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Alteration of serum amino acid profiles by dietary adenine supplementation inhibits fatty liver development in rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22110. [PMID: 33335253 PMCID: PMC7747621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79234-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on animal models have demonstrated that feeding a low-arginine diet inhibits triacylglycerol (TAG) secretion from the liver, resulting in marked fatty liver development in rats. Here, we first showed that culturing hepatocytes in the medium mimicking the serum amino acid profile of low-arginine diet-fed rats induced TAG accumulation in the cells, indicating that the specific amino acid profile caused TAG accumulation in hepatocytes. Dietary adenine supplementation completely recovered hepatic TAG secretion and abolished hepatic TAG accumulation in rats. A comprehensive non-linear analysis revealed that inhibition of hepatic TAG accumulation by dietary adenine supplementation could be predicted using only serum amino acid concentration data. Comparison of serum amino acid concentrations indicated that histidine, methionine, and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) concentrations were altered by adenine supplementation. Furthermore, when the serum amino acid profiles of low-arginine diet-fed rats were altered by modifying methionine or BCAA concentrations in their diets, their hepatic TAG accumulation was abolished. Altogether, these results suggest that an increase in methionine and BCAA levels in the serum in response to dietary arginine deficiency is a key causative factor for hepatic TAG accumulation, and dietary adenine supplementation could disrupt this phenomenon by altering serum amino acid profiles.
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Cha JY, Kim HS, Moon HI, Cho YS. Effect of betaine on the hepatic damage from orotic acid-induced fatty liver development in rats. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.641014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Griffin JL, Scott J, Nicholson JK. The influence of pharmacogenetics on fatty liver disease in the wistar and kyoto rats: a combined transcriptomic and metabonomic study. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:54-61. [PMID: 17203948 DOI: 10.1021/pr0601640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although fatty liver disease is caused by a number of toxicological insults and the metabolic syndrome, the exact mechanisms by which many of these pathophysiological stimulii induce fatty liver are unknown. The rapid and profound steatosis caused by orotic acid, resulting from an impairment in the production of ApoB, has been investigated in the Wistar strain rat using a combined transcriptomic and metabonomic/metabolomic approach. Analysis of liver tissue from rats exposed to orotic acid for 1, 3, and 14 days was performed by DNA microarrays and high resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy based metabonomics of both tissue extracts and intact tissue (n = 3). Data were analyzed using a combination of ANOVA and principal components analysis, used as a data reduction tool to visualize the most perturbed transcripts and metabolites. Orotic acid produced a profound 8-fold increase in total lipids, and in particular increases in resonances associated with polyunsaturated fats (CH=CH and CH2CH=CH groups). This was accompanied by increases in the concentrations of trimethylamine-oxide (TMAO), betaine, choline, and phosphocholine, as well as a relative decrease in glucose and glycogen. At the transcriptional level, perturbations were detected in both oxidative stress and osmoregulation/pH homeostasis. However, this contrasts with a previous transcriptomic/metabolic study of fatty liver disease in a combined data set of Wistar (out-bred) and Kyoto (in-bred) strains of rats, with only 4 transcripts being found to be in common between the two analyses. This emphasizes the need to understand how strain background interacts with a given toxic lesion or genetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.
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Griffin JL, Bonney SA, Mann C, Hebbachi AM, Gibbons GF, Nicholson JK, Shoulders CC, Scott J. An integrated reverse functional genomic and metabolic approach to understanding orotic acid-induced fatty liver. Physiol Genomics 2004; 17:140-9. [PMID: 14747661 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00158.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In functional genomics, DNA microarrays for gene expression profiling are increasingly being used to provide insights into biological function or pathology. To better understand the significance of the multiple transcriptional changes across a time period, the temporal changes in phenotype must be described. Orotic acid-induced fatty liver disease was investigated at the transcriptional and metabolic levels using microarrays and metabolic profiling in two strains of rats. High-resolution 1H-NMR spectroscopic analysis of liver tissue indicated that Kyoto rats compared with Wistar rats are predisposed to the insult. Metabolite analysis and gene expression profiling following orotic acid treatment identified perturbed metabolic pathways, including those involved in fatty acid, triglyceride, and phospholipid synthesis, beta-oxidation, altered nucleotide, methyl donor, and carbohydrate metabolism, and stress responses. Multivariate analysis and statistical bootstrapping were used to investigate co-responses with transcripts involved in metabolism and stress responses. This reverse functional genomic strategy highlighted the relationship between changes in the transcription of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 and those of other lipid-related transcripts with changes in NMR-derived lipid profiles. The results suggest that the integration of 1H-NMR and gene expression data sets represents a robust method for identifying a focused line of research in a complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom.
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Rooney OM, Troke J, Nicholson JK, Griffin JL. High-resolution diffusion and relaxation-edited magic angle spinning1H NMR spectroscopy of intact liver tissue. Magn Reson Med 2003; 50:925-30. [PMID: 14587002 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.10620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) (1)H NMR spectroscopy is ideal for monitoring the metabolic environment within tissues, particularly when spectra are weighted by physical properties such as T(1) and T(2) relaxation times and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs). In this study, spectral-editing using T(1) and T(2) relaxation times and ADCs at variable diffusion times was used in conjunction with HRMAS (1)H NMR spectroscopy at 14.1 T in liver tissue. To enhance the sensitivity of ADC measurements to low molecular weight metabolites a T(2) spin echo was included in a standard stimulated gradient spin-echo sequence. Fatty liver induced in rats by chronic orotic acid feeding was investigated using this modified sequence. An increase in the combined ADC for the co-resonant peaks glucose, betaine, and TMAO during fatty liver disease was detected (ADCs = 0.60 +/- 0.11 and 0.35 +/- 0.1 * 10(-9) m(2)s(-1) (n = 3) for rats fed with and without orotic acid), indicative of a reduction in glucose and betaine and an increase in TMAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Rooney
- Biological Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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Rao PM, Nagamine Y, Roomi MW, Rajalakshmi S, Sarma DS. Orotic acid, a new promoter for experimental liver carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol 2001; 12:173-8. [PMID: 11478319 DOI: 10.1177/019262338401200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Male Fischer 344 rats initiated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine 2HCl (100 mg/kg) given 18 hr after partial hepatectomy and exposed to a diet containing 1% orotic acid for 13 months developed a 100% incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. The creation of nucleotide pool imbalances by dietary orotic acid, for e.g., an increase in uridine nucleotides and a decrease in adenine nucleotides, was considered as a possible mechanism for the promotional effect of orotic acid on liver carcinogenesis. The significance of this hypothesis is that altered nucleotide pools affect both genomic as well as membrane organization. Consistent with this hypothesis is our finding that feeding rats with a diet containing 1% orotic acid for 10 weeks resulted in a liver DNA damage as monitored by its slower sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients compared to the corresponding controls. To assess the general applicability of this hypothesis, nucleotide pool imbalances were created by using methods other than feeding orotic acid and their effect on the incidence of gamma-glutamyltransferase positive foci in carcinogen initiated rats was determined. The results obtained indicated that rats initiated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.2HCl (100 mg/kg) given 18 hr after partial hepatectomy and exposed to diet deficient in arginine, a regimen that causes an increased synthesis and excretion of orotic acid, or were fed diets containing 1% thymidine or 1% thymine developed greater number of gamma-glutamyltransferase positive foci compared to the corresponding controls fed the basal diets. These results were interpreted to indicate that orotic acid exerts its promotional effect probably by creating an imbalance in nucleotide pools. One of the mechanisms by which an imbalance of nucleotide pools influences the pathogenesis of the carcinogenic process may be by inducing perturbations in the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Rao
- Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Manjeshwar S, Pichiri-Coni G, Coni P, Rao PM, Rajalakshmi S, Sarma DS. Ribonucleotide reductase: a possible target for orotic acid induced mitoinhibition in normal hepatocytes in primary culture. Cancer Lett 1993; 73:149-54. [PMID: 8221627 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(93)90257-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the mechanism by which orotic acid, a rat liver tumor promoter, inhibits DNA synthesis in normal hepatocytes in primary culture. Our results indicate that orotic acid inhibited the epidermal growth factor induced expression (mRNA) of both M1 and M2 subunits of ribonucleotide reductase while the expression of c-fos, c-myc, c-Ha-ras and beta-actin was not inhibited to any significant extent. These studies suggest that ribonucleotide reductase may be one target for orotic acid-induced mitoinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Manjeshwar
- Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Scholz W, Wolf A, Kunz W, Willenbrock R, Steffen C. Effect of orotic acid on the generation of reactive oxygen and on lipid peroxidation in rat liver. Toxicology 1991; 66:197-212. [PMID: 2014518 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(91)90219-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The pyrimidine precursor orotic acid (OA) is a constituent of dairy products and therapeutic drugs. Several recent publications point towards a tumor promoting activity of OA in rat liver. An increased production of reactive oxygen has been discussed as a possible mechanism, leading to lipid peroxidation and DNA single strand breaks. In view of contradictory results, this postulated prooxidative action of OA was reexamined with new experimental techniques. Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 1% OA in different diets for 4-35 days. The NADPH-mediated lipid peroxidation in liver homogenate and microsomes was determined in vitro by analysis of low-level chemiluminescence (CL) and the strongly correlated formation of malondialdehyde (MDA). In no case did treatment with OA result in an increase of lipid peroxidation in vitro nor did such treatment enhance the generation of reactive oxygen as measured by lucigenin CL. In accordance, the total cytochrome P-450 content as well as the activity of individual P-450 isoenzymes were unchanged. Treatment with OA did not elevate the MDA content of fresh liver homogenate when butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was present in the test system. However, when the antioxidant was omitted, increased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive material were found which correlated with the triglyceride content. This could explain some published data that have been taken as indication for a prooxidative action of OA. Evidence against an increased lipid peroxidation in vivo is given by the analysis of ethane exhalation. Furthermore, no increase in DNA single strand breaks by OA treatment could be observed by the alkaline elution technique. These results do not support the hypothesis of a prooxidative activity of OA. The observed reversible decrease of the GSH/GSSG ratio is assumed to result from the reduced size of the phosphopyridine nucleotide pool due to purine deficiency and an increased consumption of NADPH by the enhanced reductive degradation of pyrimidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Scholz
- German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Biochemistry, Heidelberg
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Laconi E, Vasudevan S, Rao CS, Rao PM, Rajalakshmi S, Sarma DS. Studies on the effect of dietary orotic acid on mouse liver carcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine. Cancer Lett 1990; 49:67-71. [PMID: 2302698 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(90)90140-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine whether orotic acid, a liver tumor promoter in the rat, also promotes liver carcinogenesis in the mouse. Eight-week-old male BALB/c mice were initiated with diethylnitrosamine (90 mg/kg i.p.). One week later they were divided into 2 groups and given either a basal diet or the basal diet containing 1% orotic acid (OA). They were killed at 6 or 10 months after the administration of the carcinogen. At 6 months, no nodular lesions were seen in mice whether or not they were exposed to OA. However by 10 months 100% of mice in both groups developed hepatic nodules. OA neither shortened the latent period for the appearance of the nodular lesions not did it increase the size of the nodules. Although BALB/c mice exhibited an increase in uridine nucleotides and a decrease in adenosine nucleotides in the liver upon exposure to OA, the magnitude of the change was less compared with that seen in the rat liver. The resistance of BALB/c mouse to the tumor-promoting effects of OA may reflect in part the resistance of the mouse to OA-induced nucleotide pool imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Laconi
- Department of Pathology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Expression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III in hepatic nodules during rat liver carcinogenesis promoted by orotic acid. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)57296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
Arginine deficiency is associated with a marked increase in liver lipids in the rat. Triglyceride accumulation accounts for most of the fatty infiltration. Cholesterol concentration per gram of liver increased approximately 280% above control rats receiving dietary arginine. The percentage of phospholipids was significantly decreased in the arginine-deficient rat liver compared to controls. The fatty acid composition revealed a significant reduction in the reduction in the percentage of palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, and linoleic acids. However, both stearic and arachidonic acids were increased approximately 250 and 160%, respectively, in arginine-deficient livers compared to controls. Arginine deficiency in the rat causes a marked alteration in lipid metabolism similar to that observed with orotic acid feeding. The similarities or arginine deficiency and orotic acid feeding are discussed.
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Mikhail TH, Rizk SS, Habib YA, Talaat M. Effect of ATP on liver function tests in experimental diabetes. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ERNAHRUNGSWISSENSCHAFT 1978; 17:37-46. [PMID: 654350 DOI: 10.1007/bf02020690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Liver function tests were performed in severe and mild diabetic rats and under the influence of ATP. In mild diabetics the serum cholesterol was significantly increased, while in severe diabetes the serum cholesterol was significantly lower than in mild diabetes. The decreased serum cholesterol in severe diabetes may be an indication for the development of fatty liver. The serum alkaline phosphatase and serum bilirubin were significantly increased in both the severe and mild diabetic states, while the thymol turbidity test was insignificantly changed in both states of diabetes. Serum albumin was significantly decreased in 10 days mild diabetes, while it was insignificantly changed in 48 hrs severe diabetic animals. The effect of ATP was investigated in mild diabetes. ATP resulted in a significant increase in serum albumin and a decrease in total globulins with the resultant increase in A/G ratio. The serum alkaline phosphatase exhibited a significant reduction under the influence of ATP. The elevated cholesterol of mild diabetic rats remained significantly elevated and was not reduced by ATP, though the fat content of the liver showed a significant reduction. This may be due to more rapid mobilisation of fat from the liver under the influence of ATP. ATP showed no significant effect on serum bilirubin and thymol turbidity test. the histopathological examination of the liver revealed that administration of ATP to alloxan diabetic rats had a beneficial effect. It resulted in disappearrance of the fat globules from the liver cells.
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Pausch J, Keppler D, Decker K. Increased activities of hepatic orotidine 5'-phosphate pyrophosphorylase and orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase induced by orotate. FEBS Lett 1972; 20:330-332. [PMID: 11946450 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Pausch
- Biochemisches Institut der Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 7, 78, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany GFR
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Bloomfield RA, Letter AA, Wilson RP. Effect of orotic acid on the lipid and acid-soluble nucleotide concentrations in avian liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 187:266-8. [PMID: 5822413 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(69)90036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Della Corte E, Stirpe F. Regulation of xanthine dehydrogenase in chick liver. Further experiments on the effects of inosine, actinomycin D and other factors. Biochem J 1967; 102:520-4. [PMID: 6029610 PMCID: PMC1270275 DOI: 10.1042/bj1020520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. It has been confirmed that the xanthine-dehydrogenase activity of chick liver is enhanced by starvation and by administration of inosine; the effects of these treatments are not additive. 2. Inosine has no effect when given to chicks depleted of the enzyme by feeding a low-protein diet. 3. Actinomycin D prevents the effect of inosine, but itself enhances the activity of xanthine dehydrogenase. 4. The xanthine-dehydrogenase activity is unchanged after addition of orotic acid to the diet, and is stimulated by injection of inorganic iron.
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Abstract
1. The effects of the administration of dl-ethionine on some aspects of lipid and nucleotide metabolism in rat liver were studied. 2. In ethionine-treated animals neutral fat was increased, whereas phospholipids and cholesterol were unchanged. Lipogenesis in vitro was inhibited. 3. The concentration of nicotinamide nucleotides, purine nucleotides and pyrimidine nucleotides was decreased. The decrease was due to free adenine nucleotides, inosine nucleotides, uridine nucleotides and cytidine nucleotides. Also, the protein-bound biotin content was lower. 4. In biotin-deficient rats the development of ethionine-induced fatty liver was inhibited. 5. The possibility was considered that ethionine might produce an inhibition of the synthesis of biotin-dependent acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
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Marchetti M, Ottani V, Puddu P. Relationships of biotin to ethionine-induced fatty liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 1966; 115:84-6. [PMID: 5968196 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(66)81041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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JATLOW P, ADAMS WR, HANDSCHUMACHER RE. PATHOGENESIS OF OROTIC ACID-INDUCED FATTY CHANGE IN THE RAT LIVER: LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1965; 47:125-45. [PMID: 14308133 PMCID: PMC1920407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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Puddu P, Budini R, Caldarera CM. Liver DNA and RNA in pantothenic acid deficiency. EXPERIENTIA 1965; 21:119-20. [PMID: 5830038 DOI: 10.1007/bf02141964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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KIM S, COHEN PP. Transcarbamylase activity in fetal liver and in liver of partially hepatectomized parabiotic rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 1965; 109:421-8. [PMID: 14320482 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(65)90385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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