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Baliyan N, Srivastava A, Rao M, Mishra AK, Bharti H, Khar A, Mangal M. Correlation of stages of microsporogenesis with bud and anther morphology in pepper genotypes through DAPI staining with different levels of mordant in cytological fixative. PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:367-376. [PMID: 37910230 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The haploid and doubled haploid plants serve as valuable tools for breeders due to their ability to expedite the mapping of genes of agronomic importance, as well as accelerate the breeding cycle for generation of novel hybrids and improved homogenous varieties. Successful anther/microspore culture largely depends on the use of microspores at appropriate developmental stages at the time of culture, which can be specific for each plant species and genotype. In the present study, we described the visible morphological characteristics of flower buds and anthers at different developmental stages to identify the optimal microspore stage within the anther/buds of two pepper hybrids, Indra and Lakshmi. This information enabled us to predict the suitable microspore stage for successful haploid production. To enhance the visualization of nuclei in the pepper microspores, different concentrations of FeCl3 were employed as a mordant to Carnoy's fixative I, followed by DAPI staining. A clear and distinct nucleus was observed using DAPI staining procedures in the pepper microspores when fixed in Carnoy's solution containing ferric chloride (40-90 µl) as mordant. The use of mordant thus facilitated the efficient cytological analysis of the pepper microspores. Present results indicate that, to achieve efficient haploid production, flower buds with an average length of 4.4 to 5.02 mm for the hybrid Indra and 5.15 to 5.40 mm for the hybrid Lakshmi should be utilized. Additionally, these buds should have a calyx covering approximately 80-90% of the total bud length. We observed that in such buds, microspores are in the late-uninucleate and early binucleate stage which has been reported to be the most conducive stage for androgenesis induction in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Baliyan
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Arpita Srivastava
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahesh Rao
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Hemlata Bharti
- Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Khar
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Mangal
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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Zhang L, Nie FJ, Gong L, Gan XY, Zhang GH, Liu X, Yang WJ, Shi L, Chen YC, Xie RX, Guo ZQ, Song Y. Regenerative plantlets with improved agronomic characteristics caused by anther culture of tetraploid potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.). PeerJ 2023; 11:e14984. [PMID: 37187528 PMCID: PMC10178354 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective As the primary means of plant-induced haploid, anther culture is of great significance in quickly obtaining pure lines and significantly shortening the potato breeding cycle. Nevertheless, the methods of anther culture of tetraploid potato were still not well established. Methods In this study, 16 potato cultivars (lines) were used for anther culture in vitro. The corresponding relation between the different development stages of microspores and the external morphology of buds was investigated. A highly-efficient anther culture system of tetraploid potatoes was established. Results It was shown in the results that the combined use of 0.5 mg/L 1-Naphthylacetic acid (NAA), 1.0 mg/L 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 1.0 mg/L Kinetin (KT) was the ideal choice of hormone pairing for anther callus. Ten of the 16 potato cultivars examined could be induced callus with their respective anthers, and the induction rate ranged from 4.44% to 22.67% using this hormone combination. According to the outcome from the orthogonal design experiments of four kinds of appendages, we found that the medium with sucrose (40 g/L), AgNO3 (30 mg/L), activated carbon (3 g/L), potato extract (200 g/L) had a promotive induction effect on the anther callus. In contrast, adding 1 mg/L Zeatin (ZT) effectively facilitated callus differentiation. Conclusion Finally, 201 anther culture plantlets were differentiated from 10 potato cultivars. Among these, Qingshu 168 and Ningshu 15 had higher efficiency than anther culture. After identification by flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization, 10 haploid plantlets (5%), 177 tetraploids (88%), and 14 octoploids (7%) were obtained. Some premium anther-cultured plantlets were further selected by morphological and agronomic comparison. Our findings provide important guidance for potato ploidy breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- College of Agriculture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Feng-jie Nie
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiao-yan Gan
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Guo-hui Zhang
- Guyuan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Guyuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Wen-jing Yang
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yu-chao Chen
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Rui-xia Xie
- Guyuan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Guyuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhi-qian Guo
- Guyuan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Guyuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yuxia Song
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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Galán-Ávila A, García-Fortea E, Prohens J, Herraiz FJ. Microgametophyte Development in Cannabis sativa L. and First Androgenesis Induction Through Microspore Embryogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:669424. [PMID: 34113367 PMCID: PMC8186446 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.669424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Development of double haploids is an elusive current breeding objective in Cannabis sativa L. We have studied the whole process of anther and pollen grain formation during meiosis, microsporogenesis, and microgametogenesis and correlated the different microgametophyte developmental stages with bud length in plants from varieties USO31 and Finola. We also studied microspore and pollen amyloplast content and studied the effect of a cold pretreatment to excised buds prior to microspore in vitro culture. Up to 476,903 microspores and pollen grains per male flower, with in vivo microspore viability rates from 53.71 to 70.88% were found. A high uniformity in the developmental stage of microspores and pollen grains contained in anthers was observed, and this allowed the identification of bud length intervals containing mostly vacuolate microspores and young bi-cellular pollen grains. The starch presence in C. sativa microspores and pollen grains follows a similar pattern to that observed in species recalcitrant to androgenesis. Although at a low frequency, cold-shock pretreatment applied on buds can deviate the naturally occurring gametophytic pathway toward an embryogenic development. This represents the first report concerning androgenesis induction in C. sativa, which lays the foundations for double haploid research in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Galán-Ávila
- Ploidy and Genomics S.L., Centro Europeo de Empresas Innovadoras de Valencia, Parc Tecnològic, Valencia, Spain
| | - Edgar García-Fortea
- Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime Prohens
- Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Herraiz
- Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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Berenguer E, Minina EA, Carneros E, B�r�ny I, Bozhkov PV, Testillano PS. Suppression of Metacaspase- and Autophagy-Dependent Cell Death Improves Stress-Induced Microspore Embryogenesis in Brassica napus. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 61:2097-2110. [PMID: 33057654 PMCID: PMC7861468 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microspore embryogenesis is a biotechnological process that allows us to rapidly obtain doubled-haploid plants for breeding programs. The process is initiated by the application of stress treatment, which reprograms microspores to embark on embryonic development. Typically, a part of the microspores undergoes cell death that reduces the efficiency of the process. Metacaspases (MCAs), a phylogenetically broad group of cysteine proteases, and autophagy, the major catabolic process in eukaryotes, are critical regulators of the balance between cell death and survival in various organisms. In this study, we analyzed the role of MCAs and autophagy in cell death during stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in Brassica napus. We demonstrate that this cell death is accompanied by the transcriptional upregulation of three BnMCA genes (BnMCA-Ia, BnMCA-IIa and BnMCA-IIi), an increase in MCA proteolytic activity and the activation of autophagy. Accordingly, inhibition of autophagy and MCA activity, either individually or in combination, suppressed cell death and increased the number of proembryos, indicating that both components play a pro-cell death role and account for decreased efficiency of early embryonic development. Therefore, MCAs and/or autophagy can be used as new biotechnological targets to improve in vitro embryogenesis in Brassica species and doubled-haploid plant production in crop breeding and propagation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Berenguer
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Laboratory, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Elena A Minina
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7015, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Elena Carneros
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Laboratory, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ivett B�r�ny
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Laboratory, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7015, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Laboratory, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Ibáñez S, Carneros E, Testillano PS, Pérez-Pérez JM. Advances in Plant Regeneration: Shake, Rattle and Roll. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E897. [PMID: 32708602 PMCID: PMC7412315 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Some plant cells are able to rebuild new organs after tissue damage or in response to definite stress treatments and/or exogenous hormone applications. Whole plants can develop through de novo organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis. Recent findings have enlarged our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms required for tissue reprogramming during plant regeneration. Genetic analyses also suggest the key role of epigenetic regulation during de novo plant organogenesis. A deeper understanding of plant regeneration might help us to enhance tissue culture optimization, with multiple applications in plant micropropagation and green biotechnology. In this review, we will provide additional insights into the physiological and molecular framework of plant regeneration, including both direct and indirect de novo organ formation and somatic embryogenesis, and we will discuss the key role of intrinsic and extrinsic constraints for cell reprogramming during plant regeneration.
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Grants
- BIO2015-64255-R Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España
- RTI2018-096505-B-I00 Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España
- AGL2017-82447-R Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España
- IDIFEDER 2018/016 Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Ciencia, Generalitat Valenciana
- PROMETEO/2019/117 Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Ciencia, Generalitat Valenciana
- ACIF/2018/220 Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Ciencia, Generalitat Valenciana
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ibáñez
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Elena Carneros
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (P.S.T.)
| | - Pilar S. Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (P.S.T.)
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Proteases with caspase 3-like activity participate in cell death during stress-induced microspore embryogenesis of Brassica napus. EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2019-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Microspore embryogenesis is a model system of plant cell reprogramming, totipotency acquisition, stress response and embryogenesis initiation. This in vitro system constitutes an important biotechnological tool for haploid and doubled-haploid plant production, very useful for crop breeding. In this process, microspores (cells that produce pollen grains in planta) are reprogrammed toward embryogenesis by specific stress treatment, but many microspores die after the stress. The occurrence of cell death is a serious limiting problem that greatly reduces microspore embryogenesis yield. In animals, increasing evidence has revealed caspase proteolytic activities as essential executioners of programmed cell death (PCD) processes, however, less is known in plants. Although plant genomes do not contain caspase homologues, caspase-like proteolytic activities have been detected in many plant PCD processes. In the present study, we have analysed caspase 3-like activity and its involvement in stress-induced cell death during initial stages of microspore embryogenesis of Brassica napus. After stress treatment to induce embryogenesis, isolated microspore cultures showed high levels of cell death and caspase 3-like proteolytic activity was induced. Treatments with specific inhibitor of caspase 3-like activity reduced cell death and increased embryogenesis induction efficiency. Our findings indicate the involvement of proteases with caspase 3-like activity in the initiation and/or execution of cell death at early microspore embryogenesis in B. napus, giving new insights into the pathways of stress-induced cell death in plants and opening a new way to improve in vitro embryogenesis efficiency by using chemical modulators of cell death proteases.
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Testillano PS. Microspore embryogenesis: targeting the determinant factors of stress-induced cell reprogramming for crop improvement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2965-2978. [PMID: 30753698 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Under stress, isolated microspores are reprogrammed in vitro towards embryogenesis, producing doubled haploid plants that are useful biotechnological tools in plant breeding as a source of new genetic variability, fixed in homozygous plants in only one generation. Stress-induced cell death and low rates of cell reprogramming are major factors that reduce yield. Knowledge gained in recent years has revealed that initiation and progression of microspore embryogenesis involve a complex network of factors, whose roles are not yet well understood. Here, I review recent findings on the determinant factors underlying stress-induced microspore embryogenesis, focusing on the role of autophagy, cell death, auxin, chromatin modifications, and the cell wall. Autophagy and cell death proteases are crucial players in the response to stress, while cell reprogramming and acquisition of totipotency are regulated by hormonal and epigenetic mechanisms. Auxin biosynthesis, transport, and action are required for microspore embryogenesis. Initial stages involve DNA hypomethylation, H3K9 demethylation, and H3/H4 acetylation. Cell wall remodelling, with pectin de-methylesterification and arabinogalactan protein expression, is necessary for embryo development. Recent reports show that treatments with small modulators of autophagy, proteases, and epigenetic marks reduce cell death and enhance embryogenesis initiation in several crops, opening up new possibilities for improving in vitro embryo production in breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar S Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Pérez-Pérez Y, Bárány I, Berenguer E, Carneros E, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Modulation of autophagy and protease activities by small bioactive compounds to reduce cell death and improve stress-induced microspore embryogenesis initiation in rapeseed and barley. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 14:1559577. [PMID: 30582408 PMCID: PMC6351084 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1559577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microspore embryogenesis is a powerful biotechnological tool that is very useful in crop breeding for the rapid production of haploid and double-haploid embryos and plants. In this in vitro system, the haploid microspore is reprogrammed by the application of specific stress treatments. A high level of cell death after the stress is a major factor that greatly reduces embryogenesis yield at its initial stages. Autophagy is a degradation pathway that is present in all eukaryotes and plays key roles in a range of processes, including stress responses. Many proteases participate in autophagy and cell death; among them, cathepsins are the most abundant enzymes with a role in plant senescence and programmed cell death (PCD). Moreover, although plant genomes do not contain homologues of caspases, caspase 3-like activity (main executioner protease of animal cell death) has been detected in many plant PCD processes. Recent studies by our group in barley microspore cultures reported that the stress treatment required for inducing microspore embryogenesis (cold treatment), also produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death, concomitantly with the induction of autophagy, as well as cathepsin-like and caspase 3-like proteolytic activities. In the present study, we report new data on microspore embryogenesis of rapeseed that indicate, as in barley, activation of cell death and autophagy processes after the inductive stress. The results revealed that treatments modulating autophagy and proteases produced the same effect in the two plant systems, regardless of the stress applied, cold in barley or heat in rapeseed. Pharmacological treatments with small bioactive compounds that inhibit ROS, autophagy and specific cell death-proteases led to reduced cell death and an increased embryogenesis initiation rate in both, barley and rapeseed. Taken together, these findings open up new intervention pathways by modulating autophagy and proteases, which are very promising in terms of increasing the efficiency of in vitro microspore embryogenesis systems for biotechnological applications in crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Pérez-Pérez
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants laboratory, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivett Bárány
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants laboratory, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Berenguer
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants laboratory, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Carneros
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants laboratory, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. Risueño
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants laboratory, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar S. Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants laboratory, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Pérez-Pastrana J, Islas-Flores I, Bárány I, Álvarez-López D, Canto-Flick A, Canto-Canché B, Peña-Yam L, Muñoz-Ramírez L, Avilés-Viñas S, Testillano PS, Santana-Buzzy N. Development of the ovule and seed of Habanero chili pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.): Anatomical characterization and immunocytochemical patterns of pectin methyl-esterification. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 230:1-12. [PMID: 30134217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ovule and seed development in plants has long fascinated the scientific community given the complex cell coordination implicated in these processes. These cell events are highly conserved but are not necessarily representative of all plants. In this study, with the aim of obtaining information regarding the cellular patterns that follow the usual development of the ovule and the zygotic embryo, we carried out an integral anatomical study of the Capsicum chinense Jacq., floral buds and seeds at various days during maturation. This study allowed us to identify the main histo-morphological stages accompanying the transition of somatic cells into the macrospore, female gamete, and the zygotic embryogenesis. This knowledge is fundamental for future biotechnological research focused on solving the morphological recalcitrance observed during the in vitro induction of somatic or microspore embryogenesis in Capsicum. For the first time in C. chinense, we have described the hypostases, a putative source of plant growth regulators, and "the corrosion cavity", a space around the embryo. Additionally, the cell wall pectin-esterification status was investigated by immunohistology. At early stages of morphogenesis, the pectin is highly methyl-esterified; however, methyl-esterification decreases gradually throughout the process. A comparison of the results obtained here, together with the histo- and immunological changes occurring during the somatic and microspore embryogenesis, should help to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms that trigger the morphogenic events in Capsicum spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Pérez-Pastrana
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ivett Bárány
- Pollen biotechnology of crop plants group, Biological Research Center, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dulce Álvarez-López
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Adriana Canto-Flick
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Laura Peña-Yam
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Liliana Muñoz-Ramírez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Susana Avilés-Viñas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- Pollen biotechnology of crop plants group, Biological Research Center, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nancy Santana-Buzzy
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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11
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Bárány I, Berenguer E, Solís MT, Pérez-Pérez Y, Santamaría ME, Crespo JL, Risueño MC, Díaz I, Testillano PS. Autophagy is activated and involved in cell death with participation of cathepsins during stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1387-1402. [PMID: 29309624 PMCID: PMC6019037 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microspores are reprogrammed towards embryogenesis by stress. Many microspores die after this stress, limiting the efficiency of microspore embryogenesis. Autophagy is a degradation pathway that plays critical roles in stress response and cell death. In animals, cathepsins have an integral role in autophagy by degrading autophagic material; less is known in plants. Plant cathepsins are papain-like C1A cysteine proteases involved in many physiological processes, including programmed cell death. We have analysed the involvement of autophagy in cell death, in relation to cathepsin activation, during stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in Hordeum vulgare. After stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death increased and autophagy was activated, including HvATG5 and HvATG6 up-regulation and increase of ATG5, ATG8, and autophagosomes. Concomitantly, cathepsin L/F-, B-, and H-like activities were induced, cathepsin-like genes HvPap-1 and HvPap-6 were up-regulated, and HvPap-1, HvPap-6, and HvPap-19 proteins increased and localized in the cytoplasm, resembling autophagy structures. Inhibitors of autophagy and cysteine proteases reduced cell death and promoted embryogenesis. The findings reveal a role for autophagy in stress-induced cell death during microspore embryogenesis, and the participation of cathepsins. Similar patterns of activation, expression, and localization suggest a possible connection between cathepsins and autophagy. The results open up new possibilities to enhance microspore embryogenesis efficiency with autophagy and/or cysteine protease modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - José Luis Crespo
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, IBVF, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Díaz
- Center of Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, CBGP, UPM, Madrid, Spain
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Corredoira E, Cano V, Bárány I, Solís MT, Rodríguez H, Vieitez AM, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Initiation of leaf somatic embryogenesis involves high pectin esterification, auxin accumulation and DNA demethylation in Quercus alba. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 213:42-54. [PMID: 28315794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is considered a convenient tool for investigating the regulating mechanisms of embryo formation; it is also a feasible system for in vitro regeneration procedures, with many advantages in woody species. Nevertheless, trees have shown recalcitrance to somatic embryogenesis, and its efficiency remains very low in many cases. Consequently, despite the clear potential of somatic embryogenesis in tree breeding programs, its application is limited since factors responsible for embryogenesis initiation have not yet been completely elucidated. In the present work, we investigated key cellular factors involved in the change of developmental program during leaf somatic embryogenesis initiation of white oak (Quercus alba), aiming to identify early markers of the process. The results revealed that pectin esterification, auxin accumulation and DNA demethylation were induced during embryogenesis initiation and differentially found in embryogenic cells, while they were not present in leaf cells before induction or in non-embryogenic cells after embryogenesis initiation. These three factors constitute early markers of leaf embryogenesis and represent processes that could be interconnected and involved in the regulation of cell reprogramming and embryogenesis initiation. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying plant cell reprogramming, totipotency and embryogenic competence acquisition, especially in tree species for which information is scarce, thus opening up the possibility of efficient manipulation of somatic embryogenesis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Corredoira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia, CSIC, Avda. de Vigo s/n, Apartado 122, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vanesa Cano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia, CSIC, Avda. de Vigo s/n, Apartado 122, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ivett Bárány
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Teresa Solís
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Rodríguez
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana-María Vieitez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia, CSIC, Avda. de Vigo s/n, Apartado 122, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María C Risueño
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Berenguer E, Bárány I, Solís MT, Pérez-Pérez Y, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Inhibition of Histone H3K9 Methylation by BIX-01294 Promotes Stress-Induced Microspore Totipotency and Enhances Embryogenesis Initiation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1161. [PMID: 28706533 PMCID: PMC5489599 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microspore embryogenesis is a process of cell reprogramming, totipotency acquisition and embryogenesis initiation, induced in vitro by stress treatments and widely used in plant breeding for rapid production of doubled-haploids, but its regulating mechanisms are still largely unknown. Increasing evidence has revealed epigenetic reprogramming during microspore embryogenesis, through DNA methylation, but less is known about the involvement of histone modifications. In this study, we have analyzed the dynamics and possible role of histone H3K9 methylation, a major repressive modification, as well as the effects on microspore embryogenesis initiation of BIX-01294, an inhibitor of histone methylation, tested for the first time in plants, in Brassica napus and Hordeum vulgare. Results revealed that microspore reprogramming and initiation of embryogenesis involved a low level of H3K9 methylation. With the progression of embryogenesis, methylation of H3K9 increased, correlating with gene expression profiles of BnHKMT SUVR4-like and BnLSD1-like (writer and eraser enzymes of H3K9me2). At early stages, BIX-01294 promoted cell reprogramming, totipotency and embryogenesis induction, while diminishing bulk H3K9 methylation. DNA methylation was also reduced by short-term BIX-01294 treatment. By contrast, long BIX-01294 treatments hindered embryogenesis progression, indicating that H3K9 methylation is required for embryo differentiation. These findings open up new possibilities to enhance microspore embryogenesis efficiency in recalcitrant species through pharmacological modulation of histone methylation by using BIX-01294.
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Detection of Epigenetic Modifications During Microspore Embryogenesis: Analysis of DNA Methylation Patterns Dynamics. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1359:491-502. [PMID: 26619883 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3061-6_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Methylation of 5-deoxy-cytidines of DNA constitutes a prominent epigenetic modification of the chromatin fiber which is locked in a transcriptionally inactive conformation. Changes in global DNA methylation are involved in many plant developmental processes during proliferation and differentiation events. The analysis of the changes of global DNA methylation distribution patterns during microspore embryogenesis induction and progression will inform on the regulatory mechanisms of the process, helping in the design of protocols to improve its efficiency in different species. To investigate the DNA methylation dynamics during microspore embryogenesis in the different cell types present in the cultures, the analysis of spatial and temporal pattern of nuclear distribution of 5-methyl-deoxy-cytidine (5mdC) constitutes a potent approach. The immunolocalization of 5mdC on sections and subsequent confocal laser microscopy analysis have been developed for in situ cellular analysis of a variety of plant samples, including embryogenic microspore and anther cultures. Quantification of 5mdC immunofluorescence intensity by image analysis software also permits to estimate differences in global DNA methylation levels among different cell types during development.
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Solís MT, Berenguer E, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. BnPME is progressively induced after microspore reprogramming to embryogenesis, correlating with pectin de-esterification and cell differentiation in Brassica napus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:176. [PMID: 27514748 PMCID: PMC4981949 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pectins are one of the main components of plant cell walls. They are secreted to the wall as highly methylesterified forms that can be de-esterified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). The degree of methylesterification of pectins changes during development, PMEs are involved in the cell wall remodeling that occurs during diverse plant developmental processes. Nevertheless, the functional meaning of pectin-related wall remodeling in different cell types and processes remains unclear. In vivo, the microspore follows the gametophytic pathway and differentiates to form the pollen grain. In vitro, the microspore can be reprogrammed by stress treatments becoming a totipotent cell that starts to proliferate and follows the embryogenic pathway, a process known as microspore embryogenesis. RESULTS To investigate if the change of developmental programme of the microspore towards embryogenesis involves changes in pectin esterification levels, which would cause the cell wall remodeling during the process, in the present study, dynamics of PME expression and degrees of pectin esterification have been analysed during microspore embryogenesis and compared with the gametophytic development, in Brassica napus. A multidisciplinary approach has been adopted including BnPME gene expression analysis by quantitative RT-PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization, immuno-dot-blot and immunofluorescence with JIM5 and JIM7 antibodies to reveal low and highly-methylesterified pectins. The results showed that cell differentiation at advanced developmental stages involved induction of BnPME expression and pectin de-esterification, processes that were also detected in zygotic embryos, providing additional evidence that microspore embryogenesis mimics zygotic embryogenesis. By contrast, early microspore embryogenesis, totipotency and proliferation were associated with low expression of BnPME and high levels of esterified pectins. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the change of developmental programme of the microspore involves changes in pectin esterification associated with proliferation and differentiation events, which may cause the cell wall remodeling during the process. The findings indicate pectin-related modifications in the cell wall during microspore embryogenesis, providing new insights into the role of pectin esterification and cell wall configuration in microspore totipotency, embryogenesis induction and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Teresa Solís
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Berenguer
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. Risueño
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar S. Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
The Solanaceae is one of the most important families for global agriculture. Among the different solanaceous species, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), eggplant (Solanum melongena), and pepper (Capsicum annuum) are five crops of outstanding importance worldwide. In these crops, maximum yields are produced by hybrid plants created by crossing pure (homozygous) lines with the desired traits. Pure lines may be produced by conventional breeding methods, which is time consuming and costly. Alternatively, it is possible to accelerate the production of pure lines by creating doubled haploid (DH) plants derived from (haploid) male gametophytes or their precursors (androgenesis). In this way, the different steps for the production of pure lines can be reduced to only one generation, which implies important time and cost savings. This and other advantages make androgenic DHs the choice in a number of important crops where any of the different experimental in vitro techniques (anther culture or isolated microspore culture) is well set up. The Solanaceae family is an excellent example of heterogeneity in terms of response to these techniques, including highly responding species such as tobacco, considered a model system, and tomato, one of the most recalcitrant species, where no reliable and reproducible methods are yet available. Interestingly, the first evidence of androgenesis, particularly through in vitro anther culture, was demonstrated in a solanaceous species, Datura innoxia. In this chapter, we report the state of the art of the research about androgenic DHs in Solanaceae, paying special attention to datura, tobacco, potato, tomato, eggplant, and pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Seguí-Simarro
- COMAV - Universitat Politècnica de València. CPI, Edificio 8E - Escalera I, Camino de Vera, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Rodríguez-Sanz H, Solís MT, López MF, Gómez-Cadenas A, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Auxin Biosynthesis, Accumulation, Action and Transport are Involved in Stress-Induced Microspore Embryogenesis Initiation and Progression in Brassica napus. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1401-17. [PMID: 25907568 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Isolated microspores are reprogrammed in vitro by stress, becoming totipotent cells and producing embryos and plants via a process known as microspore embryogenesis. Despite the abundance of data on auxin involvement in plant development and embryogenesis, no data are available regarding the dynamics of auxin concentration, cellular localization and the expression of biosynthesis genes during microspore embryogenesis. This work involved the analysis of auxin concentration and cellular accumulation; expression of TAA1 and NIT2 encoding enzymes of two auxin biosynthetic pathways; expression of the PIN1-like efflux carrier; and the effects of inhibition of auxin transport and action by N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and α-(p-chlorophenoxy) isobutyric acid (PCIB) during Brassica napus microspore embryogenesis. The results indicated de novo auxin synthesis after stress-induced microspore reprogramming and embryogenesis initiation, accompanying the first cell divisions. The progressive increase of auxin concentration during progression of embryogenesis correlated with the expression patterns of TAA1 and NIT2 genes of auxin biosynthetic pathways. Auxin was evenly distributed in early embryos, whereas in heart/torpedo embryos auxin was accumulated in apical and basal embryo regions. Auxin efflux carrier PIN1-like gene expression was induced in early multicellular embryos and increased at the globular/torpedo embryo stages. Inhibition of polar auxin transport (PAT) and action, by NPA and PCIB, impaired embryo development, indicating that PAT and auxin action are required for microspore embryo progression. NPA also modified auxin embryo accumulation patterns. These findings indicate that endogenous auxin biosynthesis, action and polar transport are required in stress-induced microspore reprogramming, embryogenesis initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Rodríguez-Sanz
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Teresa Solís
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Fernanda López
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universidad Jaume I, Campus Riu Sec, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universidad Jaume I, Campus Riu Sec, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - María C Risueño
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Solís MT, El-Tantawy AA, Cano V, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. 5-azacytidine promotes microspore embryogenesis initiation by decreasing global DNA methylation, but prevents subsequent embryo development in rapeseed and barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:472. [PMID: 26161085 PMCID: PMC4479788 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microspores are reprogrammed by stress in vitro toward embryogenesis. This process is an important tool in breeding to obtain double-haploid plants. DNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification that changes in differentiation and proliferation. We have shown changes in global DNA methylation during microspore reprogramming. 5-Azacytidine (AzaC) cannot be methylated and leads to DNA hypomethylation. AzaC is a useful demethylating agent to study DNA dynamics, with a potential application in microspore embryogenesis. This work analyzes the effects of short and long AzaC treatments on microspore embryogenesis initiation and progression in two species, the dicot Brassica napus and the monocot Hordeum vulgare. This involved the quantitative analyses of proembryo and embryo production, the quantification of DNA methylation, 5-methyl-deoxy-cytidine (5mdC) immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, and the analysis of chromatin organization (condensation/decondensation) by light and electron microscopy. Four days of AzaC treatments (2.5 μM) increased embryo induction, response associated with a decrease of DNA methylation, modified 5mdC, and heterochromatin patterns compared to untreated embryos. By contrast, longer AzaC treatments diminished embryo production. Similar effects were found in both species, indicating that DNA demethylation promotes microspore reprogramming, totipotency acquisition, and embryogenesis initiation, while embryo differentiation requires de novo DNA methylation and is prevented by AzaC. This suggests a role for DNA methylation in the repression of microspore reprogramming and possibly totipotency acquisition. Results provide new insights into the role of epigenetic modifications in microspore embryogenesis and suggest a potential benefit of inhibitors, such as AzaC, to improve the process efficiency in biotechnology and breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pilar S. Testillano
- *Correspondence: Pilar S. Testillano, Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center (CIB) – Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain,
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Chiancone B, Karasawa MMG, Gianguzzi V, Abdelgalel AM, Bárány I, Testillano PS, Marinoni DT, Botta R, Germanà MA. Early embryo achievement through isolated microspore culture in Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan., cvs. 'Monreal Rosso' and 'Nules'. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:413. [PMID: 26124764 PMCID: PMC4463929 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microspore embryogenesis is a method of achieving complete homozygosity from plants. It is particularly useful for woody species, like Citrus, characterized by long juvenility, a high degree of heterozygosity and often self-incompatibility. Anther culture is currently the method of choice for microspore embryogenesis in many crops. However, isolated microspore culture is a better way to investigate the processes at the cellular, physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels as it avoids the influence of somatic anther tissue. To exploit the potential of this technique, it is important to separate the key factors affecting the process and, among them, culture medium composition and particularly the plant growth regulators and their concentration, as they can greatly enhance regeneration efficiency. To our knowledge, the ability of meta-Topolin, a naturally occurring aromatic cytokinin, to induce gametic embryogenesis in isolated microspores of Citrus has never been investigated. In this study, the effect of two concentrations of meta-Topolin instead of benzyladenine or zeatin in the culture medium was investigated in isolated microspore culture of two genotypes of Citrus. After 11 months of isolated microspore culture, for both genotypes and for all the four tested media, the microspore reprogramming and their sporophytic development was observed by the presence of multinucleated calli and microspore-derived embryos at different stages. Microsatellite analysis of parental and embryo samples was performed to determine the embryo alleles constitution of early embryos produced in all tested media, confirming their origin from microspores. To our knowledge, this is the first successful report of Citrus microspore embryogenesis with isolated microspore culture in Citrus, and in particular in Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan, cvs. 'Monreal Rosso' and 'Nules.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Chiancone
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, ParmaItaly
| | | | - Valeria Gianguzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, PalermoItaly
| | - Ahmed M. Abdelgalel
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, PalermoItaly
| | - Ivett Bárány
- Centro de Investigaciones Biològicas – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, MadridSpain
| | - Pilar S. Testillano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biològicas – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, MadridSpain
| | - Daniela Torello Marinoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di TorinoGrugliasco, Italy
| | - Roberto Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di TorinoGrugliasco, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Germanà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, PalermoItaly
- *Correspondence: Maria Antonietta Germanà, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale Delle Scienze 11, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Rodríguez-Sanz H, Manzanera JA, Solís MT, Gómez-Garay A, Pintos B, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Early markers are present in both embryogenesis pathways from microspores and immature zygotic embryos in cork oak, Quercus suber L. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:224. [PMID: 25162300 PMCID: PMC4147960 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Quercus suber, cork oak, a Mediterranean forest tree of economic and social interest, rapid production of isogenic lines and clonal propagation of elite genotypes have been achieved by developing in vitro embryogenesis from microspores and zygotic embryos respectively. Despite its high potential in tree breeding strategies, due to their recalcitrancy, the efficiency of embryogenesis in vitro systems in many woody species is still very low since factors responsible for embryogenesis initiation and embryo development are still largely unknown. The search for molecular and cellular markers during early stages of in vitro embryogenesis constitutes an important goal to distinguish, after induction, responsive from non-responsive cells, and to elucidate the mechanisms involved in embryogenesis initiation for their efficient manipulation. In this work, we have performed a comparative analysis of two embryogenesis pathways derived from microspores and immature zygotic embryos in cork oak in order to characterize early markers of reprogrammed cells in both pathways. Rearrangements of the cell structural organization, changes in epigenetic marks, cell wall polymers modifications and endogenous auxin changes were analyzed at early embryogenesis stages of the two in vitro systems by a multidisciplinary approach. RESULTS Results showed that early embryo cells exhibited defined changes of cell components which were similar in both embryogenesis in vitro systems, cellular features that were not found in non-embryogenic cells. DNA methylation level and nuclear pattern, proportion of esterified pectins in cell walls, and endogenous auxin levels were different in embryo cells in comparison with microspores and immature zygotic embryo cells from which embryos originated, constituting early embryogenesis markers. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that DNA hypomethylation, cell wall remodeling by pectin esterification and auxin increase are involved in early in vitro embryogenesis in woody species, providing new evidences of the developmental pattern similarity between both embryogenesis pathways, from microspores and immature zygotic embryos, in woody species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Rodríguez-Sanz
- />Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Antonio Manzanera
- />ETSI Montes, Technical University of Madrid, UPM, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Teresa Solís
- />Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Gómez-Garay
- />Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, UCM, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pintos
- />Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, UCM, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María C Risueño
- />Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- />Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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El-Tantawy AA, Solís MT, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Changes in DNA methylation levels and nuclear distribution patterns after microspore reprogramming to embryogenesis in barley. Cytogenet Genome Res 2014; 143:200-8. [PMID: 25074410 DOI: 10.1159/000365232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Under specific stress treatments, the microspore can be induced in vitro to deviate from its gametophytic development and to reprogram towards embryogenesis, becoming a totipotent cell and forming haploid embryos. These can further regenerate homozygous plants for production of new isogenic lines, an important biotechnological tool for crop breeding. DNA methylation constitutes a prominent epigenetic modification of the chromatin fiber which regulates gene expression. Changes in DNA methylation accompany the reorganization of the nuclear architecture during plant cell differentiation and proliferation; however, the relationship between global DNA methylation and genome-wide expression patterns is still poorly understood. In this work, the dynamics of global DNA methylation levels and distribution patterns were analyzed during microspore reprogramming to embryogenesis and during pollen development in Hordeum vulgare. Quantification of global DNA methylation levels and 5-methyl-deoxycytidine (5mdC) immunofluorescence were conducted at specific stages of pollen development and after reprogramming to embryogenesis to analyze the epigenetic changes that accompany the change of developmental program and cell fate. The results showed low DNA methylation levels in microspores and a high increase along pollen development and maturation; an intense 5mdC signal was concentrated in the generative and sperm nuclei whereas the vegetative nucleus exhibited a weaker DNA methylation signal. After inductive stress treatment, low methylation levels and faint 5mdC signals were observed in nuclei of reprogrammed microspores and 2-4-cell proembryos. This data revealed a global DNA hypomethylation during the change of the developmental program and first embryogenic divisions. This is in contrast with the hypermethylation of generative and sperm cells of the male germline during pollen maturation, suggesting an epigenetic regulation after induction of microspore embryogenesis. At later embryogenesis stages, global DNA methylation progressively increased, accompanying embryo development and differentiation events like in zygotic embryos, corroborating that DNA methylation is critical for the regulation of gene expression in microspore embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed-Abdalla El-Tantawy
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, (CIB) CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Rodríguez-Sanz H, Moreno-Romero J, Solís MT, Köhler C, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Changes in histone methylation and acetylation during microspore reprogramming to embryogenesis occur concomitantly with Bn HKMT and Bn HAT expression and are associated with cell totipotency, proliferation, and differentiation in Brassica napus. Cytogenet Genome Res 2014; 143:209-18. [PMID: 25060767 DOI: 10.1159/000365261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to stress treatments, microspores can be reprogrammed to become totipotent cells that follow an embryogenic pathway producing haploid and double-haploid embryos which are important biotechnological tools in plant breeding. Recent studies have revealed the involvement of DNA methylation in regulating this process, but no information is available on the role of histone modifications in microspore embryogenesis. Histone modifications are major epigenetic marks controlling gene expression during plant development and in response to environmental changes. Lysine methylation of histones, accomplished by histone lysine methyltransferases (HKMTs), can occur on different lysine residues, with histone H3K9 methylation being mainly associated with transcriptionally silenced regions. In contrast, histone H3 and H4 acetylation is carried out by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and is associated with actively transcribed genes. In this work, we analyzed 3 different histone epigenetic marks: dimethylation of H3K9 (H3K9me2) and acetylation of H3 and H4 (H3Ac and H4Ac) during microspore embryogenesis in Brassica napus by Western blot and immunofluorescence assays. The expression patterns of histone methyltransferase BnHKMT and histone acetyltransferase BnHAT genes have also been analyzed by qPCR. Our results revealed different spatial and temporal distribution patterns for methylated and acetylated histone variants during microspore embryogenesis and their similarity with the expression profiles of BnHKMT and BnHAT, respectively. The data presented suggest the participation of H3K9me2 and HKMT in embryo cell differentiation and heterochromatinization events, whereas H3Ac, H4Ac, and HAT would be involved in transcriptional activation, totipotency, and proliferation events during cell reprogramming and embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Rodríguez-Sanz
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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23
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El-Tantawy AA, Solís MT, Da Costa ML, Coimbra S, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Arabinogalactan protein profiles and distribution patterns during microspore embryogenesis and pollen development in Brassica napus. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2013; 26:231-43. [PMID: 23729197 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-013-0217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), present in cell walls, plasma membranes and extracellular secretions, are massively glycosylated hydroxyproline-rich proteins that play a key role in several plant developmental processes. After stress treatment, microspores cultured in vitro can reprogramme and change their gametophytic developmental pathways towards embryogenesis, thereby producing embryos which can further give rise to haploid and double haploid plants, important biotechnological tools in plant breeding. Microspore embryogenesis constitutes a convenient system for studying the mechanisms underlying cell reprogramming and embryo formation. In this work, the dynamics of both AGP presence and distribution were studied during pollen development and microspore embryogenesis in Brassica napus, by employing a multidisciplinary approach using monoclonal antibodies for AGPs (LM2, LM6, JIM13, JIM14, MAC207) and analysing the expression pattern of the BnAGP Sta 39-4 gene. Results showed the developmental regulation and defined localization of the studied AGP epitopes during the two microspore developmental pathways, revealing different distribution patterns for AGPs with different antigenic reactivity. AGPs recognized by JIM13, JIM14 and MAC207 antibodies were related to pollen maturation, whereas AGPs labelled by LM2 and LM6 were associated with embryo development. Interestingly, the AGPs labelled by JIM13 and JIM14 were induced with the change of microspore fate. Increases in the expression of the Sta 39-4 gene, JIM13 and JIM14 epitopes found specifically in 2-4 cell stage embryo cell walls, suggested that AGPs are early molecular markers of microspore embryogenesis. Later, LM2 and LM6 antigens increased progressively with embryo development and localized on cell walls and cytoplasmic spots, suggesting an active production and secretion of AGPs during in vitro embryo formation. These results give new insights into the involvement of AGPs as potential regulating/signalling molecules in microspore reprogramming and embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed-Abdalla El-Tantawy
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Solís MT, Rodríguez-Serrano M, Meijón M, Cañal MJ, Cifuentes A, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. DNA methylation dynamics and MET1a-like gene expression changes during stress-induced pollen reprogramming to embryogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:6431-44. [PMID: 23175669 PMCID: PMC3504494 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Stress-induced plant cell reprogramming involves changes in global genome organization, being the epigenetic modifications key factors in the regulation of genome flexibility. DNA methylation, accomplished by DNA methyltransferases, constitutes a prominent epigenetic modification of the chromatin fibre which is locked in a transcriptionally inactive conformation. Changes in DNA methylation accompany the reorganization of the nuclear architecture during plant cell differentiation and proliferation. After a stress treatment, in vitro-cultured microspores are reprogrammed and change their gametophytic developmental pathway towards embryogenesis, the process constituting a useful system of reprogramming in isolated cells for applied and basic research. Gene expression driven by developmental and stress cues often depends on DNA methylation; however, global DNA methylation and genome-wide expression patterns relationship is still poorly understood. In this work, the dynamics of DNA methylation patterns in relation to nuclear architecture and the expression of BnMET1a-like DNA methyltransferase genes have been analysed during pollen development and pollen reprogramming to embryogenesis in Brassica napus L. by a multidisciplinary approach. Results showed an epigenetic reprogramming after microspore embryogenesis induction which involved a decrease of global DNA methylation and its nuclear redistribution with the change of developmental programme and the activation of cell proliferation, while DNA methylation increases with pollen and embryo differentiation in a cell-type-specific manner. Changes in the presence, abundance, and distribution of BnMET1a-like transcripts highly correlated with variations in DNA methylation. Mature zygotic and pollen embryos presented analogous patterns of DNA methylation and MET1a-like expression, providing new evidence of the similarities between both developmental embryogenic programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Teresa Solís
- Plant Development and Nuclear Architecture lab. Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Rodríguez-Serrano
- Plant Development and Nuclear Architecture lab. Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - María C. Risueño
- Plant Development and Nuclear Architecture lab. Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar S. Testillano
- Plant Development and Nuclear Architecture lab. Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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25
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Prem D, Solís MT, Bárány I, Rodríguez-Sanz H, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. A new microspore embryogenesis system under low temperature which mimics zygotic embryogenesis initials, expresses auxin and efficiently regenerates doubled-haploid plants in Brassica napus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:127. [PMID: 22857779 PMCID: PMC3464609 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microspore embryogenesis represents a unique system of single cell reprogramming in plants wherein a highly specialized cell, the microspore, by specific stress treatment, switches its fate towards an embryogenesis pathway. In Brassica napus, a model species for this phenomenon, incubation of isolated microspores at 32°C is considered to be a pre-requisite for embryogenesis induction. RESULTS We have developed a new in vitro system at lower temperature (18°C) to efficiently induce microspore embryogenesis throughout two different developmental pathways: one involving the formation of suspensor-like structures (52.4%) and another producing multicellular embryos without suspensor (13.1%); additionally, a small proportion of non-responsive microspores followed a gametophytic-like development (34.4%) leading to mature pollen. The suspensor-like pathway followed at 18°C involved the establishment of asymmetric identities from the first microspore division and an early polarity leading to different cell fates, suspensor and embryo development, which were formed by cells with different organizations and endogenous auxin distribution, similar to zygotic embryogenesis. In addition, a new strategy for germination of microspore derived embryos was developed for achieving more than 90% conversion of embryos to plantlets, with a predominance of spontaneous doubled haploids plants. CONCLUSION The present work reveals a novel mechanism for efficient microspore embryogenesis induction in B. napus using continuous low temperature treatment. Results indicated that low temperature applied for longer periods favours an embryogenesis pathway whose first division originates asymmetric cell identities, early polarity establishment and the formation of suspensor-like structures, mimicking zygotic embryogenesis. This new in vitro system provides a convenient tool to analyze in situ the mechanisms underlying different developmental pathways during the microspore reprogramming, breaking or not the cellular symmetry, the establishment of polarity and the developmental embryo patterning, which further produce mature embryos and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Prem
- Plant Development and Nuclear Architecture, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Teresa Solís
- Plant Development and Nuclear Architecture, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivett Bárány
- Plant Development and Nuclear Architecture, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Rodríguez-Sanz
- Plant Development and Nuclear Architecture, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María C Risueño
- Plant Development and Nuclear Architecture, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- Plant Development and Nuclear Architecture, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Pan X, Yang X, Lin G, Zou R, Chen H, Samaj J, Xu C. Ultrastructural changes and the distribution of arabinogalactan proteins during somatic embryogenesis of banana (Musa spp. AAA cv. 'Yueyoukang 1'). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:372-89. [PMID: 21496030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of somatic embryogenesis in banana (Musa spp.) may provide a practical way to improve regeneration of banana plants. In this study, we applied scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to visualize the ultrastructural changes during somatic embryogenesis of banana (Musa AAA cv. 'Yueyoukang 1'). We also used histological and immunohistochemical techniques with 16 monoclonal antibodies to study the spatial distribution and cellular/subcellular localization of different arabinogalactan protein (AGP) components of the cell wall during somatic embryogenesis. Histological study with periodic acid-Schiff staining documented diverse embryogenic stages from embryogenic cells (ECs) to the late embryos. SEM revealed a mesh-like structure on the surface of proembryos which represented an early structural marker of somatic embryogenesis. TEM showed that ECs were rich in juvenile mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi stacks. Cells in proembryos and early globular embryos resembled ECs, but they were more vacuolated, showed more regular nuclei and slightly more developed organelles. Immunocytochemical study revealed that the signal of most AGP epitopes was stronger in starch-rich cells when compared with typical ECs. The main AGP component in the extracellular matrix surface network of banana proembryos was the MAC204 epitope. Later, AGP immunolabelling patterns varied with the developmental stages of the embryos. These results about developmental regulation of AGP epitopes along with developmental changes in the ultrastructure of cells are providing new insights into the somatic embryogenesis of banana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Pan
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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27
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Pauk J, Lantos C, Somogyi G, Vági P, Ábrahám Táborosi Z, Gémes Juhász A, Mihály R, Kristóf Z, Somogyi N, Tímár Z. Tradition, quality and biotechnology in Hungarian spice pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) breeding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1556/aagr.58.2010.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spice pepper production has a history of almost 300 years in the southern part of Hungary. In this study the results of two biotechnological improvements are summarized. Anther and isolated microspore culture techniques were improved to release haploid and doubled haploid (DH) lines for spice pepper breeding. Both the anther and isolated microspore culture methods were successfully used in spice pepper haploid production. Microspore culture-derived structures were analysed to identify their different parts. Green plantlets were regenerated from embryos derived from both anther and microspore cultures. Their doubled haploid analogues were integrated into Hungarian spice pepper hybrid seed breeding programmes. One hybrid, Sláger, was released as a new genotype for spice pepper production in 2008 and two hybrid candidates (Délibáb and Bolero) are now being tested in official trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Pauk
- 1 Cereal Research Non-Profit Co. Ltd. Department of Biotechnology Szeged Hungary
| | - C. Lantos
- 1 Cereal Research Non-Profit Co. Ltd. Department of Biotechnology Szeged Hungary
| | - G. Somogyi
- 2 Red Pepper Research and Development Ltd. Szeged Hungary
| | - P. Vági
- 3 Eötvös Loránd University Department of Botany Budapest Hungary
| | | | | | - R. Mihály
- 1 Cereal Research Non-Profit Co. Ltd. Department of Biotechnology Szeged Hungary
| | - Z. Kristóf
- 3 Eötvös Loránd University Department of Botany Budapest Hungary
| | - N. Somogyi
- 2 Red Pepper Research and Development Ltd. Szeged Hungary
| | - Z. Tímár
- 5 Red Pepper Research and Development Co. Ltd. Kalocsa Hungary
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28
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Bárány I, Fadón B, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Cell wall components and pectin esterification levels as markers of proliferation and differentiation events during pollen development and pollen embryogenesis in Capsicum annuum L. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:1159-75. [PMID: 20097842 PMCID: PMC2826660 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls and their polymers are regulated during plant development, but the specific roles of their molecular components are still unclear, as well as the functional meaning of wall changes in different cell types and processes. In this work the in situ analysis of the distribution of different cell wall components was performed during two developmental programmes, gametophytic pollen development, which is a differentiation process, and stress-induced pollen embryogenesis, which involves proliferation followed by differentiation processes. The changes in cell wall polymers were compared with a system of plant cell proliferation and differentiation, the root apical meristem. The analysis was also carried out during the first stages of zygotic embryogenesis. Specific antibodies recognizing the major cell wall polymers, xyloglucan (XG) and the rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII) pectin domain, and antibodies against high- and low-methyl-esterified pectins were used for both dot-blot and immunolocalization with light and electron microscopy. The results showed differences in the distribution pattern of these molecular complexes, as well as in the proportion of esterified and non-esterified pectins in the two pollen developmental pathways. Highly esterified pectins were characteristics of proliferation, whereas high levels of the non-esterified pectins, XG and RGII were abundant in walls of differentiating cells. Distribution patterns similar to those of pollen embryos were found in zygotic embryos. The wall changes reported are characteristic of proliferation and differentiation events as markers of these processes that take place during pollen development and embryogenesis.
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29
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Kim M, Jang IC, Kim JA, Park EJ, Yoon M, Lee Y. Embryogenesis and plant regeneration of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) through isolated microspore culture. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:425-34. [PMID: 17851663 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 08/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report high frequencies of embryo production and plant regeneration through isolated microspore culture of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Microspores cultured in modified NLN medium (NLNS) divided and developed to embryos. Globular and heart-shaped embryos were observed from 3 weeks after the beginning of culture, and many embryos reached the cotyledonary stage after 4 weeks of culture. These cotyledonary embryos developed to plantlets after transfer to solid B5 basal medium. We also optimized conditions for embryo production by varying the pretreatment media, the carbon sources, and culture densities. Heat shock treatment in sucrose-starvation medium was more effective than in B5 medium. Direct comparisons of sucrose and maltose as carbon sources clearly demonstrated the superiority of sucrose compared to maltose, with the highest frequency of embryo production being obtained in 9% (w/v) sucrose. Microspore plating density was critical for efficient embryonic induction and development, with an optimal plating density of 8 x 10(4)-10 x 10(4)/ml. Under our optimized culture conditions, we obtained over 54 embryos, and an average of 5.5 cotyledonary embryos when 10 x 10(4) microspores were grown on an individual plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonza Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Mokwon University, Seo-Gu, Taejon, South Korea.
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30
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Morpho-histological study on shoot bud regeneration in cotyledon cultures of pepper (Capsicum annuum). Biologia (Bratisl) 2007. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-007-0146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Bernal M, Testillano PS, Alfonso M, del Carmen Risueño M, Picorel R, Yruela I. Identification and subcellular localization of the soybean copper P1B-ATPase GmHMA8 transporter. J Struct Biol 2007; 158:46-58. [PMID: 17169574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2006.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a copper P(1B)-ATPase transporter in soybean (Glycine max), named as GmHMA8, homologue to cyanobacterial PacS and Arabidopsis thaliana AtHMA8 (PAA2) transporters. A novel specific polyclonal anti-GmHMA8 antibody raised against a synthetic peptide reacted with a protein of an apparent mass of around 180-200 kDa in chloroplast and thylakoid membrane preparations isolated from soybean cell suspensions. Immunoblot analysis with this antibody also showed a band with similar apparent molecular mass in chloroplasts from Lotus corniculatus. Immunofluorescence labelling with the anti-GmHMA8 antibody and double immunofluorescence labelling with anti-GmHMA8 and anti-RuBisCo antibodies revealed the localization of the GmHMA8 transporter within the chloroplast organelle. Furthermore, the precise ultrastructural distribution of GmHMA8 within the chloroplast subcompartments was demonstrated by using electron microscopy immunogold labelling. The GmHMA8 copper transporter from soybean was localized in the thylakoid membranes showing a heterogeneous distribution in small clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Bernal
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
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32
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Bernal M, Sánchez-Testillano P, Risueño MDC, Yruela I. Excess copper induces structural changes in cultured photosynthetic soybean cells. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:1001-1012. [PMID: 32689311 DOI: 10.1071/fp06174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cell suspensions have the capacity to develop tolerance to excess copper, constituting a convenient system for studies on the mechanisms of copper tolerance. The functional cell organisation changes observed in these cell cultures after both short-term (stressed cells) and long-term (acclimated cells) exposure to 10 μm CuSO4 are reported from structural, cytochemical and microanalytical approaches. Cells grown in the presence of 10 μm CuSO4 shared some structural features with untreated cells, such as: (i) a large cytoplasmic vacuole, (ii) chloroplasts along the thin layer of cytoplasm, (iii) nucleus in a peripheral location exhibiting circular-shaped nucleolus and a decondensed chromatin pattern, and (iv) presence of Cajal bodies in the cell nuclei. In addition, cells exposed to 10 μm CuSO4 exhibited important differences compared with untreated cells: (i) chloroplasts displayed rounded shape and smaller size with denser-structured internal membranes, especially in copper-acclimated cells; (ii) no starch granules were found within chloroplasts; (iii) the cytoplasmic vacuole was larger, especially after long-term copper exposure; (iv) the levels of citrate and malate increased. Extracellular dark-coloured deposits with high copper content attached at the outer surface of the cell wall were observed only in cells exposed to a short-term copper stress. Structural cell modifications, mainly affecting chloroplasts, accompanied the short-term copper-induced response and were maintained as stable characters during the period of adaptation to excess copper. Vacuolar changes accompanied the long-term copper response. The results indicate that the first response of soybean cells to excess copper prevents its entry into the cell by immobilising it in the cell wall, and after an adaptive period, acclimation to excess copper may be mainly due to vacuolar sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Bernal
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Sánchez-Testillano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Risueño
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Yruela
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
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