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Zheng Y, Dong H, Bai X, Cui H, Li MJ, Wu HY, Zhang K. Effects of lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation on bacterial FabI activity and resistance to triclosan. Biochimie 2021; 182:197-205. [PMID: 33485933 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) is a novel protein posttranslational modification conserved in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. However, the biological significance of Khib remains largely unknown. Here, through screening the proteome-wide Khib modification sites in bacteria using a bioinformatic method, we identified a potential Khib site (K201hib) targeted by de-2-hyroxyisobutyrylase CobB at the substrate-binding site of FabI, an enoyl-acyl carry protein reductase (EnvM or FabI) in fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. First, we confirmed that the previously identified de-2-hyroxyisobutyrylase CobB can remove Khib of FabI in an in vitro experiment. To investigate the biological effects of the Khib on FabI's activity, amino acid substitutes were introduced to the modification sites of the protein of E. coli origin to mimic modified/unmodified status. We found that the mutant mimicking K201hib reduced FabI activity with decreased Michaelis constant (Km) and catalytic turnover number (kcat), while the mutant mimicking the unmodified form and the recombinant wild-type protein treated with CobB exhibited increased activity. However, the dissociation constant (KD) between FabI and NADH was not affected by the mutation mimicking the modification, suggesting that K201hib didn't alter the binding between NADH and FabI. We also found that K201hib tended to increase the resistance of E. coli to triclosan (TCL), a widely-used antibiotics targeting FabI. Taken together, this study identified the regulatory role of Khib on FabI activity and pointed to a novel mechanism related to antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hanyang Dong
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xue Bai
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Hui Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mulin Jun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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2
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Yogiara, Mordukhova EA, Kim D, Kim WG, Hwang JK, Pan JG. The food-grade antimicrobial xanthorrhizol targets the enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) in Escherichia coli. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127651. [PMID: 33130290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Xanthorrhizol, isolated from the Indonesian Java turmeric Curcuma xanthorrhiza, displays broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. We report herein the evidence that mechanism of action of xanthorrhizol may involve FabI, an enoyl-(ACP) reductase, inhibition. The predicted Y156V substitution in the FabI enzyme promoted xanthorrhizol resistance, while the G93V mutation originally known for triclosan resistance was not effective against xanthorrhizol. Two other mutations, F203L and F203V, conferred FabI enzyme resistance to both xanthorrhizol and triclosan. These results showed that xanthorrhizol is a food-grade antimicrobial compound targeting FabI but with a different mode of binding from triclosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogiara
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50-Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 51, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia.
| | - Elena A Mordukhova
- GenoFocus Inc., 65 Techno 1-ro, Gwanpyeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dooil Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 111 Gwahangno, Yuseong, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Gon Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 111 Gwahangno, Yuseong, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Kwan Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50-Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Gu Pan
- GenoFocus Inc., 65 Techno 1-ro, Gwanpyeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea; Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 111 Gwahangno, Yuseong, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Rana P, Ghouse SM, Akunuri R, Madhavi YV, Chopra S, Nanduri S. FabI (enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase) - A potential broad spectrum therapeutic target and its inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112757. [PMID: 32883635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development of new anti-bacterial agents acting upon underexploited targets and thus evading known mechanisms of resistance is the need of the hour. The highly conserved and distinct bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis pathway (FAS-II), presents a validated and yet relatively underexploited target for drug discovery. FabI and its isoforms (FabL, FabK, FabV and InhA) are essential enoyl-ACP reductases present in several microorganisms. In addition, the components of the FAS-II pathway are distinct from the multi-enzyme FAS-I complex found in mammals. Thus, inhibition of FabI and its isoforms is anticipated to result in broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Several research groups from industry and academic laboratories have devoted significant efforts to develop effective FabI-targeting antibiotics, which are currently in various stages of clinical development for the treatment of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections. This review summarizes all the natural as well as synthetic inhibitors of gram-positive and gram-negative enoyl ACP reductases (FabI). The knowledge of the reported inhibitors can aid in the development of broad-spectrum antibacterials specifically targeting FabI enzymes from S. aureus, S. epidermidis, B. anthracis, B. cereus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. falciparum and M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Rana
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - Shaik Mahammad Ghouse
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - Ravikumar Akunuri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - Y V Madhavi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India.
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4
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Xin X, Huang G, An C, Weger H, Cheng G, Shen J, Rosendahl S. Analyzing the Biochemical Alteration of Green Algae During Chronic Exposure to Triclosan Based on Synchrotron-Based Fourier Transform Infrared Spectromicroscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7798-7806. [PMID: 31117408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study explored the chronic toxicity of triclosan to green microalga Chlorococcum sp. under multiple interactions among multiple environmental conditions. This is the first study on chronic algal toxicity to combine synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared spectromicroscopy, factorial analysis, principal component analysis, and stepwise-cluster analysis. Such a combination helps to reveal the toxic mechanism at the molecular level and explore the inner correlationship among multiple environmental conditions. In the 120-h test, nitrogen content became the most significant factor of the physiochemical properties. Some insignificant factors in the 48-h test became significant in the 120-h test. Temperature * nitrogen content, temperature * phosphorus content, and pH * phosphorus content were the most significant two-order interactions. Temperature * pH * NaCl concentration and temperature * NaCl concentration * phosphorus content were the most significant three-order interactions. More high-order interactions became significant in the 120-h test, indicating the complexity and impacts of all the factors may increase when time was extended. The chronic toxicity of triclosan presented more distinguishable variations among treatments based on biochemical alterations. These results demonstrate that the sensitivity and fragility of algae to triclosan can be amplified with time extension. Long-term exposure can be applied to better evaluate and predict the environmental toxicity behavior of triclosan. It can also help with environmental evaluation and risk management of real-world triclosan toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaying Xin
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities , University of Regina , Regina , Saskatchewan S4S 0A2 , Canada
| | - Gordon Huang
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities , University of Regina , Regina , Saskatchewan S4S 0A2 , Canada
| | - Chunjiang An
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering , Concordia University , Montreal , Québec H3G 1M8 , Canada
| | - Harold Weger
- Department of Biology , University of Regina , Regina , Saskatchewan S4S 0A2 , Canada
| | - Guanhui Cheng
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities , University of Regina , Regina , Saskatchewan S4S 0A2 , Canada
| | - Jian Shen
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities , University of Regina , Regina , Saskatchewan S4S 0A2 , Canada
| | - Scott Rosendahl
- Canadian Light Source , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 2 V3 , Canada
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6
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Lin H, Yang J, Wang D, Hao G, Dong J, Wang Y, Yang W, Wu J, Zhan C, Yang G. Molecular insights into the mechanism of 4‐hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibition: enzyme kinetics, X‐ray crystallography and computational simulations. FEBS J 2019; 286:975-990. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health Chemical Biology Center College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan China
| | - Jing‐Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health Chemical Biology Center College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan China
| | - Da‐Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health Chemical Biology Center College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan China
| | - Ge‐Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health Chemical Biology Center College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan China
| | - Jiang‐Qing Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences School of Life Sciences Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Yu‐Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health Chemical Biology Center College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan China
| | - Wen‐Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health Chemical Biology Center College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan China
| | - Jia‐Wei Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences School of Life Sciences Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Chang‐Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | - Guang‐Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health Chemical Biology Center College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin China
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7
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Otero E, García E, Palacios G, Yepes LM, Carda M, Agut R, Vélez ID, Cardona WI, Robledo SM. Triclosan-caffeic acid hybrids: Synthesis, leishmanicidal, trypanocidal and cytotoxic activities. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:73-83. [PMID: 29028533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, cytotoxicity, anti-leishmanial and anti-trypanosomal activities of twelve triclosan-caffeic acid hybrids are described herein. The structure of the synthesized products was elucidated by a combination of spectrometric analyses. The synthesized compounds were evaluated against amastigotes forms of L. (V) panamensis, which is the most prevalent Leishmania species in Colombia, and against Trypanosoma cruzi, which is the pathogenic species to humans. Cytotoxicity was evaluated against human U-937 macrophages. Eight compounds were active against L. (V) panamensis (18-23, 26 and 30) and eight of them against T. cruzi (19-22, 24 and 28-30) with EC50 values lower than 40 μM. Compounds 19-22, 24 and 28-30 showed higher activities than benznidazole (BNZ). Esters 19 and 21 were the most active compounds for both L. (V) panamensis and T. cruzi with 3.82 and 11.65 μM and 8.25 and 8.69 μM, respectively. Compounds 19-22, 24 and 28-30 showed higher activities than benznidazole (BNZ). Most of the compounds showed antiprotozoal activity and with exception of 18, 26 and 28, the remaining compounds were toxic for mammalian cells, yet they have potential to be considered as candidates for anti-trypanosomal and anti-leishmanial drug development. The activity is dependent on the length of the alkyl linker with compound 19, bearing a four-carbon alkyl chain, the most performing hybrid. In general, hydroxyl groups increase both activity and cytotoxicity and the presence of the double bond in the side chain is not decisive for cytotoxicity and anti-protozoal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elver Otero
- Chemistry of Colombian Plants, Institute of Chemistry, Exact and Natural Sciences School, Universidad de Antioquia-UdeA, Calle 70, No. 52-21, A.A 1226, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Elisa García
- Chemistry of Colombian Plants, Institute of Chemistry, Exact and Natural Sciences School, Universidad de Antioquia-UdeA, Calle 70, No. 52-21, A.A 1226, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Genesis Palacios
- PECET-Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia-UdeA, Calle 70, No. 52-21, A.A 1226 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lina M Yepes
- PECET-Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia-UdeA, Calle 70, No. 52-21, A.A 1226 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Miguel Carda
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Jaume I University, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Raúl Agut
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Jaume I University, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Iván D Vélez
- PECET-Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia-UdeA, Calle 70, No. 52-21, A.A 1226 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wilson I Cardona
- Chemistry of Colombian Plants, Institute of Chemistry, Exact and Natural Sciences School, Universidad de Antioquia-UdeA, Calle 70, No. 52-21, A.A 1226, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Sara M Robledo
- PECET-Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia-UdeA, Calle 70, No. 52-21, A.A 1226 Medellín, Colombia.
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8
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Vergara S, Carda M, Agut R, Yepes LM, Vélez ID, Robledo SM, Galeano WC. Synthesis, antiprotozoal activity and cytotoxicity in U-937 macrophages of triclosan–hydrazone hybrids. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-2019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Macedo S, Torres T, Santos MM. Methyl-triclosan and triclosan impact embryonic development of Danio rerio and Paracentrotus lividus. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:482-489. [PMID: 28236114 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The presence of emerging pollutants in the environment is of major concern not only because of the potential negative impact in human health, but also due to the potential toxicity to non-target organisms. Within the personal and care products (PCPs), the disinfectant Triclosan (TCS) is one of the most concerning compounds. Once in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), a small part of TCS can be biotransformed into a more persistent by-product: methyl-triclosan (M-TCS). Although several studies have focused on the occurrence of this compound in the water systems, the information on its toxicity to aquatic organisms is very limited. Here, we used embryo bioassays with two aquatic model animals to improve risk assessment of M-TCS; zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo bioassays run up to 144 h post fertilization (hpf) and sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) up to 48 hpf, following established protocols. M-TCS and TCS exhibited similar toxicity to zebrafish with a NOEC of 160 µg/L. In contrast, M-TCS induced a delay in the development of the sea urchin larvae at all tested concentrations (1-1000 µg/L), whereas NOEC of TCS for P. lividus embryos was 40 µg/L. Overall, given the reported effects of M-TCS in the close range of environmentally relevant concentrations, and considering the low degradation rate and tendency to bioaccumulation (logKow: 5.2), further studies are warrant to better characterize the risk of this TCS metabolite to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Macedo
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Group of Endocrine disruptors and Emerging contaminants, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Torres
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Group of Endocrine disruptors and Emerging contaminants, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Group of Endocrine disruptors and Emerging contaminants, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal.
- FCUP-Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal.
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Neckles C, Eltschkner S, Cummings JE, Hirschbeck M, Daryaee F, Bommineni GR, Zhang Z, Spagnuolo L, Yu W, Davoodi S, Slayden RA, Kisker C, Tonge PJ. Rationalizing the Binding Kinetics for the Inhibition of the Burkholderia pseudomallei FabI1 Enoyl-ACP Reductase. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1865-1878. [PMID: 28225601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is growing awareness of the link between drug-target residence time and in vivo drug activity, and there are increasing efforts to determine the molecular factors that control the lifetime of a drug-target complex. Rational alterations in the drug-target residence time require knowledge of both the ground and transition states on the inhibition reaction coordinate, and we have determined the structure-kinetic relationship for 22 ethyl- or hexyl-substituted diphenyl ethers that are slow-binding inhibitors of bpFabI1, the enoyl-ACP reductase FabI1 from Burkholderia pseudomallei. Analysis of enzyme inhibition using a two-dimensional kinetic map demonstrates that the ethyl and hexyl diphenyl ethers fall into two distinct clusters. Modifications to the ethyl diphenyl ether B ring result in changes to both on and off rates, where residence times of up to ∼700 min (∼11 h) are achieved by either ground state stabilization (PT444) or transition state destabilization (slower on rate) (PT404). By contrast, modifications to the hexyl diphenyl ether B ring result in residence times of 300 min (∼5 h) through changes in only ground state stabilization (PT119). Structural analysis of nine enzyme:inhibitor complexes reveals that the variation in structure-kinetic relationships can be rationalized by structural rearrangements of bpFabI1 and subtle changes to the orientation of the inhibitor in the binding pocket. Finally, we demonstrate that three compounds with residence times on bpFabI1 from 118 min (∼2 h) to 670 min (∼11 h) have in vivo efficacy in an acute B. pseudomallei murine infection model using the virulent B. pseudomallei strain Bp400.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Neckles
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Sandra Eltschkner
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Würzburg , D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jason E Cummings
- Rocky Mountain Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-0922, United States
| | - Maria Hirschbeck
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Würzburg , D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fereidoon Daryaee
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Gopal R Bommineni
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Lauren Spagnuolo
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Weixuan Yu
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Shabnam Davoodi
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Richard A Slayden
- Rocky Mountain Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-0922, United States
| | - Caroline Kisker
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Würzburg , D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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11
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Vos M, Geens A, Böhm C, Deaulmerie L, Swerts J, Rossi M, Craessaerts K, Leites EP, Seibler P, Rakovic A, Lohnau T, De Strooper B, Fendt SM, Morais VA, Klein C, Verstreken P. Cardiolipin promotes electron transport between ubiquinone and complex I to rescue PINK1 deficiency. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:695-708. [PMID: 28137779 PMCID: PMC5346965 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201511044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease–causing mutations in PINK1 yield mitochondrial defects including inefficient electron transport between complex I and ubiquinone. Vos et al. show that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid synthase bypass these complex I defects in fly, mouse, and human Parkinson’s disease models. PINK1 is mutated in Parkinson’s disease (PD), and mutations cause mitochondrial defects that include inefficient electron transport between complex I and ubiquinone. Neurodegeneration is also connected to changes in lipid homeostasis, but how these are related to PINK1-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is unknown. Based on an unbiased genetic screen, we found that partial genetic and pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FASN) suppresses toxicity induced by PINK1 deficiency in flies, mouse cells, patient-derived fibroblasts, and induced pluripotent stem cell–derived dopaminergic neurons. Lower FASN activity in PINK1 mutants decreases palmitate levels and increases the levels of cardiolipin (CL), a mitochondrial inner membrane–specific lipid. Direct supplementation of CL to isolated mitochondria not only rescues the PINK1-induced complex I defects but also rescues the inefficient electron transfer between complex I and ubiquinone in specific mutants. Our data indicate that genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of FASN to increase CL levels bypasses the enzymatic defects at complex I in a PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Vos
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Research Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Ann Geens
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Research Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claudia Böhm
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Liesbeth Deaulmerie
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Research Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Swerts
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Research Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matteo Rossi
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katleen Craessaerts
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Research Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elvira P Leites
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Rakovic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Thora Lohnau
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Research Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vanessa A Morais
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Research Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium .,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Research Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Neckles C, Pschibul A, Lai CT, Hirschbeck M, Kuper J, Davoodi S, Zou J, Liu N, Pan P, Shah S, Daryaee F, Bommineni GR, Lai C, Simmerling C, Kisker C, Tonge PJ. Selectivity of Pyridone- and Diphenyl Ether-Based Inhibitors for the Yersinia pestis FabV Enoyl-ACP Reductase. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2992-3006. [PMID: 27136302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The enoyl-ACP reductase (ENR) catalyzes the last reaction in the elongation cycle of the bacterial type II fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS-II) pathway. While the FabI ENR is a well-validated drug target in organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus, alternate ENR isoforms have been discovered in other pathogens, including the FabV enzyme that is the sole ENR in Yersinia pestis (ypFabV). Previously, we showed that the prototypical ENR inhibitor triclosan was a poor inhibitor of ypFabV and that inhibitors based on the 2-pyridone scaffold were more potent [Hirschbeck, M. (2012) Structure 20 (1), 89-100]. These studies were performed with the T276S FabV variant. In the work presented here, we describe a detailed examination of the mechanism and inhibition of wild-type ypFabV and the T276S variant. The T276S mutation significantly reduces the affinity of diphenyl ether inhibitors for ypFabV (20-fold → 100-fold). In addition, while T276S ypFabV generally displays an affinity for 2-pyridone inhibitors higher than that of the wild-type enzyme, the 4-pyridone scaffold yields compounds with similar affinity for both wild-type and T276S ypFabV. T276 is located at the N-terminus of the helical substrate-binding loop, and structural studies coupled with site-directed mutagenesis reveal that alterations in this residue modulate the size of the active site portal. Subsequently, we were able to probe the mechanism of time-dependent inhibition in this enzyme family by extending the inhibition studies to include P142W ypFabV, a mutation that results in a gain of slow-onset inhibition for the 4-pyridone PT156.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annica Pschibul
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Würzburg , D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Maria Hirschbeck
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Würzburg , D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Kuper
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Würzburg , D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cristina Lai
- William A. Shine Great Neck South High School , Great Neck, New York 11020, United States
| | | | - Caroline Kisker
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Würzburg , D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Tallorin L, Finzel K, Nguyen QG, Beld J, La Clair JJ, Burkart MD. Trapping of the Enoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase-Acyl Carrier Protein Interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3962-5. [PMID: 26938266 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An ideal target for metabolic engineering, fatty acid biosynthesis remains poorly understood on a molecular level. These carrier protein-dependent pathways require fundamental protein-protein interactions to guide reactivity and processivity, and their control has become one of the major hurdles in successfully adapting these biological machines. Our laboratory has developed methods to prepare acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) loaded with substrate mimetics and cross-linkers to visualize and trap interactions with partner enzymes, and we continue to expand the tools for studying these pathways. We now describe application of the slow-onset, tight-binding inhibitor triclosan to explore the interactions between the type II fatty acid ACP from Escherichia coli, AcpP, and its corresponding enoyl-ACP reductase, FabI. We show that the AcpP-triclosan complex demonstrates nM binding, inhibits in vitro activity, and can be used to isolate FabI in complex proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorillee Tallorin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Kara Finzel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Quynh G Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Joris Beld
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - James J La Clair
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Michael D Burkart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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14
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Yogiara, Kim D, Hwang JK, Pan JG. Escherichia coli ASKA Clone Library Harboring tRNA-Specific Adenosine Deaminase (tadA) Reveals Resistance towards Xanthorrhizol. Molecules 2015; 20:16290-305. [PMID: 26370953 PMCID: PMC6331797 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200916290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthorrhizol is a potent antimicrobial compound isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma xanthorrhiza. However, the mechanism of xanthorrhizol action is unknown. To screen for probable target(s), we introduced the ASKA pooled-plasmid library into Escherichia coli W3110 imp4213 and enriched the library for resistant clones with increasing concentrations of xanthorrhizol. After three rounds of enrichment, we found nine genes that increased xanthorrhizol resistance. The resistant clones were able to grow in LB medium containing 256 µg/mL xanthorrhizol, representing a 16-fold increase in the minimum inhibitory concentration. Subsequent DNA sequence analysis revealed that overexpression of tadA, galU, fucU, ydeA, ydaC, soxS, nrdH, yiiD, and mltF genes conferred increased resistance towards xanthorrhizol. Among these nine genes, tadA is the only essential gene. tadA encodes a tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase. Overexpression of E. coli W3110 imp4213 (pCA24N-tadA) conferred resistance to xanthorrhizol up to 128 µg/mL. Moreover, overexpression of two tadA mutant enzymes (A143V and F149G) led to a twofold increase in the MIC. These results suggest that the targets of xanthorrhizol may include tadA, which has never before been explored as an antibiotic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogiara
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50-Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 51, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia.
| | - Dooil Kim
- Superbacteria Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 111 Gwahangno, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Jae-Kwan Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50-Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
| | - Jae-Gu Pan
- Superbacteria Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 111 Gwahangno, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
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15
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Owono Owono LC, Ntie-Kang F, Keita M, Megnassan E, Frecer V, Miertus S. Virtually Designed Triclosan-Based Inhibitors of Enoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Inform 2015; 34:292-307. [PMID: 27490275 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201400141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report here new chemical structures of predicted nanomolar triclosan-based inhibitors (TCLs) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) virtually proposed by computer-assisted molecular design. 3D models of InhA-TCL complexes were prepared by in situ modifications of the reference crystal structure (PDB entry 1P45) for a training set of 15 TCLs with known InhA inhibitory activities. A QSAR model was built leading to linear correlation between the calculated free energies of complexation (ΔΔGcom ) and experimental values IC50 (exp) : pIC50 =-0.0657×ΔΔGcom +3.0502, R(2) =0.96. In addition, ligand-based quantitative pharmacophore model (PH4) was built from bound conformations of the training set compounds and confirmed the correlation between molecular models and observed activities: pIC50 (exp=) 0.8929×pIC50 (pre) -0.441, R(2) =0.95. Structural information from both models helped us to propose new TCL analogues. A virtual library of TCLs with known predicted activities against enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase of Plasmodium falciparum (PfENR) was evaluated, revealing dual target TCLs. Moreover, analysis of binding site interactions suggested enriching substitutions, which led to more potent TCLs with predicted pIC50 (pre) as low as 7 nM. The computational approach, which used both free energy estimated from molecular modeling and 3D-QSAR pharmacophore model, was helpful in virtually proposing the dual-targeted drugs and provided valuable information for the design of novel potential antituberculotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc C Owono Owono
- University of Yaoundé I, Advanced Teacher Training College, Laboratory for Simulation and Molecular Biophysics, P.O. Box 47 Yaoundé, Cameroon.,University of Douala, Centre for Atomic Molecular Physics and Quantum Optics (CEPAMOQ), P.O. Box 8580 Douala, Cameroon.,International Centre for Science and High Technology, UNIDO, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste, I-34012, Italy phone:+22502363008
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- University of Douala, Centre for Atomic Molecular Physics and Quantum Optics (CEPAMOQ), P.O. Box 8580 Douala, Cameroon.,International Centre for Science and High Technology, UNIDO, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste, I-34012, Italy phone:+22502363008.,University of Buea, Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Melalie Keita
- International Centre for Science and High Technology, UNIDO, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste, I-34012, Italy phone:+22502363008.,University of Abobo Adjamé, UFR SFA, Laboratoire de Physique Fondamentale et Appliquée, 02 BP 801, Abidjan 02, Cote D'Ivoire
| | - Eugene Megnassan
- International Centre for Science and High Technology, UNIDO, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste, I-34012, Italy phone:+22502363008. .,University of Abobo Adjamé, UFR SFA, Laboratoire de Physique Fondamentale et Appliquée, 02 BP 801, Abidjan 02, Cote D'Ivoire.
| | - Vladimir Frecer
- International Centre for Science and High Technology, UNIDO, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste, I-34012, Italy phone:+22502363008.,Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, SK-83232 Bratislava, Slovakia.,International Centre for Applied Research and Sustainable Technology, SK-84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Miertus
- International Centre for Science and High Technology, UNIDO, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste, I-34012, Italy phone:+22502363008.,International Centre for Applied Research and Sustainable Technology, SK-84104 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia
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16
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Lee JH, Park AK, Chi YM, Jeong SW. Crystal Structures ofPseudomonas aeruginosaEnoyl-ACP Reductase (FabI) in the Presence and Absence of NAD+and Triclosan. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hye Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences; Korea University; Seoul 136-713 Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Kyung Park
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences; Korea University; Seoul 136-713 Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Young Min Chi
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences; Korea University; Seoul 136-713 Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Weon Jeong
- Food Standard Research Center; Korea Food Research Institute; Gyeonggi-do 463-746 Republic of Korea
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17
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Fatty acid metabolism in the Plasmodium apicoplast: Drugs, doubts and knockouts. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2015; 199:34-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Tallorin LC, Durrant JD, Nguyen QG, McCammon JA, Burkart MD. Celastrol inhibits Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6053-6061. [PMID: 25284249 PMCID: PMC4807855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR), a critical enzyme in type II fatty acid biosynthesis, is a promising target for drug discovery against hepatocyte-stage Plasmodium falciparum. In order to identify PfENR-specific inhibitors, we docked 70 FDA-approved, bioactive, and/or natural product small molecules known to inhibit the growth of whole-cell blood-stage P. falciparum into several PfENR crystallographic structures. Subsequent in vitro activity assays identified a noncompetitive low-micromolar PfENR inhibitor, celastrol, from this set of compounds.
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19
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Otero E, Vergara S, Robledo SM, Cardona W, Carda M, Vélez ID, Rojas C, Otálvaro F. Synthesis, leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activity of triclosan-chalcone, triclosan-chromone and triclosan-coumarin hybrids. Molecules 2014; 19:13251-66. [PMID: 25170948 PMCID: PMC6271011 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve hybrids derived from triclosan were obtained via Williamson etherification of O-triclosan alkyl bromide plus chalcone and O-coumarin or O-chromone alkyl bromide plus triclosan, respectively. Structures of the products were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for antileishmanial activity against L. (V) panamensis amastigotes. Cytotoxic activity was also evaluated against mammalian U-937 cells. Compounds 7-9 and 17, were active against Leishmania parasites (EC50=9.4; 10.2; 13.5 and 27.5 µg/mL, respectively) and showed no toxicity toward mammalian cells (>200 µg/mL). They are potential candidates for antileishmanial drug development. Compounds 25-27, were active and cytotoxic. Further studies using other cell types are needed in order to discriminate whether the toxicity shown by these compounds is against tumor or non-tumor cells. The results indicate that compounds containing small alkyl chains show better selectivity indices. Moreover, Michael acceptor moieties may modify both the leishmanicidal activity and cytotoxicity. Further studies are required to evaluate if the in vitro activity against Leishmania panamensis demonstrated here is also observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elver Otero
- Química de Plantas Colombianas, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, A.A 1226 Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Sebastián Vergara
- Química de Plantas Colombianas, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, A.A 1226 Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Sara M Robledo
- PECET, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 62 No. 52-59, Lab 632, A.A 1226 Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Wilson Cardona
- Química de Plantas Colombianas, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, A.A 1226 Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Miguel Carda
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
| | - Ivan D Vélez
- PECET, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 62 No. 52-59, Lab 632, A.A 1226 Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Carlos Rojas
- SIN-BIO-ME-NA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, A.A 1226 Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Felipe Otálvaro
- SIN-BIO-ME-NA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, A.A 1226 Medellín, Colombia.
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20
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Belardinelli JM, Morbidoni HR. Recycling and refurbishing old antitubercular drugs: the encouraging case of inhibitors of mycolic acid biosynthesis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 11:429-40. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.13.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Afanador GA, Muench SP, McPhillie M, Fomovska A, Schön A, Zhou Y, Cheng G, Stec J, Freundlich JS, Shieh HM, Anderson JW, Jacobus DP, Fidock DA, Kozikowski AP, Fishwick CW, Rice DW, Freire E, McLeod R, Prigge ST. Discrimination of potent inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase by a thermal shift assay. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9155-66. [PMID: 24295325 DOI: 10.1021/bi400945y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many microbial pathogens rely on a type II fatty acid synthesis (FASII) pathway that is distinct from the type I pathway found in humans. Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR) is an essential FASII pathway enzyme and the target of a number of antimicrobial drug discovery efforts. The biocide triclosan is established as a potent inhibitor of ENR and has been the starting point for medicinal chemistry studies. We evaluated a series of triclosan analogues for their ability to inhibit the growth of Toxoplasma gondii, a pervasive human pathogen, and its ENR enzyme (TgENR). Several compounds that inhibited TgENR at low nanomolar concentrations were identified but could not be further differentiated because of the limited dynamic range of the TgENR activity assay. Thus, we adapted a thermal shift assay (TSA) to directly measure the dissociation constant (Kd) of the most potent inhibitors identified in this study as well as inhibitors from previous studies. Furthermore, the TSA allowed us to determine the mode of action of these compounds in the presence of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) cofactor. We found that all of the inhibitors bind to a TgENR-NAD⁺ complex but that they differed in their dependence on NAD⁺ concentration. Ultimately, we were able to identify compounds that bind to the TgENR-NAD⁺ complex in the low femtomolar range. This shows how TSA data combined with enzyme inhibition, parasite growth inhibition data, and ADMET predictions allow for better discrimination between potent ENR inhibitors for the future development of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Afanador
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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22
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Rüttermann S, Trellenkamp T, Bergmann N, Beikler T, Ritter H, Janda R. Bacterial viability and physical properties of antibacterially modified experimental dental resin composites. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79119. [PMID: 24223890 PMCID: PMC3815119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the antibacterial effect and the effect on the material properties of a novel delivery system with Irgasan as active agent and methacrylated polymerizable Irgasan when added to experimental dental resin composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS A delivery system based on novel polymeric hollow beads, loaded with Irgasan and methacrylated polymerizable Irgasan as active agents were used to manufacture three commonly formulated experimental resin composites. The non-modified resin was used as standard (ST). Material A contained the delivery system providing 4 % (m/m) Irgasan, material B contained 4 % (m/m) methacrylated Irgasan and material C 8 % (m/m) methacrylated Irgasan. Flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), water sorption (WS), solubility (SL), surface roughness Ra, polymerization shrinkage, contact angle Θ, total surface free energy γS and its apolar γS (LW), polar γS (AB), Lewis acid γS (+)and base γS (-) term as well as bacterial viability were determined. Significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS The materials A to C were not unacceptably influenced by the modifications and achieved the minimum values for FS, WS and SL as requested by EN ISO 4049 and did not differ from ST what was also found for Ra. Only A had lower FM than ST. Θ of A and C was higher and γS (AB) of A and B was lower than of ST. Materials A to C had higher γS (+) than ST. The antibacterial effect of materials A to C was significantly increased when compared with ST meaning that significantly less vital cells were found. CONCLUSION Dental resin composites with small quantities of a novel antibacterially doped delivery system or with an antibacterial monomer provided acceptable physical properties and good antibacterial effectiveness. The sorption material being part of the delivery system can be used as a vehicle for any other active agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rüttermann
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, Centre of Dentistry, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontics, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Taina Trellenkamp
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nora Bergmann
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, Centre of Dentistry, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontics, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Beikler
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, Centre of Dentistry, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontics, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Helmut Ritter
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Janda
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, Centre of Dentistry, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontics, Düsseldorf, Germany
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23
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Lauinger IL, Vivas L, Perozzo R, Stairiker C, Tarun A, Zloh M, Zhang X, Xu H, Tonge PJ, Franzblau SG, Pham DH, Esguerra CV, Crawford AD, Maes L, Tasdemir D. Potential of lichen secondary metabolites against Plasmodium liver stage parasites with FAS-II as the potential target. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1064-70. [PMID: 23806111 PMCID: PMC4119598 DOI: 10.1021/np400083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals targeting the liver stage (LS) of the malaria parasite are useful for causal prophylaxis of malaria. In this study, four lichen metabolites, evernic acid (1), vulpic acid (2), psoromic acid (3), and (+)-usnic acid (4), were evaluated against LS parasites of Plasmodium berghei. Inhibition of P. falciparum blood stage (BS) parasites was also assessed to determine stage specificity. Compound 4 displayed the highest LS activity and stage specificity (LS IC50 value 2.3 μM, BS IC50 value 47.3 μM). The compounds 1-3 inhibited one or more enzymes (PfFabI, PfFabG, and PfFabZ) from the plasmodial fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS-II) pathway, a potential drug target for LS activity. To determine species specificity and to clarify the mechanism of reported antibacterial effects, 1-4 were also evaluated against FabI homologues and whole cells of various pathogens (S. aureus, E. coli, M. tuberculosis). Molecular modeling studies suggest that lichen acids act indirectly via binding to allosteric sites on the protein surface of the FAS-II enzymes. Potential toxicity of compounds was assessed in human hepatocyte and cancer cells (in vitro) as well as in a zebrafish model (in vivo). This study indicates the therapeutic and prophylactic potential of lichen metabolites as antibacterial and antiplasmodial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina L. Lauinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Livia Vivas
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Remo Perozzo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Stairiker
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 152614, USA
| | - Alice Tarun
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 152614, USA
| | - Mire Zloh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Xujie Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, NY 11794, USA
| | - Hua Xu
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, NY 11794, USA
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, NY 11794, USA
| | - Scott G. Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Duc-Hung Pham
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Camila V. Esguerra
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander D. Crawford
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Deniz Tasdemir
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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Stec J, Fomovska A, Afanador GA, Muench SP, Zhou Y, Lai BS, El Bissati K, Hickman MR, Lee PJ, Leed SE, Auschwitz JM, Sommervile C, Woods S, Roberts CW, Rice D, Prigge ST, McLeod R, Kozikowski AP. Modification of triclosan scaffold in search of improved inhibitors for enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase in Toxoplasma gondii. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1138-60. [PMID: 23776166 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Through our focused effort to discover new and effective agents against toxoplasmosis, a structure-based drug design approach was used to develop a series of potent inhibitors of the enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase (ENR) enzyme in Toxoplasma gondii (TgENR). Modifications to positions 5 and 4' of the well-known ENR inhibitor triclosan afforded a series of 29 new analogues. Among the resulting compounds, many showed high potency and improved physicochemical properties in comparison with the lead. The most potent compounds 16 a and 16 c have IC50 values of 250 nM against Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites without apparent toxicity to the host cells. Their IC50 values against recombinant TgENR were found to be 43 and 26 nM, respectively. Additionally, 11 other analogues in this series had IC50 values ranging from 17 to 130 nM in the enzyme-based assay. With respect to their excellent in vitro activity as well as improved drug-like properties, the lead compounds 16 a and 16 c are deemed to be excellent starting points for the development of new medicines to effectively treat Toxoplasma gondii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Stec
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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25
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Lindert S, McCammon JA. Dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-ACP reductase and implications on drug discovery. Protein Sci 2012; 21:1734-45. [PMID: 22969045 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR) is a crucial enzyme in the type II fatty acid synthesis pathway of many pathogens such as Plasmodium falciparum, the etiological agent of the most severe form of malaria. Because of its essential function of fatty acid double bond reduction and the absence of a human homologue, PfENR is an interesting drug target. Although extensive knowledge of the protein structure has been gathered over the last decade, comparatively little remains known about the dynamics of this crucial enzyme. Here, we perform extensive molecular dynamics simulations of tetrameric PfENR in different states of cofactor and ligand binding, and with a variety of different ligands bound. A pocket-volume analysis is also performed, and virtual screening is used to identify potential druggable hotspots. The implications of the results for future drug-discovery projects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Lindert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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26
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Qidwai T, Khan F. Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Targets Specific to Fatty Acid Metabolic Pathway of Plasmodium falciparum. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:155-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Arango V, Domínguez JJ, Cardona W, Robledo SM, Muñoz DL, Figadere B, Sáez J. Synthesis and leishmanicidal activity of quinoline–triclosan and quinoline–eugenol hybrids. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Banerjee T, Sharma SK, Kapoor N, Dwivedi V, Surolia N, Surolia A. Benzothiophene carboxamide derivatives as inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-ACP reductase. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:1101-10. [PMID: 22006792 DOI: 10.1002/iub.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Benzothiophene derivatives like benzothiophene sulphonamides, biphenyls, or carboxyls have been synthesized and have found wide pharmacological usage. Here we report, bromo-benzothiophene carboxamide derivatives as potent, slow tight binding inhibitors of Plasmodium enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase (PfENR). 3-Bromo-N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide (compound 6) is the most potent inhibitor with an IC50 of 115 nM for purified PfENR. The inhibition constant (Ki) of compound 6 was 18 nM with respect to the cofactor and 91 nM with respect to crotonoyl-CoA. These inhibitors showed competitive kinetics with cofactor and uncompetitive kinetics with the substrate. Thus, these compounds hold promise for the development of potent antimalarials.
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Hernández A, Ruiz FM, Romero A, Martínez JL. The binding of triclosan to SmeT, the repressor of the multidrug efflux pump SmeDEF, induces antibiotic resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002103. [PMID: 21738470 PMCID: PMC3128119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The wide utilization of biocides poses a concern on the impact of these compounds on natural bacterial populations. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that biocides can select, at least in laboratory experiments, antibiotic resistant bacteria. This situation has raised concerns, not just on scientists and clinicians, but also on regulatory agencies, which are demanding studies on the impact that the utilization of biocides may have on the development on resistance and consequently on the treatment of infectious diseases and on human health. In the present article, we explored the possibility that the widely used biocide triclosan might induce antibiotic resistance using as a model the opportunistic pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Biochemical, functional and structural studies were performed, focusing on SmeDEF, the most relevant antibiotic- and triclosan-removing multidrug efflux pump of S. maltophilia. Expression of smeDEF is regulated by the repressor SmeT. Triclosan released SmeT from its operator and induces the expression of smeDEF, thus reducing the susceptibility of S. maltophilia to antibiotics in the presence of the biocide. The structure of SmeT bound to triclosan is described. Two molecules of triclosan were found to bind to one subunit of the SmeT homodimer. The binding of the biocide stabilizes the N terminal domain of both subunits in a conformation unable to bind DNA. To our knowledge this is the first crystal structure obtained for a transcriptional regulator bound to triclosan. This work provides the molecular basis for understanding the mechanisms allowing the induction of phenotypic resistance to antibiotics by triclosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Hernández
- Centro Nacional del Biotecnología, CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Martínez
- Centro Nacional del Biotecnología, CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem that continues to challenge the healthcare sectors and has become increasingly alarming in the past few years. To face this emerging global crisis, there is a need to find a new class of antibiotics that act on new microbial targets and/or harness existing antibiotics by developing new drug-targeting strategies. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review: explores an innovative drug-delivery strategy of using hen egg lysozyme as a carrier to enable water solubilization and to allow specific targeting to the microbial cells of a water-insoluble antimicrobial agent with a powerful killing action; addresses potentials for lysozyme in antibiotics drug targeting; and provides insight for the future direction of this highly prospective technology. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The unique features and advantages of lysozyme-based drug delivery system are highlighted. The efficiency of lysozyme in solubilization and delivery of lipophilic antibiotics, to reformulate drugs that may fail clinical trials owing to low solubility, is emphasized. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Fewer pharmaceutical companies are inventing new antibiotics because of long development times and high failure rates. Combining lysozyme with a powerful old antibiotic may open doors to revolutionizing medicine, particularly in the treatment of deadly infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham R Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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31
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Min J, Zhang X, Wang L, Zou X, Zhang Q, He J. Mutational analysis of the interaction between a potential inhibitor luteolin and enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) from Salmonella enterica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Maity K, Banerjee T, Prabakaran N, Surolia N, Surolia A, Suguna K. Effect of substrate binding loop mutations on the structure, kinetics, and inhibition of enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase from Plasmodium falciparum. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:30-41. [PMID: 21280175 DOI: 10.1002/iub.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR), which catalyzes the final and rate limiting step of fatty acid elongation, has been validated as a potential drug target. Triclosan is known to be an effective inhibitor for this enzyme. We mutated the substrate binding site residue Ala372 of the ENR of Plasmodium falciparum (PfENR) to Methionine and Valine which increased the affinity of the enzyme towards triclosan to almost double, close to that of Escherichia coli ENR (EcENR) which has a Methionine at the structurally similar position of Ala372 of PfENR. Kinetic studies of the mutants of PfENR and the crystal structure analysis of the A372M mutant revealed that a more hydrophobic environment enhances the affinity of the enzyme for the inhibitor. A triclosan derivative showed a threefold increase in the affinity towards the mutants compared to the wild type, due to additional interactions with the A372M mutant as revealed by the crystal structure. The enzyme has a conserved salt bridge which stabilizes the substrate binding loop and appears to be important for the active conformation of the enzyme. We generated a second set of mutants to check this hypothesis. These mutants showed loss of function, except in one case, where the crystal structure showed that the substrate binding loop is stabilized by a water bridge network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koustav Maity
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Maity K, Bhargav SP, Sankaran B, Surolia N, Surolia A, Suguna K. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the complexes of enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase of Plasmodium falciparum with triclosan variants to elucidate the importance of different functional groups in enzyme inhibition. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:467-76. [PMID: 20503440 DOI: 10.1002/iub.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan, a well-known inhibitor of Enoyl Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase (ENR) from several pathogenic organisms, is a promising lead compound to design effective drugs. We have solved the X-ray crystal structures of Plasmodium falciparum ENR in complex with triclosan variants having different substituted and unsubstituted groups at different key functional locations. The structures revealed that 4 and 2' substituted compounds have more interactions with the protein, cofactor, and solvents when compared with triclosan. New water molecules were found to interact with some of these inhibitors. Substitution at the 2' position of triclosan caused the relocation of a conserved water molecule, leading to an additional hydrogen bond with the inhibitor. This observation can help in conserved water-based inhibitor design. 2' and 4' unsubstituted compounds showed a movement away from the hydrophobic pocket to compensate for the interactions made by the halogen groups of triclosan. This compound also makes additional interactions with the protein and cofactor which compensate for the lost interactions due to the unsubstitution at 2' and 4'. In cell culture, this inhibitor shows less potency, which indicates that the chlorines at 2' and 4' positions increase the ability of the inhibitor to cross multilayered membranes. This knowledge helps us to modify the different functional groups of triclosan to get more potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koustav Maity
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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34
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Kumar G, Banerjee T, Kapoor N, Surolia N, Surolia A. SAR and pharmacophore models for the rhodanine inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:204-13. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Singh AP, Surolia N, Surolia A. Triclosan inhibit the growth of the late liver-stage ofPlasmodium. IUBMB Life 2009; 61:923-8. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Garvey EP, Schwartz B, Gartland MJ, Lang S, Halsey W, Sathe G, Carter HL, Weaver KL. Potent inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase display a two-step, slow-binding inhibition mechanism which is absent in a drug-resistant T66I/M154I mutant. Biochemistry 2009; 48:1644-53. [PMID: 19178153 DOI: 10.1021/bi802141y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two-metal binding HIV-1 integrase inhibitors (INIs) are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 in vitro and in patients. We report here for the first time the kinetics of inhibition of integrase-catalyzed strand transfer. First, the IC(50) values for each of six structurally distinct INIs decreased when a preincubation was included: S-1360 (1.3 microM vs 0.12 microM), L-731,988 (130 nM vs 9 nM), L-870,810 (130 nM vs 4 nM), raltegravir (300 nM vs 9 nM), elvitegravir (90 nM vs 6 nM), and GSK364735 (90 nM vs 6 nM). When reactions with these INIs were initiated with integrase, progress curve analyses indicated time-dependent inhibition, which could be fitted to a two-step mechanism of binding. Overall fitted K(i) values matched the IC(50) values measured with a preincubation: S-1360 (0.17 microM), L-731,988 (34 nM), L-870,810 (2.4 nM), raltegravir (10 nM), elvitegravir (4.0 nM), and GSK364735 (2.5 nM). To begin to understand the mechanism for this slow onset of inhibition and its possible impact on drug resistance, studies of resistance mutations were initiated. T66I/M154I exhibited little if any time-dependent inhibition by any of the six INIs, as measured by differences in potency upon preincubation or by progress curve analysis. These data demonstrate that slow binding is a signature of two-metal binding INIs, and that the second slow step is required for full potency. We discuss a possible structural explanation of the second slow step of inhibition and also the relationship between loss of time-dependent inhibition and drug resistance of this important new class of HIV-1 antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Garvey
- Department of Virology, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3398, USA.
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37
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Roach A, Dunlap J, Harte F. Association of Triclosan to Casein Proteins Through Solvent-Mediated High-Pressure Homogenization. J Food Sci 2009; 74:N23-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Karioti A, Skaltsa H, Zhang X, Tonge PJ, Perozzo R, Kaiser M, Franzblau SG, Tasdemir D. Inhibiting enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) across pathogenic microorganisms by linear sesquiterpene lactones from Anthemis auriculata. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 15:1125-1129. [PMID: 18424102 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) is a key enzyme of the type II fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS-II) pathway and a validated antimicrobial target. In the current study, three linear sesquiterpene lactones obtained from Anthemis auriculata, namely anthecotulide (1), 4-hydroxyanthecotulide (2) and 4-acetoxyanthecotulide (3) were evaluated for specific inhibitory effects against the FabI enzyme from three pathogenic microorganisms, Plasmodium falciparum (PfFabI), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtFabI) and Escherichia coli (EcFabI). In addition, the compounds were also tested against two elongation enzymes from the plasmodial FAS-II system, beta-ketoacyl-ACP reductase (PfFabG) and beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP deydratase (PfFabZ). The compounds showed clear differentiation in inhibition of FabI enzymes from different microorganisms. Anthecotulide (1) was most active against MtFabI (IC(50) 4.5 microg/ml), whereas the oxygenated derivatives thereof (compounds 2 and 3) specifically inhibited plasmodial FAS-II enzymes, PfFabI and PfFabG (IC(50) values 20-75 microg/ml). All compounds were inactive towards EcFabI. In whole cell assays, all three compounds exhibited antimalarial and antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Karioti
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 157 71 Athens, Greece
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39
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Banerjee T, Sharma SK, Surolia N, Surolia A. Epigallocatechin gallate is a slow-tight binding inhibitor of enoyl-ACP reductase from Plasmodium falciparum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:1238-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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40
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Mishra S, Karmodiya K, Parasuraman P, Surolia A, Surolia N. Design, synthesis, and application of novel triclosan prodrugs as potential antimalarial and antibacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5536-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Sharma SK, Kumar G, Kapoor M, Surolia A. Combined effect of epigallocatechin gallate and triclosan on enoyl-ACP reductase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 368:12-7. [PMID: 17996734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Among the various inhibitors known for enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductases, triclosan and green tea catechins are two promising candidates. In the present study, we show, for the first time that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major component of green tea catechins, inhibits InhA, the enoyl-ACP reductase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with an IC50 of 17.4muM. EGCG interferes with the binding of NADH to InhA. We also demonstrate that EGCG increased the inhibitory activity of triclosan towards InhA and vice versa. Direct binding assay using [(3)H]EGCG and fluorescence titration assay support the spectrophotometric/kinetic inhibition data. The biochemical data has been explained by docking simulation studies.
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42
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Carballeira NM. New advances in fatty acids as antimalarial, antimycobacterial and antifungal agents. Prog Lipid Res 2007; 47:50-61. [PMID: 18023422 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with the most recent findings on the antimalarial, antimycobacterial, and antifungal properties of fatty acids, with particular emphasis on novel marine fatty acids. The first section deals with the most recent and some background literature on what has been the latest developments with respect to fatty acids as antimalarial agents and the importance of enzyme inhibition, in particular the inhibition of the enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) of Plasmodium falciparum, the principal agent responsible for malaria. This section of the review also emphasizes the latest antimalarial research with the very long-chain Delta5,9 fatty acids from sponges. The second section of the review deals with the recent literature on the antimycobacterial activity of fatty acids and the importance of enzyme inhibition, in particular the inhibition of the enoyl-ACP reductase (InhA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for antimycobacterial activity. The inhibitory activities of the Delta5,9 fatty acids against InhA as well as that of the alpha-methoxylated fatty acids are also discussed. The importance of Delta5,9 fatty acids as topoisomerase I inhibitors and its connection to cancer is also reviewed. The last part of the review, the antifungal section, also emphasizes the most recent research with antifungal fatty acids and the importance of enzyme inhibition, in particular N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) inhibition, for antifungal activity. This last section of the review emphasizes the latest research with the alpha-methoxylated fatty acids but the importance of acetylenic fatty acids is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Carballeira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan 00931-3346, Puerto Rico.
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43
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Lu JZ, Muench SP, Allary M, Campbell S, Roberts CW, Mui E, McLeod RL, Rice DW, Prigge ST. Type I and type II fatty acid biosynthesis in Eimeria tenella: enoyl reductase activity and structure. Parasitology 2007; 134:1949-62. [PMID: 17697396 PMCID: PMC2801558 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182007003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites of the genus Eimeria are the major causative agent of avian coccidiosis, leading to high economic losses in the poultry industry. Recent results show that Eimeria tenella harbours an apicoplast organelle, and that a key biosynthetic enzyme, enoyl reductase, is located in this organelle. In related parasites, enoyl reductase is one component of a type II fatty acid synthase (FAS) and has proven to be an attractive target for antimicrobial compounds. We cloned and expressed the mature form of E. tenella enoyl reductase (EtENR) for biochemical and structural studies. Recombinant EtENR exhibits NADH-dependent enoyl reductase activity and is inhibited by triclosan with an IC50 value of 60 nm. The crystal structure of EtENR reveals overall similarity with other ENR enzymes; however, the active site of EtENR is unoccupied, a state rarely observed in other ENR structures. Furthermore, the position of the central beta-sheet appears to block NADH binding and would require significant movement to allow NADH binding, a feature not previously seen in the ENR family. We analysed the E. tenella genomic database for orthologues of well-characterized bacterial and apicomplexan FAS enzymes and identified 6 additional genes, suggesting that E. tenella contains a type II FAS capable of synthesizing saturated, but not unsaturated, fatty acids. Interestingly, we also identified sequences that appear to encode multifunctional type I FAS enzymes, a feature also observed in Toxoplasma gondii, highlighting the similarity between these apicomplexan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Z. Lu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - S. P. Muench
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - M. Allary
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - S. Campbell
- Strathclyde Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK
| | - C. W. Roberts
- Strathclyde Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK
| | - E. Mui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - R. L. McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), and Pathology and Committees on Genetics, Molecular Medicine and Immunology and the College, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - D. W. Rice
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - S. T. Prigge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Corresponding author: Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Tel: +1 443 287 4822. Fax: +1 410 955 0105.
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Freundlich JS, Wang F, Tsai HC, Kuo M, Shieh HM, Anderson JW, Nkrumah LJ, Valderramos JC, Yu M, Kumar TRS, Valderramos SG, Jacobs WR, Schiehser GA, Jacobus DP, Fidock DA, Sacchettini JC. X-ray structural analysis of Plasmodium falciparum enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase as a pathway toward the optimization of triclosan antimalarial efficacy. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25436-44. [PMID: 17567585 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701813200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The x-ray crystal structures of five triclosan analogs, in addition to that of the isoniazid-NAD adduct, are described in relation to their integral role in the design of potent inhibitors of the malarial enzyme Plasmodium falciparum enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (PfENR). Many of the novel 5-substituted analogs exhibit low micromolar potency against in vitro cultures of drug-resistant and drug-sensitive strains of the P. falciparum parasite and inhibit purified PfENR enzyme with IC50 values of <200 nM. This study has significantly expanded the knowledge base with regard to the structure-activity relationship of triclosan while affording gains against cultured parasites and purified PfENR enzyme. In contrast to a recent report in the literature, these results demonstrate the ability to improve the in vitro potency of triclosan significantly by replacing the suboptimal 5-chloro group with larger hydrophobic moieties. The biological and x-ray crystallographic data thus demonstrate the flexibility of the active site and point to future rounds of optimization to improve compound potency against purified enzyme and intracellular Plasmodium parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Freundlich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jacobus Pharmaceutical Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA.
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45
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Muench SP, Prigge ST, McLeod R, Rafferty JB, Kirisits MJ, Roberts CW, Mui EJ, Rice DW. Studies of Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase and implications for the development of antiparasitic agents. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2007; 63:328-38. [PMID: 17327670 PMCID: PMC2483495 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444906053625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that submicromolar concentrations of the biocide triclosan arrest the growth of the apicomplexan parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii and inhibit the activity of the apicomplexan enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR). The crystal structures of T. gondii and P. falciparum ENR in complex with NAD(+) and triclosan and of T. gondii ENR in an apo form have been solved to 2.6, 2.2 and 2.8 A, respectively. The structures of T. gondii ENR have revealed that, as in its bacterial and plant homologues, a loop region which flanks the active site becomes ordered upon inhibitor binding, resulting in the slow tight binding of triclosan. In addition, the T. gondii ENR-triclosan complex reveals the folding of a hydrophilic insert common to the apicomplexan family that flanks the substrate-binding domain and is disordered in all other reported apicomplexan ENR structures. Structural comparison of the apicomplexan ENR structures with their bacterial and plant counterparts has revealed that although the active sites of the parasite enzymes are broadly similar to those of their bacterial counterparts, there are a number of important differences within the drug-binding pocket that reduce the packing interactions formed with several inhibitors in the apicomplexan ENR enzymes. Together with other significant structural differences, this provides a possible explanation of the lower affinity of the parasite ENR enzyme family for aminopyridine-based inhibitors, suggesting that an effective antiparasitic agent may well be distinct from equivalent antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Muench
- The Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, England
| | - Sean T. Prigge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rima McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paediatrics (Infectious Diseases) and Pathology and the Committees on Molecular Medicine, Genetics, Immunology and The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - John B. Rafferty
- The Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, England
| | - Michael J. Kirisits
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paediatrics (Infectious Diseases) and Pathology and the Committees on Molecular Medicine, Genetics, Immunology and The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Craig W. Roberts
- Department of Immunology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, Scotland
| | - Ernest J. Mui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paediatrics (Infectious Diseases) and Pathology and the Committees on Molecular Medicine, Genetics, Immunology and The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - David W. Rice
- The Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, England
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46
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Chhibber M, Kumar G, Parasuraman P, Ramya TNC, Surolia N, Surolia A. Novel diphenyl ethers: design, docking studies, synthesis and inhibition of enoyl ACP reductase of Plasmodium falciparum and Escherichia coli. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:8086-98. [PMID: 16893651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 07/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We designed some novel diphenyl ethers and determined their binding energies for Enoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase (ENR) of Plasmodium falciparum using Autodock. Out of these, we synthesized the promising compounds and tested them for their inhibitory activity against ENRs of P. falciparum as well as Escherichia coli. Some of these compounds show nanomolar inhibition of PfENR and low micromolar inhibition of EcENR. They also exhibit low micromolar potency against in vitro cultures of P. falciparum and E. coli. The study of structure-activity relationship of these compounds paves the way for further improvements in the design of novel diphenyl ethers with improved activity against purified enzyme and the pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmohan Chhibber
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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47
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Abstract
The type II fatty acid synthase consists of a series of individual enzymes, each encoded by a separate gene, that catalyze discrete steps in chain elongation. The formation of fatty acids is vital to bacteria, and each of the essential enzymes and their acyl group carriers represent a potential target for the development of novel antibacterial therapeutics. High resolution x-ray and/or NMR structures of representative members of every enzyme in the type II pathway are now available, and these structures are a valuable resource to guide antibacterial drug discovery. The role of each enzyme in regulating pathway activity and the diversity in the components of the pathway in the major human pathogens are important considerations in deciding the most suitable targets for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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48
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Swarnamukhi PL, Sharma SK, Bajaj P, Surolia N, Surolia A, Suguna K. Crystal structure of dimeric FabZ ofPlasmodium falciparumreveals conformational switching to active hexamers by peptide flips. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:2653-60. [PMID: 16643907 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of beta-hydroxyacyl acyl carrier protein dehydratase of Plasmodium falciparum (PfFabZ) has been determined at a resolution of 2.4 A. PfFabZ has been found to exist as a homodimer (d-PfFabZ) in the crystals of the present study in contrast to the reported hexameric form (h-PfFabZ) which is a trimer of dimers crystallized in a different condition. The catalytic sites of this enzyme are located in deep narrow tunnel-shaped pockets formed at the dimer interface. A histidine residue from one subunit of the dimer and a glutamate residue from the other subunit lining the tunnel form the catalytic dyad in the reported crystal structures. While the position of glutamate remains unaltered in the crystal structure of d-PfFabZ compared to that in h-PfFabZ, the histidine residue takes up an entirely different conformation and moves away from the tunnel leading to a His-Phe cis-trans peptide flip at the histidine residue. In addition, a loop in the vicinity has been observed to undergo a similar flip at a Tyr-Pro peptide bond. These alterations not only prevent the formation of a hexamer but also distort the active site geometry resulting in a dimeric form of FabZ that is incapable of substrate binding. The dimeric state and an altered catalytic site architecture make d-PfFabZ distinctly different from the FabZ structures described so far. Dynamic light scattering and size exclusion chromatographic studies clearly indicate a pH-related switching of the dimers to active hexamers.
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49
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Freundlich JS, Yu M, Lucumi E, Kuo M, Tsai HC, Valderramos JC, Karagyozov L, Jacobs WR, Schiehser GA, Fidock DA, Jacobus DP, Sacchettini JC. Synthesis and biological activity of diaryl ether inhibitors of malarial enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase. Part 2: 2'-substituted triclosan derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2163-9. [PMID: 16466916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
2'-Substituted analogs of triclosan have been synthesized to target inhibition of the key malarial enzyme Plasmodium falciparum enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (PfENR). Many of these compounds exhibit good potency (EC50<500 nM) against in vitro cultures of drug-resistant and drug-sensitive strains of the P. falciparum parasite and modest (IC50=1-20 microM) potency against purified PfENR enzyme. Compared to triclosan, this survey of 2'-substituted derivatives has afforded gains in excess of 20- and 30-fold versus the 3D7 and Dd2 strains of parasite, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Freundlich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jacobus Pharmaceutical Company, 37 Cleveland Lane, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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50
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Basso LA, da Silva LHP, Fett-Neto AG, de Azevedo WF, Moreira IDS, Palma MS, Calixto JB, Astolfi Filho S, dos Santos RR, Soares MBP, Santos DS. The use of biodiversity as source of new chemical entities against defined molecular targets for treatment of malaria, tuberculosis, and T-cell mediated diseases: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100:475-506. [PMID: 16302058 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762005000600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern approach to the development of new chemical entities against complex diseases, especially the neglected endemic diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria, is based on the use of defined molecular targets. Among the advantages, this approach allows (i) the search and identification of lead compounds with defined molecular mechanisms against a defined target (e.g. enzymes from defined pathways), (ii) the analysis of a great number of compounds with a favorable cost/benefit ratio, (iii) the development even in the initial stages of compounds with selective toxicity (the fundamental principle of chemotherapy), (iv) the evaluation of plant extracts as well as of pure substances. The current use of such technology, unfortunately, is concentrated in developed countries, especially in the big pharma. This fact contributes in a significant way to hamper the development of innovative new compounds to treat neglected diseases. The large biodiversity within the territory of Brazil puts the country in a strategic position to develop the rational and sustained exploration of new metabolites of therapeutic value. The extension of the country covers a wide range of climates, soil types, and altitudes, providing a unique set of selective pressures for the adaptation of plant life in these scenarios. Chemical diversity is also driven by these forces, in an attempt to best fit the plant communities to the particular abiotic stresses, fauna, and microbes that co-exist with them. Certain areas of vegetation (Amazonian Forest, Atlantic Forest, Araucaria Forest, Cerrado-Brazilian Savanna, and Caatinga) are rich in species and types of environments to be used to search for natural compounds active against tuberculosis, malaria, and chronic-degenerative diseases. The present review describes some strategies to search for natural compounds, whose choice can be based on ethnobotanical and chemotaxonomical studies, and screen for their ability to bind to immobilized drug targets and to inhibit their activities. Molecular cloning, gene knockout, protein expression and purification, N-terminal sequencing, and mass spectrometry are the methods of choice to provide homogeneous drug targets for immobilization by optimized chemical reactions. Plant extract preparations, fractionation of promising plant extracts, propagation protocols and definition of in planta studies to maximize product yield of plant species producing active compounds have to be performed to provide a continuing supply of bioactive materials. Chemical characterization of natural compounds, determination of mode of action by kinetics and other spectroscopic methods (MS, X-ray, NMR), as well as in vitro and in vivo biological assays, chemical derivatization, and structure-activity relationships have to be carried out to provide a thorough knowledge on which to base the search for natural compounds or their derivatives with biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Augusto Basso
- Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brasil.
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