1
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Rincon I, Hidalgo T, Armani G, Rojas S, Horcajada P. Enzyme_Metal-Organic Framework Composites as Novel Approach for Microplastic Degradation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202301350. [PMID: 38661054 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is one of the main worldwide environmental concerns. Our lifestyle involves persistent plastic consumption, aggravating the low efficiency of wastewater treatment plants in its removal. Nano/microplastics are accumulated in living beings, pushing to identify new water remediation strategies to avoid their harmful effects. Enzymes (e. g., Candida rugosa-CrL) are known natural plastic degraders as catalysts in depolymerization reactions. However, their practical use is limited by their stability, recyclability, and economical concerns. Here, enzyme immobilization in metal-organic frameworks (CrL_MOFs) is originally presented as a new plastic degradation approach to achieve a boosted plastic decomposition in aqueous systems while allowing the catalyst cyclability. Bis-(hydroxyethyl)terephthalate (BHET) was selected as model substrate for decontamination experiments for being the main polyethylene terephthalate (PET) degradation product. Once in contaminated water, CrL_MOFs can eliminate BHET (37 %, 24 h), following two complementary mechanisms: enzymatic degradation (CrL action) and byproducts adsorption (MOF effect). As a proof-of-concept, the capacity of a selected CrL_MOF composite to eliminate the BHET degradation products and its reusability are also investigated. The potential of these systems is envisioned in terms of improving enzyme cyclability, reducing costs along with feasible co-adsorption of plastic byproducts and other harmful contaminants, to successfully remove them in a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rincon
- Advanced Porous Materials Unit (APMU), IMDEA Energy Institute, Av. Ramón de La Sagra, 3, Móstoles, 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Hidalgo
- Advanced Porous Materials Unit (APMU), IMDEA Energy Institute, Av. Ramón de La Sagra, 3, Móstoles, 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giacomo Armani
- Advanced Porous Materials Unit (APMU), IMDEA Energy Institute, Av. Ramón de La Sagra, 3, Móstoles, 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Rojas
- Advanced Porous Materials Unit (APMU), IMDEA Energy Institute, Av. Ramón de La Sagra, 3, Móstoles, 28935, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Patricia Horcajada
- Advanced Porous Materials Unit (APMU), IMDEA Energy Institute, Av. Ramón de La Sagra, 3, Móstoles, 28935, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Maiti S, Singh A, Maji T, Saibo NV, De S. Experimental methods to study the structure and dynamics of intrinsically disordered regions in proteins. Curr Res Struct Biol 2024; 7:100138. [PMID: 38707546 PMCID: PMC11068507 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2024.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic proteins often feature long stretches of amino acids that lack a well-defined three-dimensional structure and are referred to as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) or regions (IDRs). Although these proteins challenge conventional structure-function paradigms, they play vital roles in cellular processes. Recent progress in experimental techniques, such as NMR spectroscopy, single molecule FRET, high speed AFM and SAXS, have provided valuable insights into the biophysical basis of IDP function. This review discusses the advancements made in these techniques particularly for the study of disordered regions in proteins. In NMR spectroscopy new strategies such as 13C detection, non-uniform sampling, segmental isotope labeling, and rapid data acquisition methods address the challenges posed by spectral overcrowding and low stability of IDPs. The importance of various NMR parameters, including chemical shifts, hydrogen exchange rates, and relaxation measurements, to reveal transient secondary structures within IDRs and IDPs are presented. Given the high flexibility of IDPs, the review outlines NMR methods for assessing their dynamics at both fast (ps-ns) and slow (μs-ms) timescales. IDPs exert their functions through interactions with other molecules such as proteins, DNA, or RNA. NMR-based titration experiments yield insights into the thermodynamics and kinetics of these interactions. Detailed study of IDPs requires multiple experimental techniques, and thus, several methods are described for studying disordered proteins, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. The potential for integrating these complementary techniques, each offering unique perspectives, is explored to achieve a comprehensive understanding of IDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aakanksha Singh
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, 721302, India
| | - Tanisha Maji
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, 721302, India
| | - Nikita V. Saibo
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, 721302, India
| | - Soumya De
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, 721302, India
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3
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Voronina L, Fleischmann F, Šimunović J, Ludwig C, Novokmet M, Žigman M. Probing Blood Plasma Protein Glycosylation with Infrared Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38324652 PMCID: PMC10882574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The health state of an individual is closely linked to the glycosylation patterns of his or her blood plasma proteins. However, obtaining this information requires cost- and time-efficient analytical methods. We put forward infrared spectroscopy, which allows label-free analysis of protein glycosylation but so far has only been applied to analysis of individual proteins. Although spectral information does not directly provide the molecular structure of the glycans, it is sensitive to changes therein and covers all types of glycosidic linkages. Combining single-step ion exchange chromatography with infrared spectroscopy, we developed a workflow that enables the separation and analysis of major protein classes in blood plasma. Our results demonstrate that infrared spectroscopy can identify different patterns and global levels of glycosylation of intact plasma proteins. To showcase the strengths and limitations of the proposed approach, we compare the glycoforms of human and bovine alpha-1-acid glycoproteins, which exhibit highly variable global levels of glycosylation. To independently evaluate our conclusions, the glycan moieties of human alpha-1-acid glycoprotein were further analyzed using an established glycomics workflow. Importantly, the chromatographic separation of blood plasma improves the detection of aberrant glycoforms of a given protein as compared to infrared spectroscopy of bulk plasma. The presented approach allows a time-efficient comparison of glycosylation patterns of multiple plasma proteins, opening new avenues for biomedical probing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Voronina
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Frank Fleischmann
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Jelena Šimunović
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Mislav Novokmet
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Mihaela Žigman
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching 85748, Germany
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4
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Hu S, Zhou G, Xu X, Zhang W, Li C. Insight into the impacts of Jinhua ham processing conditions on cathepsin B activity and conformation changes based on molecular simulation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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5
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Videira-Quintela D, Guillén F, Prazeres SF, Montalvo G. Immobilization of Kluyveromyces lactis β-Galactosidase on Meso-macroporous Silica: Use of Infrared Spectroscopy to Rationalize the Catalytic Efficiency. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200340. [PMID: 36515233 PMCID: PMC10369856 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization on adequate carriers is a challenging strategy. Understanding the enzyme-carrier interactions and their effects on enzyme conformation and bioactivity is critical. In this study, a meso-macropores silica (MMS) was used to immobilize β-galactosidase from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis (β-gal-KL) by physical adsorption. The bioactivity of the immobilized β-gal-KL was altered, evidenced by the increased Km , decreased Vmax and kcat , and increased activity at alkaline values. By performing infrared spectroscopy analysis and subsequent secondary structure assessment from the amide I band, the immobilized β-gal-KL suffered a β-sheet (∼31-35 %) to α-helix (∼15-19 %) transition with increased turns (∼21-22 %) with respect to the free β-gal-KL having ∼12 % α-helix, ∼42 % β-sheet, and ∼17 % turns. These findings led us to correlate the observed bioactivity performance to structural alterations to a non-native conformation. The presented line of thought can lead to a better understanding of the reasons causing bioactivity alterations upon enzyme immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Videira-Quintela
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Guillén
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofia F Prazeres
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Montalvo
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales, Universidad de Alcalá, Libreros 27, 28801, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Bolivar JM, Woodley JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Is enzyme immobilization a mature discipline? Some critical considerations to capitalize on the benefits of immobilization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6251-6290. [PMID: 35838107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization has been developing since the 1960s and although many industrial biocatalytic processes use the technology to improve enzyme performance, still today we are far from full exploitation of the field. One clear reason is that many evaluate immobilization based on only a few experiments that are not always well-designed. In contrast to many other reviews on the subject, here we highlight the pitfalls of using incorrectly designed immobilization protocols and explain why in many cases sub-optimal results are obtained. We also describe solutions to overcome these challenges and come to the conclusion that recent developments in material science, bioprocess engineering and protein science continue to open new opportunities for the future. In this way, enzyme immobilization, far from being a mature discipline, remains as a subject of high interest and where intense research is still necessary to take full advantage of the possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Bolivar
- FQPIMA group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis. ICP-CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain. .,Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Erwardt P, Roszek K, Wiśniewski M. Determination of Graphene Oxide Adsorption Space by Lysozyme Uptake─Mechanistic Studies. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:928-933. [PMID: 35077166 PMCID: PMC8819649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Erwardt
- Faculty of Chemistry, Physicochemistry of Carbon Materials Research Group, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Roszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Marek Wiśniewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Physicochemistry of Carbon Materials Research Group, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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8
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Ami D, Natalello A. Characterization of the Conformational Properties of Soluble and Insoluble Proteins by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2406:439-454. [PMID: 35089573 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1859-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The FTIR (micro-)spectroscopy method applied to the study of the structural properties of different soluble and insoluble proteins will be illustrated. In particular, we will discuss the procedure to analyze proteins in form of hydrated films and in solution by means of attenuated total reflection (ATR) measurements. Moreover, we will describe the procedure to characterize bacterial inclusion bodies (IBs) and amyloid deposits within human tissues by means of FTIR microspectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Ami
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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9
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Coşkun Ö, Çağlar AF, Çakır B, Gülseren İ. Influence of Maillard reaction conditions and solvent extraction on the surface activity and foaming characteristics of black cumin protein concentrates. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 58:4323-4332. [PMID: 34538915 PMCID: PMC8405768 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cold press manufacture of black cumin (BC) oil leads to the formation of BC press cakes that contain significant amounts of protein. Here, an attempt was made to enhance the functionality of BC protein concentrates obtained from cakes based on Maillard conjugation using 3 different of carbohydrates. Molecular weight distribution of the conjugates was determined via electrophoretic techniques. The extent of carbohydrate binding was measured by RP-HPLC-RID. Surface activity and elasticity was studied using drop shape tensiometry. The extent of glucose binding accounted for up to 85% for a protein:glucose ratio of 1:2. Foaming capabilities were moderately enhanced due to Maillard conjugation in the absence of solvent extraction, while due to solvent induced partial denaturation, further enhancement of foaming performance took place. Furthermore, sugar binding capabilities were enhanced upon solvent treatment, while surface pressure and foaming capacity were not necessarily improved. Adsorption rate at the air-water surface and dilational elasticity was highly dependent on molecular size of reacting sugars. In addition, oil remaining in the samples also had a bearing on the extent of Maillard conjugation. Consequently, tailoring of processing conditions could enhance foaming characteristics of BC proteins and ensure their utilization in food foams and other food dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgenur Coşkun
- Department of Food Engineering, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University (İZÜ), Küçükçekmece, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Furkan Çağlar
- Department of Food Engineering, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University (İZÜ), Küçükçekmece, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilal Çakır
- Halal Foods R&D Center, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University (İZÜ), Küçükçekmece, İstanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Gülseren
- Department of Food Engineering, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University (İZÜ), Küçükçekmece, İstanbul, Turkey
- İZÜ Food and Agricultural Research Center (GTAUM), Halkalı Campus, Küçükçekmece, 34303 İstanbul, Turkey
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10
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Maalej A, Elloumi W, Angelov I, Kardaleva P, Dimitrov V, Chamkha M, Guncheva M, Sayadi S. Pistacia lentiscus by-product as a promising source of phenolic compounds and carotenoids: Purification, biological potential and binding properties. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Luna-Valdez J, Balandrán-Quintana R, Azamar-Barrios J, Mendoza-Wilson A, Ramos-Clamont Montfort G. A spectroscopic approach to determine the formation mechanism of biopolymer particles from wheat bran proteins. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Wang L, Marciello M, Estévez‐Gay M, Soto Rodriguez PED, Luengo Morato Y, Iglesias‐Fernández J, Huang X, Osuna S, Filice M, Sánchez S. Enzyme Conformation Influences the Performance of Lipase‐powered Nanomotors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Baldiri i Reixac 10–12 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Marzia Marciello
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Lab Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) Plaza Ramón y Cajal 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Miquel Estévez‐Gay
- Compbiolab Group Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Carrer Maria Aurelia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Spain
| | - Paul E. D. Soto Rodriguez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Baldiri i Reixac 10–12 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Yurena Luengo Morato
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Lab Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) Plaza Ramón y Cajal 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Iglesias‐Fernández
- Compbiolab Group Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Carrer Maria Aurelia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Spain
| | - Xin Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Sílvia Osuna
- Compbiolab Group Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Carrer Maria Aurelia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Marco Filice
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Lab Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) Plaza Ramón y Cajal 28040 Madrid Spain
- Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging Unit Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC) Calle Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3 28029 Madrid Spain
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Baldiri i Reixac 10–12 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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13
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Wang L, Marciello M, Estévez‐Gay M, Soto Rodriguez PED, Luengo Morato Y, Iglesias‐Fernández J, Huang X, Osuna S, Filice M, Sánchez S. Enzyme Conformation Influences the Performance of Lipase‐powered Nanomotors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21080-21087. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Baldiri i Reixac 10–12 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Marzia Marciello
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Lab Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) Plaza Ramón y Cajal 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Miquel Estévez‐Gay
- Compbiolab Group Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Carrer Maria Aurelia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Spain
| | - Paul E. D. Soto Rodriguez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Baldiri i Reixac 10–12 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Yurena Luengo Morato
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Lab Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) Plaza Ramón y Cajal 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Iglesias‐Fernández
- Compbiolab Group Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Carrer Maria Aurelia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Spain
| | - Xin Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Sílvia Osuna
- Compbiolab Group Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Carrer Maria Aurelia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Marco Filice
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Lab Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) Plaza Ramón y Cajal 28040 Madrid Spain
- Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging Unit Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC) Calle Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3 28029 Madrid Spain
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Baldiri i Reixac 10–12 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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14
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The optimization of glycidyl methacrylate based terpolymer monolith synthesis: an effective Candida rugosa lipase immobilization support. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Ramos‐de‐la‐Peña AM, Aguilar O. High Pressure Processing of Lipase (
Thermomyces lanuginosus)
: Kinetics and Structure Assessment. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mayela Ramos‐de‐la‐Peña
- Tecnologico de Monterrey School of Engineering and Science, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur Monterrey Nuevo Leon 64849 Mexico
| | - Oscar Aguilar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey School of Engineering and Science, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur Monterrey Nuevo Leon 64849 Mexico
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16
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Salgın S, Çakal M, Salgın U. Kinetic resolution of racemic naproxen methyl ester by magnetic and non-magnetic cross-linked lipase aggregates. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 50:148-155. [PMID: 31647366 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1679178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the non-magnetic and the magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) from Candida rugosa lipase were synthesized to catalyze the kinetic resolution reaction of naproxen methyl ester (NME). Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) were produced through co-precipitation method and their surfaces were modified by silanization reaction. The MIONPs were used as a platform to synthesize the magnetic CLEAs (M-CLEAs). The biocatalysts and MIONPs synthesized were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and SEM analysis. The kinetic resolution of racemic NME was studied in aqueous buffer solution/isooctane biphasic system to compare the performance of M-CLEAs and CLEAs. The effects of reaction parameters such as temperature, pH, stirring rate on the enantiomeric excess of the substrate (ees%) were investigated in a batch reactor system. The activity recovery of CRL enzyme in CLEAs was higher than M-CLEAs. Compared with M-CLEAs, CLEAs biocatalysts had previously reached ees% values. Although both biocatalysts showed similar cavity structure from SEM analysis, the lower performance of M-CLEAs may be due to the different microenvironments of M-CLEAs from CLEAs. However, the reusability performance of M-CLEAs was higher than that of CLEAs. The optimal reaction conditions for M-CLEAs and CLEAs were found to be 37 °C, pH 7.5, and 300 rpm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Salgın
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Çakal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Uğur Salgın
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Mir DA, Balamurugan K. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of Caenorhabditis elegans recombinant antimicrobial protein against Gram-negative bacteria. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:900-921. [PMID: 31617758 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1675048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short, positively charged host defense peptides, found in various life forms from microorganisms to humans. AMPs are gaining more attention as substitutes for antibiotics in order to combat the risk posed by multi-drug- resistant pathogens. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans relies solely on its innate immune defense to cope with its challenging life-style. Bacterial infection in C. elegans leads to induction of antimicrobial proteins, defensins, nemapores, cecropins, and neuropeptide-like proteins, which act to limit bacterial proliferation. This study reports how the C. elegans recombinant antibacterial factor (ABF-1) rapidly inhibited bacterial growth (Salmonella Typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella sonnei and Vibrio alginolyticus). The ABF-1 exposure on S. Typhi, showed differential regulation in cell-cycle, DNA repair mechanism, membrane stability, and stress related proteins. The exogenous supply of ABF-1 protein has extended C. elegans survival by reducing the bacterial colony forming units on the nematode intestine. Together, these findings indicate the valuable and potential therapeutic applications of ABF-1 protein as antimicrobial agents against intracellular pathogens.
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18
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Fahmy HM, Ismail AM, El-Feky AS, Abu Serea ES, Elshemey WM. Plasma membrane proteins: A new probe for the characterization of breast cancer. Life Sci 2019; 234:116777. [PMID: 31465734 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to characterize normal, benign and malignant excised breast tissues through the analysis of the FTIR spectra of their plasma membrane proteins. Tissue characterization parameters such as peak position, peak intensity, area under the peak, relative peak intensity and relative area under peak were evaluated mainly for protein spectral peaks; 1150 cm-1, Amide I, Amide II, Amide III, and Amide A. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy for each parameter were obtained and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves were plotted. Results showed significant spectral differences between normal and benign tissues compared to malignant tissues at 1536 and 1645 cm-1. The three tissues could be distinguished at 2900 cm-1, where the malignant peak uniquely split into two separate peaks. ROC curves showed that the Amide A peak position yielded a higher accuracy compared to all other investigated characterization parameters. The deconvolution of Amide I revealed the conformational changes in plasma proteins characterizing the transformation to malignancy (a decrease in the percentage of alpha helix accompanied by an increase in the percentage of beta sheets). The use of the present structure-based analysis in conjunction with histopathological examination of excised breast tissues would offer an enhanced characterization that might reduce possible personal diagnostic mistakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M Fahmy
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt.
| | - Alaa M Ismail
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt
| | - Amena S El-Feky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt
| | - Esraa S Abu Serea
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt
| | - Wael M Elshemey
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University in Madinah, kSA
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19
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Schramm A, Bignon C, Brocca S, Grandori R, Santambrogio C, Longhi S. An arsenal of methods for the experimental characterization of intrinsically disordered proteins - How to choose and combine them? Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 676:108055. [PMID: 31356778 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we detail the most common experimental approaches to assess and characterize protein intrinsic structural disorder, with the notable exception of NMR and EPR spectroscopy, two ideally suited approaches that will be described in depth in two other reviews within this special issue. We discuss the advantages, the limitations, as well as the caveats of the various methods. We also describe less common and more demanding approaches that enable achieving further insights into the conformational properties of IDPs. Finally, we present recent developments that have enabled assessment of structural disorder in living cells, and discuss the currently available methods to model IDPs as conformational ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Schramm
- CNRS and Aix-Marseille Univ, Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Bignon
- CNRS and Aix-Marseille Univ, Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Stefania Brocca
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Grandori
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Santambrogio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Longhi
- CNRS and Aix-Marseille Univ, Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Marseille, France.
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20
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Demirbaş Ö, Çalımlı MH, Demirkan B, Alma MH, Nas MS, Khan A, Asiri AM, Şen F. Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Adsorption Properties of Biomolecules onto Carbon-Based Materials Obtained from Food Wastes. BIONANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-019-00628-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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21
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Demirbas O, Calimli MH, Kuyuldar E, Alma MH, Nas MS, Sen F. Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic of Adsorption of Enzymes on Diatomite Clay Materials. BIONANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-019-00615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Highly active nanobiocatalysis in deep eutectic solvents via metal-driven enzyme-surfactant nanocomposite. J Biotechnol 2019; 292:39-49. [PMID: 30690095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Metal-driven papain-surfactant nanocomposite (PA@MSNC), a novel soft nanobiocatalyst, was successfully prepared via one-pot self-assembly technique in aqueous solution for the biosynthesis of N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-L-alanyl-L-glutamine (Z-Ala-Gln) dipeptide in deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The metal-driven self-assembly process generated PA@MSNC as nanospheres of ˜130 nm in diameter, with high protein loading and relative enzyme activity of 420 mg/g and 80% (4270 U/g protein), respectively. PA@MSNC showed high apparent substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency. The stability of PA@MSNC at high temperature and extreme pH was significantly higher than that of free PA. Catalysis efficiency for the biosynthesis of Z-Ala-Gln by PA@MSNC in choline chloride: glycerol reaction medium was 1.69-fold higher than that of free PA, achieving a high product yield of 75.7% within 4 h. PA@MSNC also showed better techno-economic performance. We propose that enzyme-surfactant nanocomposite via metal-driven dynamically reversible coordination interactions contribute simultaneously promotes catalytic flexibility and configurational stability. The generated PA@MSNC has potential practical implications for green synthesis of dipeptide in DESs.
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23
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Bedade DK, Muley AB, Singhal RS. Magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates of acrylamidase from Cupriavidus oxalaticus ICTDB921 for biodegradation of acrylamide from industrial waste water. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 272:137-145. [PMID: 30336395 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamidase from Cupriavidus oxalaticus ICTDB921 was immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for degradation of acrylamide (a group 2A carcinogen and an environmental contaminant) from industrial waste water. Acrylamidase-MNPs were prepared (maximum recovery ∼94%) at optimized process parameters viz. 1.5:1 (v/v) of acetone: crude acrylamidase/5 mM of glutaraldehyde/90 min/1.5:1 of enzyme: MNP ratio. MNPs and acrylamidase-MNPs were characterized by particle size analysis, FTIR, XRD, SEM and vibrating sample magnetometer. Acrylamidase-MNPs showed a shift in optimum pH (8-8.5) and temperature (60-65 °C) with higher pH/thermal stability vis-à-vis free enzyme. A significant increase in kinetic constants, thermal inactivation constants and thermodynamic parameters were noted for acrylamidase-MNPs. A complete degradation of acrylamide ∼2100 mg/L was achieved in industrial waste water under optimized conditions for batch process and the kinetics was best represented by Haldane model. Acrylamidase-MNPs retained >80% of its initial activity after 4 cycles for both pure acrylamide and industrial waste water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatray K Bedade
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
| | - Abhijeet B Muley
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
| | - Rekha S Singhal
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India.
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Kołodziejczak-Radzimska A, Zdarta J, Ciesielczyk F, Jesionowski T. An organofunctionalized MgO∙SiO2 hybrid support and its performance in the immobilization of lipase from Candida rugosa. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-018-0146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Bolibok P, Roszek K, Wiśniewski M. Chemical and Biochemical Approach to Make a Perfect Biocatalytic System on Carbonaceous Matrices. Methods Enzymol 2018; 609:221-245. [PMID: 30244791 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic processes are widely used in food industry, pharmacy, cosmetic and household chemistry, and medicine. However, the common and efficient application of the biological catalysts is limited by a number of factors that influence enzymes activity. One of the most frequent methods to improve the biocatalysts' properties is immobilization. This chapter presents a recent overview of our attempts to obtain the perfect biocatalytic system. The experimental approach, proposed in this chapter, includes the critical points like: the choice of adequate immobilization method, most suitable carrier, determination of enzyme kinetic parameters, stability, and toxicity of obtained systems. As carbon materials including graphene-derived materials offer unique properties and a plenty of different modifications, these parameters seem to be of decisive importance to understand chemistry of complex systems. Consideration of all the mentioned requirements lead us to the conclusion that graphene oxide could be the best candidate for support in perfect biocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Bolibok
- Faculty of Chemistry, Physicochemistry of Carbon Materials Research Group, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Roszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marek Wiśniewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Physicochemistry of Carbon Materials Research Group, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
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26
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Laity PR, Baldwin E, Holland C. Changes in Silk Feedstock Rheology during Cocoon Construction: The Role of Calcium and Potassium Ions. Macromol Biosci 2018; 19:e1800188. [PMID: 30040173 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Variation in silk feedstocks is a barrier both to our understanding of natural spinning and biomimetic endeavors. To address this, compositional changes are investigated in feedstock specimens from the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori). It is found that the feedstock viscosity decreased systematically by over two orders of magnitude during cocoon construction. Potential factors such as protein concentration, molecular weight, pH, or the presence of trehalose are excluded, whereas a clear correlation appear between viscosity and the relative concentrations of Ca2+ and K+ ions. It is expected that Ca2+ ions would favor "salt bridges" between acidic (Asp and Glu) amino acids, leading to an increased viscosity, whereas K+ ions would compete for these sites, thereby reducing viscosity. Thus, these findings suggest a simple, systematic yet sophisticated control of feedstock viscosity in the silkworm, which in turn can be applied to future industrial silk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Laity
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Elizabeth Baldwin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Chris Holland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
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27
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Biophysical characterization of a recombinant lipase KV1 from Acinetobacter haemolyticus in relation to pH and temperature. Biochimie 2018; 152:198-210. [PMID: 30036604 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic and calorimetric methods were employed to assess the stability and the folding aspect of a novel recombinant alkaline-stable lipase KV1 from Acinetobacter haemolyticus under varying pH and temperature. Data on far ultraviolet-circular dichroism of recombinant lipase KV1 under two alkaline conditions (pH 8.0 and 12.0) at 40 °C reveal strong negative ellipticities at 208, 217, 222 nm, implying its secondary structure belonging to a α + β class with 47.3 and 39.0% ellipticity, respectively. Results demonstrate that lipase KV1 adopts its most stable conformation at pH 8.0 and 40 °C. Conversely, the protein assumes a random coil structure at pH 4.0 and 80 °C, evident from a strong negative peak at ∼ 200 nm. This blue shift suggests a general decline in enzyme activity in conjunction with the partially or fully unfolded state that invariably exposed more hydrophobic surfaces of the lipase protein. The maximum emission at ∼335 nm for pH 8.0 and 40 °C indicates the adoption of a favorable protein conformation with a high number of buried tryptophan residues, reducing solvent exposure. Appearance of an intense Amide I absorption band at pH 8.0 corroborates an intact secondary structure. A lower enthalpy value for pH 4.0 over pH 8.0 and 12.0 in the differential scanning calorimetric data corroborates the stability of the lipase at alkaline conditions, while a low Km (0.68 ± 0.03 mM) for tributyrin verifies the high affinity of lipase KV1 for the substrate. The data, herein offer useful insights into future structure-based tunable catalytic activity of lipase KV1.
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28
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Califano V, Bloisi F, Perretta G, Aronne A, Ausanio G, Costantini A, Vicari L. Frozen Microemulsions for MAPLE Immobilization of Lipase. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122153. [PMID: 29206163 PMCID: PMC6149894 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) was deposited by matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) in order to immobilize the enzyme with a preserved native conformation, which ensures its catalytic functionality. For this purpose, the composition of the MAPLE target was optimized by adding the oil phase pentane to a water solution of the amino acid 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methyl-l-alanine (m-DOPA), giving a target formed by a frozen water-lipase-pentane microemulsion. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to investigate the structure of MAPLE deposited lipase films. FTIR deconvolution of amide I band indicated a reduction of unfolding and aggregation, i.e., a better preserved lipase secondary structure in the sample deposited from the frozen microemulsion target. AFM images highlighted the absence of big aggregates on the surface of the sample. The functionality of the immobilized enzyme to promote transesterification was determined by thin layer chromatography, resulting in a modified specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Bloisi
- CNR-SPIN and Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | | | - Antonio Aronne
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Ausanio
- CNR-SPIN and Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Aniello Costantini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Luciano Vicari
- CNR-SPIN and Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
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29
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Guglielmelli A, Rizzuti B, Guzzi R. Stereoselective and domain-specific effects of ibuprofen on the thermal stability of human serum albumin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 112:122-131. [PMID: 29158196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ibuprofen is one of the most used anti-inflammatory drugs, and it is transported in the blood by human serum albumin, a major plasmatic protein with a peculiar adaptability in the binding of several different ligands. We have characterized the interaction between albumin and ibuprofen, either in racemic mixture, or in the S(+) and R(-) enantiomeric forms, by using differential scanning calorimetry, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that increasing concentrations of ibuprofen (up to sixfold drug/protein molar ratio) improve the protein resistance to thermal unfolding without altering the secondary structure. Deconvolution of the calorimetric thermal profiles at different albumin/ibuprofen molar ratios demonstrates a selective stability of the protein domains where the binding sites of the drug are localized. At the highest ibuprofen concentration, the melting temperature increased by about 10°C with respect to the drug-free protein, whereas the unfolding enthalpy maintains an almost constant value. Furthermore, the degree of protein stabilization depends upon the chirality of the drug, and the R(-) enantiomer is more effective compared to the S(+) form. The stability is supported by molecular dynamics simulations, showing that ibuprofen maintains a stable coordination in the most favorable binding sites, leading to a more compact protein structure at high temperature. The overall results attest that the binding of ibuprofen determines on albumin a stereoselective and domain-specific stabilization with a predominantly entropic character, contributing to clarify significant aspects of the molecular mechanism of protein/drug interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Guglielmelli
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Bruno Rizzuti
- CNR-NANOTEC, Licryl-UOS Cosenza and CEMIF.Cal, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Rita Guzzi
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
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30
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Kinetic resolution of 1,2-diols using immobilized Burkholderia cepacia lipase: A combined experimental and molecular dynamics investigation. J Biotechnol 2017; 262:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Structure and properties of oil palm-based nanocellulose reinforced chitosan nanocomposite for efficient synthesis of butyl butyrate. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 176:281-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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32
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Katayama M, Kuroiwa T, Suzuno K, Igusa A, Matsui T, Kanazawa A. Hydration-aggregation pretreatment for drastically improving esterification activity of commercial lipases in non-aqueous media. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 105:30-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Yi S, Dai F, Zhao C, Si Y. A reverse micelle strategy for fabricating magnetic lipase-immobilized nanoparticles with robust enzymatic activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9806. [PMID: 28852219 PMCID: PMC5575323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-immobilized nanoparticles that are both catalysis effective and recyclable would have wide applications ranging from bioengineering and food industry to environmental fields; however, creating such materials has proven extremely challenging. Herein, we present a scalable methodology to create Candida rugosa lipase-immobilized magnetic nanoparticles (L-MNPs) by the combination of nonionic reverse micelle method and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Our approach causes the naturally abundant and sustainable Candida rugose lipase to ordered-assemble into nanoparticles with high catalytic activity and durability. The resultant L-MNPs exhibit the integrated properties of high porosity, large surface area, fractal dimension, robust enzymatic activity, good durability, and high magnetic saturation (59 emu g-1), which can effectively catalyze pentyl valerate esterification and be easily separated by an external magnet in 60 second. The fabrication of such fascinating L-MNPs may provide new insights for developing functional enzyme-immobilized materials towards various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology & College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Fangyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology & College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Cunyi Zhao
- Fiber and Polymer Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yang Si
- Fiber and Polymer Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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34
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Bolibok P, Wiśniewski M, Roszek K, Terzyk AP. Controlling enzymatic activity by immobilization on graphene oxide. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2017; 104:36. [PMID: 28361348 PMCID: PMC5374183 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, graphene oxide (GO) has been applied as a matrix for enzyme immobilization. The protein adsorption capacity of GO is much higher than of other large surface area carbonaceous materials. Its structure and physicochemical properties are reported beneficial also for enzymatic activity modifications. The experimental proof was done here that GO-based biocatalytic systems with immobilized catalase are modifiable in terms of catalyzed reaction kinetic constants. It was found that activity and stability of catalase, considered here as model enzyme, closely depend on enzyme/GO ratio. The changes in kinetic parameters can be related to secondary structure alterations. The correlation between enzyme/GO ratio and kinetic and structure parameters is reported for the first time and enables the conscious control of biocatalytic processes and their extended applications. The biological activity of obtained biocatalytic systems was confirmed in vitro by the use of functional test. The addition of immobilized catalase improved the cells' viability after they were exposed to hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl-hydroperoxide used as source of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Bolibok
- Faculty of Chemistry, Physicochemistry of Carbon Materials Research Group, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarin St. 7, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marek Wiśniewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Physicochemistry of Carbon Materials Research Group, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarin St. 7, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
- INVEST-TECH R&D Center, Plaska St. 32-34, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Roszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarin St. 7, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Artur P Terzyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Physicochemistry of Carbon Materials Research Group, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarin St. 7, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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35
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Sarangi NK, Ganesan M, Muraleedharan K, Patnaik A. Regio-selective lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of oxanorbornane-based sugar-like amphiphiles at air–water interface: A polarized FT-IRRAS study. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 204:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Support engineering: relation between development of new supports for immobilization of lipases and their applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biori.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Adhikari BR, Schraft H, Chen A. A high-performance enzyme entrapment platform facilitated by a cationic polymer for the efficient electrochemical sensing of ethanol. Analyst 2017; 142:2595-2602. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00594f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient enzyme entrapment approach using a cationic polymer has been demonstrated for the development of a high-performance ethanol biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi Schraft
- Department of Biology
- Lakehead University
- Thunder Bay
- Canada
| | - Aicheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Lakehead University
- Thunder Bay
- Canada
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38
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The impact of N-glycosylation on conformation and stability of immunoglobulin Y from egg yolk. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 96:129-136. [PMID: 27988289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is a new therapeutic antibody, and its applications in industry are very broad. To provide insight into the effects of N-glycosylation on IgY, its conformation and stability were studied. In this research, IgY was extracted from egg yolk and then digested by peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine-amidase. SDS-PAGE and infrared absorption spectrum showed that carbohydrates were distinctly reduced after enzymolysis. The circular dichroism spectrum indicated that the IgY molecule became more flexible and disordered after removal of N-glycan. The fluorescence intensity revealed that Trp residues were buried in a more hydrophobic environment after disposal of N-glycan. Storage stability decreased with the removal of oligosaccharide chains based on size-exclusion chromatography analysis. Deglycosylated IgY exhibited less resistance to guanidine hydrochloride-induced unfolding. After deglycosylation, IgY was more sensitive to pepsin. Therefore, N-glycosylation played an important role in the maintenance of the structure and stability of IgY.
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39
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Tudorache M, Gheorghe A, Viana AS, Parvulescu VI. Biocatalytic epoxidation of α-pinene to oxy-derivatives over cross-linked lipase aggregates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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The Candida rugosa lipase adsorbed onto titania as nano biocatalyst with improved thermostability and reuse potential in aqueous and organic media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Mathesh M, Luan B, Akanbi TO, Weber JK, Liu J, Barrow CJ, Zhou R, Yang W. Opening Lids: Modulation of Lipase Immobilization by Graphene Oxides. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Motilal Mathesh
- Centre
for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental
Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Binquan Luan
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Centre, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Taiwo O. Akanbi
- Centre
for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental
Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Jeffrey K. Weber
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Centre, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Jingquan Liu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Colin J. Barrow
- Centre
for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental
Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Ruhong Zhou
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Centre, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Wenrong Yang
- Centre
for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental
Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
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42
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Elshemey WM, Ismail AM, Elbialy NS. Molecular-Level Characterization of Normal, Benign, and Malignant Breast Tissues Using FTIR Spectroscopy. J Med Biol Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-016-0133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Graphene oxide derivatives with variable alkyl chain length and terminal functional groups as supports for stabilization of cytochrome c. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 84:227-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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Prlainović NŽ, Bezbradica DI, Rogan JR, Uskoković PS, Mijin DŽ, Marinković AD. Surface functionalization of oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Candida rugosa lipase immobilization. CR CHIM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Raspanti M, Caravà E, Sgambato A, Natalello A, Russo L, Cipolla L. The collaggrecan: Synthesis and visualization of an artificial proteoglycan. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 86:65-70. [PMID: 26797224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An artificial aggrecan-like proteoglycan has been designed and synthesized in vitro. At variance with natural proteoglycans, whose glycosaminoglycan chains are always O-linked via a tetrasaccharide bridge to the serine residues of a specific protein core, the present structure consists of chondroitin-6-sulfate chains directly bound to the lysine and hydroxylysine residues of a collagen molecule backbone. The resulting macromolecule has been characterized by histochemistry, atomic force microscopy and FTIR. The number of variables involved (e.g., length and type of the collagen backbone, glycosaminoglycan species, sulfation type and pattern, molecular weight, number and length of side chains, etc.) makes possible to conceive an almost endless variety of artificial proteoglycans, each precisely tailored to a specific functional role. In addition to their use as biomaterials, glycated collagens interact with cells in complex ways and a previous study has already shown the ability of a glycated collagen to redirect fibroblastoma cells from proliferation to differentiation. The research is still underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Raspanti
- Department of Surgical & Morphological Sciences, Insubria University, Via Monte Generoso 71, 21100 Varese, Italy.
| | - Elena Caravà
- Department of Surgical & Morphological Sciences, Insubria University, Via Monte Generoso 71, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Antonella Sgambato
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Russo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Cipolla
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
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46
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Califano V, Ausanio G, Bloisi F, Aronne A, Vicari LR, Nasti L. m-DOPA addition in MAPLE immobilization of lipase for biosensor applications. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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47
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Simple adsorption of Candida rugosa lipase onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes for sustainable production of the flavor ester geranyl propionate. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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48
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Li L, Ji F, Wang J, Jiang B, Li Y, Bao Y. Efficient mono-acylation of fructose by lipase-catalyzed esterification in ionic liquid co-solvents. Carbohydr Res 2015; 416:51-8. [PMID: 26343327 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fructose monoesters are eco-friendly nonionic surfactants in various applications. Selective preparation of mono-acylated fructose is challenging due to the multiple hydroxyl sites available for acylation both chemically and enzymatically. Ionic liquids (ILs) have profound impacts not only on the reaction media but also on the catalytic properties of enzymes in the acylation process. In this study, utilizing an IL co-solvent system, selective synthesis of mono-acylated fructose with lauric acid catalyzed by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) was investigated. The imidazolium-based ILs selected as co-solvents with 2-methyl-2-butanol (2M2B) markedly improved the ratios of monolauroyl fructose in the presence of 60% [BMIM][TfO] (v/v) and 20% [BMIM][BF4] (v/v), in which the mono-acylated fructose was 85% and 78% respectively. Based on a Ping-Pong Bi-Bi model, a kinetic equation was fitted, by which the kinetic parameters revealed that the affinity between fructose and acyl-enzyme intermediate was enhanced. The inhibition effect of fructose on free enzyme was weakened in the presence of IL co-solvents. The conformation of CALB binding substrates also changed in the co-solvent system as demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectra. These results demonstrated that the variation of CALB kinetic characteristics was a crucial factor for the selectivity of mono-acylation in ILs/2M2B co-solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fangling Ji
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingyun Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yachen Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Yongming Bao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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49
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Effect of two series ionic liquids based on non-nutritive sweeteners on catalytic activity and stability of the industrially important lipases from Candida rugosa and Rhizopus delemar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Mohamad NR, Buang NA, Mahat NA, Lok YY, Huyop F, Aboul-Enein HY, Abdul Wahab R. A facile enzymatic synthesis of geranyl propionate by physically adsorbed Candida rugosa lipase onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 72:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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