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Xing X, Xing K, Hsieh YSY, Abbott DW. Inequality relations for NMR-based polymer homoblock analysis and extended application: Reanalysis of historical data on alginates, chitosans, homogalacturonans, and galactomannans. Carbohydr Res 2024; 542:109189. [PMID: 38971003 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
There has been a long-standing bottleneck in the quantitative analysis of the frequencies of homoblock polyads beyond triads using 1H and 13C NMR for linear polysaccharides, primarily because monosaccharides within a long homoblock share similar chemical environments due to identical neighboring units, resulting in indistinct NMR peaks. In this study, through rigorous mathematical induction, inequality relations were established that enabled the calculation of frequency ranges of homoblock polyads from historically reported NMR-derived frequency values of diads and/or triads of alginates, chitosans, homogalacturonans, and galactomannans. The calculated homoblock frequency ranges were then applied to evaluate three chain growth statistical models, including the Bernoulli chain, first-order Markov chain, and second-order Markov chain, for predicting homoblock frequencies in these polysaccharides. Furthermore, based on the mathematically derived inequality relations, a novel 2D array was constructed, enabling the graphical visualization of homoblock features in polysaccharides. It was demonstrated, as a proof of concept, that the novel 2D array, along with a 1D code generated from it, could serve as an effective feature engineering tool for polymer classification using machine learning algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xing
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Kanglin Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3C 1K3, Canada.
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm SE10691, Sweden; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada.
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2
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Nøkling-Eide K, Aachmann FL, Tøndervik A, Arlov Ø, Sletta H. In-process epimerisation of alginates from Saccharina latissima, Alaria esculenta and Laminaria hyperborea. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 325:121557. [PMID: 38008481 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Alginates are valued in many industries, due to their versatile properties. These polysaccharides originate from brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and some bacteria of the Azotobacter and Pseudomonas genera, consisting of 1 → 4 linked β-d-mannuronic acid (M), and its C5-epimer α-l-guluronic acid (G). Several applications rely on a high G-content, which confers good gelling properties. Because of its high natural G-content (FG = 0.60-0.75), the alginate from Laminaria hyperborea (LH) has sustained a thriving industry in Norway. Alginates from other sources can be upgraded with mannuronan C-5 epimerases that convert M to G, and this has been demonstrated in many studies, but not applied in the seaweed industry. The present study demonstrates epimerisation directly in the process of alginate extraction from cultivated Saccharina latissima (SL) and Alaria esculenta (AE), and the lamina of LH. Unlike conventional epimerisation, which comprises multiple steps, this in-process protocol can decrease the time and costs necessary for alginate upgrading. In-process epimerisation with AlgE1 enzyme enhanced G-content and hydrogel strength in all examined species, with the greatest effect on SL (FG from 0.44 to 0.76, hydrogel Young's modulus from 22 to 34 kPa). As proof of concept, an upscaled in-process epimerisation of alginate from fresh SL was successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Nøkling-Eide
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3 B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Finn Lillelund Aachmann
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Tøndervik
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3 B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øystein Arlov
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3 B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Sletta
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3 B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
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3
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Mannuronate C-5 epimerases and their use in alginate modification. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:615-627. [PMID: 36876890 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Alginate is a polysaccharide consisting of β-D-mannuronate (M) and α-L-guluronate (G) produced by brown algae and some bacterial species. Alginate has a wide range of industrial and pharmaceutical applications, owing mainly to its gelling and viscosifying properties. Alginates with high G content are considered more valuable since the G residues can form hydrogels with divalent cations. Alginates are modified by lyases, acetylases, and epimerases. Alginate lyases are produced by alginate-producing organisms and by organisms that use alginate as a carbon source. Acetylation protects alginate from lyases and epimerases. Following biosynthesis, alginate C-5 epimerases convert M to G residues at the polymer level. Alginate epimerases have been found in brown algae and alginate-producing bacteria, predominantly Azotobacter and Pseudomonas species. The best characterised epimerases are the extracellular family of AlgE1-7 from Azotobacter vinelandii (Av). AlgE1-7 all consist of combinations of one or two catalytic A-modules and one to seven regulatory R-modules, but even though they are sequentially and structurally similar, they create different epimerisation patterns. This makes the AlgE enzymes promising for tailoring of alginates to have the desired properties. The present review describes the current state of knowledge regarding alginate-active enzymes with focus on epimerases, characterisation of the epimerase reaction, and how alginate epimerases can be used in alginate production.
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Acid preservation of cultivated brown algae Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta and characterization of extracted alginate and cellulose. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.103057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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5
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Beuder S, Braybrook SA. Brown algal cell walls and development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 134:103-111. [PMID: 35396168 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Brown algae are complex multicellular eukaryotes whose cells possess a cell wall, which is an important structure that regulates cell size and shape. Alginate and fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSPs) are two carbohydrate types that have major roles in influencing the mechanical properties of the cell wall (i.e. increasing or decreasing wall stiffness), which in turn regulate cell expansion, division, adhesion, and other processes; however, how brown algal cell wall structure regulates its mechanical properties, and how this relationship influences cellular growth and organismal development, is not well-understood. This chapter is focused on reviewing what we currently know about how the roles of alginates and FCSPs in brown algal developmental processes, as well as how they influence the structural and mechanical properties of cell walls. Additionally, we discuss how brown algal mutants may be leveraged to learn more about the underlying mechanisms that regulate cell wall structure, mechanics, and developmental processes, and finally we propose questions to guide future research with the use of emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Beuder
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 610 Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Siobhan A Braybrook
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 610 Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, 611 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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6
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Cao S, Li L, Zhu B, Yao Z. Alginate modifying enzymes: An updated comprehensive review of the mannuronan C5-epimerases. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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7
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Gheorghita AA, Wolfram F, Whitfield GB, Jacobs HM, Pfoh R, Wong SSY, Guitor AK, Goodyear MC, Berezuk AM, Khursigara CM, Parsek MR, Howell PL. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa homeostasis enzyme AlgL clears the periplasmic space of accumulated alginate during polymer biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101560. [PMID: 34990713 PMCID: PMC8829089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen and a leading cause of chronic infection in the lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis. After colonization, P. aeruginosa often undergoes a phenotypic conversion to mucoidy, characterized by overproduction of the alginate exopolysaccharide. This conversion is correlated with poorer patient prognoses. The majority of genes required for alginate synthesis, including the alginate lyase, algL, are located in a single operon. Previous investigations of AlgL have resulted in several divergent hypotheses regarding the protein’s role in alginate production. To address these discrepancies, we determined the structure of AlgL and, using multiple sequence alignments, identified key active site residues involved in alginate binding and catalysis. In vitro enzymatic analysis of active site mutants highlights R249 and Y256 as key residues required for alginate lyase activity. In a genetically engineered P. aeruginosa strain where alginate biosynthesis is under arabinose control, we found that AlgL is required for cell viability and maintaining membrane integrity during alginate production. We demonstrate that AlgL functions as a homeostasis enzyme to clear the periplasmic space of accumulated polymer. Constitutive expression of the AlgU/T sigma factor mitigates the effects of an algL deletion during alginate production, suggesting that an AlgU/T-regulated protein or proteins can compensate for an algL deletion. Together, our study demonstrates the role of AlgL in alginate biosynthesis, explains the discrepancies observed previously across other P. aeruginosa ΔalgL genetic backgrounds, and clarifies the existing divergent data regarding the function of AlgL as an alginate degrading enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea A Gheorghita
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francis Wolfram
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory B Whitfield
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Holly M Jacobs
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Roland Pfoh
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven S Y Wong
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison K Guitor
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mara C Goodyear
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison M Berezuk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cezar M Khursigara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew R Parsek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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8
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Mechanistic basis for understanding the dual activities of the bifunctional Azotobacter vinelandii mannuronan C-5 epimerase and alginate lyase AlgE7. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0183621. [PMID: 34878812 PMCID: PMC8824271 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01836-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and functional properties of alginates are dictated by the monomer composition and molecular weight distribution. Mannuronan C-5-epimerases determine the monomer composition by catalyzing the epimerization of β-d-mannuronic acid (M) residues into α-l-guluronic acid (G) residues. The molecular weight is affected by alginate lyases, which catalyze a β-elimination mechanism that cleaves alginate chains. The reaction mechanisms for the epimerization and lyase reactions are similar, and some enzymes can perform both reactions. These dualistic enzymes share high sequence identity with mannuronan C-5-epimerases without lyase activity. The mechanism behind their activity and the amino acid residues responsible for it are still unknown. We investigate mechanistic determinants involved in the bifunctional epimerase and lyase activity of AlgE7 from Azotobacter vinelandii. Based on sequence analyses, a range of AlgE7 variants were constructed and subjected to activity assays and product characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Our results show that calcium promotes lyase activity, whereas NaCl reduces the lyase activity of AlgE7. By using defined polymannuronan (polyM) and polyalternating alginate (polyMG) substrates, the preferred cleavage sites of AlgE7 were found to be M|XM and G|XM, where X can be either M or G. From the study of AlgE7 mutants, R148 was identified as an important residue for the lyase activity, and the point mutant R148G resulted in an enzyme with only epimerase activity. Based on the results obtained in the present study, we suggest a unified catalytic reaction mechanism for both epimerase and lyase activities where H154 functions as the catalytic base and Y149 functions as the catalytic acid. IMPORTANCE Postharvest valorization and upgrading of algal constituents are promising strategies in the development of a sustainable bioeconomy based on algal biomass. In this respect, alginate epimerases and lyases are valuable enzymes for tailoring the functional properties of alginate, a polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed with numerous applications in food, medicine, and material industries. By providing a better understanding of the catalytic mechanism and of how the two enzyme actions can be altered by changes in reaction conditions, this study opens further applications of bacterial epimerases and lyases in the enzymatic tailoring of alginate polymers.
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9
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Gaardløs M, Samsonov SA, Sletmoen M, Hjørnevik M, Sætrom GI, Tøndervik A, Aachmann FL. Insights into the roles of charged residues in substrate binding and mode of action of mannuronan C-5 epimerase AlgE4. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1616-1635. [PMID: 33822050 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannuronan C-5 epimerases catalyse the epimerization of monomer residues in the polysaccharide alginate, changing the physical properties of the biopolymer. The enzymes are utilized to tailor alginate to numerous biological functions by alginate-producing organisms. The underlying molecular mechanisms that control the processive movement of the epimerase along the substrate chain is still elusive. To study this, we have used an interdisciplinary approach combining molecular dynamics simulations with experimental methods from mutant studies of AlgE4, where initial epimerase activity and product formation were addressed with NMR spectroscopy, and characteristics of enzyme-substrate interactions were obtained with isothermal titration calorimetry and optical tweezers. Positive charges lining the substrate-binding groove of AlgE4 appear to control the initial binding of poly-mannuronate, and binding also seems to be mediated by both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. After the catalytic reaction, negatively charged enzyme residues might facilitate dissociation of alginate from the positive residues, working like electrostatic switches, allowing the substrate to translocate in the binding groove. Molecular simulations show translocation increments of two monosaccharide units before the next productive binding event resulting in MG-block formation, with the epimerase moving with its N-terminus towards the reducing end of the alginate chain. Our results indicate that the charge pair R343-D345 might be directly involved in conformational changes of a loop that can be important for binding and dissociation. The computational and experimental approaches used in this study complement each other, allowing for a better understanding of individual residues' roles in binding and movement along the alginate chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margrethe Gaardløs
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Marit Sletmoen
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maya Hjørnevik
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gerd Inger Sætrom
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Tøndervik
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands veg 3 B, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn Lillelund Aachmann
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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10
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Hinchliffe JD, Parassini Madappura A, Syed Mohamed SMD, Roy I. Biomedical Applications of Bacteria-Derived Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1081. [PMID: 33805506 PMCID: PMC8036740 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastics have found widespread use in the fields of cosmetic, engineering, and medical sciences due to their wide-ranging mechanical and physical properties, as well as suitability in biomedical applications. However, in the light of the environmental cost of further upscaling current methods of synthesizing many plastics, work has recently focused on the manufacture of these polymers using biological methods (often bacterial fermentation), which brings with them the advantages of both low temperature synthesis and a reduced reliance on potentially toxic and non-eco-friendly compounds. This can be seen as a boon in the biomaterials industry, where there is a need for highly bespoke, biocompatible, processable polymers with unique biological properties, for the regeneration and replacement of a large number of tissue types, following disease. However, barriers still remain to the mass-production of some of these polymers, necessitating new research. This review attempts a critical analysis of the contemporary literature concerning the use of a number of bacteria-derived polymers in the context of biomedical applications, including the biosynthetic pathways and organisms involved, as well as the challenges surrounding their mass production. This review will also consider the unique properties of these bacteria-derived polymers, contributing to bioactivity, including antibacterial properties, oxygen permittivity, and properties pertaining to cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Finally, the review will select notable examples in literature to indicate future directions, should the aforementioned barriers be addressed, as well as improvements to current bacterial fermentation methods that could help to address these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (J.D.H.); (A.P.M.); (S.M.D.S.M.)
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11
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Ci F, Jiang H, Zhang Z, Mao X. Properties and potential applications of mannuronan C5-epimerase: A biotechnological tool for modifying alginate. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 168:663-675. [PMID: 33220370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Given the excellent characteristics of alginate, it is an industrially important polysaccharide. Mannuronan C5-epimerase (MC5E) is an alginate-modifying enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of β-D-mannuronate (M) to its C5 epimer α-L-guluronate (G) in alginate. Both the biological activities and physical properties of alginate are determined by M/G ratios and distribution patterns. Therefore, MC5E is regarded as a biotechnological tool for modifying and processing alginate. Various MC5Es derived from brown algae, Pseudomonas and Azotobacter have been isolated and characterized. With the rapid development of structural biology, the crystal structures and catalytic mechanisms of several MC5Es have been elucidated. It is necessary to comprehensively understand the research status of this alginate-modifying enzyme. In this review, the properties and potential applications of MC5Es isolated from different kinds of organisms are summarized and reviewed. Moreover, future research directions of MC5Es as well as strategies to enhance their properties are elucidated, highlighted, and prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Ci
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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12
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Zhang C, Wang W, Zhao X, Wang H, Yin H. Preparation of alginate oligosaccharides and their biological activities in plants: A review. Carbohydr Res 2020; 494:108056. [PMID: 32559511 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) is the degradation product of alginates extracted from brown algae. As a multifunctional oligomer, it has attracted widespread attention in plant research. Different methods of preparation generate AOS possessing diverse structural properties, and result in differences in AOS activity. In this review, the methods of preparation and characterization of AOS are briefly summarized, followed by a systematic introduction to the activity and mechanisms of AOS in plants. AOS can act as a growth promoter at different growth stages of plants. AOS also enhances resistance to pathogens, drought, salt, heavy metals and other stressors by triggering plant immunity, exerting bioactivity just like a pathogen-associated molecular pattern. In addition, AOS can regulate ABA biosynthesis and metabolite to preserve fruit quality and enhance shelf life. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the biological activity of AOS in plants, which will support research and the application of AOS treatments for plants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China; Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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13
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Stanisci A, Tøndervik A, Gaardløs M, Lervik A, Skjåk-Bræk G, Sletta H, Aachmann FL. Identification of a Pivotal Residue for Determining the Block Structure-Forming Properties of Alginate C-5 Epimerases. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4352-4361. [PMID: 32149266 PMCID: PMC7057702 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Alginate is a linear copolymer composed of 1→4 linked β-d-mannuronic acid (M) and its epimer α-l-guluronic acid (G). The polysaccharide is first produced as homopolymeric mannuronan and subsequently, at the polymer level, C-5 epimerases convert M residues to G residues. The bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii encodes a family of seven secreted and calcium ion-dependent mannuronan C-5 epimerases (AlgE1-AlgE7). These epimerases consist of two types of structural modules: the A-modules, which contain the catalytic site, and the R-modules, which influence activity through substrate and calcium binding. In this study, we rationally designed new hybrid mannuronan C-5 epimerases constituting the A-module from AlgE6 and the R-module from AlgE4. This led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism determining differences in MG- and GG-block-forming properties of the enzymes. A long loop with either tyrosine or phenylalanine extruding from the β-helix of the enzyme proved essential in defining the final alginate block structure, probably by affecting substrate binding. Normal mode analysis of the A-module from AlgE6 supports the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalucia Stanisci
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norwegian Biopolymer
Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Sem Sælands vei 6/8, NO 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Tøndervik
- Department
of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF
Industry, Richard Birkelands
veg 3 B, NO 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Margrethe Gaardløs
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norwegian Biopolymer
Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Sem Sælands vei 6/8, NO 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Lervik
- Department
of Chemistry, NTNU Norwegian University
of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norwegian Biopolymer
Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Sem Sælands vei 6/8, NO 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Sletta
- Department
of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF
Industry, Richard Birkelands
veg 3 B, NO 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn L. Aachmann
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norwegian Biopolymer
Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Sem Sælands vei 6/8, NO 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- E-mail: . Phone: +4773593317. Fax: +4773591283
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14
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Belik A, Silchenko A, Malyarenko O, Rasin A, Kiseleva M, Kusaykin M, Ermakova S. Two New Alginate Lyases of PL7 and PL6 Families from Polysaccharide-Degrading Bacterium Formosa algae KMM 3553 T: Structure, Properties, and Products Analysis. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020130. [PMID: 32102373 PMCID: PMC7074159 DOI: 10.3390/md18020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A bifunctional alginate lyase (ALFA3) and mannuronate-specific alginate lyase (ALFA4) genes were found in the genome of polysaccharide-degrading marine bacterium Formosa algae KMM 3553T. They were classified to PL7 and PL6 polysaccharide lyases families and expressed in E. coli. The recombinant ALFA3 appeared to be active both on mannuronate- and guluronate-enriched alginates, as well as pure sodium mannuronate. For all substrates, optimum conditions were pH 6.0 and 35 °C; Km was 0.12 ± 0.01 mg/ml, and half-inactivation time was 30 min at 42 °C. Recombinant ALFA4 was active predominately on pure sodium mannuronate, with optimum pH 8.0 and temperature 30 °C, Km was 3.01 ± 0.05 mg/ml. It was stable up to 30 °C; half-inactivation time was 1h 40 min at 37 °C. 1H NMR analysis showed that ALFA3 degraded mannuronate and mannuronate-guluronate blocks, while ALFA4 degraded only mannuronate blocks, producing mainly disaccharides. Products of digestion of pure sodium mannuronate by ALFA3 at 200 µg/ml inhibited anchorage-independent colony formation of human melanoma cells SK-MEL-5, SK-MEL-28, and RPMI-7951 up to 17% stronger compared to native polymannuronate. This fact supports previous data and suggests that mannuronate oligosaccharides may be useful for synergic tumor therapy.
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15
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Abstract
Extracellular polysaccharides and glycoproteins of pathogenic bacteria assist in adherence, autoaggregation, biofilm formation, and host immune system evasion. As a result, considerable research in the field of glycobiology is dedicated to study the composition and function of glycans associated with virulence, as well as the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis with the aim to identify novel antibiotic targets. Especially, insights into the enzyme mechanism, substrate binding, and transition-state structures are valuable as a starting point for rational inhibitor design. An intriguing aspect of enzymes that generate or process polysaccharides and glycoproteins is the level of processivity. The existence of enzymatic processivity reflects the need for regulation of the final glycan/glycoprotein length and structure, depending on the role they perform. In this Review, we describe the currently reported examples of various processive enzymes involved in polymerization and transfer of sugar moieties, predominantly in bacterial pathogens, with a focus on the biochemical methods, to showcase the importance of studying processivity for understanding the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Yakovlieva
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marthe T. C. Walvoort
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Aarstad OA, Stanisci A, Sætrom GI, Tøndervik A, Sletta H, Aachmann FL, Skjåk-Bræk G. Biosynthesis and Function of Long Guluronic Acid-Blocks in Alginate Produced by Azotobacter vinelandii. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1613-1622. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olav Andreas Aarstad
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Annalucia Stanisci
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gerd Inger Sætrom
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Tøndervik
- SINTEF Industry, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Richard Birkelands vei 3B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Sletta
- SINTEF Industry, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Richard Birkelands vei 3B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn Lillelund Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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17
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Structural and functional effects of manipulating the degree of methylesterification in a model homogalacturonan with a pseudo-random fungal pectin methylesterase followed by a processive methylesterase. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Stanisci A, Aarstad OA, Tøndervik A, Sletta H, Dypås LB, Skjåk-Bræk G, Aachmann FL. Overall size of mannuronan C5-Epimerases influences their ability to epimerize modified alginates and alginate gels. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 180:256-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Dunlop A, Bowman K, Aarstad O, Skjåk-Bræk G, Stokke BT, Round AN. Polymer sequencing by molecular machines: a framework for predicting the resolving power of a sliding contact force spectroscopy sequencing method. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:15089-15097. [PMID: 28967943 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03358c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate an AFM-based single molecule force spectroscopy method for mapping sequences in otherwise difficult to sequence heteropolymers, including glycosylated proteins and glycans. The sliding contact force spectroscopy (SCFS) method exploits a sliding contact made between a nanopore threaded over a polymer axle and an AFM probe. We find that for sliding α- and β-cyclodextrin nanopores over a wide range of hydrophilic monomers, the free energy of sliding is proportional to the sum of two dimensionless, easily calculable parameters representing the relative partitioning of the monomer inside the nanopore or in the aqueous phase, and the friction arising from sliding the nanopore over the monomer. Using this relationship we calculate sliding energies for nucleic acids, amino acids, glycan and synthetic monomers and predict on the basis of these calculations that SCFS will detect N- and O-glycosylation of proteins and patterns of sidechains in glycans. For these applications, SCFS offers an alternative to sequence mapping by mass spectrometry or newly-emerging nanopore technologies that may be easily implemented using a standard AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Dunlop
- HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
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20
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Fischl R, Bertelsen K, Gaillard F, Coelho S, Michel G, Klinger M, Boyen C, Czjzek M, Hervé C. The cell-wall active mannuronan C5-epimerases in the model brown alga Ectocarpus: From gene context to recombinant protein. Glycobiology 2016; 26:973-983. [PMID: 27026155 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannuronan C5-epimerases (ManC5-Es) catalyze in brown algae the remodeling of alginate, a major cell-wall component which is involved in many biological functions in these organisms. ManC5-Es are present as large multigenic families in brown algae, likely indicating functional specificities and specializations. ManC5-Es control the distribution pattern of (1-4) linked β-d-mannuronic acid (M) and α-l-guluronic acid (G) residues in alginates, giving rise to widely different polysaccharide compositions and sequences, depending on tissue, season, age, or algal species. As such they are also a source of powerful new tools for the biotechnological and enzymatic processing of alginates, to match the growing interest for food hydrocolloids and in biomedical and nanotechnological applications. We report here the first heterologous production of a ManC5-E of brown algal origin that is successfully refolded in an active form. The activity was measured by 1H NMR and by an indirect enzymatic assay using a known bacterial alginate lyase. The transcript expression as a function of the developmental program of the brown alga Ectocarpus, together with the bioinformatic analyses of the corresponding gene context of this multigenic family, is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Fischl
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Fanny Gaillard
- FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | - Susana Coelho
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | - Gurvan Michel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Catherine Boyen
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | - Mirjam Czjzek
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | - Cécile Hervé
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
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21
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Single molecule investigation of the onset and minimum size of the calcium-mediated junction zone in alginate. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 148:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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22
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Toppazzini M, Coslovi A, Rossi M, Flamigni A, Baiutti E, Campa C. Capillary Electrophoresis of Mono- and Oligosaccharides. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1483:301-338. [PMID: 27645743 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6403-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reports an overview of the recent advances in the analysis of mono- and oligosaccharides by capillary electrophoresis (CE); furthermore, relevant reviews and research articles recently published in the field are tabulated. Additionally, pretreatments and procedures applied to uncharged and acidic carbohydrates (i.e., monosaccharides and lower oligosaccharides carrying carboxylate, sulfate, or phosphate groups) are described.Representative examples of such procedures are reported in detail, upon describing robust methodologies for the study of (1) neutral oligosaccharides derivatized by reductive amination and by formation of glycosylamines; (2) sialic acid derivatized with 2-aminoacridone, released from human serum immunoglobulin G; (3) anomeric couples of neutral glycosides separated using borate-based buffers; (4) unsaturated, underivatized oligosaccharides from lyase-treated alginate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Toppazzini
- GSK Vaccines, Manufacturing Science & Technology Bellaria di Rosia, Sovicille (Siena), Italy
| | - Anna Coslovi
- GSK Vaccines, Manufacturing Science & Technology Bellaria di Rosia, Sovicille (Siena), Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Bracco Imaging SpA-CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Flamigni
- Bracco Imaging SpA-CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Edi Baiutti
- Bracco Imaging SpA-CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristiana Campa
- GSK Vaccines, Manufacturing Science & Technology Bellaria di Rosia, Sovicille (Siena), Italy.
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23
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Alginate: Current Use and Future Perspectives in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. INT J POLYM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/7697031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, alginates, natural multifunctional polymers, have increasingly drawn attention as attractive compounds in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields due to their unique physicochemical properties and versatile biological activities. The focus of the paper is to describe biological and pharmacological activity of alginates and to discuss the present use and future possibilities of alginates as a tool in drug formulation. The recent technological advancements with using alginates, issues related to alginates suitability as matrix for three-dimensional tissue cultures, adjuvants of antibiotics, and antiviral agents in cell transplantation in diabetes or neurodegenerative diseases treatment, and an update on the antimicrobial and antiviral therapy of the alginate based drugs are also highlighted.
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24
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Tykesson E, Mao Y, Maccarana M, Pu Y, Gao J, Lin C, Zaia J, Westergren-Thorsson G, Ellervik U, Malmström L, Malmström A. Deciphering the Mode of Action of the Processive Polysaccharide Modifying Enzyme Dermatan Sulfate Epimerase 1 by Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Chem Sci 2015; 7:1447-1456. [PMID: 26900446 PMCID: PMC4755500 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03798k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct from template-directed biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, the enzymatic synthesis of heterogeneous polysaccharides is a complex process that is difficult to study using common analytical tools. Therefore, the mode of action and processivity of those enzymes are largely unknown. Dermatan sulfate epimerase 1 (DS-epi1) is the predominant enzyme during the formation of iduronic acid residues in the glycosaminoglycan dermatan sulfate. Using recombinant DS-epi1 as a model enzyme, we describe a tandem mass spectrometry-based method to study the mode of action of polysaccharide processing enzymes. The enzyme action on the substrate was monitored by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and the sequence information was then fed into mathematical models with two different assumptions of the mode of action for the enzyme: processive reducing end to non-reducing end, and processive non-reducing end to reducing end. Model data was scored by correlation to experimental data and it was found that DS-epi1 attacks its substrate on a random position, followed by a processive mode of modification towards the non-reducing end and that the substrate affinity of the enzyme is negatively affected by each additional epimerization event. It could also be shown that the smallest active substrate was the reducing end uronic acid in a tetrasaccharide and that octasaccharides and longer oligosaccharides were optimal substrates. The method of using tandem mass spectrometry to generate sequence information of the complex enzymatic products in combination with in silico modeling can be potentially applied to study the mode of action of other enzymes involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Tykesson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Yang Mao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marco Maccarana
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Yi Pu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jinshan Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Quantitative Obesity Research, Montclair State University, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cheng Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ulf Ellervik
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Malmström
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Sweden
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25
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Håti AG, Aachmann FL, Stokke BT, Skjåk-Bræk G, Sletmoen M. Energy Landscape of Alginate-Epimerase Interactions Assessed by Optical Tweezers and Atomic Force Microscopy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141237. [PMID: 26496653 PMCID: PMC4619708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannuronan C-5 epimerases are a family of enzymes that catalyze epimerization of alginates at the polymer level. This group of enzymes thus enables the tailor-making of various alginate residue sequences to attain various functional properties, e.g. viscosity, gelation and ion binding. Here, the interactions between epimerases AlgE4 and AlgE6 and alginate substrates as well as epimerization products were determined. The interactions of the various epimerase–polysaccharide pairs were determined over an extended range of force loading rates by the combined use of optical tweezers and atomic force microscopy. When studying systems that in nature are not subjected to external forces the access to observations obtained at low loading rates, as provided by optical tweezers, is a great advantage since the low loading rate region for these systems reflect the properties of the rate limiting energy barrier. The AlgE epimerases have a modular structure comprising both A and R modules, and the role of each of these modules in the epimerization process were examined through studies of the A- module of AlgE6, AlgE6A. Dynamic strength spectra obtained through combination of atomic force microscopy and the optical tweezers revealed the existence of two energy barriers in the alginate-epimerase complexes, of which one was not revealed in previous AFM based studies of these complexes. Furthermore, based on these spectra estimates of the locations of energy transition states (xβ), lifetimes in the absence of external perturbation (τ0) and free energies (ΔG#) were determined for the different epimerase–alginate complexes. This is the first determination of ΔG# for these complexes. The values determined were up to 8 kBT for the outer barrier, and smaller values for the inner barriers. The size of the free energies determined are consistent with the interpretation that the enzyme and substrate are thus not tightly locked at all times but are able to relocate. Together with the observed different affinities determined for AlgE4-polymannuronic acid (poly-M) and AlgE4-polyalternating alginate (poly-MG) macromolecular pairs these data give important contribution to the growing understanding of the mechanisms underlying the processive mode of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armend Gazmeno Håti
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Dept. of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn Lillelund Aachmann
- NOBIPOL, Dept. of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Torger Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Dept. of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- NOBIPOL, Dept. of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit Sletmoen
- NOBIPOL, Dept. of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
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26
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Kühbeck D, Mayr J, Häring M, Hofmann M, Quignard F, Díaz Díaz D. Evaluation of the nitroaldol reaction in the presence of metal ion-crosslinked alginates. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj02178a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcium alginate hydrogel beads have been found to promote the Henry reaction under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Kühbeck
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Regensburg
- 93053 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Judith Mayr
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Regensburg
- 93053 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Marleen Häring
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Regensburg
- 93053 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Martin Hofmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Regensburg
- 93053 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Françoise Quignard
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier-UMR 5253 CNRS-UMII-ENSCM-UMI
- Matériaux Avancés pour la Catalyse et la Santé
- 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5
- France
| | - David Díaz Díaz
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Regensburg
- 93053 Regensburg
- Germany
- IQAC-CSIC
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27
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Ulset AST, Mori H, Dalheim MØ, Hara M, Christensen BE. Influence of Amino Acids, Buffers, and pH on the γ-Irradiation-Induced Degradation of Alginates. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:4590-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bm501386n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sissel T. Ulset
- NOBIPOL,
Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hideki Mori
- Department
of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Marianne Ø. Dalheim
- NOBIPOL,
Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Masayuki Hara
- Department
of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Bjørn E. Christensen
- NOBIPOL,
Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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28
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Buchinger E, Knudsen DH, Behrens MA, Pedersen JS, Aarstad OA, Tøndervik A, Valla S, Skjåk-Bræk G, Wimmer R, Aachmann FL. Structural and functional characterization of the R-modules in alginate C-5 epimerases AlgE4 and AlgE6 from Azotobacter vinelandii. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:31382-96. [PMID: 25266718 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.567008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii produces a family of seven secreted and calcium-dependent mannuronan C-5 epimerases (AlgE1-7). These epimerases are responsible for the epimerization of β-D-mannuronic acid (M) to α-L-guluronic acid (G) in alginate polymers. The epimerases display a modular structure composed of one or two catalytic A-modules and from one to seven R-modules having an activating effect on the A-module. In this study, we have determined the NMR structure of the three individual R-modules from AlgE6 (AR1R2R3) and the overall structure of both AlgE4 (AR) and AlgE6 using small angle x-ray scattering. Furthermore, the alginate binding ability of the R-modules of AlgE4 and AlgE6 has been studied with NMR and isothermal titration calorimetry. The AlgE6 R-modules fold into an elongated parallel β-roll with a shallow, positively charged groove across the module. Small angle x-ray scattering analyses of AlgE4 and AlgE6 show an overall elongated shape with some degree of flexibility between the modules for both enzymes. Titration of the R-modules with defined alginate oligomers shows strong interaction between AlgE4R and both oligo-M and MG, whereas no interaction was detected between these oligomers and the individual R-modules from AlgE6. A combination of all three R-modules from AlgE6 shows weak interaction with long M-oligomers. Exchanging the R-modules between AlgE4 and AlgE6 resulted in a novel epimerase called AlgE64 with increased G-block forming ability compared with AlgE6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Buchinger
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark, the Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Daniel H Knudsen
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Manja A Behrens
- the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000, Denmark, and
| | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000, Denmark, and
| | - Olav A Aarstad
- the Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Tøndervik
- the Department of Bioprocess Technology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svein Valla
- the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000, Denmark, and
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- the Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- the Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway,
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29
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Kim Y, Williams MA, Tzen JT, Luzio GA, Galant AL, Cameron RG. Characterization of charged functional domains introduced into a modified pectic homogalacturonan by an acidic plant pectin methylesterase (Ficus awkeotsang Makino) and modeling of enzyme mode of action. Food Hydrocoll 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Wolfram F, Kitova EN, Robinson H, Walvoort MTC, Codée JDC, Klassen JS, Howell PL. Catalytic mechanism and mode of action of the periplasmic alginate epimerase AlgG. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6006-19. [PMID: 24398681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.533158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that forms chronic biofilm infections in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. A major component of the biofilm during these infections is the exopolysaccharide alginate, which is synthesized at the inner membrane as a homopolymer of 1-4-linked β-D-mannuronate. As the polymer passages through the periplasm, 22-44% of the mannuronate residues are converted to α-L-guluronate by the C5-epimerase AlgG to produce a polymer of alternating β-D-mannuronate and α-L-guluronate blocks and stretches of polymannuronate. To understand the molecular basis of alginate epimerization, the structure of Pseudomonas syringae AlgG has been determined at 2.1-Å resolution, and the protein was functionally characterized. The structure reveals that AlgG is a long right-handed parallel β-helix with an elaborate lid structure. Functional analysis of AlgG mutants suggests that His(319) acts as the catalytic base and that Arg(345) neutralizes the acidic group during the epimerase reaction. Water is the likely catalytic acid. Electrostatic surface potential and residue conservation analyses in conjunction with activity and substrate docking studies suggest that a conserved electropositive groove facilitates polymannuronate binding and contains at least nine substrate binding subsites. These subsites likely align the polymer in the correct register for catalysis to occur. The presence of multiple subsites, the electropositive groove, and the non-random distribution of guluronate in the alginate polymer suggest that AlgG is a processive enzyme. Moreover, comparison of AlgG and the extracellular alginate epimerase AlgE4 of Azotobacter vinelandii provides a structural rationale for the differences in their Ca(2+) dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Wolfram
- From the Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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31
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Alginate esters via chemoselective carboxyl group modification. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:1288-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Aarstad O, Strand BL, Klepp-Andersen LM, Skjåk-Bræk G. Analysis of G-Block Distributions and Their Impact on Gel Properties of in Vitro Epimerized Mannuronan. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3409-16. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400658k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olav Aarstad
- Department
of
Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU Sem Sælands
vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit Løkensgard Strand
- Department
of
Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU Sem Sælands
vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lise Mari Klepp-Andersen
- Department
of
Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU Sem Sælands
vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- Department
of
Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU Sem Sælands
vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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33
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Sletmoen M, Stokke BT. Structure-Function Relationships in Glycopolymers: Effects of Residue Sequences, Duplex, and Triplex Organization. Biopolymers 2013; 99:757-71. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marit Sletmoen
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim; Norway
| | - Bjørn Torger Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim; Norway
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34
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Overcoming drug resistance with alginate oligosaccharides able to potentiate the action of selected antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5134-41. [PMID: 22825116 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00525-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The uncontrolled, often inappropriate use of antibiotics has resulted in the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, with major cost implications for both United States and European health care systems. We describe the utilization of a low-molecular-weight oligosaccharide nanomedicine (OligoG), based on the biopolymer alginate, which is able to perturb multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria by modulating biofilm formation and persistence and reducing resistance to antibiotic treatment, as evident using conventional and robotic MIC screening and microscopic analyses of biofilm structure. OligoG increased (up to 512-fold) the efficacy of conventional antibiotics against important MDR pathogens, including Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Burkholderia spp., appearing to be effective with several classes of antibiotic (i.e., macrolides, β-lactams, and tetracyclines). Using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), increasing concentrations (2%, 6%, and 10%) of alginate oligomer were shown to have a direct effect on the quality of the biofilms produced and on the health of the cells within that biofilm. Biofilm growth was visibly weakened in the presence of 10% OligoG, as seen by decreased biomass and increased intercellular spaces, with the bacterial cells themselves becoming distorted and uneven due to apparently damaged cell membranes. This report demonstrates the feasibility of reducing the tolerance of wound biofilms to antibiotics with the use of specific alginate preparations.
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35
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In Lee S, Choi SH, Lee EY, Kim HS. Molecular cloning, purification, and characterization of a novel polyMG-specific alginate lyase responsible for alginate MG block degradation in Stenotrophomas maltophilia KJ-2. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1643-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4266-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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36
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Nishitani Y, Maruyama Y, Itoh T, Mikami B, Hashimoto W, Murata K. Recognition of heteropolysaccharide alginate by periplasmic solute-binding proteins of a bacterial ABC transporter. Biochemistry 2012; 51:3622-33. [PMID: 22486720 DOI: 10.1021/bi300194f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alginate is a heteropolysaccharide that consists of β-D-mannuronate (M) and α-L-guluronate (G). The Gram-negative bacterium Sphingomonas sp. A1 directly incorporates alginate into the cytoplasm through the periplasmic solute-binding protein (AlgQ1 and AlgQ2)-dependent ABC transporter (AlgM1-AlgM2/AlgS-AlgS). Two binding proteins with at least four subsites strongly recognize the nonreducing terminal residue of alginate at subsite 1. Here, we show the broad substrate preference of strain A1 solute-binding proteins for M and G present in alginate and demonstrate the structural determinants in binding proteins for heteropolysaccharide recognition through X-ray crystallography of four AlgQ1 structures in complex with saturated and unsaturated alginate oligosaccharides. Alginates with different M/G ratios were assimilated by strain A1 cells and bound to AlgQ1 and AlgQ2. Crystal structures of oligosaccharide-bound forms revealed that in addition to interaction between AlgQ1 and unsaturated oligosaccharides, the binding protein binds through hydrogen bonds to the C4 hydroxyl group of the saturated nonreducing terminal residue at subsite 1. The M residue of saturated oligosaccharides is predominantly accommodated at subsite 1 because of the strict binding of Ser-273 to the carboxyl group of the residue. In unsaturated trisaccharide (ΔGGG or ΔMMM)-bound AlgQ1, the protein interacts appropriately with substrate hydroxyl groups at subsites 2 and 3 to accommodate M or G, while substrate carboxyl groups are strictly recognized by the specific residues Tyr-129 at subsite 2 and Lys-22 at subsite 3. Because of this substrate recognition mechanism, strain A1 solute-binding proteins can bind heteropolysaccharide alginate with different M/G ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nishitani
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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37
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Aarstad OA, Tøndervik A, Sletta H, Skjåk-Bræk G. Alginate Sequencing: An Analysis of Block Distribution in Alginates Using Specific Alginate Degrading Enzymes. Biomacromolecules 2011; 13:106-16. [DOI: 10.1021/bm2013026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olav Andreas Aarstad
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU
Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Tøndervik
- Department of Biotechnology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Sletta
- Department of Biotechnology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU
Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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38
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Andreassen T, Buchinger E, Skjåk-Bræk G, Valla S, Aachmann FL. 1H, 13C and 15N resonances of the AlgE62 subunit from Azotobacter vinelandii mannuronan C5-epimerase. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2011; 5:147-149. [PMID: 21188559 PMCID: PMC3166602 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-010-9288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The 17.7 kDa R2 module from Azotobacter vinelandii mannronan C5-epimerase AlgE6 has been isotopically labeled ((13)C,(15)N) and recombinantly expressed. Here we report the (1)H, (13)C, (15)N resonance assignment of AlgE6R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trygve Andreassen
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Techology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Edith Buchinger
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Techology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Techology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svein Valla
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Techology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn L. Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Techology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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39
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40
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Buchinger E, Skjåk-Bræk G, Valla S, Wimmer R, Aachmann FL. NMR assignments of 1H, 13C and 15N resonances of the C-terminal subunit from Azotobacter vinelandii mannuronan C5-epimerase 6 (AlgE6R3). BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2011; 5:27-29. [PMID: 20711760 PMCID: PMC3049221 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-010-9259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The 19.9 kDa C-terminal module (R3) from Azotobacter vinelandii mannronan C5-epimerase AlgE6 has been (13)C, (15)N isotopically labelled and recombinantly expressed. We report here the (1)H, (13)C, (15)N resonance assignment of AlgE6R3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Buchinger
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svein Valla
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Finn L. Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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41
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Periodate oxidation of polysaccharides for modification of chemical and physical properties. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1264-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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From Natural Polysaccharides to Materials for Catalysis, Adsorption, and Remediation. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2010; 294:165-97. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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43
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Genicot-Joncour S, Poinas A, Richard O, Potin P, Rudolph B, Kloareg B, Helbert W. The cyclization of the 3,6-anhydro-galactose ring of iota-carrageenan is catalyzed by two D-galactose-2,6-sulfurylases in the red alga Chondrus crispus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:1609-16. [PMID: 19734263 PMCID: PMC2773109 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.144329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Carrageenans are sulfated galactans found in the cell walls of numerous red seaweeds (Rhodophyta). They are classified according to the number and the position of sulfate ester groups and the occurrence of 3,6-anhydro-galactose. Although the carrageenan biosynthesis pathway is not fully understood, it is usually accepted that the last step consists of the formation of a 3,6-anhydro ring found in kappa- and iota-carrageenans through the enzymatic conversion of d-galactose-6-sulfate or d-galactose-2,6-disulfate occurring in mu- and nu-carrageenan, respectively. We purified two enzymes, sulfurylase I (65 kD) and sulfurylase II (32 kD), that are able to catalyze the conversion of nu- into iota-carrageenan. We compared their sulfate release rates (i.e. arising from the formation of the anhydro ring) with the viscosity of the solution and demonstrated two distinct modes of action. In addition, we found that some mixtures of sulfurylase I and II lead to the formation of carrageenan solutions with unexpectedly low viscosities. We discuss the implication of these findings for the assembly of a densely aggregated matrix in red algal cell walls.
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44
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Characterization of three new Azotobacter vinelandii alginate lyases, one of which is involved in cyst germination. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:4845-53. [PMID: 19482920 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00455-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alginates are polysaccharides composed of 1-4-linked beta-D-mannuronic acid and alpha-L-guluronic acid. The polymer can be degraded by alginate lyases, which cleave the polysaccharide using a beta-elimination reaction. Two such lyases have previously been identified in the soil bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii, as follows: the periplasmic AlgL and the secreted bifunctional mannuronan C-5 epimerase and alginate lyase AlgE7. In this work, we describe the properties of three new lyases from this bacterium, AlyA1, AlyA2, and AlyA3, all of which belong to the PL7 family of polysaccharide lyases. One of the enzymes, AlyA3, also contains a C-terminal module similar to those of proteins secreted by a type I secretion system, and its activity is stimulated by Ca(2+). All three enzymes preferably cleave the bond between guluronic acid and mannuronic acid, resulting in a guluronic acid residue at the new reducing end, but AlyA3 also degrades the other three possible bonds in alginate. Strains containing interrupted versions of alyA1, alyA3, and algE7 were constructed, and their phenotypes were analyzed. Genetically pure alyA2 mutants were not obtained, suggesting that this gene product may be important for the bacterium during vegetative growth. After centrifugation, cultures from the algE7 mutants form a large pellet containing alginate, indicating that AlgE7 is involved in the release of alginate from the cells. Upon encountering adverse growth conditions, A. vinelandii will form a resting stage called cyst. Alginate is a necessary part of the protective cyst coat, and we show here that strains lacking alyA3 germinate poorly compared to wild-type cells.
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Volpi N, Maccari F. LC Separation and Online MS Characterization of Saturated and Unsaturated Alginic Acid Oligomers. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0947-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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46
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47
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Aachmann FL, Skjåk-Braek G. 1H, 15N, 13C resonance assignment of the AlgE6R1 subunit from the Azotobacter vinelandii mannuronan C5-epimerase. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2008; 2:123-125. [PMID: 19636885 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-008-9101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Isotopically labelled, (13)C/(15)N from of recombinant subunit of the first R-module from alginate C5-epimerase 6 (AlgE6R1) from Azotobacter vinelandii mannuronan C5-epimerase was produced. We report here the (1)H, (15)N, (13)C resonance assignment of this subunit from AlgE6 epimerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn L Aachmann
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Techology, Sem Saelands vei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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48
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Volpi N. Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography determination of alginic acid in pharmaceutical formulations after treatment with alginate lyase and UV detection. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3504-10. [PMID: 18803212 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new highly specific and sensitive capillary electrophoresis method (electrokinetic chromatography with SDS) for the determination of the total alginic acid (AA) content in pharmaceutical formulations is described by means of capillary electrophoresis at 230 nm after treatment with alginate lyase [4.2.2.3] and separation of unsaturated products, Delta-oligomers (DeltaHexA-[HexA](n)), in particular, DP3 (DeltaHexA-HexA-HexA) and DP4 (DeltaHexA-HexA-HexA-HexA). Using a buffer constituted with 10 mM sodium borate and 50 mM SDS at pH 9.0, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography was able to determine with very high resolution the AA Delta-oligomers produced by the action of the lyase (mainly DP3 and DP4) as one single species. The intra- and inter-day variations (CV%) were between 6.3 and 9.1 for migration time and between 2.5 and 5.7 for peak area, respectively. The calibration curve showed good linearity for the examined concentration range (60-360 ng) with an average correlation coefficient greater than 0.980. The lowest detection limit and the lowest quantitation limit of the method were 15 ng (0.25 mg/mL) and 40 ng (0.67 mg/mL), respectively. The intra- and inter-day variations in terms of CV% were 5.5 and 8.6%, respectively, and the intra- and inter-day accuracy was estimated to range from 4.1 to 8.9%, while the percent recoveries of AA were calculated to be 102, 97 and 93% for different AA amounts. Variations in temperatures, voltage and buffer composition in comparison with adopted conditions within a 10% limit do not modify the electrophoresis results. The evaluation of AA was performed in both solid and liquid pharmaceutical formulations also in the presence of other ingredients, in particular, aluminium, sodium and potassium bicarbonate, and emulsifying and flavouring agents. The quantitative results obtained were 101.2+/-3.4% of AA content in tablets and 98.4+/-2.8% in liquid formulation, in total conformity with the label claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Volpi
- Department of Biologia Animale, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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49
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Mørch YA, Holtan S, Donati I, Strand BL, Skjåk-Braek G. Mechanical properties of C-5 epimerized alginates. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:2360-8. [PMID: 18702546 DOI: 10.1021/bm8003572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is an increased need for alginate materials with both enhanced and controllable mechanical properties in the fields of food, pharmaceutical and specialty applications. In the present work, well-characterized algal polymers and mannuronan were enzymatically modified using C-5 epimerases converting mannuronic acid residues to guluronic acid in the polymer chain. Composition and sequential structure of controls and epimerized alginates were analyzed by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Mechanical properties of Ca-alginate gels were further examined giving Young's modulus, syneresis, rupture strength, and elasticity of the gels. Both mechanical strength and elasticity of hydrogels could be improved and manipulated by epimerization. In particular, alternating sequences were found to play an important role for the final mechanical properties of alginate gels, and interestingly, a pure polyalternating sample resulted in gels with extremely high syneresis and rupture strength. In conclusion, enzymatic modification was shown to be a valuable tool in modifying the mechanical properties of alginates in a highly specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Mørch
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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50
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Steigedal M, Sletta H, Moreno S, Mærk M, Christensen BE, Bjerkan T, Ellingsen TE, Espìn G, Ertesvåg H, Valla S. The Azotobacter vinelandii AlgE mannuronan C-5-epimerase family is essential for the in vivo control of alginate monomer composition and for functional cyst formation. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:1760-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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