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Mertz RW, Dressel AE, Fisher CR, Moon RD, Donahue WA, Kasai S, Scott JG. Frequencies and distribution of kdr and Ace alleles that cause insecticide resistance in house flies in the United States. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:105497. [PMID: 37532356 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
House flies (Musca domestica L) are nuisances and vectors of pathogens between and among humans and livestock. Population suppression has been accomplished for decades with pyrethroids and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, but recurrent selection has led to increased frequency of alleles conferring resistance to those two classes of active ingredients (Geden et al., 2021). A common mechanism of resistance to both classes involves an altered target site (mutations in Voltage gated sodium channel (Vgsc) for pyrethroids or in Ace for AChE inhibitors). As part of ongoing efforts to understand the origin, spread and evolution of insecticide resistance alleles in house fly populations, we sampled flies in 11 different US states, sequenced, and then estimated frequencies of the Vgsc and Ace alleles. There was substantial variation in frequencies of the four common knockdown resistance alleles (kdr (L1014F), kdr-his (L1014H), super-kdr (M918T + L10414F) and 1B (T929I + L1014F) across the sampled states. The kdr allele was found in all 11 states and was the most common allele in four of them. The super-kdr allele was detected in only six collections, with the highest frequencies found in the north, northeast and central United States. The kdr-his allele was the most common allele in PA, NC, TN and TX. In addition, a novel super-kdr-like mutation in mutually exclusive exon 17a was found. The overall frequencies of the different Ace alleles, which we name based on the amino acid present at the mutation sites (V260L, A316S, G342A/V and F407Y), varied considerably between states. Five Ace alleles were identified: VAGF, VAVY, VAGY, VAAY and VSAY. Generally, the VSAY allele was the most common in the populations sampled. The susceptible allele (VAGF) was found in all populations, ranging in frequency from 3% (KS) to 41% (GA). Comparisons of these resistance allele frequencies with those previously found suggests a dynamic interaction between the different alleles, in terms of levels of resistance they confer and likely fitness costs they impose in the absence of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Mertz
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Anastacia E Dressel
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Cera R Fisher
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Roger D Moon
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | - Shinji Kasai
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Jeffrey G Scott
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Adib D, Jafari A, Silivanova E, Basseri H, Gholizadeh S. Molecular analysis of acetylcholinesterase gene in field-collected populations of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) in Northwestern Iran. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2023; 23:9. [PMID: 37480682 PMCID: PMC10362979 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, pyrethroid (Py) insecticides are commonly used against household insect pests and housefly. The combination of Py and organophosphates (OP) are also utilized to combat these insects. The resistance status of Iranian housefly populations to them and carbamate (CB) insecticides is uncertain. This study investigates the presence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) mutations related to the resistance of Musca domestica to OP and/or CB insecticides in Northwestern Iran. Nucleotides 1041-1776, based on their positions in the ACE gene of aabys strain, were amplified and sequenced in houseflies collected from West Azerbaijan, Gilan, and Ardebil Provinces, Iran. Among 12 single-nucleotide polymorphisms detected, 3 mismatches were found at nucleotides 1174 (T/A, G), 1473 (G/T, C), and 1668 (T/A), leading to amino acid substitutions in V260L, G342A/V, and F407Y positions with various combinations. Genotyping results showed that 85% of specimens had at least one of these substitutions. In addition, the Iranian housefly population was composed of 5 insensitive and sensitive alleles. For the first time, the current study reports the presence of V260L, G342A, G342V, and F407Y substitutions in M. domestica specimens collected from Northwestern Iran. The selection of multiple alleles in field populations might be due to the application of various pesticides/insecticides during extended periods in the region. These molecular levels signify the presence of control problems in the area and the need for developing effective control strategies for such populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delnia Adib
- Health and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Elena Silivanova
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology, Branch of Federal State Institution Federal Research Centre Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ASRIVEA - Branch of Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS), Institutskaya St. 2, Tyumen, 625041, Russian Federation
| | - Hamidreza Basseri
- Vector Biology and Control of Diseases Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saber Gholizadeh
- Health and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Yoon KA, Kim JH, Nauen R, Alyokhin A, Clark JM, Lee SH. Characterization of molecular and kinetic properties of two acetylcholinesterases from the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 185:105137. [PMID: 35772844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular and biochemical properties of two acetylcholinesterases (LdAChE1 and LdAChE2) from the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, were investigated in this study. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in conjunction with western blotting with LdAChE1- or LdAChE2-specific antibodies suggested that LdAChE1 exists in a soluble form, whereas LdAChE2 exists in both soluble and amphiphilic forms with a glycophosphatidylinositol anchor. Both LdAChEs exist as homodimers with each monomer connected with a disulfide bond. LdAChE1 was the most highly expressed in the thorax followed by the head, leg, and abdomen, whereas LdAChE2 was the most highly expressed in the head, followed by the thorax, leg, and abdomen. The overall expression levels of LdAChE1, however, were higher than those of LdAChE2 in all examined tissues. Kinetic analysis using recombinant LdAChE1 and LdAChE2 showed that LdAChE2 has a 4.8-fold higher catalytic efficiency toward acetylthiocholine iodide compared to LdAChE1. LdAChE2 was more sensitive to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides than LdAChE1. The addition of irreversibly phosphorylated LdAChE1 via paraoxon titration significantly reduced LdAChE2 inhibition by insecticides and glycoalkaloids, suggesting a sequestration role of soluble LdAChE1 in the chemical defense against xenobiotics. Taken together, LdAChE2 may be the main enzyme for synaptic transmission, thus serving as a toxicologically more relevant target, whereas the soluble LdAChE1 may function as a bioscavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungjae Andrew Yoon
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D Pest Control, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Andrei Alyokhin
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - John Marshall Clark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Abobakr Y, Al-Hussein FI, Bayoumi AE, Alzabib AA, Al-Sarar AS. Organophosphate Insecticides Resistance in Field Populations of House Flies, Musca domestica L.: Levels of Resistance and Acetylcholinesterase Activity. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020192. [PMID: 35206765 PMCID: PMC8875930 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The house fly, Musca domestica L., is an important medical and veterinary pest associated with humans and livestock. Management of house flies has relied extensively on chemical control. The inappropriate use of insecticides has led to resistance worldwide. Insecticide resistance is one of the critical challenges in applied pest management. Resistance is defined as an inherited potential of a population to tolerate an insecticide dosage that is lethal for the majority of individuals of a susceptible population of the same species. The development of resistance is producing significant environmental threats, such as adverse effects on non-target organisms and environmental poisoning. Therefore, monitoring the resistance status of M. domestica field populations is considered critical for avoiding these environmental threats. In the present study, we found high levels of resistance in the house fly field-collected populations from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia to organophosphate insecticides, diazinon, and fenitrothion. Therefore, the use of organophosphate (OP) insecticides should be stopped and replaced with novel insecticides having different modes of action in the house flies control programs. Abstract The house fly, Musca domestica L., is an important medical and veterinary pest associated with humans and livestock. Management of house flies has relied extensively on chemical control. In this study, we report on the resistance of house fly field-collected populations to diazinon and fenitrothion OP insecticides in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The diazinon and fenitrothion median lethal dose (LD50) values against adult female M. domestica field-collected populations were significantly higher than those of the laboratory (LAB) strain. Different levels of resistance were detected in all field-collected populations toward the two OP insecticides. The resistance ratios for diazinon ranged from 62.47 to 309.78, while there were 53.08 to 261.24 for fenitrothion in the eight field-collected populations. The specific activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in all field populations was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that in the LAB strain. In vitro diazinon and fenitrothion median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of LAB strain AChE activity were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those for field-collected populations. This study found high levels of resistance in the house fly field-collected populations to diazinon and fenitrothion. Replacing these two insecticides and any other OPs with novel ones that have different modes of action is an urgent need in the insect-vector control programs in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. An altered AChE enzyme of M. domestica field populations might be partially responsible for the developed resistance. Monitoring of insecticide resistance development in M. domestica populations and a better understanding of its mechanisms are needed to design operative management strategies for controlling the house flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Abobakr
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.); (F.I.A.-H.); (A.A.A.)
- Department of Animal Pests, Sabahia Research Station, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Alexandria 21616, Egypt
| | - Faisal I. Al-Hussein
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.); (F.I.A.-H.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Alaa E. Bayoumi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, Cairo 11241, Egypt;
| | - Ali A. Alzabib
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.); (F.I.A.-H.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Ali S. Al-Sarar
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.); (F.I.A.-H.); (A.A.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Guan W, Tang L, Wang Y, Cui H. Fabrication of an Effective Avermectin Nanoemulsion Using a Cleavable Succinic Ester Emulsifier. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7568-7576. [PMID: 29976065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new emulsifier precursor was prepared via esterification of avermectin with succinic anhydride. The chemical structure of the product was confirmed to be monosubstituted avermectin. After neutralization with triethanolamine, it exhibited adequate emulsification ability for avermectin. Avermectin was then encapsulated in nanoparticles in the nanoemulsion with a high drug loading up to 60 wt % and high stability. The nanoemulsion of nanoparticles that serves as a carrier of avermectin shows highly efficient pesticide characteristics, including low surface tension, high affinity to leaves, and improved photostability. In the presence of esterase or under strongly basic conditions, the ester bonds of the emulsifier can be hydrolyzed, and the encapsulated avermectin molecules can be released in an accelerated manner. The nanoemulsion exhibited improved insecticidal effect compared with commercial emulsifiable concentrate, which was attributed to the cleavage of ester bonds of the emulsifier by esterase in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Liming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture , Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Haixin Cui
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture , Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences , Beijing 100081 , China
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Kim M, Kwon H, Kwon H, Kim W, Kim Y. Enhanced acetylcholinesterase Activity of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, Under Chlorine Dioxide Treatment and Altered Negative Phototaxis Behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5656/ksae.2015.05.0.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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The effect of temperature on the activity of acetylcholinesterase preparations from rat brain. Neurochem Int 2012; 11:135-41. [PMID: 20501153 DOI: 10.1016/0197-0186(87)90001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/1986] [Accepted: 10/27/1986] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Homogenization of rat brain with dilute buffer shows that about 15% of the acetylcholinesterase is soluble while the remaining 85% is present in a membrane-bound form which can be brought into solution by extraction with Triton X-100. The effect of temperature on the values of V(max) and K(m) of the buffer-soluble, the membrane-bound and the Triton-soluble forms of acetylcholinesterase have been compared and the results discussed in terms of possible changes in the conformation, dissociation or aggregation of the enzyme molecule. Gradient-gel electrophoresis of the soluble preparations carried out at 4 degrees C or 37 degrees C suggest that the normal tetrameric structure present at 4 degrees C dissociates into monomers and forms some higher molecular weight species at 37 degrees C. The effect of prior storage of the brains in toluene on these properties is also considered.
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8
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Bargar TA. The relationship between total cholinesterase activity and mortality in four butterfly species. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:2124-2129. [PMID: 22740147 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between total cholinesterase activity (TChE) and mortality in four butterfly species (great southern white [Ascia monuste], common buckeye [Junonia coenia], painted lady [Vanessa cardui], and julia butterflies [Dryas julia]) was investigated. Acute contact toxicity studies were conducted to evaluate the response (median lethal dose [LD50] and TChE) of the four species following exposure to the organophosphate insecticide naled. The LD50 for these butterflies ranged from 2.3 to 7.6 µg/g. The average level of TChE inhibition associated with significant mortality ranged from 26 to 67%, depending on the species. The lower bounds of normal TChE activity (2 standard deviations less than the average TChE for reference butterflies) ranged from 8.4 to 12.3 µM/min/g. As a percentage of the average reference TChE activity for the respective species, the lower bounds were similar to the inhibition levels associated with significant mortality, indicating there was little difference between the dose resulting in significant TChE inhibition and that resulting in mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Bargar
- Southeast Ecological Science Center, US Geological Survey, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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Seong KM, Kim YH, Kwon DH, Lee SH. Identification and characterization of three cholinesterases from the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 21:149-159. [PMID: 22136067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2011.01118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We identified and characterized the full-length cDNA sequences encoding two acetylcholinesterases (ClAChE1 and ClAChE2) and a salivary gland-specific cholinesterase-like protein (ClSChE) from the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. All three cholinesterase genes (Clac1, Clace2 and Clsce) have conserved motifs, including a catalytic triad, a choline-binding site and an acyl pocket. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ClAChE1 belongs to the insect AChE1 clade, whereas ClAChE2 belongs to the insect AChE2 clade. ClSChE was grouped into the clade containing all AChE1s, suggesting a paralogous relationship to ClAChE1. Transcription levels of Clace1 were higher than those of Clace2 in all tissues examined, including the central nervous system (CNS). In contrast, the Clsce transcript was not detected in the CNS but specifically found in the salivary gland at much higher levels (>3000-fold) than those of Clace1 and Clace2. Western blot analysis using anti-ClAChE antibodies, in conjunction with activity staining, revealed that ClAChE1 is more active than ClAChE2, whereas ClSChE has little enzyme activity. Three-dimensional structure modelling suggested that ClAChEs and ClSChE shared structural similarities, but had some differences in the residues forming the acyl pocket and oxyanion hole. The current findings should provide valuable insights into the evolution and functional diversification of insect cholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Seong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Ilg T, Cramer J, Lutz J, Noack S, Schmitt H, Williams H, Newton T. The characterization of Lucilia cuprina acetylcholinesterase as a drug target, and the identification of novel inhibitors by high throughput screening. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 41:470-483. [PMID: 21530657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC3.1.1.7.) is the molecular target for the carbamate and organophosphate pesticides that are used to combat parasitic arthropods. In this paper we report the functional heterologous expression of AChE from Lucilia cuprina (the sheep blowfly) in HEK293 cells. We show that the expressed enzyme is cell-surface-exposed and possesses a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol membrane anchor. The substrates acetyl-, propionyl- and butyrylthiocholine (AcTC, PropTC, ButTC), and also 11 further thiocholine and homo-thiocholine derivatives were chemically synthesized to evaluate and compare their substrate properties in L. cuprina AChE and recombinant human AChE. The Michaelis-Menten constants K(M) for AcTC, PropTC and ButTC were found to be 3-7-fold lower for the L. cuprina AChE than for the human AChE. Additionally, 2-methoxyacetyl-thiocholine and isobutyryl-thiocholine were better substrates for the insect enzyme than for the human AChE. The AcTC, PropTC and ButTC specificities and the Michaelis-Menten constants for recombinant L. cuprina AChE were similar to those determined for AChE extracted from L. cuprina heads, which are a particularly rich source of this enzyme. The median inhibition concentrations (IC(50) values) were determined for 21 organophosphates, 23 carbamates and also 9 known non-covalent AChE inhibitors. Interestingly, 11 compounds were 100- to >4000-fold more active on the insect enzyme than on the human enzyme. The substrate and inhibitor selectivity data collectively indicate that there are structural differences between L. cuprina and human AChE in or near the active sites, suggesting that it may be possible to identify novel, specific L. cuprina AChE inhibitors. To this end, a high throughput screen with 107,893 compounds was performed on the L. cuprina head AChE. This led to the identification of 195 non-carbamate, non-organophosphate inhibitors with IC(50) values below 10μM. Analysis of the most potent hit compounds identified 19 previously unknown inhibitors with IC(50) values below 200nM, which were up to 335-fold more potent on the L. cuprina enzyme than on the human AChE. Some of these compounds may serve as leads for lead optimization programs to generate fly-specific pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ilg
- Intervet Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270 Schwabenheim, Germany.
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Febbraio F, Merone L, Cetrangolo GP, Rossi M, Nucci R, Manco G. Thermostable Esterase 2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius as Biosensor for the Detection of Organophosphate Pesticides. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1530-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102025z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Febbraio
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, CNR. Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigia Merone
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, CNR. Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Mosè Rossi
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, CNR. Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Nucci
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, CNR. Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, CNR. Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Xiao LS, Dou W, Li Y, Wang JJ. Comparative studies of acetylcholinesterase purified from three field populations of Liposcelis entomophila (enderlein) (psocoptera: liposcelididae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 75:158-173. [PMID: 20824823 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterace (AChE) is known to be the major target for organophophate and carbamate insecticides and biomolecular changes to AChE have been demonstrated to be an important mechanism for insecticide resistance in many insect species. In this study, AChE from three field populations of Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein) (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) was purified by affinity chromatography and subsequently characterized by its Michaelis-Menten kinetics to determine if detectable changes to AChE have occurred. Bioassays revealed that the potential resistance threat of psocids in Sichuan Province (GH) was greater than either Hubei Province (WH) or Chongqing Municipality (BB). Compared to the other two populations, the WH population possessed the highest specific activity of purified AChE. Kinetic analyses indicated that the purified AChE from GH population expressed a significantly lower affinity to the substrate and a higher catalytic activity toward acetylthiocholine iodide (ATChI) (i.e., higher K(m) and V(max) values) than BB and WH populations. In vitro studies of AChE suggest that five inhibitors (aldicarb, eserine, BW284C51, omethoate, and propoxur) all possess strong inhibitory effects with eserine having the strongest inhibitory effect against purified AChE. According to bimolecular rate constants (k(i)), the purified AChE from GH population was least sensitive to all inhibitors except for omethoate. The differences in AChE among the three populations may be partially attributed to the differences in pesticide application and control practices for psocids among the three locations.
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Abstract
Insects have successfully adapted to most insecticides by becoming resistant to them. This adaptation, of recent origin, has evolved rapidly and independently in a large number of species and is of serious economic and medical importance. The origins of resistance are still obscure, but resistance is assumed to be pre-adaptive, arising through recurrent mutation of existing alleles. However, in at least one well-researched case it probably originated by gene duplication. Resistance can be monofactorial or multifactorial. When several independent mechanisms confer resistance to the same group of insecticides the order in which these mechanisms are selected may reflect their effectiveness in protecting insects from the toxic effects of the different compounds. Our concept of resistance is changing as insects continue to adapt to the insecticide-containing environment. Criteria for defining resistance in both fundamental and practical terms are re-examined here in the light of recent work.
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Kristensen M, Huang J, Qiao CL, Jespersen JB. Variation of Musca domestica L. acetylcholinesterase in Danish housefly populations. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2006; 62:738-45. [PMID: 16718740 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Anti-cholinesterase resistance is in many cases caused by modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE). A comparison was made of toxicological data and AChE activity gathered from 21 field populations and nine laboratory strains of houseflies, Musca domestica L., to elucidate the best way of generating data to provide advice for management strategies and gathering information for resistance risk assessment on the organophosphates azamethiphos and dimethoate and the carbamate methomyl, which have been the primary insecticides used against adult houseflies in Denmark. Cluster analysis was performed and > 2000 houseflies were assigned to one of three phenotypes based on total acetylcholinesterase activity as well as inhibition by azamethiphos, methomyl or omethoate. A cluster, i.e. a phenotype, with high total AChE activity and high sensitivity to azamethiphos and less sensitivity to inhibition by methomyl and omethoate was shown to be linked to methomyl resistance. It was not possible to define any clusters that could be linked to azamethiphos or dimethoate resistance. The five mutations V180L, G262A, G262V, F327Y and G365A causing anticholinesterase resistance in houseflies were all identified in the Danish housefly strains. The data are very heterogeneous, and a correlation of molecular genetic background and resistance of phenotypes is not obvious with the available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kristensen
- Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory, Department of Integrated Pest Management, Danish Institute of Agricultural Science, Skovbrynet 14, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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Chialiang C, Devonshire AL. Changes in membrane phospholipids, identified by Arrhenius plots of acetylcholinesterase and associated with pyrethroid resistance (kdr) in houseflies (Musca domestica). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780130207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Liu H, Xu Q, Zhang L, Liu N. Chlorpyrifos resistance in mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2005; 42:815-20. [PMID: 16363165 DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/42.5.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Two mosquito strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, MAmCq and HAmCq, were collected from Mobile and Huntsville, AL, respectively, after the control of mosquitoes with insecticides proved difficult. A synergism study showed that resistance to chlorpyrifos in MAmCq and HAmCq was not suppressed by piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S,-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF), suggesting that P450 monooxygenase- and hydrolase-mediated detoxication does not contribute to chlorpyrifos resistance in either strain. Diethyl maleate (DEM) did not cause any significant change in the level of chlorpyrifos toxicity to HAmCq. However, DEM enhanced toxicity of chlorpyrifos to MAmCq 2.5-fold, indicating that glutathione S-transferase (GST)-mediated detoxication may play a minor role in the resistance of MAmCq. An inhibition study of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by chlorpyrifos showed that bimolecular rate constants (Ki) of chlorpyrifos for the inhibition of AChE in adults and larvae of the susceptible S-Lab strain were 2.2- and 1.9-fold higher, respectively, than in the HAmCq strain and 3.4- and 3.8-fold higher than in the MAmCq strain. The single mutation, G119S, resulting from a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), G to A, in ace-1 acetylcholinesterase gene was present in HAmCq and MAmCq mosquitoes. The frequency of the heterozygote for the G119S mutant allele in the HAmCq and MAmCq mosquito populations was 0.25 and 0.45, respectively, and no individuals in either of these mosquito strains were homozygous for the A allele. It thus seems likely that the presence of heterozygous individuals for the G119S allele in HAmCq and MAmCq populations may be a response to the insensitivity of AChE observed in these two mosquito strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huqi Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5413, USA
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Hsiao YM, Lai JY, Liao HY, Feng HT. Purification and characterization of acetylcholinesterase from oriental fruit fly [Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)] (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:5340-5346. [PMID: 15315367 DOI: 10.1021/jf0494377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) was purified from the head of the insecticide susceptible oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), by affinity chromatography of Triton X-100 extract. The degree of purification was about 8183-fold with recoveries of 52%. The molecular mass of purified AChE was 116 kDa for its native protein (nonreduced form) and 61 kDa for its subunits (reduced form) as revealed on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), suggesting that the homodimer of AChE linked with disulfide bonds. Nondenaturing PAGE of the purified AChE revealed only one molecular form. The maximum velocities (V(max)) for hydrolyzing acetylthiocholine (ATC), propionylthiocholine, and S-butyrylthiocholine were 833.3, 222.2, and 57.5 micromol/min/mg, and the Michaelis constants (K(m)) were 87.9, 26.9, and 195.3 microM, respectively. More than 97% of AChE activity was inhibited by 10 microM eserine or BW284C51, but only 53% of the activity was inhibited by ethopropazine at the same concentration. On the basis of the substrate and inhibitor specificities, the purified enzyme appeared to be a true AChE. Nevertheless, the purified AChE exhibited some distinctive characteristics including (i) a lack of the substrate inhibition phenomenon when using ATC as the hydrolyzing substrate and (ii) a higher V(m) value for ATC than AChE from other insect species. These biochemical properties may show that AChE purified from the oriental fruit fly may have structural differences from those of other insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Hsiao
- Center for Research and Development, Chungtai Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, 11 Pu-tzu Lane, Pei-tun District 40605, Takun, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Sousa-Polezzi RDC, Bicudo HEMDC. Effect of phenobarbital on inducing insecticide tolerance and esterase changes in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Genet Mol Biol 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572004000200024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Maklakov A, Ishaaya I, Freidberg A, Yawetz A, Horowitz AR, Yarom I. Toxicological studies of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides for controlling the fruit fly Dacus ciliatus (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2001; 94:1059-1066. [PMID: 11681666 DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493-94.5.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The fruit fly Dacus ciliatus Loew is a pest of the fruits of many cucurbit species. We studied the effect of organaophosphate and pyrethroid compounds on the adult flies by using surface contact and oral administration. In contrast to other fruit flies, we found that organophosphates were ineffective against D. ciliatus. This was supported by the insignificant decrease of head acetylcholinesterase activity. All tested pyrethroids showed satisfactory killing ability, rapid and massive knockdown effect, and prevention of oviposition. Piperonyl butoxide considerably increased the toxicity of pyrethroids, which can be explained by oxidase detoxification of these compounds in D. ciliatus. It can be concluded that pyrethroids have high potential for controlling D. ciliatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maklakov
- Department of Entomology, Institute for Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Park NJ, Kamble ST. Decapitation impacting effect of topically applied chlorpyrifos on acetylcholinesterase and general esterases in susceptible and resistant German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2001; 94:499-505. [PMID: 11332845 DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493-94.2.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of topically applied chlorpyrifos on acetylcholinesterase and other esterases in heads and decapitated bodies of CSMA and Crawford German cockroaches was examined with spectrophotometric enzyme assay and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The toxicity of chlorpyrifos was greatly reduced in decapitated CSMA male cockroaches with LD50 value 17.1-fold higher than that of normal CSMA cockroaches. Acetylcholinesterase activity from heads was significantly higher in the Crawford compared with the CSMA strain and did not change until 24 h after chlorpyrifos in vivo treatment in both strains. The p-nitrophenyl butyrate (NPB) esterase activities from both heads and decapitated bodies of the resistant Crawford strain were significantly greater than the susceptible CSMA strain. The p-NPB esterase activity was significantly inhibited by chlorpyrifos in vivo treatment, and total p-NPB esterase activity was significantly reduced in decapitated bodies compared with heads of both strains. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis of extracts solubilized with Triton X-100 from heads and decapitated bodies revealed five major esterase bands and an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) band with a high capability of hydrolyzing alpha-naphthyl butyrate and acetylthiocholine, respectively. In the heads of susceptible CSMA male cockroaches, the activity of mobile isozymes d1 and d2 was completely inhibited at 24 h after chlorpyrifos application, and isozyme e was partially inhibited. In contrast, isozymes c1 and c2 from the decapitated bodies of CSMA cockroaches were mostly affected at 24 h after the topical application of chlorpyrifos. The activities of acetylcholinesterase and esterase isozymes a and b from the decapitated body remained uninhibited in both strains. Inhibition of isozymes d1 and d2 seems to be more important in chlorpyrifos intoxication than acetylcholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Park
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0816, USA
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Marcel V, Estrada-Mondaca S, Magné F, Stojan J, Klaébé A, Fournier D. Exploration of the Drosophila acetylcholinesterase substrate activation site using a reversible inhibitor (Triton X-100) and mutated enzymes. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:11603-9. [PMID: 10766776 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.16.11603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinesterases are activated at low substrate concentration, and this is followed by inhibition as the level of substrate increases. However, one of these two components is sometimes lacking. In Drosophila acetylcholinesterase, the two phases are present, allowing both phenomena to be studied. Several kinetic schemes can explain this complex kinetic behavior. Among them, one model assumes that activation results from the binding of a substrate molecule to a non-productive site affecting the entrance of a substrate molecule into the active site. To test this hypothesis, we looked for an inhibitor competitive for activation and we found Triton X-100. Using organophosphates or carbamates as hemisubstrates, we showed that Triton X-100 inhibits or increases phosphorylation or carbamoylation of the enzyme. In vitro mutagenesis of the residues lining the active site gorge allowed us to locate the Triton X-100 binding site at the rim of the gorge with glutamate 107 playing the major role. These results led to the hypothesis that substrate binding at this site affects the entrance of another substrate molecule into the active site cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Marcel
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physicochimie des Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique, ESA 5068, Groupe de Biochimie des Protéines, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
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Baxter GD, Green P, Stuttgen M, Barker SC. Detecting resistance to organophosphates and carbamates in the cattle tick Boophilus microplus, with a propoxur-based biochemical test. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 1999; 23:907-914. [PMID: 10668865 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006364816302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive detection of resistance to insecticides in arthropods is needed. In the cattle tick. Boophilus microplus, resistance to a variety of acaricides is widespread. The most commonly used assay for resistance, the larval packet test, takes at least two, but generally six weeks for a one-host tick like B. microplus to complete and may take up to three months to complete for three-host ticks. Here we describe a test for resistance to organophosphate acaricides that can be used on larvae and adult ticks which takes less than 24 hours. The test measures the difference in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in homogenates of ticks in the presence and absence of propoxur, a carbamate acaricide. We found clear discrimination of organophosphate-susceptible and organophosphate-resistant adults with 100 microM propoxur. AChE from susceptible ticks had almost no activity at this concentration of propoxur whereas AChE from resistant ticks had 67% of its potential activity. AChE from heterozygote ticks could also be distinguished from AChE from homozygous-susceptible and homozygous-resistant ticks. This is the first biochemical test for resistance to an acaricide. Rapid, sensitive tests like ours will allow resistance to organophosphates to be detected soon after it develops in the field, thus, the spread of resistance might be slowed and the useful life of acaricides extended.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Baxter
- Department of Parasitology and Center for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
We describe the isolation and characterisation of two putatively new acetylcholinesterase genes from the African cattle ticks Boophilus decoloratus and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. The nucleotide sequences of these genes had 93% homology to each other and 95% and 91% identity, respectively, to the acetylcholinesterase gene from an Australian strain of another cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. Translation of the nucleotide sequences revealed putative amino acids that are essential for acetylcholinesterase activity: the active site serine, and the histidine and glutamate residues that associate with this serine to form the catalytic triad. All known acetylcholinesterases have three sets of cysteines that form disulfide bonds; however, the acetylcholinesterase genes of these three species of ticks encode only two sets of cysteines. Acetylcholinesterases of B. microplus from South Africa, Zimbabwe, Kenya and Mexico had 98-99% identity with acetylcholinesterase from B. microplus from Australia, whereas acetylcholinesterase from B. microplus from Indonesia was identical to that from Australia. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses surprisingly indicate that the acetylcholinesterases of ticks are closer phylogenetically to acetylcholinesterases of vertebrates than they are to those of other arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Baxter
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, and Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Baxter GD, Barker SC. Acetylcholinesterase cDNA of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus: characterisation and role in organophosphate resistance. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 28:581-589. [PMID: 9753768 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(98)00034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase is the target of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. Organophosphate resistance is widespread in the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, in Australia. We have isolated a cDNA of acetylcholinesterase from B. microplus and show that it would encode a protein 62 kDa in size. The predicted amino acid sequence contains all the residues characteristic of an acetylcholinesterase. Alternative splicing of the transcript was detected at both the 5' and 3' ends. Alternative splicing at the 5' end would result in two proteins differing by six amino acids. This is the first report of alternative splicing of the N-terminal coding region in a cholinesterase. No point mutations were detected in the acetylcholinesterase gene from organophosphate resistant strains of B. microplus. Alternative explanations for resistance to organophosphates in B. microplus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Baxter
- Department of Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Gao JR, Rao JV, Wilde GE, Zhu KY. Purification and kinetic analysis of acetylcholinesterase from western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 39:118-125. [PMID: 9880902 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6327(1998)39:3<118::aid-arch4>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) was purified from western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) beetles by affinity chromatography. The purification factor reached over 20,000-fold with a specific activity of 169.5 mumol/min/mg and a yield of 23%. The Vmax values for hydrolyzing acetylthiocholine (ATC), acetyl-(beta-methyl) thiocholine (A beta MTC), propionylthiocholine (PTC), and S-butyrylthiocholine (BTC) were 184.8, 140.5, 150.2, and 18.8 mumol/min/mg, respectively, and K(m) values were 19.7, 18.5, 14.1, and 11.0 microM, respectively. The first three substrates showed significant inhibition to the AChE at higher concentrations, whereas BTC showed inhibition at the concentrations of 0.25-2 nM but activation at > 4 mM. AChE activity was almost completely inhibited by 1 microM eserine and BW284C15, respectively, but only 12% of AChE activity were inhibited by ethopropazine at the same concentration. These results suggested that the purified AChE from WCR was a typical insect AChE. Insecticides or their oxidative metabolites, chlorpyrifos-methyl oxon, carbofuran, carbaryl, malaoxon, and paraoxon, used in in vitro kinetic study exhibited high inhibition to AChE purified from WCR. However, chlorpyrifos-methyl oxon and carbofuran showed at least 36- and 4-fold, respectively, higher inhibitory potency than the remaining insecticides examined. Results from our in vitro inhibition of AChE agreed quite well with the previously published in vivo bioassay data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Gao
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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Zhu KY, Clark JM. Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding acetylcholinesterase in Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 25:1129-1138. [PMID: 8580913 DOI: 10.1016/0965-1748(95)00055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 1.1.1.7) was cloned from a cDNA library constructed from an insecticide-susceptible strain of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). The complete amino acid sequence of AChE deduced from the cDNA consisted of 29 residues for the putative signal peptide and 600 residues for the mature protein with a predicted molecular weight of 67,994. Northern blot analysis of poly(A) RNA showed an approx 13.1-kb transcript. The mature protein sequence had 57 and 61% of amino acid residues identical to those of Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles stephensi, respectively, and produced a remarkably similar hydropathy profile when compared to those of the two dipterous species. The three residues (Ser, Glu and His) that putatively form the catalytic triad and the six Cys that form intra-subunit disulfide bonds were completely conserved when compared to the other seven AChEs from a broad range of animal species reported to date. Other properties of the deduced protein of AChE, including molecular weight and amino acid composition, agreed well with those of a previously reported study on the purified AChE from the same insect species. All these features firmly established that the cloned cDNA encodes AChE in Colorado potato beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Zhu
- Department of Entomology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA
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Leong EC, Ho S. In vitro inhibition of esterase activity in Liposcelis bostrychophila bad. and L. entomophila (end.) (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(94)00135-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Price NR. Insecticide-insensitive acetylcholinesterase from a laboratory selected and a field strain of housefly (Musca domestica) (L.). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1988; 90:221-4. [PMID: 2904862 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(88)90123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
1. Acetylcholinesterase from the heads of a strain of houseflies selected for resistance to the carbamate insecticide methomyl, and from a methomyl-resistant field strain was found to be less sensitive to inhibition by methomyl than that from a susceptible strain. 2. The enzyme from resistant insects was also more tolerant to malaoxon, dichlorvos and bomyl but not to azamethiphos. 3. The decrease in sensitivity to inhibition appeared to be due to an increase in affinity for substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Price
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Slough Laboratory, Berks, UK
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Brogdon WG. Microassay of acetylcholinesterase activity in small portions of single mosquito homogenates. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1988; 90:145-50. [PMID: 2904854 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(88)90110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
1. A simple, rapid microassay method is described for measuring acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity accurately and precisely in small portions of single mosquito homogenates. 2. Up to 30 microassay replicates were possible for individual insects. 3. Microassay data on individual mosquitoes were compared with conventional enzyme assay data acquired using pools of the same homogenates. 4. Under the optimum reaction conditions established, an average Vmax of 7.1 nmol/l/min/mosquito and an average Km of 1.3 x 10(-4) M were observed with acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate. 5. Variability in AChE activity within a sample population of Anopheles albimanus was observed using measurements from individual insects. 6. Such information is fundamental to comparative studies of pesticide physiology (in particular, the resistance phenomenon) in the individual mosquitoes in a population pool; this technique forms the basis for a recently developed resistance microassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Brogdon
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333
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Chemnitius JM, Haselmeyer KH, Zech R. Brain cholinesterases. Differentiation of target enzymes for toxic organophosphorus compounds. Biochem Pharmacol 1983; 32:1693-9. [PMID: 6870909 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(83)90111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterases in hen brain were characterized with respect to inhibition kinetics and substrate specificity. Three organophosphorus inhibitors were used: diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Paraoxon, E 600), di-isopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP), and N,N'-di-isopropylphosphorodiamidic fluoride (Mipafox). The kinetics of irreversible cholinesterase inhibition were studied using two substrates, acetylthiocholine and butyrylthiocholine. The inhibition curves were analysed by the method of iterative elimination of exponential functions. Final classification of the different enzymes was done by combining two inhibitors in sequential inhibition expts. Six cholinesterases were shown to hydrolyse choline esters in hen brain, one was identified as acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) and one as cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8). Four enzymes can be classified as intermediate type cholinesterases according to their substrate specificity and to their inhibition constants. The possible role of different brain cholinesterases for the development of atypical symptoms following organophosphate intoxication is discussed.
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Chemnitius JM, Haselmeyer KH, Zech R. Identification of isoenzymes in cholinesterase preparations using kinetic data of organophosphate inhibition. Anal Biochem 1982; 125:442-52. [PMID: 7181102 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Morton RA, Singh RS. The association between malathion resistance and acetylcholinesterase in Drosophila melanogaster. Biochem Genet 1982; 20:179-98. [PMID: 6807282 DOI: 10.1007/bf00484945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the 50% survival time for flies feeding on a malathion-containing medium and the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was determined for 15 isofemale lines of Drosophila melanogaster. A significant correlation was found (r = 0.28, P less than 0.05), with more resistant lines tending to have a lower level of AChE activity. An association between AChE and malathion resistance was also observed in a selection experiment. The AChE activity decreased in two of two populations selected for malathion resistance. AChE from these populations was altered in kinetic parameters (measured in crude head extracts) and electrophoretic mobility. Although the "resistant" AChE had a lower activity (Vm) on either a per milligram protein or a per individual basis, its apparent Km for acetylthiocholine was lower than that of "susceptible" AChE. Recombination mapping of both low activity and fast electrophoretic mobility localized these traits to the region of the structural locus (Ace) on the third chromosome. The AChE activity of flies heterozygous for a variety of Ace lesions (kindly provided by Dr. W. M. Gelbart) was consistent with this location. The changes in AChE were suggested to have been caused by selection of alleles at the Ace locus.
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Chai MS, Reavill CA, Vidal CJ, Plummer DT. Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase present in the white and grey matter of pig brain. Neurochem Int 1981; 3:311-21. [DOI: 10.1016/0197-0186(81)90018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/1981] [Accepted: 07/13/1981] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Plapp FW, Tripathi RK. Biochemical genetics of altered acetylcholinesterase resistance to insecticides in the house fly. Biochem Genet 1978; 16:1-11. [PMID: 646783 DOI: 10.1007/bf00484380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to the organophosphate insecticide tetrachlorvinphos was examined in a house fly (Musca domestica L.) strain with an altered acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of decreased sensitivity to inhibition by the insecticide. Genetic tests showed that both resistance and the altered AChE were controlled by semi-dominant gene(s) on chromosome II. The gene for resistance was five crossover units from the mutant marker stubby wing (stw). A house fly strain was prepared in which resistance was introduced in to a susceptible stw strain by recombination. Biochemical assays revealed that the altered AChE was introduced along with resistance. Assays of the AChE of resistant and susceptible stw strains by two independent methods showed that the enzyme from resistant flies was 30 times more slowly inhibited by tetrachlorvinphos than the enzyme from susceptible flies.
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Devonshire AL. The properties of a carboxylesterase from the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.), and its role in conferring insecticide resistance. Biochem J 1977; 167:675-83. [PMID: 603629 PMCID: PMC1183714 DOI: 10.1042/bj1670675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases from different strains of Myzus persicae were examined to try to understand their contribution to insecticide resistance. Preliminary evidence that they are involved comes from the good correlation between the degree of resistance and the carboxylesterase and paraoxon-degrading activity in aphid homogenates. Furthermore the carboxylesterase associated with resistance could not be separated from the insecticide-degrading enzyme by electrophoresis or ion-exchange chromatography. Homogenates of resistant aphids hydrolysed paraoxon 60 times faster than did those of susceptible aphids, yet the purified enzymes from both sources had identical catalytic-centre activities towards this substrate and also towards naphth-1-yl acetate, the latter being hydrolysed by both 2x10(6) times faster than paraoxon. These observations provide evidence that the enzyme from both sources is identical, and that one enzyme hydrolyses both substrates. This was confirmed by relating the rate of paraoxon hydrolysis to the rate at which paraoxon-inhibited carboxylesterase re-activated. Both had the same first-order rate constant (0.01min(-1)), showing clearly that the hydrolysis of both substrates is brought about by the same enzyme. Its K(m) for naphth-1-yl acetate was 0.131mm, and for paraoxon 75pm. The latter very small value could not be measured directly, but was calculated from substrate-competition studies coupled with measurements of re-activation of the diethyl phosphorylated enzyme. Since the purified enzymes from resistant and susceptible aphids had the same catalytic-centre activity, the 60-fold difference between strains must be caused by different amounts of the same enzyme resulting from mutations of the regulator gene(s) rather than of the structural gene.
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Tisdale MJ, Phillips BJ. The effect of alkylating agents on adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate metabolism in Walker carcinoma. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25:1793-7. [PMID: 182174 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(76)90418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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