A, Mallick B, Doppiu A, Gooßen LJ. Dihalogen-bridged NHC–palladium(i) dimers: synthesis, characterisation and applications in cross-coupling reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5275-5278. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02239b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diiodo-bridged, dinuclear NHC–PdI complexes have been synthesised and utilised as one-component pre-catalysts for Suzuki–Miyaura, Buchwald–Hartwig, and Sonogashira reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Pirkl
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Ruhr Universität Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Alessandro Del Grosso
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Ruhr Universität Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Bert Mallick
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Ruhr Universität Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
| | | | - Lukas J. Gooßen
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Ruhr Universität Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
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21
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Slack ED, Tancini PD, Colacot TJ. Process Economics and Atom Economy for Industrial Cross Coupling Applications via LnPd(0)-Based Catalysts. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2019_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Scattolin T, Senol E, Yin G, Guo Q, Schoenebeck F. Site-Selective C-S Bond Formation at C-Br over C-OTf and C-Cl Enabled by an Air-Stable, Easily Recoverable, and Recyclable Palladium(I) Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12425-12429. [PMID: 30014554 PMCID: PMC6468269 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This report widens the repertoire of emerging PdI catalysis to carbon-heteroatom, that is, C-S bond formation. While Pd0 -catalyzed protocols may suffer from the formation of poisonous sulfide-bound off-cycle intermediates and lack of selectivity, the mechanistically diverse PdI catalysis concept circumvents these challenges and allows for C-S bond formation (S-aryl and S-alkyl) of a wide range of aryl halides. Site-selective thiolations of C-Br sites in the presence of C-Cl and C-OTf were achieved in a general and a priori predictable fashion. Computational, spectroscopic, X-ray, and reactivity data support dinuclear PdI catalysis to be operative. Contrary to air-sensitive Pd0 , the active PdI species was easily recovered in the open atmosphere and subjected to multiple rounds of recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scattolin
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Erdem Senol
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Guoyin Yin
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryX-ray CrystallographyLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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23
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Scattolin T, Senol E, Yin G, Guo Q, Schoenebeck F. Site-Selective C−S Bond Formation at C−Br over C−OTf and C−Cl Enabled by an Air-Stable, Easily Recoverable, and Recyclable Palladium(I) Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scattolin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Erdem Senol
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Guoyin Yin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; X-ray Crystallography; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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24
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Dinuclear Nickel(I) and Palladium(I) Complexes for Highly Active Transformations of Organic Compounds. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010140. [PMID: 29324677 PMCID: PMC6017577 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In typical catalytic organic transformations, transition metals in catalytically active complexes are present in their most stable valence states, such as palladium(0) and (II). However, some dimeric monovalent metal complexes can be stabilized by auxiliary ligands to form diamagnetic compounds with metal–metal bonding interactions. These diamagnetic compounds can act as catalysts while retaining their dimeric forms, split homolytically or heterolytically into monomeric forms, which usually have high activity, or in contrast, become completely deactivated as catalysts. Recently, many studies using group 10 metal complexes containing nickel and palladium have demonstrated that under specific conditions, the active forms of these catalyst precursors are not mononuclear zerovalent complexes, but instead dinuclear monovalent metal complexes. In this mini-review, we have surveyed the preparation, reactivity, and the catalytic processes of dinuclear nickel(I) and palladium(I) complexes, focusing on mechanistic insights into the precatalyst activation systems and the structure and behavior of nickel and palladium intermediates.
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25
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Kirlikovali KO, Cho E, Downard TJ, Grigoryan L, Han Z, Hong S, Jung D, Quintana JC, Reynoso V, Ro S, Shen Y, Swartz K, Ter Sahakyan E, Wixtrom AI, Yoshida B, Rheingold AL, Spokoyny AM. Buchwald–Hartwig amination using Pd(i) dimer precatalysts supported by biaryl phosphine ligands. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:3684-3688. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00119g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of air-stable Pd(i) dimer complexes featuring biaryl phosphine ligands.
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26
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Kristensen SK, Eikeland EZ, Taarning E, Lindhardt AT, Skrydstrup T. Ex situ generation of stoichiometric HCN and its application in the Pd-catalysed cyanation of aryl bromides: evidence for a transmetallation step between two oxidative addition Pd-complexes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:8094-8105. [PMID: 29568458 PMCID: PMC5855124 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03912c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A protocol for the Pd-catalysed cyanation of aryl bromides using near stoichiometric and gaseous hydrogen cyanide is reported for the first time. A two-chamber reactor was adopted for the safe liberation of ex situ generated HCN in a closed environment, which proved highly efficient in the Ni-catalysed hydrocyanation as the test reaction. Subsequently, this setup was exploited for converting a range of aryl and heteroaryl bromides (28 examples) directly into the corresponding benzonitriles in high yields, without the need for cyanide salts. Cyanation was achieved employing the Pd(0) precatalyst, P(tBu)3-Pd-G3 and a weak base, potassium acetate, in a dioxane-water solvent mixture. The methodology was also suitable for the synthesis of 13C-labelled benzonitriles with ex situ generated 13C-hydrogen cyanide. Stoichiometric studies with the metal complexes were undertaken to delineate the mechanism for this catalytic transformation. Treatment of Pd(P(tBu)3)2 with H13CN in THF provided two Pd-hydride complexes, (P(tBu)3)2Pd(H)(13CN), and [(P(tBu)3)Pd(H)]2Pd(13CN)4, both of which were isolated and characterised by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystal structure analysis. When the same reaction was performed in a THF : water mixture in the presence of KOAc, only (P(tBu)3)2Pd(H)(13CN) was formed. Subjection of this cyano hydride metal complex with the oxidative addition complex (P(tBu)3)Pd(Ph)(Br) in a 1 : 1 ratio in THF led to a transmetallation step with the formation of (P(tBu)3)2Pd(H)(Br) and 13C-benzonitrile from a reductive elimination step. These experiments suggest the possibility of a catalytic cycle involving initially the formation of two Pd(ii)-species from the oxidative addition of L n Pd(0) into HCN and an aryl bromide followed by a transmetallation step to L n Pd(Ar)(CN) and L n Pd(H)(Br), which both reductively eliminate, the latter in the presence of KOAc, to generate the benzonitrile and L n Pd(0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffan K Kristensen
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC) , The Interdisciplinary Center (iNANO) , Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark .
| | - Espen Z Eikeland
- Center for Materials Crystallography , The Interdisciplinary Center (iNANO) , Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Esben Taarning
- Haldor Topsøe A/S , New Business R&D , Nymøllevej 55, 2800 Kgs , Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Anders T Lindhardt
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC) , The Interdisciplinary Center (iNANO) , Biological and Chemical Engineering , Department of Engineering , Aarhus University , Finlandsgade 22 , 8200 Aarhus N , Denmark
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC) , The Interdisciplinary Center (iNANO) , Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark .
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27
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Asadi S, Sedghi R, Heravi MM. Pd Nanoparticles Immobilized on Supported Magnetic GO@PAMPS as an Auspicious Catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction. Catal Letters 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-017-2089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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28
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Gaide T, Bianga J, Schlipköter K, Behr A, Vorholt AJ. Linear Selective Isomerization/Hydroformylation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Methyl Esters: A Bimetallic Approach. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Gaide
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Straße 66 G5.12, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jonas Bianga
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Straße 66 G5.12, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kim Schlipköter
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Straße 66 G5.12, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arno Behr
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Straße 66 G5.12, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas J. Vorholt
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Straße 66 G5.12, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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29
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Johansson Seechurn CCC, Sperger T, Scrase TG, Schoenebeck F, Colacot TJ. Understanding the Unusual Reduction Mechanism of Pd(II) to Pd(I): Uncovering Hidden Species and Implications in Catalytic Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5194-5200. [PMID: 28300400 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of Pd(II) intermediates to Pd(0) is a key elementary step in a vast number of Pd-catalyzed processes, ranging from cross-coupling, C-H activation, to Wacker chemistry. For one of the most powerful new generation phosphine ligands, PtBu3, oxidation state Pd(I), and not Pd(0), is generated upon reduction from Pd(II). The mechanism of the reduction of Pd(II) to Pd(I) has been investigated by means of experimental and computational studies for the formation of the highly active precatalyst {Pd(μ-Br)(PtBu3)}2. The formation of dinuclear Pd(I), as opposed to the Pd(0) complex, (tBu3P)2Pd was shown to depend on the stoichiometry of Pd to phosphine ligand, the order of addition of the reagents, and, most importantly, the nature of the palladium precursor and the choice of the phosphine ligand utilized. In addition, through experiments on gram scale in palladium, mechanistically important additional Pd- and phosphine-containing species were detected. An ionic Pd(II)Br3 dimer side product was isolated, characterized, and identified as the crucial driving force in the mechanism of formation of the Pd(I) bromide dimer. The potential impact of the presence of these side species for in situ formed Pd complexes in catalysis was investigated in Buchwald-Hartwig, α-arylation, and Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. The use of preformed and isolated Pd(I) bromide dimer as a precatalyst provided superior results, in terms of catalytic activity, in comparison to catalysts generated in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas G Scrase
- Johnson Matthey , Orchard Road, Royston SG8 5HE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas J Colacot
- Johnson Matthey , 2001 Nolte Drive, West Deptford, New Jersey 08066, United States
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G. Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christopher Uyeda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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31
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Hazari N, Hruszkewycz DP. Dinuclear Pd(I) complexes with bridging allyl and related ligands. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:2871-99. [PMID: 27051890 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00537j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There are many important synthetic methods that utilize palladium catalysts. In most of these reactions, the palladium species are proposed to exist exclusively in either the Pd(0) or Pd(II) oxidation states. However, in the last decade, dinuclear Pd(I) complexes have repeatedly been isolated from reaction mixtures previously suggested to involve only species in the Pd(0) and Pd(II) oxidation states. As a consequence, in order to design improved catalysts there is considerable interest in understanding the chemistry of dinuclear Pd(I) complexes. A significant proportion of the known dinuclear Pd(I) complexes are supported by bridging allyl or related ligands such as cyclopentadienyl or indenyl ligands. This review provides a detailed account of the synthesis, electronic structure and stoichiometric reactivity of dinuclear Pd(I) complexes with bridging allyl and related ligands. Additionally, it describes recent work where dinuclear Pd(I) complexes with bridging allyl ligands have been detected in catalytic reactions, such as cross-coupling, and discusses the potential implications for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Hazari
- The Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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32
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Martin A, Vors JP, Baudoin O. Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained Esters and Amines by Pd-Catalyzed α-Arylation of Hindered Substrates. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Martin
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246-Institut
de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires,
CPE Lyon, 43 Boulevard
du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Vors
- Bayer SAS, 14 Impasse Pierre
Baizet, 69263 Lyon Cedex 09, France
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246-Institut
de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires,
CPE Lyon, 43 Boulevard
du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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33
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Monfredini A, Santacroce V, Deyris PA, Maggi R, Bigi F, Maestri G, Malacria M. Boosting catalyst activity in cis-selective semi-reduction of internal alkynes by tailoring the assembly of all-metal aromatic tri-palladium complexes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:15786-15790. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01840h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Zwitterionic all-metal aromatic tri-palladium complexes can catalyse the cis-selective semi-reduction of internal alkynes at ppm levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Monfredini
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Parma
- 43124 Parma
- Italy
| | | | | | - Raimondo Maggi
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Parma
- 43124 Parma
- Italy
| | - Franca Bigi
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Parma
- 43124 Parma
- Italy
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Parma
- 43124 Parma
- Italy
| | - Max Malacria
- ICSN CNRS (UPR2301)
- 91198 Gif s/Yvette
- France
- UPMC Sorbonne Université
- IPCM (UMR CNRS 8232)
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34
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Gildner PG, Colacot TJ. Reactions of the 21st Century: Two Decades of Innovative Catalyst Design for Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. Gildner
- Johnson Matthey Catalysis and Chiral Technologies, 2001 Nolte Drive, West Deptford, New Jersey 08066, United States
| | - Thomas J. Colacot
- Johnson Matthey Catalysis and Chiral Technologies, 2001 Nolte Drive, West Deptford, New Jersey 08066, United States
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35
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Aufiero M, Scattolin T, Proutière F, Schoenebeck F. Air-Stable Dinuclear Iodine-Bridged Pd(I) Complex - Catalyst, Precursor, or Parasite? The Additive Decides. Systematic Nucleophile-Activity Study and Application as Precatalyst in Cross-Coupling. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Aufiero
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Laboratory
for Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabien Proutière
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Laboratory
for Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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36
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Liu Q, Dong X, Li J, Xiao J, Dong Y, Liu H. Recent Advances on Palladium Radical Involved Reactions. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West
Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
| | - Xu Dong
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West
Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West
Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
| | - Jian Xiao
- College
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
| | - Yunhui Dong
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West
Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West
Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
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37
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Strassner T. Professor D.M.P. Mingos FRS. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Melvin PR, Balcells D, Hazari N, Nova A. Understanding Precatalyst Activation in Cross-Coupling Reactions: Alcohol Facilitated Reduction from Pd(II) to Pd(0) in Precatalysts of the Type (η3-allyl)Pd(L)(Cl) and (η3-indenyl)Pd(L)(Cl). ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R. Melvin
- The
Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - David Balcells
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC) and The Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nilay Hazari
- The
Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Ainara Nova
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC) and The Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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39
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Aufiero M, Sperger T, Tsang ASK, Schoenebeck F. Hoch effiziente C-SeCF3-Kupplung von Aryliodiden durch einen luftbeständigen zweikernigen PdI-Katalysator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Aufiero M, Sperger T, Tsang ASK, Schoenebeck F. Highly Efficient C-SeCF3 Coupling of Aryl Iodides Enabled by an Air-Stable Dinuclear Pd(I) Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:10322-6. [PMID: 26118426 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Building on our recent disclosure of catalysis at dinuclear Pd(I) sites, we herein report the application of this concept to the realization of the first catalytic method to convert aryl iodides into the corresponding ArSeCF3 compounds. Highly efficient C-SeCF3 coupling of a range of aryl iodides was achieved, enabled by an air-, moisture-, and thermally stable dinuclear Pd(I) catalyst. The novel SeCF3 -bridged dinuclear Pd(I) complex 3 was isolated, studied for its catalytic competence and shown to be recoverable. Experimental and computational data are presented in support of dinuclear Pd(I) catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Aufiero
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany) http://www.schoenebeck.oc.rwth-aachen.de/,ETH Zürich, Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany) http://www.schoenebeck.oc.rwth-aachen.de/
| | - Althea S-K Tsang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany) http://www.schoenebeck.oc.rwth-aachen.de/
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany) http://www.schoenebeck.oc.rwth-aachen.de/.
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41
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Yin G, Kalvet I, Schoenebeck F. Trifluoromethylthiolation of Aryl Iodides and Bromides Enabled by a Bench-Stable and Easy-To-Recover Dinuclear Palladium(I) Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6809-13. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Yin G, Kalvet I, Schoenebeck F. Trifluoromethylthiolation of Aryl Iodides and Bromides Enabled by a Bench-Stable and Easy-To-Recover Dinuclear Palladium(I) Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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43
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Oldenhof S, Lutz M, de Bruin B, van der Vlugt JI, Reek JNH. Well-Defined BisMETAMORPhos PdI–PdI Complex: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Reactivity. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om5010622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sander Oldenhof
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science
Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lutz
- Bijvoet
Center for Biomolecular Research, Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science
Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science
Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science
Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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44
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Proutiere F, Lyngvi E, Aufiero M, Sanhueza IA, Schoenebeck F. Combining the Reactivity Properties of PCy3 and PtBu3 into a Single Ligand, P(iPr)(tBu)2. Reaction via Mono- or Bisphosphine Palladium(0) Centers and Palladium(I) Dimer Formation. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om5009605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Proutiere
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Laboratory
for Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eirik Lyngvi
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Laboratory
for Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marialuisa Aufiero
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Laboratory
for Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Italo A. Sanhueza
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Laboratory
for Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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45
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Kalvet I, Bonney KJ, Schoenebeck F. Kinetic and Computational Studies on Pd(I) Dimer-Mediated Halogen Exchange of Aryl Iodides. J Org Chem 2014; 79:12041-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501889j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Indrek Kalvet
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg
1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl J. Bonney
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg
1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg
1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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46
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Hruszkewycz DP, Balcells D, Guard LM, Hazari N, Tilset M. Insight into the efficiency of cinnamyl-supported precatalysts for the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction: observation of Pd(I) dimers with bridging allyl ligands during catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:7300-16. [PMID: 24824779 DOI: 10.1021/ja412565c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite widespread use of complexes of the type Pd(L)(η(3)-allyl)Cl as precatalysts for cross-coupling, the chemistry of related Pd(I) dimers of the form (μ-allyl)(μ-Cl)Pd2(L)2 has been underexplored. Here, the relationship between the monomeric and the dimeric compounds is investigated using both experiment and theory. We report an efficient synthesis of the Pd(I) dimers (μ-allyl)(μ-Cl)Pd2(IPr)2 (allyl = allyl, crotyl, cinnamyl; IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) through activation of Pd(IPr)(η(3)-allyl)Cl type monomers under mildly basic reaction conditions. The catalytic performance of the Pd(II) monomers and their Pd(I) μ-allyl dimer congeners for the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction is compared. We propose that the (μ-allyl)(μ-Cl)Pd2(IPr)2-type dimers are activated for catalysis through disproportionation to Pd(IPr)(η(3)-allyl)Cl and monoligated IPr-Pd(0). The microscopic reverse comproportionation reaction of monomers of the type Pd(IPr)(η(3)-allyl)Cl with IPr-Pd(0) to form Pd(I) dimers is also studied. It is demonstrated that this is a facile process, and Pd(I) dimers are directly observed during catalysis in reactions using Pd(II) precatalysts. In these catalytic reactions, Pd(I) μ-allyl dimer formation is a deleterious process which removes the IPr-Pd(0) active species from the reaction mixture. However, increased sterics at the 1-position of the allyl ligand in the Pd(IPr)(η(3)-crotyl)Cl and Pd(IPr)(η(3)-cinnamyl)Cl precatalysts results in a larger kinetic barrier to comproportionation, which allows more of the active IPr-Pd(0) catalyst to enter the catalytic cycle when these substituted precatalysts are used. Furthermore, we have developed reaction conditions for the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction using Pd(IPr)(η(3)-cinnamyl)Cl which are compatible with mild bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian P Hruszkewycz
- The Department of Chemistry, Yale University , P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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47
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Bonney KJ, Schoenebeck F. Experiment and computation: a combined approach to study the reactivity of palladium complexes in oxidation states 0 toiv. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6609-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00061g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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48
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Musaev DG, Figg TM, Kaledin AL. Versatile reactivity of Pd-catalysts: mechanistic features of the mono-N-protected amino acid ligand and cesium-halide base in Pd-catalyzed C–H bond functionalization. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:5009-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The C–H functionalization strategies, complexity in Pd-catalyzed chemical transformations, unprecedented Pd-clustering, base (Cs-halide) and weakly coordinated amino acid ligand effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Travis M. Figg
- C. L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation
- Emory University
- Atlanta, USA
| | - Alexey L. Kaledin
- C. L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation
- Emory University
- Atlanta, USA
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49
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Hama T, Ge S, Hartwig JF. Palladium-catalyzed α-arylation of zinc enolates of esters: reaction conditions and substrate scope. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8250-66. [PMID: 23931445 PMCID: PMC3800138 DOI: 10.1021/jo401476f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The intermolecular α-arylation of esters by palladium-catalyzed coupling of aryl bromides with zinc enolates of esters is reported. Reactions of three different types of zinc enolates have been developed. α-Arylation of esters occurs in high yields with isolated Reformatsky reagents, with Reformatsky reagents generated from α-bromo esters and activated zinc, and with zinc enolates generated by quenching alkali metal enolates of esters with zinc chloride. The use of zinc enolates, instead of alkali metal enolates, greatly expands the scope of the arylation of esters. The reactions occur at room temperature or at 70 °C with bromoarenes containing cyano, nitro, ester, keto, fluoro, enolizable hydrogen, hydroxyl, or amino functionality and with bromopyridines. The scope of esters encompasses acyclic acetates, propionates, and isobutyrates, α-alkoxyesters, and lactones. The arylation of zinc enolates of esters was conducted with catalysts bearing the hindered pentaphenylferrocenyl di-tert-butylphosphine (Q-phos) or the highly reactive dimeric Pd(I) complex {[P(t-Bu)3]PdBr}2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Hama
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107; Department of Chemstry, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801; and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94702, United States
| | - Shaozhong Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107; Department of Chemstry, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801; and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94702, United States
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107; Department of Chemstry, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801; and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94702, United States
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50
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Beck W, Fischer G, Göbel M, Evers J, Klapötke TM. A Review on Nitrosyl Metal Halides and Mass Spectroscopic Support for the Dimeric Structure of [Ni(NO)I] 2and [Pd(NO)Cl] 2. A Tribute to Walter Hieber (1895-1976) and Fritz Seel (1915-1987). Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201200487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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