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Harju N, Hytti M, Kolari O, Nisula H, Loukovaara S, Kauppinen A. Anti-inflammatory potential of simvastatin and amfenac in ARPE-19 cells; insights in preventing re-detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:158. [PMID: 38530532 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is a severe vision-threatening complication that can result into proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and re-detachment of the retina if recovery from surgery fails. Inflammation and changes in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are important contributors to the disease. Here, we studied the effects of simvastatin and amfenac on ARPE-19 cells under inflammatory conditions. METHODS ARPE-19 cells were pre-treated with simvastatin and/or amfenac for 24 h after which interleukin (IL)-1α or IL-1β was added for another 24 h. After treatments, lactate dehydrogenase release, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) processing, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activity, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level, and extracellular levels of IL-6, IL-8, monocytic chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and pigment epithelium-derived factor, as well as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined. RESULTS Pre-treatment of human ARPE-19 cells with simvastatin reduced the production of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 cytokines, PGE2 levels, as well as NF-κB activity upon inflammation, whereas amfenac reduced IL-8 and MCP-1 release but increased ROS production. Together, simvastatin and amfenac reduced the release of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 cytokines as well as NF-κB activity but increased the VEGF release upon inflammation in ARPE-19 cells. CONCLUSION Our present study supports the anti-inflammatory capacity of simvastatin as pre-treatment against inflammation in human RPE cells, and the addition of amfenac complements the effect. The early modulation of local conditions in the retina can prevent inflammation induced PVR formation and subsequent retinal re-detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Harju
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Head and Neck Center, Ophthalmology Research Unit, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Maria Hytti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Onni Kolari
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Nisula
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sirpa Loukovaara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Unit of Vitreoretinal Surgery, and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Sun Z, Li X, Li G, Xu Y, Meng J, Meng W, He S. Potential application value of pigment epithelium-derived factor in sensorineural hearing loss. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1302124. [PMID: 38164244 PMCID: PMC10757943 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1302124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The inner ear is a complex and precise auditory perception system responsible for receiving and converting sound signals into neural signals, enabling us to perceive and understand sound. However, the occurrence and development of inner ear diseases and auditory disorders, such as sensorineural hearing loss, remain a global problem. In recent years, there has been increasing research on the treatment of inner ear diseases and auditory regeneration. Among these treatments, pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), as a multifunctional secretory protein, exhibits diverse biological activities and functions through various mechanisms, and has shown potential applications in the inner ear. This minireview comprehensively evaluates the performance of PEDF in sensorineural hearing loss in inner ear and its potential targets and therapeutic prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Tongren ENT Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Tongren ENT Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangfei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Tongren ENT Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Tongren ENT Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Meng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Tongren ENT Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuangba He
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Tongren ENT Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Badia A, Duarri A, Salas A, Rosell J, Ramis J, Gusta MF, Casals E, Zapata MA, Puntes V, García-Arumí J. Repeated Topical Administration of 3 nm Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Reverts Disease Atrophic Phenotype and Arrests Neovascular Degeneration in AMD Mouse Models. ACS NANO 2023; 17:910-926. [PMID: 36596252 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium is implicated in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Antioxidant cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) have been used to treat degenerative retinal pathologies in animal models, although their delivery route is not ideal for chronic patient treatment. In this work, we prepared a formulation for ocular topical delivery that contains small (3 nm), nonaggregated biocompatible CeO2NPs. In vitro results indicate the biocompatible and protective character of the CeO2NPs, reducing oxidative stress in ARPE19 cells and inhibiting neovascularization related to pathological angiogenesis in both HUVEC and in in vitro models of neovascular growth. In the in vivo experiments, we observed the capacity of CeO2NPs to reach the retina after topical delivery and a subsequent reversion of the altered retinal transcriptome of the retinal degenerative mouse model DKOrd8 toward that of healthy control mice, together with signs of decreased inflammation and arrest of degeneration. Furthermore, CeO2NP eye drops' treatment reduced laser-induced choroidal neovascular lesions in mice by lowering VEGF and increasing PEDF levels. These results indicate that CeO2NP eye drops are a beneficial antioxidant and neuroprotective treatment for both dry and wet forms of AMD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Badia
- Ophthalmology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Anna Duarri
- Ophthalmology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Anna Salas
- Ophthalmology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Jordi Rosell
- Ophthalmology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Joana Ramis
- Pharmacokinetic Nanoparticles Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Muriel Freixanet Gusta
- Pharmacokinetic Nanoparticles Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Eudald Casals
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, P. R. China
| | - Miguel A Zapata
- Ophthalmology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Victor Puntes
- Pharmacokinetic Nanoparticles Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Instiut Català de Nanociència I Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010,Spain
- Networking Research Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Josep García-Arumí
- Ophthalmology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
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Harju N. Regulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100 Suppl 273:3-59. [DOI: 10.1111/aos.15275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niina Harju
- School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
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Rebustini IT, Crawford SE, Becerra SP. PEDF Deletion Induces Senescence and Defects in Phagocytosis in the RPE. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7745. [PMID: 35887093 PMCID: PMC9316002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) expresses the Serpinf1 gene to produce pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a retinoprotective protein that is downregulated with cell senescence, aging and retinal degenerations. We determined the expression of senescence-associated genes in the RPE of 3-month-old mice that lack the Serpinf1 gene and found that Serpinf1 deletion induced H2ax for histone H2AX protein, Cdkn1a for p21 protein, and Glb1 gene for β-galactosidase. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity increased in the Serpinf1 null RPE when compared with wild-type RPE. We evaluated the subcellular morphology of the RPE and found that ablation of Serpinf1 increased the volume of the nuclei and the nucleoli number of RPE cells, implying chromatin reorganization. Given that the RPE phagocytic function declines with aging, we assessed the expression of the Pnpla2 gene, which is required for the degradation of photoreceptor outer segments by the RPE. We found that both the Pnpla2 gene and its protein PEDF-R declined with the Serpinf1 gene ablation. Moreover, we determined the levels of phagocytosed rhodopsin and lipids in the RPE of the Serpinf1 null mice. The RPE of the Serpinf1 null mice accumulated rhodopsin and lipids compared to littermate controls, implying an association of PEDF deficiency with RPE phagocytosis dysfunction. Our findings establish PEDF loss as a cause of senescence-like changes in the RPE, highlighting PEDF as both a retinoprotective and a regulatory protein of aging-like changes associated with defective degradation of the photoreceptor outer segment in the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan T. Rebustini
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Susan E. Crawford
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Research Institute, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60201, USA;
| | - S. Patricia Becerra
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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Liu H, Bell K, Herrmann A, Arnhold S, Mercieca K, Anders F, Nagel-Wolfrum K, Thanos S, Prokosch V. Crystallins Play a Crucial Role in Glaucoma and Promote Neuronal Cell Survival in an In Vitro Model Through Modulating Müller Cell Secretion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:3. [PMID: 35816047 PMCID: PMC9284462 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.8.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to explore the roles of crystallins in the context of aging in glaucoma and potential mechanisms of neuroprotection in an experimental animal model of glaucoma. Methods Intraocular pressure (IOP) was significantly elevated for 8 weeks in animals at different ages (10 days, 12 weeks, and 44 weeks) by episcleral vein cauterization. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were quantified by anti-Brn3a immunohistochemical staining (IHC). Proteomics using ESI-LTQ Orbitrap XL-MS was used to analyze the presence and abundance of crystallin isoforms the retinal samples, respectively. Neuroprotective property and localization of three selected crystallins CRYAB, CRYBB2, and CRYGB as most significantly changed in retina and retinal layers were determined by IHC. Their expressions and endocytic uptakes into Müller cells were analyzed by IHC and Western blotting. Müller cell secretion of neurotrophic factors into the supernatant following CRYAB, CRYBB2, and CRYGB supplementation in vitro was measured via microarray. Results IOP elevation resulted in significant RGC loss in all age groups (P < 0.001). The loss increased with aging. Proteomics analysis revealed in parallel a significant decrease of crystallin abundance – especially CRYAB, CRYBB2, and CRYGB. Significant neuroprotective effects of CRYAB, CRYBB2, and CRYGB after addition to retinal cultures were demonstrated (P < 0.001). Endocytic uptake of CRYAB, CRYBB2, and CRYGB was seen in Müller cells with subsequent increased secretion of various neurotrophic factors into the supernatant, including nerve growth factor, clusterin, and matrix metallopeptidase 9. Conclusions An age-dependent decrease in CRYAB, CRYBB2, and CRYGB abundance is found going along with increased RGC loss. Addition of CRYAB, CRYBB2, and CRYGB to culture protected RGCs in vitro. CRYAB, CRYBB2, and CRYGB were uptaken into Müller cells. Secretion of neurotrophic factors was increased as a potential mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Bell
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Anja Herrmann
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Stefan Arnhold
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Karl Mercieca
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Anders
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Nagel-Wolfrum
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Solon Thanos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Verena Prokosch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Wang Y, Liu X, Quan X, Qin X, Zhou Y, Liu Z, Chao Z, Jia C, Qin H, Zhang H. Pigment epithelium-derived factor and its role in microvascular-related diseases. Biochimie 2022; 200:153-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Ye Q, Wang J, Liu X, Liu Z, BaZong L, Ma J, Shen R, Ye W, Zhang W, Wang D. The Role of RAD6B and PEDF in Retinal Degeneration. Neuroscience 2021; 480:19-31. [PMID: 34774969 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RAD6B is an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, playing an important role in DNA damage repair, gene expression, senescence, apoptosis and protein degradation. However, the specific mechanism between ubiquitin and retinal degeneration requires more investigation. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has a potent neurotrophic effect on the retina, protecting retinal neurons and photoreceptors from cell death caused by pathological damage. In this study, we found that loss of RAD6B leads to retinal degeneration in mice, especially in old age. Affymetrix microarray analysis showed that the PEDF signal was changed in RAD6B deficient groups. The expression of γ-H2AX, β-Gal, P53, Caspase-3, P21 and P16 was increased significantly in retinas of RAD6B knockout (KO) mice. Our studies suggest that RAD6B and PEDF play an important role in the health of retina, whereas the absence of RAD6B accelerates the degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ye
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Basic Medical College, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Door, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Basic Medical College, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiangwen Liu
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Basic Medical College, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zihua Liu
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Basic Medical College, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - LuoSong BaZong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Door, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinhai Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Door, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Rong Shen
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Basic Medical College, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Weichun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Door, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Degui Wang
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Basic Medical College, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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The Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome on Corneal Endothelial Cell Preservation in an Oxidative Injury Model. Cornea 2021; 39:1426-1430. [PMID: 32732699 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a reproducible oxidative injury model in ex vivo porcine corneas and to investigate the effects of corneal mesenchymal stem cell (Co-MSC) secretome and specific factors on the preservation of corneal endothelium after oxidative injury. METHODS Porcine corneas underwent vital staining with trypan blue and alizarin red with different concentration and time points. Ex vivo porcine corneas were exposed (endothelial side) to varied concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. After injury, 3 groups of 5 corneas underwent treatment with secretome from either a wild-type (WT) murine Co-MSC, a pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) knock out (K/O) murine Co-MSC, or basal media for 4 hours at 37°C. The viability of the endothelium was evaluated using the optimized vital staining protocol. RESULTS The optimal vital staining was achieved with 0.4% trypan blue for 60 seconds and 0.5% alizarin red for 90 seconds. The optimal oxidative injury (for consistency and level of damage) was obtained with 1% hydrogen peroxide for 15 seconds. Treatment with both WT Co-MSC and PEDF K/O Co-MSC secretome significantly reduced the endothelial damage compared with control (17.2% ± 10.0%, 33.5% ± 11.6%, and 68% ± 17%, respectively, P < 0.01). The WT Co-MSC secretome was significantly more effective compared with PEDF K/O Co-MSC secretome (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A reproducible model of vital staining and oxidative injury is described for studying porcine corneal endothelial survival. Our results demonstrate a beneficial role of a corneal MSC secretome in reducing oxidative damage to the corneal endothelium. In addition, it suggests a potential role for PEDF in this process.
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Zwanzig A, Meng J, Müller H, Bürger S, Schmidt M, Pankonin M, Wiedemann P, Unterlauft JD, Eichler W. Neuroprotective effects of glial mediators in interactions between retinal neurons and Müller cells. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108689. [PMID: 34216615 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss underlies a number of retinal neurodegenerative disorders, which may lead to permanent vision loss. However, secreted neuroprotective factors, such as PEDF, VEGF and IL-6, which are produced by Müller cells, have been shown to promote RGC survival. Assuming that the communication of RGCs with Müller cells involves a release of glioactive substances we sought to determine whether retinal neurons are able to modulate expression levels of Müller cell-derived PEDF, VEGF and IL-6. We demonstrate elevated mRNA levels of these factors in Müller cells in co-cultures with RGCs or R28 cells when compared to homotypic Müller cell cultures. Furthermore, R28 cells were more protected from apoptosis when co-cultured with Müller cells. IL-6 and VEGF were upregulated in Müller cells under hypoxia. Both cytokines, as well as PEDF, induced an altered neuronal expression of members of the Bcl-2 family, which are central molecules in the regulation of apoptosis. These results suggest that in retinal ischemia, via own secreted mediators, RGCs can resist a potential demise by stimulating Müller cells to increase production of neuroprotective factors, which counteract RGC apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Zwanzig
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jie Meng
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heidi Müller
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Bürger
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuela Schmidt
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Pankonin
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Darius Unterlauft
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfram Eichler
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Delivery Systems of Retinoprotective Proteins in the Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105344. [PMID: 34069505 PMCID: PMC8160820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoprotective proteins play important roles for retinal tissue integrity. They can directly affect the function and the survival of photoreceptors, and/or indirectly target the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and endothelial cells that support these tissues. Retinoprotective proteins are used in basic, translational and in clinical studies to prevent and treat human retinal degenerative disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of proteins that protect the retina and focus on pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), and its effects on photoreceptors, RPE cells, and endothelial cells. We also discuss delivery systems such as pharmacologic and genetic administration of proteins to achieve photoreceptor survival and retinal tissue integrity.
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Dixit S, Polato F, Samardzija M, Abu-Asab M, Grimm C, Crawford SE, Becerra SP. PEDF deficiency increases the susceptibility of rd10 mice to retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2020; 198:108121. [PMID: 32721425 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The SERPINF1 gene encodes pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a member of the serpin superfamily with neurotrophic and antiangiogenic properties in the retina. We hypothesized that absence of PEDF would lead to increased stress-associated retinal degeneration in Serpinf1 null mice. Accordingly, using a Serpinf1 null mouse model, we investigated the impact of PEDF absence on retinal morphology, and susceptibility to induced and inherited retinal degeneration. We studied the pattern of Serpinf1 expression in the mouse retina layers. PEDF protein was detected by western blotting. Transmission electron microscopy was performed on mouse retina. Serpinf1 null mice and wild type littermates were injected with NaIO3 (30 mg/kg body weight) intraperitonially. At post-injection day 1, 3, 4, 6 and 8 mice were euthanized, and eyes were enucleated. Serpinf1 null and rd10 double mutant mice were generated and their eyes enucleated at different time points from post-natal day 15 to post-natal day 28. Enucleated eyes were processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining and histopathological evaluations. We found that Serpinf1 was expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium, in the inner nuclear layer and in the ganglion cell layer, but undetectable in the outer nuclear layer of wild type mice. Plasma PEDF protein levels were undetectable in Serpinf1 null animals. RPE atrophy and retinal thinning were observed in NaIO3-treated wild type mice that progressed with time post-injection. NaIO3-treated Serpinf1 null mice showed comparatively better retinal morphology than wild type mice at day 4 post-injection. However, the absence of PEDF in Serpinf1 null x rd10 mice increased the susceptibility to retinal degeneration relative to that of rd10 mice. We concluded that histopathological evaluation of retinas lacking PEDF showed that removal of the Serpinf1 gene may activate PEDF-independent compensatory mechanisms to protect the retina against oxidative stress, while it increases the susceptibility to degenerate the retina in inherited retinal degeneration models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Dixit
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, LRCMB-NEI-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Federica Polato
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, LRCMB-NEI-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marijana Samardzija
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Grimm
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System Research Institute, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - S Patricia Becerra
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, LRCMB-NEI-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor as a Possible Treatment Agent for Choroidal Neovascularization. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8941057. [PMID: 32215180 PMCID: PMC7079215 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8941057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a sight-threatening disease and is characterized by the formation of pathological neovascularization in the choroid which extends into the subretinal space. Exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the formation of CNV in the macular area which leads to irreversible blindness. Continuous leakage and hemorrhage of the CNV lesion may eventually result in scarring or later fibrosis, which could result in photoreceptor cell atrophy. The current strategy for treating CNV is the use of antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents. Many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy. Other studies have also reported the side effects of single anti-VEGF treatment. And long-term inhibition of a single system may result in collateral damage to other visual elements. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a 50 kDa protein that was first isolated from the conditioned medium of human RPE cells. PEDF has both antiangiogenesis and neuroprotective functions for photoreceptor cells. It may be a potential ocular antiangiogenic agent. This review outlines the distribution of PEDF in the eye, the mechanism of antiangiogenesis, the protective effect on the retina, and the relationship between PEDF and VEGF.
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14
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Kutluer M, Huang L, Marigo V. Targeting molecular pathways for the treatment of inherited retinal degeneration. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1784-1791. [PMID: 32246618 PMCID: PMC7513962 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.280303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degeneration is a major cause of incurable blindness characterized by loss of retinal photoreceptor cells. Inherited retinal degeneration is characterized by high genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity with several genes mutated in patients affected by these genetic diseases. The high genetic heterogeneity of these diseases hampers the development of effective therapeutic interventions for the cure of a large cohort of patients. Common cell demise mechanisms can be envisioned as targets to treat patients regardless the specific mutation. One of these targets is the increase of intracellular calcium ions, that has been detected in several murine models of inherited retinal degeneration. Recently, neurotrophic factors that favor the efflux of calcium ions to concentrations below toxic levels have been identified as promising molecules that should be evaluated as new treatments for retinal degeneration. Here, we discuss therapeutic options for inherited retinal degeneration and we will focus on neuroprotective approaches, such as the neuroprotective activity of the Pigment epithelium-derived factor. The characterization of specific targets for neuroprotection opens new perspectives together with many questions that require deep analyses to take advantage of this knowledge and develop new therapeutic approaches. We believe that minimizing cell demise by neuroprotection may represent a promising treatment strategy for retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Kutluer
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Valeria Marigo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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15
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Brook N, Brook E, Dharmarajan A, Chan A, Dass CR. The role of pigment epithelium-derived factor in protecting against cellular stress. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:1166-1180. [PMID: 31760841 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1697809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery as a neurotrophic factor in retinal pigmented epithelium cells in the late 1980s, there has been an increase in understanding of the role that pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) plays in cellular functions. PEDF plays an important role in mediating cellular protection during exposure to oxidative stress and inflammation by preventing stress-induced angiogenesis and apoptosis. PEDF acts to reduce oxidative stress by promoting mitochondrial stability and by regulating the expression of enzymes involved in ROS accumulation and clearance. PEDF protects against the negative effects of oxidative stress by regulating cell survival pathways and the expression of inflammatory and proangiogenic mediators. PEDF-mediated cellular protection may be of clinical importance in diseases characterised by oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and pathological neovascularization, indicating that targeting PEDF may be a potential focus for therapeutic interventions in chronic diseases. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on the discoveries of PEDF interactions and functions, and discuss recent in vitro, in vivo and clinical findings to provide a current summary of the important protective effects following cellular exposure to stress stimuli and future clinical potential of PEDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Brook
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Australia
| | - Emily Brook
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Australia
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Arlene Chan
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia.,Hollywood Private Hospital, Breast Clinical Trials Unit, Breast Cancer Research Centre-Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Australia
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16
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PEDF peptides promote photoreceptor survival in rd10 retina models. Exp Eye Res 2019; 184:24-29. [PMID: 30980815 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the protective properties of PEDF peptide fragments on rd10 mouse models of retinal degeneration ex vivo. Human recombinant PEDF and synthetic peptides were used. Rd10 retinal explants as well as wild-type retinal explants treated with zaprinast to mimic the rd10 photoreceptor cell death were employed. PEDF protein was intravitreally administered into rd10 mice. Outer nuclear layer thickness measurements in retinal sections, TUNEL labeling in retinal explants, western blots and immunofluorescence with retinal samples were performed. PEDF protein levels in the RPE of rd10 mice decreased with age (P15 - P25). Levels of PEDF receptor PEDF-R declined in the photoreceptor inner segments from rd10 relative to wild-type mice at P25. PEDF administration increased the outer nuclear layer thickness of rd10 retinas in vivo and decreased the number of TUNEL+ nuclei of photoreceptors in rd10 retinal explant cultures, both relative to untreated controls. Peptides containing the PEDF neurotrophic region decreased the number of TUNEL+ photoreceptors in both rd10 and zaprinast-induced cell death ex vivo models, while peptides without the neurotrophic region and/or lacking affinity for PEDF-R were ineffective in protecting photoreceptors. Thus, retinal explants are a valuable system to evaluate PEDF activity. Short peptides with the photoreceptor-protective property of PEDF may prove useful for the development of therapeutic agents for photoreceptor protection in retinal degenerations.
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17
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Masuda N, Tsujinaka H, Hirai H, Yamashita M, Ueda T, Ogata N. Effects of concentration of amyloid β (Aβ) on viability of cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. BMC Ophthalmol 2019; 19:70. [PMID: 30849957 PMCID: PMC6408759 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-019-1076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amyloid beta (Aβ) is a constituent of drusen that is a common sign of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Aβ on human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in culture. Methods Cells from a human RPE cell line (ARPE-19) were exposed to 0 to 25 μM of Aβ 1–40 for 48 h, and the number of living cells was determined by WST-8 cleavage. Replicative DNA synthesis was measured by the incorporation of 5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine. The cell death pathway was investigated by the WST-8 cleavage assay after the addition of caspase-9 inhibitor, an anti-apoptotic factor. Real-time qRT-PCR was performed using Aβ-exposed cellular RNA to determine the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF). To determine the effect of receptor-for-advanced glycation end products (RAGE), the siRNA for RAGE was inserted into ARPE-19 treated with Aβ, and the levels of expression of VEGF-A and PEDF were determined. Results The number of living ARPE-19 cells was increased by exposure to 5 μM Aβ but was decreased by exposure to 25 μM of Aβ. Replicative DNA synthesis by ARPE-19 cells exposed to 25 μM of Aβ was significantly decreased indicating that 25 μM of Aβ inhibited cell proliferation. Real-time RT-PCR showed that the level of the mRNA of PEDF was increased by exposure to 5 μM Aβ, and the levels of the mRNAs of PEDF and VEGF-A were also increased by exposure to 25 μM Aβ. The addition of an inhibitor of caspase-9 blocked the decrease the number of ARPE-19 cells exposed to 25 μM Aβ. Exposure to si-RAGE attenuated the increase of VEGF-A and PEDF mRNA expression in ARPE-19 exposed to Aβ. Conclusions Exposure of ARPE-19 cells to low concentrations of Aβ increases the level of PEDF which then inhibits the apoptosis of ARPE-19 cells leading to RPE cell proliferation. Exposure to high concentrations of Aβ induces RPE cell death and enhances the expression of the mRNA of VEGF-A in RPE cells. The Aβ-RAGE pathway may lead to the expression VEGF-A and PEDF in RPE cells. These results suggest that Aβ is strongly related to the pathogenesis of choroidal neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naonori Masuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tsujinaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Hirai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Mariko Yamashita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ueda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Nahoko Ogata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8522, Japan.
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18
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Chen Y, Yang J, Geng H, Li L, Li J, Cheng B, Ma X, Li H, Hou L. Photoreceptor degeneration in microphthalmia ( Mitf) mice: partial rescue by pigment epithelium-derived factor. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/1/dmm035642. [PMID: 30651300 PMCID: PMC6361154 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction and loss of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are hallmarks of retinal degeneration, but the underlying pathogenetic processes are only partially understood. Using mice with a null mutation in the transcription factor gene Mitf, in which RPE deficiencies are associated with retinal degeneration, we evaluated the role of trophic factors secreted by the RPE in retinal homeostasis. In such mice, the thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) is as in wild type up to postnatal day 10, but then is progressively reduced, associated with a marked increase in the number of apoptotic cells and a decline in staining for rhodopsin. We show that retinal degeneration and decrease in rhodopsin staining can be prevented partially in three different ways: first, by recombining mutant-derived postnatal retina with postnatal wild-type RPE in tissue explant cultures; second, by adding to cultured mutant retina the trophic factor pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF; also known as SERPINF1), which is normally produced in RPE under the control of Mitf; and third, by treating the eyes of Mitf mutant mice in vivo with drops containing a bioactive PEDF 17-mer peptide. This latter treatment also led to marked increases in a number of rod and cone genes. The results indicate that RPE-derived trophic factors, in particular PEDF, are instrumental in retinal homeostasis, and suggest that PEDF or its bioactive fragments may have therapeutic potential in RPE deficiency-associated retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Huiqin Geng
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Liping Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Jinyang Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Bing Cheng
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Xiaoyin Ma
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Huirong Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Ling Hou
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
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19
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Zhang W, Cui X, Gao Y, Sun L, Wang J, Yang Y, Liu X, Li Y, Guo X, Sun D. Role of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) on arsenic-induced neuronal apoptosis. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:925-931. [PMID: 30408888 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to high levels of arsenic is closely associated with nervous system disorders that harm learning, memory, and intelligence. Studies have shown that the primary characteristic of brain damage is neuronal apoptosis. Arsenic induces apoptosis in a variety of nerve cells. Therefore, substance that inhibit apoptosis promise to mitigate arsenic toxicity. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is widely distributed in brain tissues and has various effects on neurons, including induction of apoptosis. Our previous study suggested that PEDF might augment arsenic-induced apoptosis in rat brains. In this study of 151 adults with normal, mild, moderate, and high exposure to arsenic, the measured serum PEDF levels were 15.46 ± 5.87 ng/mL, 17.33 ± 8.22 ng/mL, 19.43 ± 9.51 ng/mL and 21.65 ± 14.46 ng/mL, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed an independent positive correlation between serum PEDF levels and arsenic exposure in drinking water. To study the underlying mechanism of arsenic-induced apoptosis, we exposed PEDF-transfected PC12 cells to NaAsO2. We discovered that NaAsO2--induced mitochondrial apoptosis was enhanced in cells that over expressed PEDF. Moreover, p53 up regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) gene and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein were primary factors in the progression of arsenic-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our results suggest that PEDF inhibition might mitigate arsenic toxicity to nerve cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiaohui Cui
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yanhui Gao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, China
| | - Liyan Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiangnan Guo
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, China
| | - Dianjun Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, China.
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20
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Cao L, Liu J, Pu J, Milne G, Chen M, Xu H, Shipley A, Forrester JV, McCaig CD, Lois N. Polarized retinal pigment epithelium generates electrical signals that diminish with age and regulate retinal pathology. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5552-5564. [PMID: 30160348 PMCID: PMC6201363 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transepithelial potential difference (TEP) across the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) is dependent on ionic pumps and tight junction "seals" between epithelial cells. RPE cells release neurotrophic growth factors such as pigment epithelial derived factor (PEDF), which is reduced in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The mechanisms that control the secretion of PEDF from RPE cells are not well understood. Using the CCL2/CX3CR1 double knockout mouse model (DKO), which demonstrates RPE damage and retinal degeneration, we uncovered an interaction between PEDF and the TEP which is likely to play an important role in retinal ageing and in the pathogenesis of AMD. We found that: (a) the expression of ATP1B1 (the Na+ /K+ -ATPase β1 subunit) was reduced significantly in RPE from aged mice, in patients with CNV (Choroidal Neovascularization) and in DKO mice; (b) the expression of PEDF also was decreased in aged persons and in DKO mice; (c) the TEP across RPE was reduced markedly in RPE cells from DKO mice and (d) an applied electric field (EF) of 50-100 mV/mm, used to mimic the natural TEP, increased the expression and secretion of PEDF in primary RPE cells. In conclusion, the TEP across the RPE depends on the expression of ATP1B1 and this regulates the secretion of PEDF by RPE cells and so may regulate the onset of retinal disease. Increasing the expression of PEDF using an applied EF to replenish a disease or age-reduced TEP may offer a new way of preventing or reversing retinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cao
- School of MedicineMedical Sciences and NutritionInstitute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
- Yizhou International Proton Medical Centre and Cancer HospitalHe BeiChina
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of OphthalmologyFrist Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Jin Pu
- School of MedicineMedical Sciences and NutritionInstitute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Gillian Milne
- School of MedicineMedical Sciences and NutritionInstitute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Mei Chen
- Wellcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's UniversityBelfastUK
| | - Heping Xu
- Wellcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's UniversityBelfastUK
| | - Alan Shipley
- Biological Research & DevelopmentUniversity of New EnglandBiddefordMaine
| | - John V Forrester
- School of MedicineMedical Sciences and NutritionInstitute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Colin D McCaig
- School of MedicineMedical Sciences and NutritionInstitute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Noemi Lois
- Wellcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's UniversityBelfastUK
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21
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Comitato A, Subramanian P, Turchiano G, Montanari M, Becerra SP, Marigo V. Pigment epithelium-derived factor hinders photoreceptor cell death by reducing intracellular calcium in the degenerating retina. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:560. [PMID: 29752430 PMCID: PMC5948223 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcium ions play a critical role in neuronal cell death. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a promising neuroprotective protein for photoreceptor cells but the mechanisms mediating its effects against retinal degeneration are still not well characterized. We addressed this question in the rd1 degenerating mouse retina that bears a mutation in the Pde6b gene encoding one subunit of the phosphodiesterase enzyme. Loss of phosphodiesterase activity in rod photoreceptor cells increases cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels leading to a rise in intracellular calcium. Short-term treatments with recombinant human PEDF protein decreased intracellular calcium in photoreceptors in vivo. Taking advantage of calcium pump blockers, we defined that PEDF signaling acts on PMCA calcium pumps to lower intracellular calcium. PEDF restrained cell death pathways activated by high calcium levels and engaging calpains, BAX and AIF. The neurotrophic effects were mediated by the PEDF receptor (PEDF-R), encoded by the PNPLA2 gene. Finally, peptides containing the neurotrophic domain of PEDF targeted these same cell death pathways in vivo. The findings reveal rescue from death of degenerating photoreceptor cells by a PEDF-mediated preservation of intracellular calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Comitato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Preeti Subramanian
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Giandomenico Turchiano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Institute for Cell and Gene Therapy & Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Monica Montanari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - S Patricia Becerra
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Valeria Marigo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. .,Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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22
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Ding DC, Wen YT, Tsai RK. Pigment epithelium-derived factor from ARPE19 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells in serum-free medium. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e411. [PMID: 29244789 PMCID: PMC5750476 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical expansion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is hampered by the lack of knowledge regarding how to prevent MSC apoptosis and promote their proliferation in serum-free medium. Our in vitro studies demonstrated that human umbilical cord MSCs (HUCMSCs) underwent apoptosis in the serum-free medium. When HUCMSCs were co-cultured with retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE19), however, HUCMSCs exhibited normal growth and morphology in serum-free medium. Their colony formation was promoted by the conditioned medium (CM) of ARPE19 cells on Matrigel. Proteomics analysis showed that pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) was one of the most abundant extracellular proteins in the ARPE19 CM, whereas enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed that large amounts of PEDF was secreted from ARPE19 cells. Adding anti-PEDF-blocking antibodies to the co-culture of HUCMSCs with ARPE19 cells increased apoptosis of HUCMSCs. Conversely, treatment with PEDF significantly reduced apoptosis and increased proliferation of HUCMSCs in serum-free medium. PEDF was further demonstrated to exert this anti-apoptotic effect by inhibiting P53 expression to suppress caspase activation. In vivo studies demonstrated that co-injection of HUCMSCs with ARPE19 cells in immunocompromised NOD-SCID mice also increased survival and decreased apoptosis of HUCMSCs. PEDF also showed no negative effect on the mesoderm differentiation capability of HUCMSCs. In conclusion, this study is the first to demonstrate that PEDF promotes HUCMSC proliferation and protects them from apoptosis by reducing p53 expression in the serum-free medium. This study provides crucial information for clinical-scale expansion of HUCMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dah-Ching Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Tseng Wen
- Institute of Eye Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Kung Tsai
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Institute of Eye Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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23
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Baranov P, Lin H, McCabe K, Gale D, Cai S, Lieppman B, Morrow D, Lei P, Liao J, Young M. A Novel Neuroprotective Small Molecule for Glial Cell Derived Neurotrophic Factor Induction and Photoreceptor Rescue. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:412-422. [PMID: 28441076 PMCID: PMC5911694 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Degenerative diseases of the retina, such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration, are characterized by the irreversible loss of photoreceptors. Several growth factors, including glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), have been shown to rescue retinal neurons. An alternative strategy to direct GDNF administration is its induction in host retina by small molecules. Here we studied the ability of a novel small molecule GSK812 to induce GDNF in vitro/in vivo and rescue photoreceptors. METHODS GDNF induction in vitro was assessed in human ARPE-19, human retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and mouse pluripotent cell-derived eyecups. For time course pharmacokinetic and GDNF induction studies in C57Bl/6 mice, GSK812 sustained release formulation was injected intravitreally. The same delivery approach was used in the rhodopsin knockout mice and Royal College of Surgeon (RCS) rats to assess long-term GDNF induction and photoreceptor rescue. RESULTS The suspension provided sustained GSK812 delivery with 28 μg of drug remaining in the eye 2 weeks after a single injection. GSK812 suspension injection in C57Bl/6 mice resulted in significant upregulation of GDNF mRNA (>1.8-fold) and protein levels (>2.8-fold). Importantly, GSK812 treatment resulted in outer nuclear layer preservation in rho-/- mice with a 2-fold difference in photoreceptor number. In the RCS rat, the GSK812 injection provided long-term rescue of photoreceptors and outer segments, accompanied by function preservation as well. CONCLUSIONS GSK812 is a potent neuroprotectant that can induce GDNF in normal and diseased retina. This induction results in photoreceptor rescue in 2 models of retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Baranov
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, an affiliate of Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hong Lin
- GlaxoSmithKline LLC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - David Gale
- GlaxoSmithKline LLC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Burke Lieppman
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, an affiliate of Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Phoebe Lei
- GlaxoSmithKline LLC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Justin Liao
- GlaxoSmithKline LLC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Young
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, an affiliate of Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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PEDF Inhibits the Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Hypoxia Cardiomyocytes through PEDF Receptor/Phospholipase A2. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122064. [PMID: 27973457 PMCID: PMC5187864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been linked to sterile inflammation, which is involved in ischemic injury in myocardial cells. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional secreted glycoprotein with many biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-angiogenic properties. However, it is not known whether and how PEDF acts to regulate the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiomyocytes. In the present study, we used the neonatal cardiomyocytes models of ischemia-like conditions to evaluate the mitochondrial fission and the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. We also determined the mechanism by which PEDF inhibits hypoxia-induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. We found that PEDF decreased the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in neonatal cardiomyocytes through pigment epithelial-derived factor receptor/calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (PEDFR/iPLA2). Meanwhile, PEDF reduced Drp1-induced mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial fission-induced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), as well as mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) release into cytosol through PEDFR/iPLA2. We also found that PEDF inhibited mitochondrial fission-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, previous research has found that endogenous cytosolic mtDNA and mtROS can serve as activators of NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that PEDF can protect against hypoxia-induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by inhibiting mitochondrial fission though PEDFR/iPLA2.
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Zhang WM, Zhang ZR, Zhang YG, Gao YS. Neural Stem Cell-based Intraocular Administration of Pigment Epithelium-derived Factor Promotes Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Axon Regeneration after Optic Nerve Crush Injury in Rat: An Experimental Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 41:382-90. [PMID: 27582587 PMCID: PMC4967482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is regarded as a multifunctional protein possessing neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties. PEDF has a very short half-life, and it would require multiple injections to maintain a therapeutically relevant level without a delivery system. However, multiple injections are prone to cause local damage or infection. To overcome this, we chose a cell-based system that provided sustained delivery of PEDF and compared the effect of weekly injections of PEDF and neural stem cell (NSC)-based intraocular administration of PEDF on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve injury. METHODS Seventy-two rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups: group with injections of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (n=24), group with weekly injections of PEDF (n=24), and group with NSC-based administration of PEDF (n=24). Western blot was used to analyze the PEDF protein level 2 weeks after injection. Retinal flat mounts and immunohistochemistry were employed to analyze RGC survival and axon regeneration 2 weeks and 4 weeks after injection. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA in SPSS (version 19.0). A P<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The PEDF protein level in the group with NSC-based administration of PEDF increased compared with that in the groups with injections of PEDF and PBS (P<0.05). The PEDF-modified NSCs differentiated into GFAP-positive astrocytes andβ-tubulin-III-positive neurons. NSC-based administration of PEDF effectively increased RGC survival and improved the axon regeneration of the optic nerve compared with weekly injections of PEDF. CONCLUSION Subretinal space transplantation of PEDF-secreting NSCs sustained high concentrations of PEDF, differentiated into neurons and astrocytes, and significantly promoted RGC survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, China
| | - Zhi-Ren Zhang
- Department of Medical Administration, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, China,Correspondence: Zhi-Ren Zhang, MD; Department of Medical Administration, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000, China Tel: +86 369 2726911 Fax: +86 396 2726209
| | - Yong-Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, China
| | - Yan-Sheng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, China
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Salvianolic acid B ameliorates depressive-like behaviors in chronic mild stress-treated mice: involvement of the neuroinflammatory pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1141-53. [PMID: 27424655 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating mental disorder associated with dysfunction of the neurotransmitter-neuroendocrine system and neuroinflammatory responses. Salvianolic acid B (SalB) has shown a variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. In this study, we examined whether SalB produced antidepressant-like actions in a chronic mild stress (CMS) mouse model, and explored the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant-like actions of SalB. METHODS Mice were subjected to a CMS paradigm for 6 weeks. In the last 3 weeks the mice were daily administered SalB (20 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), ip) or a positive control drug imipramine (20 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), ip). The depressant-like behaviors were evaluated using the sucrose preference test, the forced swimming test (FST), and the tail suspension test (TST). The gene expression of cytokines in the hippocampus and cortex was analyzed with RT-PCR. Plasma corticosterone (CORT) and cerebral cytokines levels were assayed with an ELISA kit. Neural apoptosis and microglial activation in brain tissues were detected using immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Administration of SalB or imipramine reversed the reduced sucrose preference ratio of CMS-treated mice, and significantly decreased their immobility time in the FST and TST. Administration of SalB significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, and markedly increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β in the hippocampus and cortex of CMS-treated mice, and normalized their elevated plasma CORT levels, whereas administration of imipramine did not significantly affect the imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and cortex of CMS-treated mice. Finally, administration of SalB significantly decreased CMS-induced apoptosis and microglia activation in the hippocampus and cortex, whereas administration of imipramine had no significant effect on CMS-induced apoptosis and microglia activation in the hippocampus and cortex. CONCLUSION SalB exerts potent antidepressant-like effects in CMS-induced mouse model of depression, which is associated with the inhibiting microglia-related apoptosis in the hippocampus and the cortex.
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Polato F, Becerra SP. Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor, a Protective Factor for Photoreceptors in Vivo. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 854:699-706. [PMID: 26427478 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17121-0_93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a natural protein of the retina with demonstrable neurotrophic properties, found in the interphotoreceptor matrix in intimate contact with photoreceptors. This review summarizes the effects of PEDF on photoreceptors in several animal models of retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Polato
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, NIH-NEI BG.6. Room 134. 6 Center Drive MSC 0608, 20892-0608, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - S Patricia Becerra
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, NIH-NEI BG.6. Room 134. 6 Center Drive MSC 0608, 20892-0608, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Rajagopal A, Homan EP, Joeng KS, Suzuki M, Bertin T, Cela R, Munivez E, Dawson B, Jiang MM, Gannon F, Crawford S, Lee BH. Restoration of the serum level of SERPINF1 does not correct the bone phenotype in Serpinf1 null mice. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 117:378-82. [PMID: 26693895 PMCID: PMC4788589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a group of genetic disorders characterized by bone fragility and deformity. OI type VI is unique owing to the mineralization defects observed in patient biopsies. Furthermore, it has been reported to respond less well to standard therapy with bisphosphonates [1]. Others and we have previously identified SERPINF1 mutations in patients with OI type VI. SERPINF1 encodes pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF), a secreted collagen-binding glycoprotein that is absent in the sera of patients with OI type VI. Serpinf1 null mice show increased osteoid and decreased bone mass, and thus recapitulate the OI type VI phenotype. We tested whether restoration of circulating PEDF in the blood could correct the phenotype of OI type VI in the context of protein replacement. To do so, we utilized a helper-dependent adenoviral vector (HDAd) to express human SERPINF1 in the mouse liver and assessed whether PEDF secreted from the liver was able to rescue the bone phenotype observed in Serpinf1(-/-) mice. We confirmed that expression of SERPINF1 in the liver restored the serum level of PEDF. We also demonstrated that PEDF secreted from the liver was biologically active by showing the expected metabolic effects of increased adiposity and impaired glucose tolerance in Serpinf1(-/-) mice. Interestingly, overexpression of PEDF in vitro increased mineralization with a concomitant increase in the expression of bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein, alkaline phosphatase and collagen, type I, alpha I, but the increased serum PEDF level did not improve the bone phenotype of Serpinf1(-/-) mice. These results suggest that PEDF may function in a context-dependent and paracrine fashion in bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbhirami Rajagopal
- Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
| | - Erica P Homan
- Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
| | - Kyu Sang Joeng
- Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
| | - Terry Bertin
- Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
| | - Racel Cela
- Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
| | - Elda Munivez
- Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
| | - Brian Dawson
- Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
| | - Ming-Ming Jiang
- Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
| | - Frank Gannon
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
| | - Susan Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, School of Medicine, United States
| | - Brendan H Lee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, United States.
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Wang Y, Hanus JW, Abu-Asab MS, Shen D, Ogilvy A, Ou J, Chu XK, Shi G, Li W, Wang S, Chan CC. NLRP3 Upregulation in Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E73. [PMID: 26760997 PMCID: PMC4730317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and possibly associated with an activation of neuronal apoptosis inhibitor protein/class II transcription activator of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)/heterokaryon incompatibility/telomerase-associated protein 1, leucine-rich repeat or nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing family, and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. In the present study, we used a translational approach to address this hypothesis. In patients with AMD, we observed increased mRNA levels of NLRP3, pro-interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and pro-IL-18 in AMD lesions of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor. In vitro, a similar increase was evoked by oxidative stress or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in the adult retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cell line, and the increase was reduced in siRNA transfected cells to knockdown NLRP3. Ultrastructural studies of ARPE-19 cells showed a swelling of the cytoplasm, mitochondrial damage, and occurrence of autophagosome-like structures. NLRP3 positive dots were detected within autophagosome-like structures or in the extracellular space. Next, we used a mouse model of AMD, Ccl2/Cx3cr1 double knockout on rd8 background (DKO rd8) to ascertain the in vivo relevance. Ultrastructural studies of the RPE of these mice showed damaged mitochondria, autophagosome-like structures, and cytoplasmic vacuoles, which are reminiscent of the pathology seen in stressed ARPE-19 cells. The data suggest that the NLRP3 inflammasome may contribute in AMD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wang
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Jakub W Hanus
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Mones S Abu-Asab
- Histopathology Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Defen Shen
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Alexander Ogilvy
- Histopathology Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jingxing Ou
- Unit on Retinal Neurophysiology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Xi K Chu
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Guangpu Shi
- Experimental Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Wei Li
- Unit on Retinal Neurophysiology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Shusheng Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- Histopathology Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Tuo J, Wang Y, Cheng R, Li Y, Chen M, Qiu F, Qian H, Shen D, Penalva R, Xu H, Ma JX, Chan CC. Wnt signaling in age-related macular degeneration: human macular tissue and mouse model. J Transl Med 2015; 13:330. [PMID: 26476672 PMCID: PMC4609061 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0683-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The wingless-type MMTV integration site (Wnt) signaling is a group of signal transduction pathways. In canonical Wnt pathway, Wnt ligands bind to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 or 6 (LRP5 or LRP6), resulting in phosphorylation and activation of the receptor. We hypothesize that canonical Wnt pathway plays a role in the retinal lesion of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of irreversible central visual loss in elderly. Methods We examined LRP6 phosphorylation and Wnt signaling cascade in human retinal sections and plasma kallistatin, an endogenous inhibitor of the Wnt pathway in AMD patients and non-AMD subjects. We also used the Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/−/rd8 and Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1gfp/gfp mouse models with AMD-like retinal degeneration to further explore the involvement of Wnt signaling activation in the retinal lesions in those models and to preclinically evaluate the role of Wnt signaling suppression as a potential therapeutic option for AMD. Results We found higher levels of LRP6 (a key Wnt signaling receptor) protein phosphorylation and transcripts of the Wnt pathway-targeted genes, as well as higher beta-catenin protein in AMD macula compared to controls. Kallistatin was decreased in the plasma of AMD patients. Retinal non-phosphorylated-β-catenin and phosphorylated-LRP6 were higher in Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/−/rd8 mice than that in wild type. Intravitreal administration of an anti-LRP6 antibody slowed the progression of retinal lesions in Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/−/rd8 and Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1gfp/gfp mice. Electroretinography of treated eyes exhibited larger amplitudes compared to controls in both mouse models. A2E, a retinoid byproduct associated with AMD was lower in the treated eyes of Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/−/rd8 mice. Anti-LRP6 also suppressed the expression of Tnf-α and Icam-1 in Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/−/rd8 retinas. Conclusions Wnt signaling may be disturbed in AMD patients, which could contribute to the retinal inflammation and increased A2E levels found in AMD. Aberrant activation of canonical Wnt signaling might also contribute to the focal retinal degenerative lesions of mouse models with Ccl2 and Cx3cr1 deficiency, and intravitreal administration of anti-LRP6 antibody could be beneficial by deactivating the canonical Wnt pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0683-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Tuo
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10, Rm. 10N103, NIH/NEI, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA.
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10, Rm. 10N103, NIH/NEI, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA.
| | - Rui Cheng
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Yichao Li
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Mei Chen
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Fangfang Qiu
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Haohua Qian
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Defen Shen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10, Rm. 10N103, NIH/NEI, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA.
| | - Rosana Penalva
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10, Rm. 10N103, NIH/NEI, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA.
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Ding S, Wang W, Wang X, Liang Y, Liu L, Ye Y, Yang J, Gao H, Zhuge Q. Dopamine Burden Triggers Neurodegeneration via Production and Release of TNF-α from Astrocytes in Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5324-43. [PMID: 26433377 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA)-induced learning and memory impairment is well documented in minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), but the contribution of DA to neurodegeneration and the involved underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, the effect of DA on neuronal apoptosis was initially detected. The results showed that MHE/DA (10 μg)-treated rats displayed neuronal apoptosis. However, we found that DA (10 μM) treatment did not induce evident apoptosis in primary cultured neurons (PCNs) but did produce TNF-α in primary cultured astrocytes (PCAs). Furthermore, co-cultures between PCAs and PCNs exposed to DA exhibited increased astrocytic TNF-α levels and neuronal apoptosis compared with co-cultures exposed to the vehicle, indicating the attribution of the neuronal apoptosis to astrocytic TNF-α. We also demonstrated that DA enhanced TNF-α production from astrocytes by activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, and secreted astrocytic TNF-α-potentiated neuronal apoptosis through inactivation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Overall, the findings from this study suggest that DA stimulates substantial production and secretion of astrocytic TNF-α, consequently and indirectly triggering progressive neurodegeneration, resulting in cognitive decline and memory loss in MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidan Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Department of Surgery Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weikan Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Department of Surgery Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Department of Surgery Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Leping Liu
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiru Ye
- School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Neurosurgery Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Neurosurgery Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.
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Kenealey J, Subramanian P, Comitato A, Bullock J, Keehan L, Polato F, Hoover D, Marigo V, Becerra SP. Small Retinoprotective Peptides Reveal a Receptor-binding Region on Pigment Epithelium-derived Factor. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25241-53. [PMID: 26304116 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.645846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoprotective effects of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) require interactions between an as of a yet undefined region with a distinct ectodomain on the PEDF receptor (PEDF-R). Here we characterized the area in PEDF that interacts with PEDF-R to promote photoreceptor survival. Molecular docking studies suggested that the ligand binding site of PEDF-R interacts with the neurotrophic region of PEDF (44-mer, positions 78-121). Binding assays demonstrated that PEDF-R bound the 44-mer peptide. Moreover, peptide P1 from the PEDF-R ectodomain had affinity for the 44-mer and a shorter fragment within it, 17-mer (positions 98-114). Single residue substitutions to alanine along the 17-mer sequence were designed and tested for binding and biological activity. Altered 17-mer[R99A] did not bind to the P1 peptide, whereas 17-mer[H105A] had higher affinity than the unmodified 17-mer. Peptides 17-mer, 17-mer[H105A], and 44-mer exhibited cytoprotective effects in cultured retina R28 cells. Intravitreal injections of these peptides and PEDF in the rd1 mouse model of retinal degeneration decreased the numbers of dying photoreceptors, 17-mer[H105A] being most effective. The blocking peptide P1 hindered their protective effects both in retina cells and in vivo. Thus, in addition to demonstrating that the region composed of positions 98-114 of PEDF contains critical residues for PEDF-R interaction that mediates survival effects, the findings reveal distinct small PEDF fragments with neurotrophic effects on photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonella Comitato
- the Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy, and
| | - Jeanee Bullock
- From the National Eye Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | | | | | - David Hoover
- the Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Valeria Marigo
- the Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy, and
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PEDF and its roles in physiological and pathological conditions: implication in diabetic and hypoxia-induced angiogenic diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:805-23. [PMID: 25881671 PMCID: PMC4557399 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a broadly expressed multifunctional member of the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) family. This widely studied protein plays critical roles in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, including neuroprotection, angiogenesis, fibrogenesis and inflammation. The present review summarizes the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of PEDF in a variety of developing and adult organs, and discusses its functions in maintaining physiological homoeostasis. The major focus of the present review is to discuss the implication of PEDF in diabetic and hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, and the pathways mediating PEDF's effects under these conditions. Furthermore, the regulatory mechanisms of PEDF expression, function and degradation are also reviewed. Finally, the therapeutic potential of PEDF as an anti-angiogenic drug is briefly summarized.
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Ishikawa M, Sawada Y, Yoshitomi T. Structure and function of the interphotoreceptor matrix surrounding retinal photoreceptor cells. Exp Eye Res 2015; 133:3-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Gene Therapy with Endogenous Inhibitors of Angiogenesis for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Beyond Anti-VEGF Therapy. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:201726. [PMID: 25821585 PMCID: PMC4363820 DOI: 10.1155/2015/201726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of substantial and irreversible vision loss amongst elderly populations in industrialized countries. The advanced neovascular (or “wet”) form of the disease is responsible for severe and aggressive loss of central vision. Current treatments aim to seal off leaky blood vessels via laser therapy or to suppress vessel leakage and neovascular growth through intraocular injections of antibodies that target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, the long-term success of anti-VEGF therapy can be hampered by limitations such as low or variable efficacy, high frequency of administration (usually monthly), potentially serious side effects, and, most importantly, loss of efficacy with prolonged treatment. Gene transfer of endogenous antiangiogenic proteins is an alternative approach that has the potential to provide long-term suppression of neovascularization and/or excessive vascular leakage in the eye. Preclinical studies of gene transfer in a large animal model have provided impressive preliminary results with a number of transgenes. In addition, a clinical trial in patients suffering from advanced neovascular AMD has provided proof-of-concept for successful gene transfer. In this mini review, we summarize current theories pertaining to the application of gene therapy for neovascular AMD and the potential benefits when used in conjunction with endogenous antiangiogenic proteins.
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Future therapies of wet age-related macular degeneration. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:138070. [PMID: 25802751 PMCID: PMC4354726 DOI: 10.1155/2015/138070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly population, and the prevalence of the disease increases exponentially with every decade after the age of 50 years. While VEGF inhibitors are promising drugs for treating patients with ocular neovascularization, there are limitations to their potential for improving vision in AMD patients. Thus, future therapies are required to have the potential to improve visual outcomes. This paper will summarize the future strategies and therapeutic targets that are aimed at enhancing the efficacy and duration of effect of antiangiogenic strategies.
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Zhang H, Sun T, Jiang X, Yu H, Wang M, Wei T, Cui H, Zhuang W, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Dong H. PEDF and PEDF-derived peptide 44mer stimulate cardiac triglyceride degradation via ATGL. J Transl Med 2015; 13:68. [PMID: 25890298 PMCID: PMC4344780 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a 50-kDa secreted glycoprotein that is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes. A variety of peptides derived from PEDF exerts diverse physiological activities including anti-angiogenesis, antivasopermeability, and neurotrophic activities. Recent studies demonstrated that segmental functional peptides of PEDF, 44mer peptide (Val78-Thr121), show similar neurotrophic and cytoprotective effect to that of the holoprotein. We found that PEDF can reduce infarct size and protect cardiac function after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the effects of PEDF on cardiac triglyceride (TG) accumulation after AMI remain unknown. The present study was performed to demonstrate the influence of PEDF and its functional peptides 44mer on TG degradation in AMI. METHODS The left ascending coronary artery (LAD) was ligated to induce AMI. PEDF-small interfering RNA (siRNA)-lentivirus (PEDF-RNAi-LV) or PEDF-LV was delivered to the ischemic myocardium in order to knock down or overexpress PEDF, respectively. Oil Red O staining and a TG assay kit were used to analyze the TG content in cardiomyocytes and infarcted areas. RESULTS The TG content significantly decreased in the PEDF-overexpressing heart compared to the sham group (P < 0.05). Both rPEDF and 44mer administration stimulate the TG degradation in cultured cardiomyocytes (P < 0.05). Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)-specific inhibitor, atglistatin, attenuated the PEDF or 44mer-induced TG lipolysis activation of cardiomyocytes at 10 μmol/L. The effects of PEDF and 44mer on myocardial TG degradation were also abolished when ATGL was downregulated. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that PEDF and 44mer promote TG degradation in cardiomyocytes after AMI via ATGL. The substitution of PEDF and 44mer may be a novel therapeutic strategy for cardiac TG accumulation after AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221006, China.
| | - Teng Sun
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221006, China.
| | - Xia Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221006, China.
| | - Hongli Yu
- Research Facility Center for Morphology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Meng Wang
- Research Facility Center for Morphology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Tengteng Wei
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221006, China.
| | - Huazhu Cui
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221006, China.
| | - Wei Zhuang
- Research Facility Center for Morphology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Research Facility Center for Morphology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221006, China.
| | - Hongyan Dong
- Research Facility Center for Morphology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
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Balasubramanian SA, Krishna Kumar K, Baird PN. The role of proteases and inflammatory molecules in triggering neovascular age-related macular degeneration: basic science to clinical relevance. Transl Res 2014; 164:179-92. [PMID: 24794954 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) causes severe vision impairment in aged individuals. The health impact and cost of the disease will dramatically increase over the years, with the increase in the aging population. Currently, antivascular endothelial growth factor agents are routinely used for managing late-stage AMD, and recent data have shown that up to 15%-33% of patients do not respond to this treatment. Henceforth, there is a need to develop better treatment options. One avenue is to investigate the role proteases and inflammatory molecules might have in regulating and being regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor. Moreover, emerging data indicate that proteases and inflammatory molecules might be critical in the development and progression of AMD. This article reviews recent literature that investigates proteases and inflammatory molecules involved in the development of AMD. Gaining insights into the proteolytic and inflammatory pathways associated with the pathophysiology of AMD could enable the development of additional or alternative drug strategies for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaraman A Balasubramanian
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Kaavya Krishna Kumar
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul N Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Gao X, Zhang H, Zhuang W, Yuan G, Sun T, Jiang X, Zhou Z, Yuan H, Zhang Z, Dong H. PEDF and PEDF-derived peptide 44mer protect cardiomyocytes against hypoxia-induced apoptosis and necroptosis via anti-oxidative effect. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5637. [PMID: 25012184 PMCID: PMC4092347 DOI: 10.1038/srep05637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has many biological activities. But it's not known whether PEDF and its functional peptides could protect against hypoxia-induced cell death and the mechanisms are still unclear. We used cultured H9c2 cells and primary cardiomyocytes to show that apoptosis and necroptosis were significantly increased after hypoxia. Both PEDF and its fuctional peptides 44mer reduced apoptosis and necroptosis rates and inhibited the expression of cleaved caspase 3 and receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3). Furthermore, PEDF and 44mer could up-regulate super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels, promote clearing of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA). While, 34mer, another functional peptides had no effect on cell apoptosis and necroptosis. Hereby this is the first evidence that PEDF and its functional peptide 44mer protect cultured H9c2 cells and primary cardiomyocytes against apoptosis and necroptosis under hypoxic condition via the anti-oxidative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gao
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221002
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221002
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Wei Zhuang
- Center of Neurobiological Research, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221004
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Guangda Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221002
| | - Teng Sun
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221002
| | - Xia Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221002
| | - Zhongxin Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221002
| | - Honghua Yuan
- Center of Neurobiological Research, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221004
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221002
| | - Hongyan Dong
- Center of Neurobiological Research, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221004
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Bertolotti E, Neri A, Camparini M, Macaluso C, Marigo V. Stem cells as source for retinal pigment epithelium transplantation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 42:130-44. [PMID: 24933042 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inherited maculopathies, age related macular degeneration and some forms of retinitis pigmentosa are associated with impaired function or loss of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Among potential treatments, transplantation approaches are particularly promising. The arrangement of RPE cells in a well-defined tissue layer makes the RPE amenable to cell or tissue sheet transplantation. Different cell sources have been suggested for RPE transplantation but the development of a clinical protocol faces several obstacles. The source should provide a sufficient number of cells to at least recover the macula area. Secondly, cells should be plastic enough to be able to integrate in the host tissue. Tissue sheets should be considered as well, but the substrate on which RPE cells are cultured needs to be carefully evaluated. Immunogenicity can also be an obstacle for effective transplantation as well as tumorigenicity of not fully differentiated cells. Finally, ethical concerns may represent drawbacks when embryo-derived cells are proposed for RPE transplantation. Here we discuss different cell sources that became available in recent years and their different properties. We also present data on a new source of human RPE. We provide a protocol for RPE differentiation of retinal stem cells derived from adult ciliary bodies of post-mortem donors. We show molecular characterization of the in vitro differentiated RPE tissue and demonstrate its functionality based on a phagocytosis assay. This new source may provide tissue for allogenic transplantation based on best matches through histocompatibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Bertolotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alberto Neri
- Ophthalmology, S.Bi.Bi.T. Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Monica Camparini
- Ophthalmology, S.Bi.Bi.T. Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudio Macaluso
- Ophthalmology, S.Bi.Bi.T. Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Marigo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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