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Yalak G, Vogel V. Extracellular phosphorylation and phosphorylated proteins: not just curiosities but physiologically important. Sci Signal 2012; 5:re7. [PMID: 23250399 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mining of the literature and high-throughput mass spectrometry data from both healthy and diseased tissues and from body fluids reveals evidence that various extracellular proteins can exist in phosphorylated states. Extracellular kinases and phosphatases (ectokinases and ectophosphatases) are active in extracellular spaces during times of sufficiently high concentrations of adenosine triphosphate. There is evidence for a role of extracellular phosphorylation in various physiological functions, including blood coagulation, immune cell activation, and the formation of neuronal networks. Ectokinase activity is increased in some diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and some microbial infections. We summarize the literature supporting the physiological and pathological roles of extracellularly localized protein kinases, protein phosphatases, and phosphorylated proteins and provide an analysis of the available mass spectrometry data to annotate potential extracellular phosphorylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garif Yalak
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang Pauli Strasse 10, HCI F443, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Nath D, Bhoumik A, Das S, Bhattacharyya D, Dungdung SR, Majumder GC. A novel membrane protein-specific serine/threonine kinase: tissue distribution and role in sperm maturation. ISRN UROLOGY 2012; 2012:789105. [PMID: 22567425 PMCID: PMC3329733 DOI: 10.5402/2012/789105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our recent studies have described for the first time the purification of an ectoprotein kinase to apparent homogeneity using caprine sperm as the model. Purified ectokinase (CIK) is a novel membrane protein-specific kinase that phosphorylates serine and threonine residues of ectophosphoproteins. This study, using ELISA based on ecto-CIK antibody demonstrates that ecto-CIK level is remarkably higher in the sperm membrane than in the cytosol. The epididymal sperm maturational event as well as sperm vertical velocity is associated with a significant increase in the ecto-CIK level. Ecto-CIK, the membrane protein-specific kinase, is also present in all the tissues tested and is predominantly localized in the cell membrane. Ubiquitous localization of the novel kinase on the mammalian cell membrane suggests that the kinase may play pivotal role in gamete as well as somatic cell regulation by modulating membrane biology through serine/threonine phosphorylation of specific membrane proteins located in the ectodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Nath
- Cell Biology & Physiology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
- Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 743215, India
| | - Arpita Bhoumik
- Cell Biology & Physiology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
- Cryobiology Department, Centre for Rural and Cryogenic Technologies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sujoy Das
- Cell Biology & Physiology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Debdas Bhattacharyya
- Cryobiology Department, Centre for Rural and Cryogenic Technologies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sandhya R. Dungdung
- Cell Biology & Physiology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Gopal C. Majumder
- Cell Biology & Physiology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
- Cryobiology Department, Centre for Rural and Cryogenic Technologies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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Stepanova V, Lebedeva T, Kuo A, Yarovoi S, Tkachuk S, Zaitsev S, Bdeir K, Dumler I, Marks MS, Parfyonova Y, Tkachuk VA, Higazi AAR, Cines DB. Nuclear translocation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Blood 2008; 112:100-10. [PMID: 18337556 PMCID: PMC2435680 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-104455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) participates in diverse (patho)physiological processes through intracellular signaling events that affect cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, although the mechanisms by which these occur are only partially understood. Here we report that upon cell binding and internalization, single-chain uPA (scuPA) translocates to the nucleus within minutes. Nuclear translocation does not involve proteolytic activation or degradation of scuPA. Neither the urokinase receptor (uPAR) nor the low-density lipoprotein-related receptor (LRP) is required for nuclear targeting. Rather, translocation involves the binding of scuPA to the nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein nucleolin through a region containing the kringle domain. RNA interference and mutational analysis demonstrate that nucleolin is required for the nuclear transport of scuPA. Furthermore, nucleolin is required for the induction smooth muscle alpha-actin (alpha-SMA) by scuPA. These data reveal a novel pathway by which uPA is rapidly translocated to the nucleus where it might participate in regulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Stepanova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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Bajenova O, Stolper E, Gapon S, Sundina N, Zimmer R, Thomas P. Surface expression of heterogeneous nuclear RNA binding protein M4 on Kupffer cell relates to its function as a carcinoembryonic antigen receptor. Exp Cell Res 2003; 291:228-41. [PMID: 14597422 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the blood are associated with the development of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancers. Clearance of circulating CEA occurs through endocytosis by liver macrophages, Kupffer cells. Previously we identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins M4 (hnRNP M4) as a receptor (CEAR) for CEA. HnRNP M4 has two isoform proteins (p80, p76), the full-length hnRNP M4 (CEARL) and a truncated form (CEARS) with a deletion of 39 amino acids between RNA binding domains 1 and 2, generated by alternative splicing. The present study was undertaken to clarify any isoform-specific differences in terms of their function as CEA receptor and localization. We develop anti-CEAR isoform-specific antibodies and show that both CEAR splicing isoforms are expressed on the surface of Kupffer cells and can function as CEA receptor. Alternatively, in P388D1 macrophages CEARS protein has nuclear and CEARL has cytoplasmic localization. In MIP101 colon cancer and HeLa cells the CEARS protein is localized to the nucleus and CEARL to the cytoplasm. These findings imply that different functions are assigned to CEAR isoforms depending on the cell type. The search of 39 amino acids deleted region against the Prosite data base revealed the presence of N-myristylation signal PGGPGMITIP that may be involved in protein targeting to the plasma membrane. Overall, this report demonstrates that the cellular distribution, level of expression, and relative amount of CEARL and CEARS isoforms determine specificity for CEA binding and the expression of alternative spliced forms of CEAR is regulated in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bajenova
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, 801 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Kim YK, Jin Y, Vukoti KM, Park JK, Kim EE, Lee KJ, Yu YG. Purification and characterization of human nucleolar phosphoprotein 140 expressed in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2003; 31:260-4. [PMID: 14550645 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(03)00194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human nucleolar phosphoprotein 140, hNopp140, is one of the most highly phosphorylated mammalian proteins, which is involved in the biogenesis of nucleolus. It regulates the transcription of rDNA and has a tendency to bind to doxorubicin, which is widely used as an anti-cancer drug. The biochemical and biophysical property of hNopp140 has not been reported due to the fact that it is rather difficult to obtain protein in large enough quantity. In this paper, we report the cloning and overexpression of the soluble form of hNopp140 in Escherichia coli. The protein was purified to more than 90% homogeneity using hydroxyapatite and ion exchange chromatography. The purified protein can be extensively phosphorylated by casein kinase II and oligomerized into an insoluble aggregate in the presence of magnesium, carbonate, and fluoride ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kyeong Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1, Hwawolkok-dong, Songbuk-ku, 136-791 Seoul, South Korea
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Anaya-Ruiz M, Pérez-Santos JLM, Talamás-Rohana P. An ecto-protein tyrosine phosphatase of Entamoeba histolytica induces cellular detachment by disruption of actin filaments in HeLa cells. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:663-70. [PMID: 12814646 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton disruption in host cells has been demonstrated for PTPases from pathogenic microorganisms. In this work, we analysed whether the secreted acid phosphatase from Entamoeba histolytica has phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity and the possibility that this activity may participate in damaging host cells. The secreted acid phosphatase of E. histolytica, which catalyses p-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis at acid pH values, was found to have phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity. The enzymatic properties of phosphotyrosine phosphatase and acid phosphatase were virtually identical and included: Km values of 10 x 10(-4) M, no requirement for divalent cations, and sensitivity to molybdate, vanadate, and tungstate. The phosphotyrosyl phosphatase activity caused significant levels of cell rounding and detachment correlating with disruption of the actin stress fibres in HeLa cells. Thus, our data suggest that secreted phosphotyrosine phosphatase could play a cytotoxic role during amoebic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anaya-Ruiz
- Experimental Pathology Department, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Avenue IPN No 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico DF 07360, Mexico
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Mesleh MF, Belmar N, Lu CW, Krishnan VV, Maxwell RS, Genain CP, Cosman M. Marmoset fine B cell and T cell epitope specificities mapped onto a homology model of the extracellular domain of human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Neurobiol Dis 2002; 9:160-72. [PMID: 11895369 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.2001.0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant association of autoantibodies with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), an integral membrane protein of the central nervous system (CNS) myelin, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Sensitization of nonhuman primates (Callithrix jacchus marmosets) against the nonglycosylated, recombinant N-terminal domain of rat MOG (residues 1-125) reproduces an MS-like disease in which MOG-specific autoantibodies directly mediate demyelination. To assess the interrelationship between MOG structure and the induction of autoimmune CNS diseases and to enable structure-based rational design of therapeutics, a homology model of human MOG(2-120) was constructed based on consensus residues found in immunoglobulin superfamily variable-type proteins having known structures. Possible sites for posttranslational modifications and dimerization have also been identified and analyzed. The B cell and T cell epitopes have been identified in rat MOG-immunized marmosets, and these sequences are observed to map primarily onto accessible regions in the model, which may explain their ability to generate potent antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Mesleh
- Biology and Biotechnology Research, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California 94551, USA
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