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Cloning of the δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase structural gene in yeast. Curr Genet 2013; 7:175-83. [PMID: 24173275 DOI: 10.1007/bf00434887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/1983] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
HEM1, the structural gene for δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase, has been isolated on recombinant plasmids. A yeast genomic pool constructed in the E. coli - yeast shuttle vector YEp13 was used to clone the HEM1 gene by complementation. A leu2 hem1 yeast mutants was transformed with the yeast genomic pool and hybrid YEp13 plasmids carrying the HEM1 gene were cloned by their ability to complement both the leu2 and hem1 mutations in the recipient strain. The yeast transformants, bearing the HEM1-containing plasmids pYe(HEM1), showed a 24-28 fold increase in δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase activity and in the intracellular content of δ-aminolevulinic acid (5-8 fold) as compared to wild type strains, suggesting that the p(HEM1) gene is being expressed as a catalytically active enzyme which can be transported into the mitochondria. However, the transformant strains did not present higher-than-normal content of heme or cytochromes either in glucose or in glycerol media, indicating that the production of δ-aminolevulinic acid is not the rate-limiting step in heme biosynthesis in yeast.
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De Siervi A, Rossetti MV, Lezama D, Batlle AM. Porphyrin biosynthesis in normal and haem mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Studies on the inheritance of the HEM R+ phenotype. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 115:167-73. [PMID: 8938997 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(96)00073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Heme biosynthesis was studied in the segregants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (DW10 tetrade 2) from D27 and D27/C6 mating, as a function of the carbon source in the growth medium and the physiological state of the cells. The effects of the HEM R+ gene on the 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALA-S) and 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALA-D) activities of heme biosynthesis in cells grown on nonfermentable and fermentable carbon sources were compared. Profiles obtained for both strains grown on a fermentable carbon source (glucose) were identical. However, in the presence of a nonfermentable carbon source (ethanol), they behave quite different, as if the mutation could only be expressed under these growth conditions. Moreover, their behavior is similar to that found for the parental strains, indicating that for the mutant its particular behavior might be inheritedly linked to the HEM R+ gene, which in turn affects some regulatory aspects of ALA synthesis explaining its characteristic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Siervi
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias, Cipyp (Conicet, FCEyN-UBA), Ciudad Universitaria-Pabellón II, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bermúdez Moretti M, Correa García S, Stella C, Ramos E, Batlle AM. Delta-aminolevulinic acid transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 25:1917-24. [PMID: 8138030 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(88)90325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1. This work represents the first approach to characterize the transport system of haem pathway precursors, such as delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), in two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a wild type, D27, and a HEM R+ mutant. 2. ALA transport occurs unidirectionally by a sole active system with an apparent KM of 0.10 mM, at the optimum pH of 5.0. ALA uptake is influenced by both the carbon and nitrogen source; this suggests a rather complex regulation mechanism. 3. This transport is not mediated by the general amino acid permease (GAP). 4. ALA uptake is strongly inhibited by compounds harboring a methyl-amine terminus suggesting that this group is essential for ALA transport; however, the electric environment of the carboxylic group may be also important for the interaction between ALA and its transporter active site. 5. We have found differences in ALA transport which would indicate a different regulation mechanism for this system in both strain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bermúdez Moretti
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias, CIPYP (CONICET, F.C.E. y N., UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Correa García S, Bermúdez Moretti M, Cardalda C, Rossetti MV, Batlle AM. The role of ALA-S and ALA-D in regulating porphyrin biosynthesis in a normal and a HEM R+ mutant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 1993; 9:165-73. [PMID: 8465603 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320090207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Catabolite repression and derepression on delta-aminolevulinate synthase (ALA-S) and delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALA-D) in a normal yeast strain, D27, and its derived D27/C6 (HEM R+) were investigated. ALA-S and ALA-D activities and intracellular ALA (I-ALA) at different physiological states of the cells were measured. In YPD medium, under conditions of repression and when glucose was exhausted, both strains behaved identically as if the mutation was not expressed. In YPEt medium, however, both ALA-S and ALA-D activities were higher than in YPD, but the I-ALA content and the enzymic activity profiles shown by the two strains were quite different. It appears, therefore, that the mutation causes a deregulation of ALA-S, so that its activity is kept at a high level throughout the cell cycle. This would explain the increased levels of cytochromes present in the mutant. This mutation may affect some regulatory aspect of ALA formation and renders an ALA-S of high activity; moreover, this enzyme species seems to be more stable than in the normal strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Correa García
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias, CIPYP (CONICET, F.C.E. y N., UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Argentine
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Borralho LM, Ortiz CH, Panek AD, Mattoon JR. Purification of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase from genetically engineered yeast. Yeast 1990; 6:319-30. [PMID: 2204246 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320060405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformed with a multicopy plasmid carrying the yeast structural gene HEM2, which codes for delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase, was enriched 20-fold in the enzyme. Beginning with cell-free extracts of transformed cells, the dehydratase was purified 193-fold to near-homogeneity. This represents a 3900-fold purification relative to the enzyme activity in normal, untransformed yeast cells. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 16.2 mumol h-1 per mg protein at pH 9.4 and 37.5 degrees C. In most respects the yeast enzyme resembles mammalian enzymes. It is a homo-octamer with an apparent Mr of 275,000, as determined by centrifugation in glycerol density gradients, and under denaturing conditions behaved as a single subunit of Mr congruent to 37,000. The enzyme requires reduced thiol compounds to maintain full activity, and maximum activity was obtained in the presence of 1.0 mM-Zn2+. It is sensitive to inhibition by the heavy metal ions Pb2+ and Cu2+. The enzyme exhibits Michaelis-Menten kinetics and has an apparent Km of 0.359 mM. Like dehydratases from animal tissues, the yeast enzyme is rather thermostable. During the purification process an enhancement in total delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity suggested the possibility that removal of an inhibitor of the enzyme could be occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Borralho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Brazil
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Carvajal E, Panek AD, Mattoon JR. Isolation and characterization of a new mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with altered synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:2855-61. [PMID: 2188943 PMCID: PMC209081 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.6.2855-2861.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A new gene, RHM1, required for normal production of 5-aminolevulinic acid by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was identified by a novel screening method. Ethyl methanesulfonate treatment of a fluorescent porphyric strain bearing the pop3-1 mutation produced nonfluorescent or weakly fluorescent mutants with defects in early stages of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. Class I mutants defective in synthesis of 5-aminolevulinate regained fluorescence when grown on medium supplemented with 5-aminolevulinate, whereas class II mutants altered in later biosynthetic steps did not. Among six recessive class I mutants, at least three complementation groups were found. One mutant contained an allele of HEM1, the structural gene for 5-aminolevulinate synthase, and two mutants contained alleles of the regulatory gene CYC4. The remaining mutants contained genes complementary to both hem1 and cyc4. Mutant strain DA3-RS3/68 contained mutant gene rhm1, which segregated independently of hem1 and cyc4 during meiosis. 5-Aminolevulinate synthase activity of the rhm1 mutant was 35 to 40% of that of the parental pop3-1 strain, whereas intracellular 5-aminolevulinate concentration was only 3 to 4% of the parental value. Transformation of an rhm1 strain with a multicopy plasmid containing the cloned HEM1 gene restored normal levels of 5-aminolevulinate synthase activity, but intracellular 5-aminolevulinate was increased to only 9 to 10% of normal. We concluded that RHM1 could control either targeting of 5-aminolevulinate synthase to the mitochondrial matrix or the activity of the enzyme in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Carvajal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
Haem has long been known as the prosthetic group of haemoproteins such as haemoglobin, catalase and the cytochromes. Its biosynthesis is regulated by feedback mechanisms that ensure its adequate production but prevent its overaccumulation, which is highly deleterious as diseases such as porphyrias attest. However, recent years have seen rapid strides in our understanding of how haem (or more accurately haemin, its oxidized form) itself acts as an intracellular regulator of a variety of other metabolic pathways for systems that utilize oxygen.
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Gopalan G, Jayaraman J, Rajamanickam C. Effect of exogenous addition of hemin on the biogenesis of mitochondrial membranes during glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 235:159-66. [PMID: 6388505 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous addition of hemin alleviated glucose repression by promoting mitochondrial membrane functions. It prevented the release of mitochondrial proteins into the cytosol by decreasing the activities of phospholipase C and phospholipase D. It restored oligomycin sensitivity of mitochondrial ATPase associated with repressed mitochondria. It enhanced cardiolipin content twofold, and decreased the sterol:phospholipid ratio. Studies on the amino acid incorporation into isolated mitochondria showed that hemin can also promote biogenesis of the organelle by stimulating amino acid incorporation into mitochondrial proteins, and this stimulation appeared to be mediated through some cytosolic factor(s).
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Borralho LM, Panek AD, Malamud DR, Sanders HK, Mattoon JR. In situ assay for 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase and application to the study of a catabolite repression-resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant. J Bacteriol 1983; 156:141-7. [PMID: 6352674 PMCID: PMC215062 DOI: 10.1128/jb.156.1.141-147.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To facilitate the study of the effects of carbon catabolite repression and mutations on 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a sensitive in situ assay was developed, using cells permeabilized by five cycles of freezing and thawing. Enzymatic activity was measured by colorimetric determination of porphobilinogen with a modified Ehrlich reagent. For normal strains, porphobilinogen production was linear for 15 min, and the reaction rate was directly proportional to the permeabilized cell concentration up to 20 mg (dry weight) per ml. The reaction exhibited Michaelis-Menten-type kinetics, and an apparent Km of 2.6 mM was obtained for 5-aminolevulinic acid. This value is only slightly higher than the value of 1.8 mM obtained for the enzyme assayed in cell extracts. The in situ assay was used to assess catabolite repression-dependent changes in 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase during batch culture on glucose medium. In normal S. cerevisiae cells, the enzyme is strongly repressed as long as glucose is present in the medium. In contrast, a strain bearing the hex2-3 mutation exhibits derepressed levels of enzyme activity during growth on glucose. Synthesis of cytochromes by this strain is also resistant to catabolite repression. Similar studies employing a strain containing the glc1 mutation, which enhances porphyrin accumulation, did not reveal any significant phenotypic change in catabolite regulation of 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase.
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MartÃnez J, Valdivia E, Maqueda M, Ortega J, Montoya E. Regulation of catalase and peroxidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a plausible site of action of an intracellular regulatory factor. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1983.tb00442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Mahler HR, Jaynes PK, McDonough JP, Hanson DK. Catabolite repression in yeast: mediation by cAMP. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1981; 18:455-74. [PMID: 6268368 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152818-8.50033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Chandrasekaran K, Dharmalingam K, Jayaraman J. Assembly of mitochondria in yeast. Complementation of mitochondrial and cytosolic products in a temporal sequence in vitro. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 103:471-80. [PMID: 6444578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb05971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
1. Sequential transfer of derepressing yeast spheroplasts from a medium containing chloramphenicol to one containing cycloheximide or vice versa, shows that the cytosolically and mitochondrially synthesized products are synthesized independent of each other and accumulate in the absence of their counterparts. 2. This has been demonstrated by immunoprecipitation using specific antisera for cytochrome oxidase and ATPase enzymes. 3. The independently accumulated products have been shown to complement each other for the expression of enzyme activity, upon mixing in vitro. 4. By varying the time of treatment with cycloheximide, thereby allowing the mitochondrial protein synthesis to proceed to different extent, a time sequence in the appearance of the mitochondrially synthesized products is demonstrated.
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Lancashire WE, Mattoon JR. Genetic manipulation of a latent defect in yeast cytochrome biosynthesis utilizing cytoduction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 90:801-9. [PMID: 389245 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Mahler HR, Lin CC. Molecular events during the release of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase from catabolite repression. J Bacteriol 1978; 135:54-61. [PMID: 353037 PMCID: PMC224765 DOI: 10.1128/jb.135.1.54-61.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfer of exponential-phase cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, previously grown in 2% glucose, to a derepression medium resulted in a prompt increase in the level of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase, the rate-limiting enzyme of heme biosynthesis under these conditions. This derepression exhibited a lag of 35 min at 23 degrees C and required the participation of both RNA and protein syntheses. Dissection of the molecular events during this lag period disclosed that RNA synthesis, rnal gene function (messenger RNA transport from nucleus to cytosol), and initiation of protein synthesis were completed within less than 10, 18, and 24 min, respectively. The potential regulation of derepression by mitochondrial gene products and mitochondrial function was probed by means of a series of isogenic, respiration-deficient (rho-, pet-, and mit-) mutants; no such regulation was found.
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Chandrasekaran K, Jayaraman J. Effect of cyclic AMP on the biogenesis of cytochrome oxidase in yeast. FEBS Lett 1978; 87:52-4. [PMID: 204518 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Astin AM, Haslam JM. The manipulation of cellular cytochrome and lipid composition in a haem mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem J 1977; 166:275-85. [PMID: 334161 PMCID: PMC1165004 DOI: 10.1042/bj1660275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. The ole-3 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has an early lesion in the pathway of porphyrin biosynthesis. 2. This results in the loss of all haem-containing enzymes, including the mitochondrial cytochromes, and prevents the synthesis of components whose formation requires haem-containing enzymes, including unsaturated fatty acids, ergosterol and methionine. 3. The pleiotropic effects of the primary lesion are reversed by growing mutant ole-3 aerobically in the presence of intermediates of the porphyrin-biosynthetic pathway, and the present work reports the degree of manipulation of lipid and respiratory-cytochrome composition. 4. Supplements of delta-aminolaevulinate in the range 0.5--500 mg/l result in a progressive increase in the cellular content of unsaturated fatty acids and respiratory cytochromes, cause the replacement of lanosterol and squalene by ergosterol, and an increase in total sterol content. 5. Haematoporphyrin and protoporphyrin IX have similar but less extensive effects on cellular composition, whereas haematin allows unsaturated fatty acid synthesis and some sterol synthesis, but has no effect on the formation of respiratory cytochromes. 6. These results suggest that growth of the organism in the presence of defined amounts of delta-aminolaevulinate will be useful in the investigation of the role of lipids and cytochromes in the function and assembly of mitochondrial membranes.
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Labbe-Bois R, Volland C. Changes in the activities of the protoheme-synthesizing system during the growth of yeast under different conditions. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 179:565-77. [PMID: 192152 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mahler HR, Lin CC. The derepression of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase in yeast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 61:963-70. [PMID: 4615712 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(74)90249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Muthukrishnan S, Malathi K, Padmanaban G. Delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase, the regulatory enzyme of the haem-biosynthetic pathway in Neurospora crassa. Biochem J 1972; 129:31-7. [PMID: 4265023 PMCID: PMC1174039 DOI: 10.1042/bj1290031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The activity of delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase is very low in the mould Neurospora crassa compared with the activities detected in bacterial and animal systems. The enzyme is inducible in iron-deficient cultures by addition of iron and is repressed by protoporphyrin. The properties of the purified enzyme indicate its allosteric nature and susceptibility to feedback inhibition by coproporphyrinogen III. Neurospora extracts also contain a protein inhibitor of the enzyme and a small-molecule activator, which appears to be associated with the enzyme. The regulatory function of this enzyme in vivo is correlated with the accumulation of delta-aminolaevulinic acid in normal cultures of N. crassa. The decay curve of the iron-induced enzyme in vivo shows a biphasic pattern, with one of the components showing a half-life of 4-5 min.
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Padmanaban G, Malathi K. Role of -aminolaevulinate dehydratase in the regulation of haem synthesis. Biochem J 1972; 128:27P. [PMID: 4263854 PMCID: PMC1173636 DOI: 10.1042/bj1280027pb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Dharmalingam K, Jayaraman J. Mechanism of glucose repression of mitochondriogenesis: induction of phospholipases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 45:1115-8. [PMID: 5135501 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(71)90134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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