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Schubert T, Schaaf CP. MAGEL2 (patho-)physiology and Schaaf-Yang syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol 2024. [PMID: 38950199 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.16018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by autism spectrum disorder, joint contractures, and profound hypothalamic dysfunction. SYS is caused by variants in MAGEL2, a gene within the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) locus on chromosome 15. In this review, we consolidate decades of research on MAGEL2 to elucidate its physiological functions. Moreover, we synthesize current knowledge on SYS, suggesting that while MAGEL2 loss-of-function seems to underlie several SYS and PWS phenotypes, additional pathomechanisms probably contribute to the distinct and severe phenotype observed in SYS. In addition, we highlight recent therapeutic advances and identify promising avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schubert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Heimdörfer D, Vorleuter A, Eschlböck A, Spathopoulou A, Suarez-Cubero M, Farhan H, Reiterer V, Spanjaard M, Schaaf CP, Huber LA, Kremser L, Sarg B, Edenhofer F, Geley S, de Araujo MEG, Huettenhofer A. Truncated variants of MAGEL2 are involved in the etiologies of the Schaaf-Yang and Prader-Willi syndromes. Am J Hum Genet 2024:S0002-9297(24)00206-4. [PMID: 38908375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental disorders Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) both arise from genomic alterations within human chromosome 15q11-q13. A deletion of the SNORD116 cluster, encoding small nucleolar RNAs, or frameshift mutations within MAGEL2 result in closely related phenotypes in individuals with PWS or SYS, respectively. By investigation of their subcellular localization, we observed that in contrast to a predominant cytoplasmic localization of wild-type (WT) MAGEL2, a truncated MAGEL2 mutant was evenly distributed between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. To elucidate regulatory pathways that may underlie both diseases, we identified protein interaction partners for WT or mutant MAGEL2, in particular the survival motor neuron protein (SMN), involved in spinal muscular atrophy, and the fragile-X-messenger ribonucleoprotein (FMRP), involved in autism spectrum disorders. The interactome of the non-coding RNA SNORD116 was also investigated by RNA-CoIP. We show that WT and truncated MAGEL2 were both involved in RNA metabolism, while regulation of transcription was mainly observed for WT MAGEL2. Hence, we investigated the influence of MAGEL2 mutations on the expression of genes from the PWS locus, including the SNORD116 cluster. Thereby, we provide evidence for MAGEL2 mutants decreasing the expression of SNORD116, SNORD115, and SNORD109A, as well as protein-coding genes MKRN3 and SNRPN, thus bridging the gap between PWS and SYS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Heimdörfer
- Institute of Genomics and RNomics, Biocenter Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Alexander Vorleuter
- Institute of Genomics and RNomics, Biocenter Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Eschlböck
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Genomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine Group, University of Innsbruck and CMBI, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angeliki Spathopoulou
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Genomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine Group, University of Innsbruck and CMBI, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marta Suarez-Cubero
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Genomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine Group, University of Innsbruck and CMBI, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Reiterer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Melanie Spanjaard
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian P Schaaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas A Huber
- Institute of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Leopold Kremser
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Protein Core Facility, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina Sarg
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Protein Core Facility, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Genomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine Group, University of Innsbruck and CMBI, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Geley
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mariana E G de Araujo
- Institute of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Alexander Huettenhofer
- Institute of Genomics and RNomics, Biocenter Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Collins RRJ, Gee RRF, Sanchez MCH, Tozandehjani S, Bayat T, Breznik B, Lee AK, Peters ST, Connelly JP, Pruett-Miller SM, Roussel MF, Rakheja D, Tillman HS, Potts PR, Fon Tacer K. Melanoma antigens in pediatric medulloblastoma contribute to tumor heterogeneity and species-specificity of group 3 tumors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.14.594201. [PMID: 38798351 PMCID: PMC11118370 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.14.594201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Background Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most malignant childhood brain cancer. Group 3 MB subtype accounts for about 25% of MB diagnoses and is associated with the most unfavorable outcomes. Herein, we report that more than half of group 3 MB tumors express melanoma antigens (MAGEs), which are potential prognostic and therapeutic markers. MAGEs are tumor antigens, expressed in several types of adult cancers and associated with poorer prognosis and therapy resistance; however, their expression in pediatric cancers is mostly unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether MAGEs are activated in pediatric MB. Methods To determine MAGE frequency in pediatric MB, we obtained formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE) samples of 34 patients, collected between 2008 - 2015, from the Children's Medical Center Dallas pathology archives and applied our validated reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay to measure the relative expression of 23 MAGE cancer-testis antigen genes. To validate our data, we analyzed several published datasets from pediatric MB patients and patient-derived orthotopic xenografts, totaling 860 patients. We then examined how MAGE expression affects the growth and oncogenic potential of medulloblastoma cells by CRISPR-Cas9- and siRNA-mediated gene depletion. Results Our RT-qPCR analysis suggested that MAGEs were expressed in group 3/4 medulloblastoma. Further mining of bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets confirmed that 50-75% of group 3 tumors activate a subset of MAGE genes. Depletion of MAGEAs, B2, and Cs alter MB cell survival, viability, and clonogenic growth due to decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis. Conclusions These results indicate that targeting MAGEs in medulloblastoma may be a potential therapeutic option for group 3 medulloblastomas. Key Points Several Type I MAGE CTAs are expressed in >60% of group 3 MBs. Type I MAGEs affect MB cell proliferation and apoptosis. MAGEs are potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for group 3 MBs. Importance of the Study This study is the first comprehensive analysis of all Type I MAGE CTAs ( MAGEA , -B , and -C subfamily members) in pediatric MBs. Our results show that more than 60% of group 3 MBs express MAGE genes, which are required for the viability and growth of cells in which they are expressed. Collectively, these data provide novel insights into the antigen landscape of pediatric MBs. The activation of MAGE genes in group 3 MBs presents potential stratifying and therapeutic options. Abstract Figure
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Madeo SF, Zagaroli L, Vandelli S, Calcaterra V, Crinò A, De Sanctis L, Faienza MF, Fintini D, Guazzarotti L, Licenziati MR, Mozzillo E, Pajno R, Scarano E, Street ME, Wasniewska M, Bocchini S, Bucolo C, Buganza R, Chiarito M, Corica D, Di Candia F, Francavilla R, Fratangeli N, Improda N, Morabito LA, Mozzato C, Rossi V, Schiavariello C, Farello G, Iughetti L, Salpietro V, Salvatoni A, Giordano M, Grugni G, Delvecchio M. Endocrine features of Prader-Willi syndrome: a narrative review focusing on genotype-phenotype correlation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1382583. [PMID: 38737552 PMCID: PMC11082343 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1382583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic disorder caused by three different types of molecular genetic abnormalities. The most common defect is a deletion on the paternal 15q11-q13 chromosome, which is seen in about 60% of individuals. The next most common abnormality is maternal disomy 15, found in around 35% of cases, and a defect in the imprinting center that controls the activity of certain genes on chromosome 15, seen in 1-3% of cases. Individuals with PWS typically experience issues with the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, leading to excessive hunger (hyperphagia), severe obesity, various endocrine disorders, and intellectual disability. Differences in physical and behavioral characteristics between patients with PWS due to deletion versus those with maternal disomy are discussed in literature. Patients with maternal disomy tend to have more frequent neurodevelopmental problems, such as autistic traits and behavioral issues, and generally have higher IQ levels compared to those with deletion of the critical PWS region. This has led us to review the pertinent literature to investigate the possibility of establishing connections between the genetic abnormalities and the endocrine disorders experienced by PWS patients, in order to develop more targeted diagnostic and treatment protocols. In this review, we will review the current state of clinical studies focusing on endocrine disorders in individuals with PWS patients, with a specific focus on the various genetic causes. We will look at topics such as neonatal anthropometry, thyroid issues, adrenal problems, hypogonadism, bone metabolism abnormalities, metabolic syndrome resulting from severe obesity caused by hyperphagia, deficiencies in the GH/IGF-1 axis, and the corresponding responses to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona F. Madeo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mother, Children and Adults, Pediatric Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Zagaroli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Sara Vandelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mother, Children and Adults, Post-Graduate School of Pediatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonino Crinò
- Center for Rare Diseases and Congenital Defects, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa De Sanctis
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Regina Margherita Children Hospital – Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Felicia Faienza
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Danilo Fintini
- Prader Willi Reference Center, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Pediatric University Department, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Guazzarotti
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Licenziati
- Neuro-endocrine Diseases and Obesity Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Enza Mozzillo
- Department of Translational and Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Pajno
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Scarano
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria E. Street
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Wasniewska
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Pediatric Unit, Gaetano Martino University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sarah Bocchini
- Prader Willi Reference Center, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Pediatric University Department, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Bucolo
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Buganza
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Regina Margherita Children Hospital – Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mariangela Chiarito
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Corica
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Pediatric Unit, Gaetano Martino University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Candia
- Department of Translational and Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Nadia Fratangeli
- Division of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Verbania, Italy
| | - Nicola Improda
- Neuro-endocrine Diseases and Obesity Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Mozzato
- Child and Women Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Virginia Rossi
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Farello
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Iughetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mother, Children and Adults, Pediatric Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Mara Giordano
- Laboratory of Genetics, Struttura Complessa a Direzione Universitaria (SCDU) Biochimica Clinica, Ospedale Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Graziano Grugni
- Division of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Verbania, Italy
| | - Maurizio Delvecchio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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Soliman HK, Coughlan JM. United by Conflict: Convergent Signatures of Parental Conflict in Angiosperms and Placental Mammals. J Hered 2024:esae009. [PMID: 38366852 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Endosperm in angiosperms and placenta in eutherians are convergent innovations for efficient embryonic nutrient transfer. Despite advantages, this reproductive strategy incurs metabolic costs that maternal parents disproportionately shoulder, leading to potential inter-parental conflict over optimal offspring investment. Genomic imprinting-parent-of-origin-biased gene expression-is fundamental for endosperm and placenta development and has convergently evolved in angiosperms and mammals, in part, to resolve parental conflict. Here, we review the mechanisms of genomic imprinting in these taxa. Despite differences in the timing and spatial extent of imprinting, these taxa exhibit remarkable convergence in the molecular machinery and genes governing imprinting. We then assess the role of parental conflict in shaping evolution within angiosperms and eutherians using four criteria: (1) Do differences in the extent of sibling relatedness cause differences in the inferred strength of parental conflict? (2) Do reciprocal crosses between taxa with different inferred histories of parental conflict exhibit parent-of-origin growth effects? (3) Are these parent-of-origin growth effects caused by dosage-sensitive mechanisms and do these loci exhibit signals of positive selection? (4) Can normal development be restored by genomic perturbations that restore stoichiometric balance in the endosperm/placenta? Although we find evidence for all criteria in angiosperms and eutherians, suggesting that parental conflict may help shape their evolution, many questions remain. Additionally, myriad differences between the two taxa suggest that their respective biologies may shape how/when/where/to what extent parental conflict manifests. Lastly, we discuss outstanding questions, highlighting the power of comparative work in quantifying the role of parental conflict in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar K Soliman
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Jenn M Coughlan
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States
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Štepihar D, Florke Gee RR, Hoyos Sanchez MC, Fon Tacer K. Cell-specific secretory granule sorting mechanisms: the role of MAGEL2 and retromer in hypothalamic regulated secretion. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1243038. [PMID: 37799273 PMCID: PMC10548473 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1243038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular protein trafficking and sorting are extremely arduous in endocrine and neuroendocrine cells, which synthesize and secrete on-demand substantial quantities of proteins. To ensure that neuroendocrine secretion operates correctly, each step in the secretion pathways is tightly regulated and coordinated both spatially and temporally. At the trans-Golgi network (TGN), intrinsic structural features of proteins and several sorting mechanisms and distinct signals direct newly synthesized proteins into proper membrane vesicles that enter either constitutive or regulated secretion pathways. Furthermore, this anterograde transport is counterbalanced by retrograde transport, which not only maintains membrane homeostasis but also recycles various proteins that function in the sorting of secretory cargo, formation of transport intermediates, or retrieval of resident proteins of secretory organelles. The retromer complex recycles proteins from the endocytic pathway back to the plasma membrane or TGN and was recently identified as a critical player in regulated secretion in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, melanoma antigen protein L2 (MAGEL2) was discovered to act as a tissue-specific regulator of the retromer-dependent endosomal protein recycling pathway and, by doing so, ensures proper secretory granule formation and maturation. MAGEL2 is a mammalian-specific and maternally imprinted gene implicated in Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang neurodevelopmental syndromes. In this review, we will briefly discuss the current understanding of the regulated secretion pathway, encompassing anterograde and retrograde traffic. Although our understanding of the retrograde trafficking and sorting in regulated secretion is not yet complete, we will review recent insights into the molecular role of MAGEL2 in hypothalamic neuroendocrine secretion and how its dysregulation contributes to the symptoms of Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang patients. Given that the activation of many secreted proteins occurs after they enter secretory granules, modulation of the sorting efficiency in a tissue-specific manner may represent an evolutionary adaptation to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Štepihar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX, United States
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rebecca R. Florke Gee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Maria Camila Hoyos Sanchez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Klementina Fon Tacer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX, United States
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Hoyos Sanchez MC, Bayat T, Gee RRF, Fon Tacer K. Hormonal Imbalances in Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang Syndromes Imply the Evolution of Specific Regulation of Hypothalamic Neuroendocrine Function in Mammals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13109. [PMID: 37685915 PMCID: PMC10487939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus regulates fundamental aspects of physiological homeostasis and behavior, including stress response, reproduction, growth, sleep, and feeding, several of which are affected in patients with Prader-Willi (PWS) and Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS). PWS is caused by paternal deletion, maternal uniparental disomy, or imprinting defects that lead to loss of expression of a maternally imprinted region of chromosome 15 encompassing non-coding RNAs and five protein-coding genes; SYS patients have a mutation in one of them, MAGEL2. Throughout life, PWS and SYS patients suffer from musculoskeletal deficiencies, intellectual disabilities, and hormonal abnormalities, which lead to compulsive behaviors like hyperphagia and temper outbursts. Management of PWS and SYS is mostly symptomatic and cures for these debilitating disorders do not exist, highlighting a clear, unmet medical need. Research over several decades into the molecular and cellular roles of PWS genes has uncovered that several impinge on the neuroendocrine system. In this review, we will discuss the expression and molecular functions of PWS genes, connecting them with hormonal imbalances in patients and animal models. Besides the observed hormonal imbalances, we will describe the recent findings about how the loss of individual genes, particularly MAGEL2, affects the molecular mechanisms of hormone secretion. These results suggest that MAGEL2 evolved as a mammalian-specific regulator of hypothalamic neuroendocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Camila Hoyos Sanchez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, 7671 Evans Dr., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Tara Bayat
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, 7671 Evans Dr., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Rebecca R. Florke Gee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, 7671 Evans Dr., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Klementina Fon Tacer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, 7671 Evans Dr., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Lenart-Lipińska M, Łuniewski M, Szydełko J, Matyjaszek-Matuszek B. Clinical and Therapeutic Implications of Male Obesity. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5354. [PMID: 37629396 PMCID: PMC10455727 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity, a disorder linked to numerous comorbidities and metabolic complications, has recently increased dramatically worldwide and is highly prevalent in men, even at a young age. Compared to female patients, men with obesity more frequently have delayed diagnosis, higher severity of obesity, increased mortality rate, and only a minority of obese male patients are successfully treated, including with bariatric surgery. The aim of this review was to present the current state of knowledge about the clinical and therapeutic implications of obesity diagnosed in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lenart-Lipińska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.Ł.); (J.S.); (B.M.-M.)
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Huang Z, Lu W, Zhang P, Lu Y, Chen L, Kang W, Yang L, Li G, Zhu J, Wu B, Zhou W, Wang H. Early onset critically ill infants with Schaaf-Yang syndrome: a retrospective study from the China neonatal genomes project and literature review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2023; 11:312. [PMID: 37404980 PMCID: PMC10316094 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-4396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) is a recently identified rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by neonatal hypotonia, feeding difficulty, joint contractures, autism spectrum disorder and development delay/intellectual disability. It is mainly caused by truncating variants in maternally imprinted gene MAGEL2 within the Prader-Willi syndrome critical region 15q11-q13. Clinical diagnosis of SYS is difficult for clinicians due to its rarity and highly variable phenotypes, while unique inheritance patterns also complicate genetic diagnosis. To date, no published papers have analyzed the clinical consequences and molecular changes in Chinese patients. Methods In this study, we retrospectively investigated the mutation spectrums and phenotypic features of 12 SYS infants. The data were from a cohort of critically ill infants from the China neonatal genomes project (CNGP), sponsored by Children's Hospital of Fudan University. We also reviewed relevant literature. Results Six previously reported mutations and six novel pathogenic variations of MAGEL2 were identified in 12 unrelated infants. Neonatal respiratory problems were the major complaint for hospitalization, which occurred in 91.7% (11/12) cases. All babies displayed feeding difficulties and a poor suck postnatally, and neonatal dystonia was present in 11 of the cases; joint contractures and multiple congenital defects were also observed. Interestingly, we found that 42.5% (57/134) of the reported SYS patients, including ours carried variants in the c.1996 site, particularly the c.1996dupC variant. The mortality rate was 17.2% (23/134), with the median age of death between 24 gestational weeks in fetuses and 1-month-old in infants. Respiratory failure was the leading cause of death in live-born patients (58.8%, 10/17), especially during the neonatal period. Conclusions Our findings expanded the genotype and phenotype spectrum of neonatal SYS patients. The results demonstrated that respiratory dysfunction was a typical characteristic among Chinese SYS neonates that should attract physicians' attention. The early identification of such disorders allows early intervention and can further provide genetic counseling as well as reproductive options for the affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwen Huang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases1, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulan Lu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenqing Kang
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases1, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jitao Zhu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbing Wu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
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10
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Juriaans AF, Kerkhof GF, Garrelfs M, Trueba-Timmermans D, Hokken-Koelega ACS. Schaaf-Yang Syndrome: Clinical Phenotype and Effects of 4 years of Growth Hormone Treatment. Horm Res Paediatr 2023; 97:148-156. [PMID: 37343528 DOI: 10.1159/000531629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by truncating mutations of the MAGEL2 gene, located in the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) region. PWS and SYS have phenotypic overlap. Patients with SYS are often treated with growth hormone (GH), but evidence for the effectiveness of the treatment in patients with SYS is limited. METHODS This study describes 7 children with SYS. We studied their phenotype, genotype, and the effect of GH treatment on height and body mass index (BMI) during 4 years and on body composition during 1 year. RESULTS All patients had a normal birth weight. Most patients had hypotonia and feeding difficulties after birth (86%). Full-scale IQ ranged from <50 to 92. All patients above the age of 2 years had psycho-behavioral problems. There were no apparent correlations between the phenotype and the location of the defect in the MAGEL2 gene. Mean (95% CI) height SDS increased significantly from -1.74 (-3.55; 0.07) at start to -0.05 (-1.87; 1.77) after 4 years of GH treatment. Mean (95% CI) BMI SDS decreased significantly from 2.01 (1.02; 3.00) to 1.22 (0.18; 2.26) after 6 months and remained the same during the rest of the follow-up. Fat mass percentage SDS decreased and lean body mass did not change during 1 year of treatment in 3 patients. CONCLUSION Patients presented with a phenotype of hypotonia, respiratory insufficiency, and feeding difficulties after birth, endocrine disorders, intellectual disability, and behavioral problems. Treatment with GH significantly improved height SDS and BMI over the course of 4 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia F Juriaans
- Dutch Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome/Prader-Willi-like, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerthe F Kerkhof
- Dutch Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome/Prader-Willi-like, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Garrelfs
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Demi Trueba-Timmermans
- Dutch Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome/Prader-Willi-like, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
- Dutch Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome/Prader-Willi-like, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Castilla-Vallmanya L, Centeno-Pla M, Serrano M, Franco-Valls H, Martínez-Cabrera R, Prat-Planas A, Rojano E, Ranea JAG, Seoane P, Oliva C, Paredes-Fuentes AJ, Marfany G, Artuch R, Grinberg D, Rabionet R, Balcells S, Urreizti R. Advancing in Schaaf-Yang syndrome pathophysiology: from bedside to subcellular analyses of truncated MAGEL2. J Med Genet 2023; 60:406-415. [PMID: 36243518 PMCID: PMC10086475 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) is caused by truncating mutations in MAGEL2, mapping to the Prader-Willi region (15q11-q13), with an observed phenotype partially overlapping that of Prader-Willi syndrome. MAGEL2 plays a role in retrograde transport and protein recycling regulation. Our aim is to contribute to the characterisation of SYS pathophysiology at clinical, genetic and molecular levels. METHODS We performed an extensive phenotypic and mutational revision of previously reported patients with SYS. We analysed the secretion levels of amyloid-β 1-40 peptide (Aβ1-40) and performed targeted metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles in fibroblasts of patients with SYS (n=7) compared with controls (n=11). We also transfected cell lines with vectors encoding wild-type (WT) or mutated MAGEL2 to assess stability and subcellular localisation of the truncated protein. RESULTS Functional studies show significantly decreased levels of secreted Aβ1-40 and intracellular glutamine in SYS fibroblasts compared with WT. We also identified 132 differentially expressed genes, including non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as HOTAIR, and many of them related to developmental processes and mitotic mechanisms. The truncated form of MAGEL2 displayed a stability similar to the WT but it was significantly switched to the nucleus, compared with a mainly cytoplasmic distribution of the WT MAGEL2. Based on the updated knowledge, we offer guidelines for the clinical management of patients with SYS. CONCLUSION A truncated MAGEL2 protein is stable and localises mainly in the nucleus, where it might exert a pathogenic neomorphic effect. Aβ1-40 secretion levels and HOTAIR mRNA levels might be promising biomarkers for SYS. Our findings may improve SYS understanding and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castilla-Vallmanya
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Centeno-Pla
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Serrano
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Héctor Franco-Valls
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Martínez-Cabrera
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aina Prat-Planas
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Rojano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Institute of Biomedical Research in Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan A G Ranea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Institute of Biomedical Research in Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pedro Seoane
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Institute of Biomedical Research in Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Clara Oliva
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abraham J Paredes-Fuentes
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Rabionet
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susanna Balcells
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roser Urreizti
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) and Prenatal Diagnosis of Schaaf-Yang Syndrome: A Report of Three Families and a Research on Genotype-Phenotype Correlations. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041688. [PMID: 36836222 PMCID: PMC9962152 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Schaaf-Yang Syndrome (SYS) is a genetic disorder caused by truncating pathogenic variants in the paternal allele of the maternally imprinted, paternally expressed gene MAGEL2 and is characterized by genital hypoplasia, neonatal hypotonia, developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and other features. In this study, eleven SYS patients from three families were enrolled and comprehensive clinical features were gathered regarding each family. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed for the definitive molecular diagnosis of the disease. Identified variants were validated using Sanger sequencing. Three couples underwent PGT for monogenic diseases (PGT-M) and/or a prenatal diagnosis. Haplotype analysis was performed to deduce the embryo's genotype by using the short tandem repeats (STRs) identified in each sample. The prenatal diagnosis results showed that the fetus in each case did not carry pathogenic variants, and all the babies of the three families were born at full term and were healthy. We also performed a review of SYS cases. In addition to the 11 patients in our study, a total of 127 SYS patients were included in 11 papers. We summarized all variant sites and clinical symptoms thus far, and conducted a genotype-phenotype correlation analysis. Our results also indicated that the variation in phenotypic severity may depend on the specific location of the truncating variant, suggestive of a genotype-phenotype association.
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13
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Liu C, Liu J, Shao J, Huang C, Dai X, Shen Y, Hou W, Shen Y, Yu Y. MAGED4B Promotes Glioma Progression via Inactivation of the TNF-α-induced Apoptotic Pathway by Down-regulating TRIM27 Expression. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:273-291. [PMID: 35986882 PMCID: PMC9905453 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00926-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MAGED4B belongs to the melanoma-associated antigen family; originally found in melanoma, it is expressed in various types of cancer, and is especially enriched in glioblastoma. However, the functional role and molecular mechanisms of MAGED4B in glioma are still unclear. In this study, we found that the MAGED4B level was higher in glioma tissue than that in non-cancer tissue, and the level was positively correlated with glioma grade, tumor diameter, Ki-67 level, and patient age. The patients with higher levels had a worse prognosis than those with lower MAGED4B levels. In glioma cells, MAGED4B overexpression promoted proliferation, invasion, and migration, as well as decreasing apoptosis and the chemosensitivity to cisplatin and temozolomide. On the contrary, MAGED4B knockdown in glioma cells inhibited proliferation, invasion, and migration, as well as increasing apoptosis and the chemosensitivity to cisplatin and temozolomide. MAGED4B knockdown also inhibited the growth of gliomas implanted into the rat brain. The interaction between MAGED4B and tripartite motif-containing 27 (TRIM27) in glioma cells was detected by co-immunoprecipitation assay, which showed that MAGED4B was co-localized with TRIM27. In addition, MAGED4B overexpression down-regulated the TRIM27 protein level, and this was blocked by carbobenzoxyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine (MG132), an inhibitor of the proteasome. On the contrary, MAGED4B knockdown up-regulated the TRIM27 level. Furthermore, MAGED4B overexpression increased TRIM27 ubiquitination in the presence of MG132. Accordingly, MAGED4B down-regulated the protein levels of genes downstream of ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) involved in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced apoptotic pathway. These findings indicate that MAGED4B promotes glioma growth via a TRIM27/USP7/receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIP1)-dependent TNF-α-induced apoptotic pathway, which suggests that MAGED4B is a potential target for glioma diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Juntang Shao
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xingliang Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yujun Shen
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Weishu Hou
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yuxian Shen
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
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14
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Yang Y, Li G, Wang Y, Sun Y, Xu C, Wei Z, Zhang S, Gao L, Liu S, Zhao J. Facile discovery of red blood cell deformation and compromised membrane/skeleton assembly in Prader-Willi syndrome. Front Med 2022; 16:946-956. [PMID: 36385596 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-022-0962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare congenital disease with genetic alterations in chromosome 15. Although genetic disorders and DNA methylation abnormalities involved in PWS have been investigated to a significant degree, other anomalies such as those in erythrocytes may occur and these have not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, we uncovered slight anemia in children with PWS that was associated with increased red blood cell (RBC) distribution width (RDW) and contrarily reduced hematocrit (HCT) values. Intriguingly, the increased ratio in RDW to HCT allowed sufficient differentiation between the PWS patients from the healthy controls and, importantly, with individuals exhibiting conventional obesity. Further morphologic examinations revealed a significant deformity in erythrocytes and mild hemolysis in PWS patients. Comprehensive mechanistic investigations unveiled compromised membrane skeletal assembly and membrane lipid composition, and revealed a reduced F-actin/G-actin ratio in PWS patients. We ascribed these phenotypic changes in erythrocytes to the observed genetic defects, including DNA methylation abnormalities. Our collective data allowed us to uncover RBC deformation in children with PWS, and this may constitute an auxiliary indicator of PWS in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashuang Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Guimei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Yanzhou Wang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- Medical Social Work Office, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China.
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China. .,Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China. .,Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021, China.
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15
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Zheng H, Mei S, Li F, Wei L, Wang Y, Huang J, Zhang F, Huang J, Liu Y, Gu W, Liu H. Expansion of the mutation spectrum and phenotype of USP7-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:970649. [PMID: 36466803 PMCID: PMC9708884 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.970649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hao-fountain syndrome (HAFOUS) is a neurodevelopmental syndrome characterized by global developmental and severe language delays, behavioral abnormalities (including autism), and mild dysmorphic impairment of intellectual development. It is a dominant genetic disease caused by USP7 gene (*602519) mutations on chromosome 16p13.2. So far, only 15 cases with 14 deleterious variants in the USP7 gene have been reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study describes three unrelated patients with USP7 variants. Besides, we identified novel de novo heterozygous USP7 variants using trio-whole exome sequencing and verified by Sanger sequencing. Furthermore, clinical characteristics were evaluated by reviewing the medical records. RESULTS The three identified variants, i.e., one frameshift variant (c.247_250del, p.Glu83Argfs × 18) and two missense variants (c.992A > G, p.Tyr331Cys; c.835T > G, p.Leu279Val) are unreported. The predominant clinical manifestations of the three patients included: DD/ID; language impairment; abnormal behavior; abnormal brain magnetic resonance (dilation of lateral ventricles, dilation of Virchow-Robin spaces, dilated the third ventricle, abnormal cerebral white matter morphology in bilateral occipital lobes, hypodysplasia of the corpus callosum, arachnoid cyst, delayed myelination, and widened subarachnoid space); some also had facial abnormalities. CONCLUSION In summary, DD/ID is the most prevalent clinical phenotype of HAFOUS, although some patients also exhibit language and behavioral abnormalities. For the first time in China, we identified three variants of the USP7 gene using whole-genome sequence data. This work expands the USP7 gene mutation spectrum and provides additional clinical data on the clinical phenotype of HAFOUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiyue Mei
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children’s Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fuwei Li
- Beijing Chigene Translational Medical Research Center Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Liwan Wei
- Beijing Chigene Translational Medical Research Center Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | - Jinrong Huang
- Ganzhou Women and Children’s Health Care Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Ganzhou Women and Children’s Health Care Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weiyue Gu
- Beijing Chigene Translational Medical Research Center Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
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16
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Negishi Y, Kurosawa K, Takano K, Matsubara K, Nishiyama T, Saitoh S. A nationwide survey of Schaaf-Yang syndrome in Japan. J Hum Genet 2022; 67:735-738. [PMID: 36220858 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) is a congenital disorder characterized by developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder and congenital joint contractures. In this study, a nationwide epidemiological questionnaire-based survey of SYS in the Japanese population was conducted to establish patient numbers, clinical features and genetic information. In the primary survey, we investigated the number of SYS patients. In the secondary survey, we obtained and analyzed detailed clinical and genetic information of SYS patients. This survey collected information on 25 genetically-confirmed patients. The major clinical symptoms included neonatal hypotonia (96% of the patients), poor suck in infancy (82%), developmental delay (100%) and joint contractures (83%). Other main symptoms and findings included characteristic facial features (100%), small hands (92%), eye abnormalities (92%) and short stature (79%). Based on the information collected on activities of daily living, 71% of patients were unable to walk, while 67%, 71%, and 81% of patients required full assistance with eating, toileting and bathing, respectively. Regarding inheritability, the genetic analysis of 21 patients revealed that 14 (67%) carried de novo truncating variants in the melanoma antigen L2 (MAGEL2) gene and seven (33%) had inherited truncating variants from their fathers who were carriers. This survey revealed the clinical and genetic features in Japanese SYS patients. The majority of SYS patients required assistance in many aspects of daily living, and there were a certain number of carriers of the imprinting disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Negishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu Prefectural Tajimi Hospital, Tajimi, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Kurosawa
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takano
- Center for Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsubara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishiyama
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
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17
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Lee SH, Shin SH, Ko JM, Kim B, Oh HS, Kim MJ, Park SG, Kim EK, Kim HS. A Korean Child with Schaaf-Yang Syndrome Presented with Hearing Impairment: A Case Report. NEONATAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.5385/nm.2022.29.3.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) is a rare genomic imprinting disorder caused by truncating mutations in the paternally derived MAGE family member L2 (<i>MAGEL2</i>) allele. It is also responsible for Prader-Willi syndrome, characterized by neonatal hypotonia, developmental delay, intellectual disability, respiratory distress in early infancy, and arthrogryposis. More than 250 individuals with approximately 57 different molecular variants have been reported since 2013, but the phenotype-genotype association in SYS is not yet fully understood. Here, we describe the case of a Korean patient diagnosed with SYS harboring a mutation in the paternal allele of <i>MAGEL2</i>: c.2895G>A, resulting in a protein change of p.Trp965*. The patient’s phenotype included respiratory distress, arthrogryposis, hypotonia, and feeding difficulty in the early neonatal period. Mild renal dysfunction and hearing impairment were observed during infancy.
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18
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Zhang XW, Feng N, Liu YC, Guo Q, Wang JK, Bai YZ, Ye XM, Yang Z, Yang H, Liu Y, Yang MM, Wang YH, Shi XM, Liu D, Tu PF, Zeng KW. Neuroinflammation inhibition by small-molecule targeting USP7 noncatalytic domain for neurodegenerative disease therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo0789. [PMID: 35947662 PMCID: PMC9365288 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo0789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a fundamental contributor to progressive neuronal damage, which arouses a heightened interest in neurodegenerative disease therapy. Ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) has a crucial role in regulating protein stability in multiple biological processes; however, the potential role of USP7 in neurodegenerative progression is poorly understood. Here, we discover the natural small molecule eupalinolide B (EB), which targets USP7 to inhibit microglia activation. Cocrystal structure reveals a previously undisclosed covalent allosteric site, Cys576, in a unique noncatalytic HUBL domain. By selectively modifying Cys576, EB allosterically inhibits USP7 to cause a ubiquitination-dependent degradation of Keap1. Keap1 function loss further results in an Nrf2-dependent transcription activation of anti-neuroinflammation genes in microglia. In vivo, pharmacological USP7 inhibition attenuates microglia activation and resultant neuron injury, thereby notably improving behavioral deficits in dementia and Parkinson's disease mouse models. Collectively, our findings provide an attractive future direction for neurodegenerative disease therapy by inhibiting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation by targeting USP7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Na Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan-Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing-Kang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi-Zhen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Heng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mi-Mi Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan-Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Proteomics Laboratory, Medical and Healthy Analytical Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Corresponding author. (P.-F.T.); (K.-W.Z.)
| | - Ke-Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Corresponding author. (P.-F.T.); (K.-W.Z.)
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19
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Oxytocin-based therapies for treatment of Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang syndromes: evidence, disappointments, and future research strategies. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:318. [PMID: 35941105 PMCID: PMC9360032 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The prosocial neuropeptide oxytocin is being developed as a potential treatment for various neuropsychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Early studies using intranasal oxytocin in patients with ASD yielded encouraging results and for some time, scientists and affected families placed high hopes on the use of intranasal oxytocin for behavioral therapy in ASD. However, a recent Phase III trial obtained negative results using intranasal oxytocin for the treatment of behavioral symptoms in children with ASD. Given the frequently observed autism-like behavioral phenotypes in Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang syndromes, it is unclear whether oxytocin treatment represents a viable option to treat behavioral symptoms in these diseases. Here we review the latest findings on intranasal OT treatment, Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang syndromes, and propose novel research strategies for tailored oxytocin-based therapies for affected individuals. Finally, we propose the critical period theory, which could explain why oxytocin-based treatment seems to be most efficient in infants, but not adolescents.
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20
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The Role of Genetics in Central Precocious Puberty: Confirmed and Potential Neuroendocrine Genetic and Epigenetic Contributors and Their Interactions with Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs). ENDOCRINES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines3030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing prevalence of central precocious puberty (CPP), most cases are still diagnosed as “idiopathic” due to the lack of identifiable findings of other diagnostic etiology. We are gaining greater insight into some key genes affecting neurotransmitters and receptors and how they stimulate or inhibit gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, as well as transcriptional and epigenetic influences. Although the genetic contributions to pubertal regulation are more established in the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) literature, cases of CPP have provided the opportunity to learn more about its own genetic influences. There have been clinically confirmed cases of CPP associated with gene mutations in kisspeptin and its receptor (KISS1, KISS1R), Delta-like noncanonical Notch ligand 1 (DLK1), and the now most commonly identified genetic cause of CPP, makorin ring finger protein (MKRN3). In addition to these proven genetic causes, a number of other candidates continue to be evaluated. After reviewing the basic clinical aspects of puberty, we summarize what is known about the various genetic and epigenetic causes of CPP as well as discuss some of the potential effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on some of these processes.
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21
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A Review of Prader–Willi Syndrome. ENDOCRINES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines3020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader–Willi Syndrome (PWS, OMIM #176270) is a rare complex genetic disorder due to the loss of expression of paternally derived genes in the PWS critical region on chromosome 15q11-q13. It affects multiple neuroendocrine systems and may present failure to thrive in infancy, but then, hyperphagia and morbid obesity starting in early childhood became the hallmark of this condition. Short stature, hypogonadism, sleep abnormalities, intellectual disability, and behavioral disturbances highlight the main features of this syndrome. There have been a significant number of advances in our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying the disease, especially discoveries of MAGEL2, NDN, MKRN3, and SNORD116 genes in the pathophysiology of PWS. However, early diagnosis and difficulty in treating some of the disease’s most disabling features remain challenging. As our understanding of PWS continues to grow, so does the availability of new therapies and management strategies available to clinicians and families.
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22
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Proteins and Proteases of Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review and Perspectives. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231361. [PMID: 35621394 PMCID: PMC9208313 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20220610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader–Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare complex genetic disease that is associated with pathological disorders that include endocrine disruption, developmental, neurological, and physical problems as well as intellectual, and behavioral dysfunction. In early stage, PWS is characterized by respiratory distress, hypotonia, and poor sucking ability, causing feeding concern and poor weight gain. Additional features of the disease evolve over time. These include hyperphagia, obesity, developmental, cognitive delay, skin picking, high pain threshold, short stature, growth hormone deficiency, hypogonadism, strabismus, scoliosis, joint laxity, or hip dysplasia. The disease is associated with a shortened life expectancy. There is no cure for PWS, although interventions are available for symptoms management. PWS is caused by genetic defects in chromosome 15q11.2-q13, and categorized into three groups, namely Paternal deletion, Maternal uniparental disomy, and Imprinting defect. PWS is confirmed through genetic testing and DNA-methylation analysis. Studies revealed that at least two key proteins namely MAGEL-2 and NECDIN along with two proteases PCSK1 and PCSK2 are linked to PWS. Herein, we summarize our current understanding and knowledge about the role of these proteins and enzymes in various biological processes associated with PWS. The review also describes how loss and/or impairment of functional activity of these macromolecules can lead to hormonal disbalance by promoting degradation of secretory granules and via inhibition of proteolytic maturation of precursor-proteins. The present review will draw attention of researchers, scientists, and academicians engaged in PWS study and will help to identify potential targets and molecular pathways for PWS intervention and treatment.
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Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) is an emerging therapeutic modality with the potential to tackle disease-causing proteins that have historically been highly challenging to target with conventional small molecules. In the 20 years since the concept of a proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) molecule harnessing the ubiquitin-proteasome system to degrade a target protein was reported, TPD has moved from academia to industry, where numerous companies have disclosed programmes in preclinical and early clinical development. With clinical proof-of-concept for PROTAC molecules against two well-established cancer targets provided in 2020, the field is poised to pursue targets that were previously considered 'undruggable'. In this Review, we summarize the first two decades of PROTAC discovery and assess the current landscape, with a focus on industry activity. We then discuss key areas for the future of TPD, including establishing the target classes for which TPD is most suitable, expanding the use of ubiquitin ligases to enable precision medicine and extending the modality beyond oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Craig M Crews
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Zaletaev DV, Nemtsova MV, Strelnikov VV. Epigenetic Regulation Disturbances on Gene Expression in Imprinting Diseases. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321050149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Bertoni A, Schaller F, Tyzio R, Gaillard S, Santini F, Xolin M, Diabira D, Vaidyanathan R, Matarazzo V, Medina I, Hammock E, Zhang J, Chini B, Gaiarsa JL, Muscatelli F. Oxytocin administration in neonates shapes hippocampal circuitry and restores social behavior in a mouse model of autism. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7582-7595. [PMID: 34290367 PMCID: PMC8872977 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin is an important regulator of the social brain. In some animal models of autism, notably in Magel2tm1.1Mus-deficient mice, peripheral administration of oxytocin in infancy improves social behaviors until adulthood. However, neither the mechanisms responsible for social deficits nor the mechanisms by which such oxytocin administration has long-term effects are known. Here, we aimed to clarify these oxytocin-dependent mechanisms, focusing on social memory performance. Using in situ hybridization (RNAscope), we have established that Magel2 and oxytocin receptor are co-expressed in the dentate gyrus and CA2/CA3 hippocampal regions involved in the circuitry underlying social memory. Then, we have shown that Magel2tm1.1Mus-deficient mice, evaluated in a three-chamber test, present a deficit in social memory. Next, in hippocampus, we conducted neuroanatomical and functional studies using immunostaining, oxytocin-binding experiments, ex vivo electrophysiological recordings, calcium imaging and biochemical studies. We demonstrated: an increase of the GABAergic activity of CA3-pyramidal cells associated with an increase in the quantity of oxytocin receptors and of somatostatin interneurons in both DG and CA2/CA3 regions. We also revealed a delay in the GABAergic development sequence in Magel2tm1.1Mus-deficient pups, linked to phosphorylation modifications of KCC2. Above all, we demonstrated the positive effects of subcutaneous administration of oxytocin in the mutant neonates, restoring hippocampal alterations and social memory at adulthood. Although clinical trials are debated, this study highlights the mechanisms by which peripheral oxytocin administration in neonates impacts the brain and demonstrates the therapeutic value of oxytocin to treat infants with autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bertoni
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1249, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), Institut Marseille Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Fabienne Schaller
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1249, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), Institut Marseille Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Roman Tyzio
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1249, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), Institut Marseille Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Francesca Santini
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Vedano al Lambro, Italy. Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marion Xolin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1249, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), Institut Marseille Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Diabé Diabira
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1249, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), Institut Marseille Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Valery Matarazzo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1249, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), Institut Marseille Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Igor Medina
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1249, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), Institut Marseille Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Bice Chini
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Vedano al Lambro, Italy. NeuroMI Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Jean-Luc Gaiarsa
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1249, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), Institut Marseille Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Muscatelli
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1249, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), Institut Marseille Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
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26
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Li S, Shi X, Li J, Zhou X. Pathogenicity of the MAGE family. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:844. [PMID: 34733362 PMCID: PMC8561213 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanoma antigen gene (MAGE) protein family is a group of highly conserved proteins that share a common homology domain. Under normal circumstances, numerous MAGE proteins are only expressed in reproduction-related tissues; however, abnormal expression levels are observed in a variety of tumor tissues. The MAGE family consists of type I and II proteins, several of which are cancer-testis antigens that are highly expressed in cancer and serve a critical role in tumorigenesis. Therefore, this review will use the relationship between MAGEs and tumors as a starting point, focusing on the latest developments regarding the function of MAGEs as oncogenes, and preliminarily reveal their possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyan Li
- Department of Pathology, Qianjiang Central Hospital, Qianjiang, Hubei 433100, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Shi
- Department of Pathology, Qianjiang Central Hospital, Qianjiang, Hubei 433100, P.R. China
| | - Jingping Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qianjiang Central Hospital, Qianjiang, Hubei 433100, P.R. China
| | - Xianrong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Qianjiang Central Hospital, Qianjiang, Hubei 433100, P.R. China
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27
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Sanderson MR, Fahlman RP, Wevrick R. The N-terminal domain of the Schaaf-Yang syndrome protein MAGEL2 likely has a role in RNA metabolism. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100959. [PMID: 34265304 PMCID: PMC8350409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MAGEL2 encodes the L2 member of the melanoma-associated antigen gene (MAGE) protein family, truncating mutations of which can cause Schaaf-Yang syndrome, an autism spectrum disorder. MAGEL2 is also inactivated in Prader-Willi syndrome, which overlaps clinically and mechanistically with Schaaf-Yang syndrome. Studies to date have only investigated the C-terminal portion of the MAGEL2 protein, containing the MAGE homology domain that interacts with RING-E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases to form protein complexes that modify protein ubiquitination. In contrast, the N-terminal portion of the MAGEL2 protein has never been studied. Here, we find that MAGEL2 has a low-complexity intrinsically disordered N-terminus rich in Pro-Xn-Gly motifs that is predicted to mediate liquid-liquid phase separation to form biomolecular condensates. We used proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify MAGEL2-proximal proteins, then clustered these proteins into functional networks. We determined that coding mutations analogous to disruptive mutations in other MAGE proteins alter these networks in biologically relevant ways. Proteins identified as proximal to the N-terminal portion of MAGEL2 are primarily involved in mRNA metabolic processes and include three mRNA N 6-methyladenosine (m6A)-binding YTHDF proteins and two RNA interference-mediating TNRC6 proteins. We found that YTHDF2 coimmunoprecipitates with MAGEL2, and coexpression of MAGEL2 reduces the nuclear accumulation of YTHDF2 after heat shock. We suggest that the N-terminal region of MAGEL2 may have a role in RNA metabolism and in particular the regulation of mRNAs modified by m6A methylation. These results provide mechanistic insight into pathogenic MAGEL2 mutations associated with Schaaf-Yang syndrome and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthea R Sanderson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard P Fahlman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rachel Wevrick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Correa‐da‐Silva F, Fliers E, Swaab DF, Yi C. Hypothalamic neuropeptides and neurocircuitries in Prader Willi syndrome. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12994. [PMID: 34156126 PMCID: PMC8365683 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare and incurable congenital neurodevelopmental disorder, resulting from the absence of expression of a group of genes on the paternally acquired chromosome 15q11-q13. Phenotypical characteristics of PWS include infantile hypotonia, short stature, incomplete pubertal development, hyperphagia and morbid obesity. Hypothalamic dysfunction in controlling body weight and food intake is a hallmark of PWS. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that PWS subjects have abnormal neurocircuitry engaged in the hedonic and physiological control of feeding behavior. This is translated into diminished production of hypothalamic effector peptides which are responsible for the coordination of energy homeostasis and satiety. So far, studies with animal models for PWS and with human post-mortem hypothalamic specimens demonstrated changes particularly in the infundibular and the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, both in orexigenic and anorexigenic neural populations. Moreover, many PWS patients have a severe endocrine dysfunction, e.g. central hypogonadism and/or growth hormone deficiency, which may contribute to the development of increased fat mass, especially if left untreated. Additionally, the role of non-neuronal cells, such as astrocytes and microglia in the hypothalamic dysregulation in PWS is yet to be determined. Notably, microglial activation is persistently present in non-genetic obesity. To what extent microglia, and other glial cells, are affected in PWS is poorly understood. The elucidation of the hypothalamic dysfunction in PWS could prove to be a key feature of rational therapeutic management in this syndrome. This review aims to examine the evidence for hypothalamic dysfunction, both at the neuropeptidergic and circuitry levels, and its correlation with the pathophysiology of PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Correa‐da‐Silva
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychiatric DisordersNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dick F. Swaab
- Department of Neuropsychiatric DisordersNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Chun‐Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychiatric DisordersNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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29
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Duan Y, Liu L, Zhang X, Jiang X, Xu J, Guan Q. Phenotypic spectrum and mechanism analysis of Schaff Yang syndrome: A case report on new mutation of MAGEL2 gene. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26309. [PMID: 34128869 PMCID: PMC8213290 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) is an autosomal dominant multi-system genetic disease caused by melanoma antigen L2 (MAGEL2) gene mutations imprinted by mothers and expressed by fathers on the 15q11-15q13 chromosomes in the critical region of Prader-Willi. MAGEL2 is a single exon gene and one of the protein-coding genes of the Prader-Willi domain. MAGEL2 is a matrilineal imprinted gene (i.e., the maternal chromosome is methylated). It is only expressed by unmethylated paternal alleles, and the individual is affected only when the variation occurs on the paternal allele. PATIENT CONCERNS We reported a patient with MAGEL2 gene new site mutation who had mild intellectual disability, social fear, small hands and feet, obesity issues, dyskinesia, growth retardation, language lag and sexual development disorder. DIAGNOSIS Whole-exome sequencing showed a heterozygous variation in the MAGEL2 gene, NM_019066.4:c.1687C > T (p.Q563X) and diagnosed as Schaaf-Yang syndrome. INTERVENTIONS Patient was advised to reduce weight, control blood lipids, blood glucose through appropriate strengthening of exercise and diet control in the future. At the same time, the family members were advised to provide mental training to the patient to strengthen the contact and communication with the outside world and improve the autistic symptoms. Because of the patient's bilateral cryptorchidism, it is recommended that the patient should be treated with bilateral cryptorchidism reduction fixation. OUTCOMES After a follow-up of the patient for 2 months, the patient is still walking unsteadily and requires an auxiliary reference material to walk normally. There is no significant change in height compared to before, and the weight has dropped by about 2 kg in the past 2 months. The symptoms of autism have improved slightly. The patient is willing to communicate with outsiders; his intelligence has not improved significantly, and his academic performance in school is still at the middle and lower levels. LESSONS The pathogenesis of SYS is complex, involving multiple pathways such as Leptin-POMC, MAGEL2-USP7-TRIM27 complex and oxytocin. Our study has also found that certain fatal phenotypes such as respiratory distress have a high incidence at individual sites, and early detection and timely intervention may prolong the life span of patients. Therefore, for patients in whom SYS is highly suspected, gene detection should be carried out as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuyun Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qingbo Guan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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30
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Hebach NR, Caro P, Martin-Giacalone BA, Lupo PJ, Marbach F, Choukair D, Schaaf CP. A retrospective analysis of growth hormone therapy in children with Schaaf-Yang syndrome. Clin Genet 2021; 100:298-307. [PMID: 34013972 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Short stature is a common phenotype in children with Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS). Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and SYS share several phenotypic features including short stature, muscular hypotonia and developmental delay/intellectual disability. Evidence exists that similar to PWS, growth hormone (GH) deficiency may also be a feature of SYS. Recombinant human GH (rhGH) therapy has been approved for PWS, but the effects of rhGH therapy in individuals with SYS have not yet been documented. This retrospective, questionnaire-based study analyzes the prevalence of rhGH therapy in children with SYS, the effects of rhGH therapy on anthropometric measures, and parental perception of the treatment. Twenty-six individuals with SYS were sent a clinical questionnaire and a request for growth charts. We found a significant increase in height z-score (p* = 0.04) as well as a significant decrease in body mass index 6 months after rhGH therapy initiation (p* = 0.04). Furthermore, height z-scores of the treated group (mean z-score = -1.00) were significantly higher than those of the untreated group (mean z-score = -3.36, p = 0.01) at time of enrollment. All parents reported an increase in muscle strength and endurance, and several families noted beneficial effects such as improved cognition and motor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils R Hebach
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pilar Caro
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bailey A Martin-Giacalone
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philip J Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Felix Marbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Choukair
- Divison of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Patrick Schaaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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31
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Srancikova A, Bacova Z, Bakos J. The epigenetic regulation of synaptic genes contributes to the etiology of autism. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:791-802. [PMID: 33939901 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms greatly affect the developing brain, as well as the maturation of synapses with pervasive, long-lasting consequences on behavior in adults. Substantial evidence exists that implicates dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Therefore, this review explains the role of enzymes involved in DNA methylation and demethylation in neurodevelopment by emphasizing changes of synaptic genes and proteins. Epigenetic causes of sex-dependent differences in the brain are analyzed in conjunction with the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders. Special attention is devoted to the epigenetic regulation of the melanoma-associated antigen-like gene 2 (MAGEL2) found in Prader-Willi syndrome, which is known to be accompanied by autistic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Srancikova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Bacova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Bakos
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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32
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Iakovlev M, Faravelli S, Becskei A. Gene Families With Stochastic Exclusive Gene Choice Underlie Cell Adhesion in Mammalian Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642212. [PMID: 33996799 PMCID: PMC8117012 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exclusive stochastic gene choice combines precision with diversity. This regulation enables most T-cells to express exactly one T-cell receptor isoform chosen from a large repertoire, and to react precisely against diverse antigens. Some cells express two receptor isoforms, revealing the stochastic nature of this process. A similar regulation of odorant receptors and protocadherins enable cells to recognize odors and confer individuality to cells in neuronal interaction networks, respectively. We explored whether genes in other families are expressed exclusively by analyzing single-cell RNA-seq data with a simple metric. This metric can detect exclusivity independently of the mean value and the monoallelic nature of gene expression. Chromosomal segments and gene families are more likely to express genes concurrently than exclusively, possibly due to the evolutionary and biophysical aspects of shared regulation. Nonetheless, gene families with exclusive gene choice were detected in multiple cell types, most of them are membrane proteins involved in ion transport and cell adhesion, suggesting the coordination of these two functions. Thus, stochastic exclusive expression extends beyond the prototypical families, permitting precision in gene choice to be combined with the diversity of intercellular interactions.
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33
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Mendiola AJP, LaSalle JM. Epigenetics in Prader-Willi Syndrome. Front Genet 2021; 12:624581. [PMID: 33659026 PMCID: PMC7917289 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.624581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 1 in 20,000 individuals worldwide. Symptom progression in PWS is classically characterized by two nutritional stages. Stage 1 is hypotonia characterized by poor muscle tone that leads to poor feeding behavior causing failure to thrive in early neonatal life. Stage 2 is followed by the development of extreme hyperphagia, also known as insatiable eating and fixation on food that often leads to obesity in early childhood. Other major features of PWS include obsessive-compulsive and hoarding behaviors, intellectual disability, and sleep abnormalities. PWS is genetic disorder mapping to imprinted 15q11.2-q13.3 locus, specifically at the paternally expressed SNORD116 locus of small nucleolar RNAs and noncoding host gene transcripts. SNORD116 is processed into several noncoding components and is hypothesized to orchestrate diurnal changes in metabolism through epigenetics, according to functional studies. Here, we review the current status of epigenetic mechanisms in PWS, with an emphasis on an emerging role for SNORD116 in circadian and sleep phenotypes. We also summarize current ongoing therapeutic strategies, as well as potential implications for more common human metabolic and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janine M. LaSalle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Genome Center, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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34
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Basar MA, Beck DB, Werner A. Deubiquitylases in developmental ubiquitin signaling and congenital diseases. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:538-556. [PMID: 33335288 PMCID: PMC7862630 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metazoan development from a one-cell zygote to a fully formed organism requires complex cellular differentiation and communication pathways. To coordinate these processes, embryos frequently encode signaling information with the small protein modifier ubiquitin, which is typically attached to lysine residues within substrates. During ubiquitin signaling, a three-step enzymatic cascade modifies specific substrates with topologically unique ubiquitin modifications, which mediate changes in the substrate's stability, activity, localization, or interacting proteins. Ubiquitin signaling is critically regulated by deubiquitylases (DUBs), a class of ~100 human enzymes that oppose the conjugation of ubiquitin. DUBs control many essential cellular functions and various aspects of human physiology and development. Recent genetic studies have identified mutations in several DUBs that cause developmental disorders. Here we review principles controlling DUB activity and substrate recruitment that allow these enzymes to regulate ubiquitin signaling during development. We summarize key mechanisms of how DUBs control embryonic and postnatal differentiation processes, highlight developmental disorders that are caused by mutations in particular DUB members, and describe our current understanding of how these mutations disrupt development. Finally, we discuss how emerging tools from human disease genetics will enable the identification and study of novel congenital disease-causing DUBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Basar
- Stem Cell Biochemistry Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David B Beck
- Stem Cell Biochemistry Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Achim Werner
- Stem Cell Biochemistry Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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35
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Florke Gee RR, Chen H, Lee AK, Daly CA, Wilander BA, Fon Tacer K, Potts PR. Emerging roles of the MAGE protein family in stress response pathways. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16121-16155. [PMID: 32921631 PMCID: PMC7681028 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanoma antigen (MAGE) proteins all contain a MAGE homology domain. MAGE genes are conserved in all eukaryotes and have expanded from a single gene in lower eukaryotes to ∼40 genes in humans and mice. Whereas some MAGEs are ubiquitously expressed in tissues, others are expressed in only germ cells with aberrant reactivation in multiple cancers. Much of the initial research on MAGEs focused on exploiting their antigenicity and restricted expression pattern to target them with cancer immunotherapy. Beyond their potential clinical application and role in tumorigenesis, recent studies have shown that MAGE proteins regulate diverse cellular and developmental pathways, implicating them in many diseases besides cancer, including lung, renal, and neurodevelopmental disorders. At the molecular level, many MAGEs bind to E3 RING ubiquitin ligases and, thus, regulate their substrate specificity, ligase activity, and subcellular localization. On a broader scale, the MAGE genes likely expanded in eutherian mammals to protect the germline from environmental stress and aid in stress adaptation, and this stress tolerance may explain why many cancers aberrantly express MAGEs Here, we present an updated, comprehensive review on the MAGE family that highlights general characteristics, emphasizes recent comparative studies in mice, and describes the diverse functions exerted by individual MAGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Florke Gee
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Helen Chen
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anna K Lee
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christina A Daly
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Benjamin A Wilander
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Klementina Fon Tacer
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, Texas, USA.
| | - Patrick Ryan Potts
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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36
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Yang SW, Huang X, Lin W, Min J, Miller DJ, Mayasundari A, Rodrigues P, Griffith EC, Gee CT, Li L, Li W, Lee RE, Rankovic Z, Chen T, Potts PR. Structural basis for substrate recognition and chemical inhibition of oncogenic MAGE ubiquitin ligases. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4931. [PMID: 33004795 PMCID: PMC7529893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Testis-restricted melanoma antigen (MAGE) proteins are frequently hijacked in cancer and play a critical role in tumorigenesis. MAGEs assemble with E3 ubiquitin ligases and function as substrate adaptors that direct the ubiquitination of novel targets, including key tumor suppressors. However, how MAGEs recognize their targets is unknown and has impeded the development of MAGE-directed therapeutics. Here, we report the structural basis for substrate recognition by MAGE ubiquitin ligases. Biochemical analysis of the degron motif recognized by MAGE-A11 and the crystal structure of MAGE-A11 bound to the PCF11 substrate uncovered a conserved substrate binding cleft (SBC) in MAGEs. Mutation of the SBC disrupted substrate recognition by MAGEs and blocked MAGE-A11 oncogenic activity. A chemical screen for inhibitors of MAGE-A11:substrate interaction identified 4-Aminoquinolines as potent inhibitors of MAGE-A11 that show selective cytotoxicity. These findings provide important insights into the large family of MAGE ubiquitin ligases and identify approaches for developing cancer-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Wook Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jaeki Min
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Darcie J Miller
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Anand Mayasundari
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Patrick Rodrigues
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Griffith
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Clifford T Gee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 5270 California Ave, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 5270 California Ave, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - Richard E Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Zoran Rankovic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Patrick Ryan Potts
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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37
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Chen H, Victor AK, Klein J, Tacer KF, Tai DJ, de Esch C, Nuttle A, Temirov J, Burnett LC, Rosenbaum M, Zhang Y, Ding L, Moresco JJ, Diedrich JK, Yates JR, Tillman HS, Leibel RL, Talkowski ME, Billadeau DD, Reiter LT, Potts PR. Loss of MAGEL2 in Prader-Willi syndrome leads to decreased secretory granule and neuropeptide production. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138576. [PMID: 32879135 PMCID: PMC7526459 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a developmental disorder caused by loss of maternally imprinted genes on 15q11-q13, including melanoma antigen gene family member L2 (MAGEL2). The clinical phenotypes of PWS suggest impaired hypothalamic neuroendocrine function; however, the exact cellular defects are unknown. Here, we report deficits in secretory granule (SG) abundance and bioactive neuropeptide production upon loss of MAGEL2 in humans and mice. Unbiased proteomic analysis of Magel2pΔ/m+ mice revealed a reduction in components of SG in the hypothalamus that was confirmed in 2 PWS patient-derived neuronal cell models. Mechanistically, we show that proper endosomal trafficking by the MAGEL2-regulated WASH complex is required to prevent aberrant lysosomal degradation of SG proteins and reduction of mature SG abundance. Importantly, loss of MAGEL2 in mice, NGN2-induced neurons, and human patients led to reduced neuropeptide production. Thus, MAGEL2 plays an important role in hypothalamic neuroendocrine function, and cellular defects in this pathway may contribute to PWS disease etiology. Moreover, these findings suggest unanticipated approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - A Kaitlyn Victor
- Department of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathon Klein
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Klementina Fon Tacer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Derek Jc Tai
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Celine de Esch
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Nuttle
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamshid Temirov
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lisa C Burnett
- Levo Therapeutics, Inc., Skokie, Illinois, USA.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Rosenbaum
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - James J Moresco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Heather S Tillman
- Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lawrence T Reiter
- Department of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Patrick Ryan Potts
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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38
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Folci A, Mirabella F, Fossati M. Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Like Proteins in the Critical Equilibrium between Synapse Physiology and Intellectual Disability. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0137-20.2020. [PMID: 32719102 PMCID: PMC7544190 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0137-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) represent a dynamic regulatory system that precisely modulates the functional organization of synapses. PTMs consist in target modifications by small chemical moieties or conjugation of lipids, sugars or polypeptides. Among them, ubiquitin and a large family of ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) share several features such as the structure of the small protein modifiers, the enzymatic cascades mediating the conjugation process, and the targeted aminoacidic residue. In the brain, ubiquitination and two UBLs, namely sumoylation and the recently discovered neddylation orchestrate fundamental processes including synapse formation, maturation and plasticity, and their alteration is thought to contribute to the development of neurological disorders. Remarkably, emerging evidence suggests that these pathways tightly interplay to modulate the function of several proteins that possess pivotal roles for brain homeostasis as well as failure of this crosstalk seems to be implicated in the development of brain pathologies. In this review, we outline the role of ubiquitination, sumoylation, neddylation, and their functional interplay in synapse physiology and discuss their implication in the molecular pathogenesis of intellectual disability (ID), a neurodevelopmental disorder that is frequently comorbid with a wide spectrum of brain pathologies. Finally, we propose a few outlooks that might contribute to better understand the complexity of these regulatory systems in regard to neuronal circuit pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Folci
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Filippo Mirabella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve 9 Emanuele - Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Fossati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano (MI), Italy
- CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano (MI), Italy
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39
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Ieda D, Negishi Y, Miyamoto T, Johmura Y, Kumamoto N, Kato K, Miyoshi I, Nakanishi M, Ugawa S, Oishi H, Saitoh S. Two mouse models carrying truncating mutations in Magel2 show distinct phenotypes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237814. [PMID: 32804975 PMCID: PMC7430741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by truncating variants in the paternal allele of MAGEL2, located in the Prader-Willi critical region, 15q11-q13. Although the phenotypes of SYS overlap those of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), including neonatal hypotonia, feeding problems, and developmental delay/intellectual disability, SYS patients show autism spectrum disorder and joint contractures, which are atypical phenotypes for PWS. Therefore, we hypothesized that the truncated Magel2 protein could potentially produce gain-of-function toxic effects. To test the hypothesis, we generated two engineered mouse models; one, an overexpression model that expressed the N-terminal region of Magel2 that was FLAG tagged with a strong ubiquitous promoter, and another, a genome-edited model that carried a truncating variant in Magel2 generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. In the overexpression model, all transgenic mice died in the fetal or neonatal period indicating embryonic or neonatal lethality of the transgene. Therefore, overexpression of the truncated Magel2 could show toxic effects. In the genome-edited model, we generated a mouse model carrying a frameshift variant (c.1690_1924del; p(Glu564Serfs*130)) in Magel2. Model mice carrying the frameshift variant in the paternal or maternal allele of Magel2 were termed Magel2P:fs and Magel2M:fs, respectively. The imprinted expression and spatial distribution of truncating Magel2 transcripts in the brain were maintained. Although neonatal Magel2P:fs mice were lighter than wildtype littermates, Magel2P:fs males and females weighed the same as their wildtype littermates by eight and four weeks of age, respectively. Collectively, the overexpression mouse model may recapitulate fetal or neonatal death, which are the severest phenotypes for SYS. In contrast, the genome-edited mouse model maintains genomic imprinting and distribution of truncated Magel2 transcripts in the brain, but only partially recapitulates SYS phenotypes. Therefore, our results imply that simple gain-of-function toxic effects may not explain the patho-mechanism of SYS, but rather suggest a range of effects due to Magel2 variants as in human SYS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ieda
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Negishi
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomomi Miyamoto
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Johmura
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kumamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohji Kato
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya Japan
| | - Ichiro Miyoshi
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Ugawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
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40
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Chen X, Ma X, Zou C. Phenotypic spectrum and genetic analysis in the fatal cases of Schaaf-Yang syndrome: Two case reports and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20574. [PMID: 32702813 PMCID: PMC7373511 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Schaaf-Yang syndrome, a rare imprinted hereditary disease caused by MAGEL2 variants, manifests as developmental delay/intellectual disability, neonatal hypotonia, feeding difficulties, contractures, and autism spectrum disorder. PATIENT CONCERNS Patient 1 and 2 were infant girls presenting facial dysmorphisms, contractures of interphalangeal joints, neonatal hypotonia, feeding difficulties, congenital heart diseases, and respiratory complications. Besides, Patient 2 presented with delayed psychomotor development. DIAGNOSIS Whole-exome sequencing was performed and heterozygous mutations of the MAGEL2 gene were detected in the patients. They were diagnosed as Schaaf-Yang syndrome. INTERVENTIONS The patients received supportive treatment including mechanical ventilation, parenteral nutrition and gastric tube feeding. OUTCOMES Whole-exome sequencing revealed de novo heterozygous c.1996dupC pathogenic mutations in the MAGEL2 gene in the 2 patients. They died due to respiratory failure at the age of 20 days and 98 days, respectively. LESSONS Our results indicate that MAGEL2 variants can cause congenital heart disease and fatal respiratory complications, broadening the phenotypic spectrum and adding to the fatal cases of Schaaf-Yang syndrome. We highly suggest that the MAGEL2 gene should be added to gene-panels or gene-filters in next-generation sequencing-based diagnostics, which is of great significance for early diagnosis and early intervention of Schaaf-Yang syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaolu Ma
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Wevrick R. Disentangling ingestive behavior-related phenotypes in Prader–Willi syndrome: Integrating information from nonclinical studies and clinical trials to better understand the pathophysiology of hyperphagia and obesity. Physiol Behav 2020; 219:112864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Carias KV, Zoeteman M, Seewald A, Sanderson MR, Bischof JM, Wevrick R. A MAGEL2-deubiquitinase complex modulates the ubiquitination of circadian rhythm protein CRY1. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230874. [PMID: 32315313 PMCID: PMC7173924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MAGEL2 encodes the L2 member of the MAGE (melanoma antigen) protein family. Protein truncating mutations in MAGEL2 cause Schaaf-Yang syndrome, and MAGEL2 is one of a small set of genes deleted in Prader-Willi syndrome. Excessive daytime sleepiness, night-time or early morning waking, and narcoleptic symptoms are seen in people with Prader-Willi syndrome and Schaaf-Yang syndrome, while mice carrying a gene-targeted Magel2 deletion have disrupted circadian rhythms. These phenotypes suggest that MAGEL2 is important for the robustness of the circadian rhythm. However, a cellular role for MAGEL2 has yet to be elucidated. MAGEL2 influences the ubiquitination of substrate proteins to target them for further modification or to alter their stability through proteasomal degradation pathways. Here, we characterized relationships among MAGEL2 and proteins that regulate circadian rhythm. The effect of MAGEL2 on the key circadian rhythm protein cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) was assessed using in vivo proximity labelling (BioID), immunofluorescence microscopy and ubiquitination assays. We demonstrate that MAGEL2 modulates the ubiquitination of CRY1. Further studies will clarify the cellular role MAGEL2 normally plays in circadian rhythm, in part through ubiquitination and regulation of stability of the CRY1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Vanessa Carias
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mercedes Zoeteman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Abigail Seewald
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Jocelyn M. Bischof
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel Wevrick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Negishi Y, Ieda D, Hori I, Nozaki Y, Yamagata T, Komaki H, Tohyama J, Nagasaki K, Tada H, Saitoh S. Schaaf-Yang syndrome shows a Prader-Willi syndrome-like phenotype during infancy. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:277. [PMID: 31791363 PMCID: PMC6888944 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) is a newly recognized imprinting related syndrome, which is caused by a truncating variant in maternally imprinted MAGEL2 located in 15q11-q13. Yet, precise pathomechanism remains to be solved. We sequenced MAGEL2 in patients suspected Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) to delineate clinical presentation of SYS. We examined 105 patients with clinically suspected PWS but without a specific PWS genetic alteration. Sanger sequencing of the entire MAGEL2 gene and methylation-specific restriction enzyme treatment to detect the parent of origin were performed. Clinical presentation was retrospectively assessed in detail. Results Truncating variants in MAGEL2 were detected in six patients (5.7%), including a pair of siblings. All truncating variants in affected patients were on the paternally derived chromosome, while the healthy father of the affected siblings inherited the variant from his mother. Patients with MAGEL2 variants shared several features with PWS, such as neonatal hypotonia, poor suck, and obesity; however, there were also unique features, including arthrogryposis and a failure to acquire meaningful words. Additionally, an episode of neurological deterioration following febrile illness was confirmed in four of the six patients, which caused severe neurological sequalae. Conclusions SYS can be present in infants suspected with PWS but some unique features, such as arthrogryposis, can help discriminate between the two syndromes. An episode of neurological deterioration following febrile illness should be recognized as an important complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Negishi
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ieda
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Ikumi Hori
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nozaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Hirofumi Komaki
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Tohyama
- Department of Child Neurology, Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagasaki
- Division of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tada
- Department of Pediatrics, Chibaken Saiseikai Narashino Hospital, Narashino, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
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Gregory LC, Shah P, Sanner JRF, Arancibia M, Hurst J, Jones WD, Spoudeas H, Le Quesne Stabej P, Williams HJ, Ocaka LA, Loureiro C, Martinez-Aguayo A, Dattani MT. Mutations in MAGEL2 and L1CAM Are Associated With Congenital Hypopituitarism and Arthrogryposis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:5737-5750. [PMID: 31504653 PMCID: PMC6916815 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Congenital hypopituitarism (CH) is rarely observed in combination with severe joint contractures (arthrogryposis). Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SHFYNG) phenotypically overlaps with Prader-Willi syndrome, with patients also manifesting arthrogryposis. L1 syndrome, a group of X-linked disorders that include hydrocephalus and lower limb spasticity, also rarely presents with arthrogryposis. OBJECTIVE We investigated the molecular basis underlying the combination of CH and arthrogryposis in five patients. PATIENTS The heterozygous p.Q666fs*47 mutation in the maternally imprinted MAGEL2 gene, previously described in multiple patients with SHFYNG, was identified in patients 1 to 4, all of whom manifested growth hormone deficiency and variable SHFYNG features, including dysmorphism, developmental delay, sleep apnea, and visual problems. Nonidentical twins (patients 2 and 3) had diabetes insipidus and macrocephaly, and patient 4 presented with ACTH insufficiency. The hemizygous L1CAM variant p.G452R, previously implicated in patients with L1 syndrome, was identified in patient 5, who presented with antenatal hydrocephalus. RESULTS Human embryonic expression analysis revealed MAGEL2 transcripts in the developing hypothalamus and ventral diencephalon at Carnegie stages (CSs) 19, 20, and 23 and in the Rathke pouch at CS20 and CS23. L1CAM was expressed in the developing hypothalamus, ventral diencephalon, and hindbrain (CS19, CS20, CS23), but not in the Rathke pouch. CONCLUSION We report MAGEL2 and L1CAM mutations in four pedigrees with variable CH and arthrogryposis. Patients presenting early in life with this combined phenotype should be examined for features of SHFYNG and/or L1 syndrome. This study highlights the association of hypothalamo-pituitary disease with MAGEL2 and L1CAM mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Gregory
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pratik Shah
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Monica Arancibia
- Division de Pediatria, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jane Hurst
- NE Thames Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy D Jones
- NE Thames Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Polona Le Quesne Stabej
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hywel J Williams
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A Ocaka
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Loureiro
- Division de Pediatria, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Aguayo
- Division de Pediatria, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Mehul T. Dattani, MD, Paediatric Endocrinology, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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Cyfip1 Haploinsufficiency Increases Compulsive-Like Behavior and Modulates Palatable Food Intake in Mice: Dependence on Cyfip2 Genetic Background, Parent-of Origin, and Sex. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:3009-3022. [PMID: 31324746 PMCID: PMC6723122 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating (BE) is a heritable trait associated with eating disorders and involves episodes of rapid, large amounts of food consumption. We previously identified cytoplasmic FMR1-interacting protein 2 (Cyfip2) as a genetic factor underlying compulsive-like BE in mice. CYFIP2 is a homolog of CYFIP1 which is one of four paternally-deleted genes in patients with Type I Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS), a neurodevelopmental disorder whereby 70% of cases involve paternal 15q11-q13 deletion. PWS symptoms include hyperphagia, obesity (if untreated), cognitive deficits, and obsessive-compulsive behaviors. We tested whether Cyfip1 haploinsufficiency (+/−) would enhance compulsive-like behavior and palatable food (PF) intake in a parental origin- and sex-dependent manner on two Cyfip2 genetic backgrounds, including the BE-prone C57BL/6N (Cyfip2N/N) background and the BE-resistant C57BL/6J (Cyfip2J/J) background. Cyfip1+/− mice showed increased compulsive-like behavior on both backgrounds and increased PF intake on the Cyfip2N/N background. In contrast, maternal Cyfip1 haploinsufficiency on the BE-resistant Cyfip2J/J background induced a robust escalation in PF intake in wild-type Cyfip1J/J males while having no effect in Cyfip1J/- males. Notably, induction of behavioral phenotypes in wild-type males following maternal Fmr1+/− has previously been reported. In the hypothalamus, there was a paternally-enhanced reduction in CYFIP1 protein whereas in the nucleus accumbens, there was a maternally-enhanced reduction in CYFIP1 protein. Nochange in FMR1 protein (FMRP) was observed in Cyfip1+/− mice, regardless of parental origin. To summarize, Cyfip1 haploinsufficiency increased compulsive-like behavior and induced genetic background-dependent, sex-dependent, and parent-of-origin-dependent effects on PF consumption and CYFIP1 expression that could have relevance for neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Wertz IE, Murray JM. Structurally-defined deubiquitinase inhibitors provide opportunities to investigate disease mechanisms. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2019; 31:109-123. [PMID: 31200854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Ubiquitin/Proteasome System comprises an essential cellular mechanism for regulated protein degradation. Ubiquitination may also promote the assembly of protein complexes that initiate intracellular signaling cascades. Thus, proper regulation of substrate protein ubiquitination is essential for maintaining normal cellular physiology. Deubiquitinases are the class of enzymes responsible for removing ubiquitin modifications from target proteins and have been implicated in regulating human disease. As such, deubiquitinases are now recognized as emerging drug targets. Small molecule deubiquitinase inhibitors have been developed; among those, inhibitors for the deubiquitinases USP7 and USP14 are the best-characterized given that they are structurally validated. In this review we discuss the normal physiological roles of the USP7 and USP14 deubiquitinases as well as the pathological conditions associated with their dysfunction, with a focus on oncology and neurodegenerative diseases. We also review structural biology of USP7 and USP14 enzymes and the characterization of their respective inhibitors, highlighting the various molecular mechanisms by which these deubiquitinases may be functionally inhibited. Finally, we summarize the cellular and in vivo studies performed using the structurally-validated USP7 and USP14 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid E Wertz
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080, USA; Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080, USA.
| | - Jeremy M Murray
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080, USA.
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Carias KV, Wevrick R. Preclinical Testing in Translational Animal Models of Prader-Willi Syndrome: Overview and Gap Analysis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 13:344-358. [PMID: 30989085 PMCID: PMC6447752 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder causing endocrine, musculoskeletal, and neurological dysfunction. PWS is caused by the inactivation of contiguous genes, complicating the development of targeted therapeutics. Clinical trials are now underway in PWS, with more trials to be implemented in the next few years. PWS-like endophenotypes are recapitulated in gene-targeted mice in which the function of one or more PWS genes is disrupted. These animal models can guide priorities for clinical trials or provide information about efficacy of a compound within the context of the specific disease. We now review the current status of preclinical studies that measure the effect of therapeutics on PWS-like endophenotypes. Seven categories of therapeutics (oxytocin and related compounds, K+-ATP channel agonists, melanocortin 4 receptor agonists, incretin mimetics and/or GLP-1 receptor agonists, cannabinoids, ghrelin agents, and Caralluma fimbriata [cactus] extract) have been tested for their effect on endophenotypes in both PWS animal models and clinical trials. Many other therapeutics have been tested in clinical trials, but not preclinical models of PWS or vice versa. Fostering dialogs among investigators performing preclinical validation of animal models and those implementing clinical studies will accelerate the discovery and translation of therapies into clinical practice in PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vanessa Carias
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel Wevrick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Salminen II, Crespi BJ, Mokkonen M. Baby food and bedtime: Evidence for opposite phenotypes from different genetic and epigenetic alterations in Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes. SAGE Open Med 2019; 7:2050312118823585. [PMID: 30728968 PMCID: PMC6350130 DOI: 10.1177/2050312118823585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader–Willi and Angelman syndromes are often referred to as a sister pair of
neurodevelopmental disorders, resulting from different genetic and epigenetic
alterations to the same chromosomal region, 15q11-q13. Some of the primary
phenotypes of the two syndromes have been suggested to be opposite to one
another, but this hypothesis has yet to be tested comprehensively, and it
remains unclear how opposite effects could be produced by changes to different
genes in one syndrome compared to the other. We evaluated the evidence for
opposite effects on sleep and eating phenotypes in Prader–Willi syndrome and
Angelman syndrome, and developed physiological–genetic models that represent
hypothesized causes of these differences. Sleep latency shows opposite
deviations from controls in Prader–Willi and Angelman syndromes, with shorter
latency in Prader–Willi syndrome by meta-analysis and longer latency in Angelman
syndrome from previous studies. These differences can be accounted for by the
effects of variable gene dosages of UBE3A and MAGEL2, interacting with clock
genes, and leading to acceleration (in Prader–Willi syndrome) or deceleration
(in Angelman syndrome) of circadian rhythms. Prader–Willi and Angelman syndromes
also show evidence of opposite alterations in hyperphagic food selectivity, with
more paternally biased subtypes of Angelman syndrome apparently involving
increased preference for complementary foods (“baby foods”); hedonic reward from
eating may also be increased in Angelman syndrome and decreased in Prader–Willi
syndrome. These differences can be explained in part under a model whereby
hyperphagia and food selectivity are mediated by the effects of the genes
SNORD-116, UBE3A and MAGEL2, with outcomes depending upon the genotypic cause of
Angelman syndrome. The diametric variation observed in sleep and eating
phenotypes in Prader–Willi and Angelman syndromes is consistent with predictions
from the kinship theory of imprinting, reflecting extremes of higher resource
demand in Angelman syndrome and lower demand in Prader–Willi syndrome, with a
special emphasis on social–attentional demands and attachment associated with
bedtime, and feeding demands associated with mother-provided complementary foods
compared to offspring-foraged family-type foods.
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Baraghithy S, Smoum R, Drori A, Hadar R, Gammal A, Hirsch S, Attar-Namdar M, Nemirovski A, Gabet Y, Langer Y, Pollak Y, Schaaf CP, Rech ME, Gross-Tsur V, Bab I, Mechoulam R, Tam J. Magel2 Modulates Bone Remodeling and Mass in Prader-Willi Syndrome by Affecting Oleoyl Serine Levels and Activity. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:93-105. [PMID: 30347474 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among a multitude of hormonal and metabolic complications, individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) exhibit significant bone abnormalities, including decreased BMD, osteoporosis, and subsequent increased fracture risk. Here we show in mice that loss of Magel2, a maternally imprinted gene in the PWS critical region, results in reduced bone mass, density, and strength, corresponding to that observed in humans with PWS, as well as in individuals suffering from Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS), a genetic disorder caused by a disruption of the MAGEL2 gene. The low bone mass phenotype in Magel2-/- mice was attributed to reduced bone formation rate, increased osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activity, and enhanced trans-differentiation of osteoblasts to adipocytes. The absence of Magel2 in humans and mice resulted in reduction in the fatty acid amide bone homeostasis regulator, N-oleoyl serine (OS), whose levels were positively linked with BMD in humans and mice as well as osteoblast activity. Attenuating the skeletal abnormalities in Magel2-/- mice was achieved with chronic administration of a novel synthetic derivative of OS. Taken together, Magel2 plays a key role in modulating bone remodeling and mass in PWS by affecting OS levels and activity. The use of potent synthetic analogs of OS should be further tested clinically as bone therapeutics for treating bone loss. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saja Baraghithy
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reem Smoum
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Drori
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rivka Hadar
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asaad Gammal
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shira Hirsch
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Malka Attar-Namdar
- Bone Laboratory, Institute for Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alina Nemirovski
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yankel Gabet
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yshaia Langer
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehuda Pollak
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Christian Patrick Schaaf
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Megan Elizabeth Rech
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Varda Gross-Tsur
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itai Bab
- Bone Laboratory, Institute for Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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