1
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Gobet A, Zampieri V, Magnard S, Pebay-Peyroula E, Falson P, Chaptal V. The non-Newtonian behavior of detergents during concentration is increased by macromolecules, in trans, and results in their over-concentration. Biochimie 2023; 205:53-60. [PMID: 36087644 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Concentration of pure membrane proteins in detergent solution results in detergent concentration, albeit in unknown amounts. This phenomenon is observed in every lab working on membrane proteins, but has seldom been investigated. In this study, we explored the behavior of detergents mixed with membrane proteins during the step of sample concentration using centrifugal devices. We show that detergent over-concentrate with the presence of polymers, typically membrane or soluble proteins but also polysaccharides. The over-concentration of detergents depends on centrifugal force applied to the device. With the use of a specific dye, we observed the formation of a mesh on the concentrator device. Importantly, reducing the centrifugal speed allows to reduce the concentration of detergents when mixed to macromolecules, as tested with 3 different membrane proteins. All together, these results highlight the non-Newtonian behavior of detergents and provides a solid framework to investigators to improve drastically biochemical and structural studies of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Gobet
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR5086 CNRS University lyon1, 7 passage du vercors, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Veronica Zampieri
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Magnard
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR5086 CNRS University lyon1, 7 passage du vercors, 69007, Lyon, France
| | | | - Pierre Falson
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR5086 CNRS University lyon1, 7 passage du vercors, 69007, Lyon, France.
| | - Vincent Chaptal
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR5086 CNRS University lyon1, 7 passage du vercors, 69007, Lyon, France.
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2
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Marconnet A, Michon B, Prost B, Solgadi A, Le Bon C, Giusti F, Tribet C, Zoonens M. Influence of Hydrophobic Groups Attached to Amphipathic Polymers on the Solubilization of Membrane Proteins along with Their Lipids. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14151-14158. [PMID: 36200347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in membrane protein (MP) research is to secure physiologically relevant structural and functional information after extracting MPs from their native membrane. Amphipathic polymers represent attractive alternatives to detergents for stabilizing MPs in aqueous solutions. The predominant polymers used in MP biochemistry and biophysics are amphipols (APols), one class of which, styrene maleic acid (SMA) copolymers and their derivatives, has proven particularly efficient at MP extraction. In order to examine the relationship between the chemical structure of the polymers and their ability to extract MPs from membranes, we have developed two novel classes of APols bearing either cycloalkane or aryl (aromatic) rings, named CyclAPols and ArylAPols, respectively. The effect on solubilization of such parameters as the density of hydrophobic groups, the number of carbon atoms and their arrangement in the hydrophobic moieties, as well as the charge density of the polymers was evaluated. The membrane-solubilizing efficiency of the SMAs, CyclAPols, and ArylAPols was compared using as models (i) two MPs, BmrA and a GFP-fused version of LacY, overexpressed in the inner membrane of Escherichia coli, and (ii) bacteriorhodopsin, naturally expressed in the purple membrane of Halobacterium salinarum. This analysis shows that, as compared to SMAs, the novel APols feature an improved efficiency at extracting MPs while preserving native protein-lipid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Marconnet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, CNRS, UMR 7099, Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France.,Fondation Edmond de Rothschild pour le développement de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Baptiste Michon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, CNRS, UMR 7099, Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France.,Fondation Edmond de Rothschild pour le développement de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Bastien Prost
- UMS-IPSIT SAMM, Inserm, CNRS, Ingénierie et Plateformes au Service de l'Innovation Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Audrey Solgadi
- UMS-IPSIT SAMM, Inserm, CNRS, Ingénierie et Plateformes au Service de l'Innovation Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Christel Le Bon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, CNRS, UMR 7099, Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France.,Fondation Edmond de Rothschild pour le développement de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Giusti
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, CNRS, UMR 7099, Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France.,Fondation Edmond de Rothschild pour le développement de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Tribet
- P.A.S.T.E.U.R., Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Manuela Zoonens
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, CNRS, UMR 7099, Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France.,Fondation Edmond de Rothschild pour le développement de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, F-75005 Paris, France
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3
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Pérez Carrillo VH, Rose-Sperling D, Tran MA, Wiedemann C, Hellmich UA. Backbone NMR assignment of the nucleotide binding domain of the Bacillus subtilis ABC multidrug transporter BmrA in the post-hydrolysis state. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2022; 16:81-86. [PMID: 34988902 PMCID: PMC9068644 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-021-10063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
ATP binding cassette (ABC) proteins are present in all phyla of life and form one of the largest protein families. The Bacillus subtilis ABC transporter BmrA is a functional homodimer that can extrude many different harmful compounds out of the cell. Each BmrA monomer is composed of a transmembrane domain (TMD) and a nucleotide binding domain (NBD). While the TMDs of ABC transporters are sequentially diverse, the highly conserved NBDs harbor distinctive conserved motifs that enable nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, interdomain communication and that mark a protein as a member of the ABC superfamily. In the catalytic cycle of an ABC transporter, the NBDs function as the molecular motor that fuels substrate translocation across the membrane via the TMDs and are thus pivotal for the entire transport process. For a better understanding of the structural and dynamic consequences of nucleotide interactions within the NBD at atomic resolution, we determined the 1H, 13C and 15N backbone chemical shift assignments of the 259 amino acid wildtype BmrA-NBD in its post-hydrolytic, ADP-bound state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Pérez Carrillo
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Dania Rose-Sperling
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Mai Anh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Wiedemann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ute A Hellmich
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence "Balance of the Microverse", Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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4
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Oepen K, Özbek H, Schüffler A, Liermann JC, Thines E, Schneider D. Myristic Acid Inhibits the Activity of the Bacterial ABC Transporter BmrA. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413565. [PMID: 34948362 PMCID: PMC8707315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are conserved in all kingdoms of life, where they transport substrates against a concentration gradient across membranes. Some ABC transporters are known to cause multidrug resistances in humans and are able to transport chemotherapeutics across cellular membranes. Similarly, BmrA, the ABC transporter of Bacillus subtilis, is involved in excretion of certain antibiotics out of bacterial cells. Screening of extract libraries isolated from fungi revealed that the C14 fatty acid myristic acid has an inhibitory effect on the BmrA ATPase as well as the transport activity. Thus, a natural membrane constituent inhibits the BmrA activity, a finding with physiological consequences as to the activity and regulation of ABC transporter activities in biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Oepen
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (K.O.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Hüseyin Özbek
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF), 55128 Mainz, Germany; (H.Ö.); (A.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Anja Schüffler
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF), 55128 Mainz, Germany; (H.Ö.); (A.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Johannes C. Liermann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (K.O.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF), 55128 Mainz, Germany; (H.Ö.); (A.S.); (E.T.)
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (K.O.); (J.C.L.)
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6131-39-25833
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5
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Li D, Chu W, Sheng X, Li W. Optimization of Membrane Protein TmrA Purification Procedure Guided by Analytical Ultracentrifugation. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11100780. [PMID: 34677546 PMCID: PMC8537081 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins are involved in various cellular processes. However, purification of membrane proteins has long been a challenging task, as membrane protein stability in detergent is the bottleneck for purification and subsequent analyses. Therefore, the optimization of detergent conditions is critical for the preparation of membrane proteins. Here, we utilize analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) to examine the effects of different detergents (OG, Triton X-100, DDM), detergent concentrations, and detergent supplementation on the behavior of membrane protein TmrA. Our results suggest that DDM is more suitable for the purification of TmrA compared with OG and TritonX-100; a high concentration of DDM yields a more homogeneous protein aggregation state; supplementing TmrA purified with a low DDM concentration with DDM maintains the protein homogeneity and aggregation state, and may serve as a practical and cost-effective strategy for membrane protein purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Li
- Institute of Biomedicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.L.); (W.C.)
- National Protein Science Facility, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wendan Chu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.L.); (W.C.)
- National Protein Science Facility, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinlei Sheng
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-1062782031 (W.L.)
| | - Wenqi Li
- Institute of Biomedicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.L.); (W.C.)
- National Protein Science Facility, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-1062782031 (W.L.)
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6
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Zampieri V, Hilpert C, Garnier M, Gestin Y, Delolme S, Martin J, Falson P, Launay G, Chaptal V. The Det.Belt Server: A Tool to Visualize and Estimate Amphipathic Solvent Belts around Membrane Proteins. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:459. [PMID: 34206634 PMCID: PMC8307592 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11070459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Detergents wrap around membrane proteins to form a belt covering the hydrophobic part of the protein serving for membrane insertion and interaction with lipids. The number of detergent monomers forming this belt is usually unknown to investigators, unless dedicated detergent quantification is undertaken, which for many projects is difficult to setup. Yet, having an approximate knowledge of the amount of detergent forming the belt is extremely useful, to better grasp the protein of interest in interaction with its direct environment rather than picturing the membrane protein "naked". We created the Det.Belt server to dress up membrane proteins and represent in 3D the bulk made by detergent molecules wrapping in a belt. Many detergents are included in a database, allowing investigators to screen in silico the effect of different detergents around their membrane protein. The input number of detergents is changeable with fast recomputation of the belt for interactive usage. Metrics representing the belt are readily available together with scripts to render quality 3D images for publication. The Det.Belt server is a tool for biochemists to better grasp their sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Zampieri
- EMBL Grenoble, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, CEDEX 9, 38042 Grenoble, France;
| | - Cécile Hilpert
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory (CNRS UMR 5086), University of Lyon, IBCP, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.H.); (M.G.); (Y.G.); (S.D.); (J.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Mélanie Garnier
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory (CNRS UMR 5086), University of Lyon, IBCP, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.H.); (M.G.); (Y.G.); (S.D.); (J.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Yannick Gestin
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory (CNRS UMR 5086), University of Lyon, IBCP, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.H.); (M.G.); (Y.G.); (S.D.); (J.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Sébastien Delolme
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory (CNRS UMR 5086), University of Lyon, IBCP, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.H.); (M.G.); (Y.G.); (S.D.); (J.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Juliette Martin
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory (CNRS UMR 5086), University of Lyon, IBCP, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.H.); (M.G.); (Y.G.); (S.D.); (J.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Pierre Falson
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory (CNRS UMR 5086), University of Lyon, IBCP, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.H.); (M.G.); (Y.G.); (S.D.); (J.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Guillaume Launay
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory (CNRS UMR 5086), University of Lyon, IBCP, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.H.); (M.G.); (Y.G.); (S.D.); (J.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Vincent Chaptal
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory (CNRS UMR 5086), University of Lyon, IBCP, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.H.); (M.G.); (Y.G.); (S.D.); (J.M.); (P.F.)
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7
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Wehbie M, Onyia KK, Mahler F, Le Roy A, Deletraz A, Bouchemal I, Vargas C, Babalola JO, Breyton C, Ebel C, Keller S, Durand G. Maltose-Based Fluorinated Surfactants for Membrane-Protein Extraction and Stabilization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2111-2122. [PMID: 33539092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two new surfactants, F5OM and F5DM, were designed as partially fluorinated analogues of n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (DDM). The micellization properties and the morphologies of the aggregates formed by the two surfactants in water and phosphate buffer were evaluated by NMR spectroscopy, surface tension measurement, isothermal titration calorimetry, dynamic light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and analytical ultracentrifugation. As expected, the critical micellar concentration (cmc) was found to decrease with chain length of the fluorinated tail from 2.1-2.5 mM for F5OM to 0.3-0.5 mM for F5DM, and micellization was mainly entropy-driven at 25 °C. Close to their respective cmc, the micelle sizes were similar for both surfactants, that is, 7 and 13 nm for F5OM and F5DM, respectively, and both increased with concentration forming 4 nm diameter rods with maximum dimensions of 50 and 70 nm, respectively, at a surfactant concentration of ∼30 mM. The surfactants were found to readily solubilize lipid vesicles and extract membrane proteins directly from Escherichia coli membranes. They were found more efficient than the commercial fluorinated detergent F6H2OM over a broad range of concentrations (1-10 mM) and even better than DDM at low concentrations (1-5 mM). When transferred into the two new surfactants, the thermal stability of the proteins bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and FhuA was higher than in the presence of their solubilization detergents and similar to that in DDM; furthermore, bR was stable over several months. The membrane enzymes SpNOX and BmrA were not as active as in DDM micelles but similarly active as in F6OM. Together, these findings indicate both extracting and stabilizing properties of the new maltose-based fluorinated surfactants, making them promising tools in MP applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moheddine Wehbie
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM) & Avignon University, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Systèmes amphiphiles, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, 84916 cedex 9 Avignon, France
| | - Kenechi Kanayo Onyia
- Molecular Biophysics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, 200284 Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Florian Mahler
- Molecular Biophysics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Aline Le Roy
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anais Deletraz
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM) & Avignon University, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Systèmes amphiphiles, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, 84916 cedex 9 Avignon, France
| | - Ilham Bouchemal
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Carolyn Vargas
- Molecular Biophysics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences (IMB), NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstr. 50/III 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Cécile Breyton
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Ebel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sandro Keller
- Molecular Biophysics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences (IMB), NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstr. 50/III 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Grégory Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM) & Avignon University, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Systèmes amphiphiles, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, 84916 cedex 9 Avignon, France
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8
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Lactobionamide-based fluorinated detergent for functional and structural stabilization of membrane proteins. Methods 2020; 180:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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9
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Functional Reconstitution of HlyB, a Type I Secretion ABC Transporter, in Saposin-A Nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8436. [PMID: 31182729 PMCID: PMC6558041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44812-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I secretion systems (T1SS) are ubiquitous transport machineries in Gram-negative bacteria. They comprise a relatively simple assembly of three membrane-localised proteins: an inner-membrane complex composed of an ABC transporter and a membrane fusion protein, and a TolC-like outer membrane component. T1SS transport a wide variety of substrates with broad functional diversity. The ABC transporter hemolysin B (HlyB), for example, is part of the hemolysin A-T1SS in Escherichia coli. In contrast to canonical ABC transporters, an accessory domain, a C39 peptidase-like domain (CLD), is located at the N-terminus of HlyB and is essential for secretion. In this study, we have established an optimised purification protocol for HlyB and the subsequent reconstitution employing the saposin-nanoparticle system. We point out the negative influence of free detergent on the basal ATPase activity of HlyB, studied the influence of a lysolipid or lipid matrix on activity and present functional studies with the full-length substrate proHlyA in its folded and unfolded states, which both have a stimulatory effect on the ATPase activity.
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10
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Dauvergne J, Desuzinges EM, Faugier C, Igonet S, Soulié M, Grousson E, Cornut D, Bonneté F, Durand G, Dejean E, Jawhari A. Glycosylated Amphiphilic Calixarene‐Based Detergent for Functional Stabilization of Native Membrane Proteins. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elodie Mandon Desuzinges
- CALIXAR 60 avenue Rockefeller 69008 Lyon France
- CHEM2STAB, laboratoire commun 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – 84916 Avignon cedex 9 France
| | - Clarisse Faugier
- CALIXAR 60 avenue Rockefeller 69008 Lyon France
- CHEM2STAB, laboratoire commun 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – 84916 Avignon cedex 9 France
| | - Sébastien Igonet
- CALIXAR 60 avenue Rockefeller 69008 Lyon France
- CHEM2STAB, laboratoire commun 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – 84916 Avignon cedex 9 France
| | - Marine Soulié
- CHEM2STAB, laboratoire commun 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – 84916 Avignon cedex 9 France
- Avignon University, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Systèmes amphiphiles 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – 84916 Avignon cedex 9 France. Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM)
| | - Emilie Grousson
- CHEM2STAB, laboratoire commun 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – 84916 Avignon cedex 9 France
- Avignon University, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Systèmes amphiphiles 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – 84916 Avignon cedex 9 France. Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM)
| | - Damien Cornut
- CHEM2STAB, laboratoire commun 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – 84916 Avignon cedex 9 France
- Avignon University, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Systèmes amphiphiles 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – 84916 Avignon cedex 9 France. Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM)
| | - Françoise Bonneté
- CHEM2STAB, laboratoire commun 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – 84916 Avignon cedex 9 France
- Current address: Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7099, CNRS, Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
- Avignon University, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Systèmes amphiphiles 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – 84916 Avignon cedex 9 France. Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM)
| | - Grégory Durand
- CHEM2STAB, laboratoire commun 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – 84916 Avignon cedex 9 France
- Avignon University, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Systèmes amphiphiles 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – 84916 Avignon cedex 9 France. Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM)
| | - Emmanuel Dejean
- CALIXAR 60 avenue Rockefeller 69008 Lyon France
- CHEM2STAB, laboratoire commun 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – 84916 Avignon cedex 9 France
| | - Anass Jawhari
- CALIXAR 60 avenue Rockefeller 69008 Lyon France
- CHEM2STAB, laboratoire commun 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – 84916 Avignon cedex 9 France
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11
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Guillet P, Mahler F, Garnier K, Nyame Mendendy Boussambe G, Igonet S, Vargas C, Ebel C, Soulié M, Keller S, Jawhari A, Durand G. Hydrogenated Diglucose Detergents for Membrane-Protein Extraction and Stabilization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:4287-4295. [PMID: 30767533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report herein the design and synthesis of a novel series of alkyl glycoside detergents consisting of a nonionic polar headgroup that comprises two glucose moieties in a branched arrangement (DG), onto which octane-, decane-, and dodecanethiols were grafted leading to ODG, DDG, and DDDG detergents, respectively. Micellization in aqueous solution was studied by isothermal titration calorimetry, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and surface tensiometry. Critical micellar concentration values were found to decrease by a factor of ∼10 for each pair of methylene groups added to the alkyl chain, ranging from ∼0.05 to 9 mM for DDDG and ODG, respectively. Dynamic light scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation sedimentation velocity experiments were used to investigate the size and composition of the micellar aggregates, showing that the aggregation number significantly increased from ∼40 for ODG to ∼80 for DDDG. All new compounds were able to solubilize membrane proteins (MPs) from bacterial membranes, insect cells, as well as the Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. In particular, native human adenosine receptor (A2AR) and bacterial transporter (BmrA) were solubilized efficiently. Striking thermostability improvements of +13 and +8 °C were observed when ODG and DDG were, respectively, applied to wild-type and full-length A2AR. Taken together, this novel detergent series shows promising detergent potency for solubilization and stabilization of membrane proteins (MPs) and thus makes a valuable addition to the chemical toolbox available for extracting and handling these important but challenging MP targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Guillet
- Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Systèmes Amphiphiles , Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM) & Avignon University , 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza , 84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
- CHEM2STAB , 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza , 84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
| | - Florian Mahler
- Molecular Biophysics , Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) , Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13 , 67663 Kaiserslautern , Germany
| | - Kelly Garnier
- CHEM2STAB , 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza , 84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
- CALIXAR , 60 Avenue Rockefeller , 69008 Lyon , France
| | - Gildas Nyame Mendendy Boussambe
- Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Systèmes Amphiphiles , Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM) & Avignon University , 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza , 84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
- CHEM2STAB , 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza , 84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
| | - Sébastien Igonet
- CHEM2STAB , 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza , 84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
- CALIXAR , 60 Avenue Rockefeller , 69008 Lyon , France
| | - Carolyn Vargas
- Molecular Biophysics , Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) , Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13 , 67663 Kaiserslautern , Germany
| | - Christine Ebel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, CNRS, IBS , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Marine Soulié
- Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Systèmes Amphiphiles , Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM) & Avignon University , 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza , 84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
- CHEM2STAB , 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza , 84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
| | - Sandro Keller
- Molecular Biophysics , Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) , Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13 , 67663 Kaiserslautern , Germany
| | - Anass Jawhari
- CHEM2STAB , 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza , 84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
- CALIXAR , 60 Avenue Rockefeller , 69008 Lyon , France
| | - Grégory Durand
- Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Systèmes Amphiphiles , Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM) & Avignon University , 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza , 84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
- CHEM2STAB , 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza , 84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
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12
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Breyton C, Javed W, Vermot A, Arnaud CA, Hajjar C, Dupuy J, Petit-Hartlein I, Le Roy A, Martel A, Thépaut M, Orelle C, Jault JM, Fieschi F, Porcar L, Ebel C. Assemblies of lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol (LMNG) and LMNG-solubilized membrane proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:939-957. [PMID: 30776334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Laurylmaltose neopentylglycol (LMNG) bears two linked hydrophobic chains of equal length and two hydrophilic maltoside groups. It arouses a strong interest in the field of membrane protein biochemistry, since it was shown to efficiently solubilize and stabilize membrane proteins often better than the commonly used dodecylmaltopyranoside (DDM), and to allow structure determination of some challenging membrane proteins. However, LMNG was described to form large micelles, which could be unfavorable for structural purposes. We thus investigated its auto-assemblies and the association state of different membrane proteins solubilized in LMNG by analytical ultracentrifugation, size exclusion chromatography coupled to light scattering, centrifugation on sucrose gradient and/or small angle scattering. At high concentrations (in the mM range), LMNG forms long rods, and it stabilized the membrane proteins investigated herein, i.e. a bacterial multidrug transporter, BmrA; a prokaryotic analogous of the eukaryotic NADPH oxidases, SpNOX; an E. coli outer membrane transporter, FhuA; and the halobacterial bacteriorhodopsin, bR. BmrA, in the Apo and the vanadate-inhibited forms showed reduced kinetics of limited proteolysis in LMNG compared to DDM. Both SpNOX and BmrA display an increased specific activity in LMNG compared to DDM. The four proteins form LMNG complexes with their usual quaternary structure and with usual amount of bound detergent. No heterogeneous complexes related to the large micelle size of LMNG alone were observed. In conditions where LMNG forms assemblies of large size, FhuA crystals diffracting to 4.0 Å were obtained by vapor diffusion. LMNG large micelle size thus does not preclude membrane protein homogeneity and crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Breyton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Structural Biology (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Waqas Javed
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Structural Biology (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France; University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR5086, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, IBCP, Lyon 69367, France
| | - Annelise Vermot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Structural Biology (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Charles-Adrien Arnaud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Structural Biology (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Hajjar
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Structural Biology (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jérôme Dupuy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Structural Biology (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Petit-Hartlein
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Structural Biology (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Aline Le Roy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Structural Biology (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Martel
- Institut Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Michel Thépaut
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Structural Biology (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Cédric Orelle
- University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR5086, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, IBCP, Lyon 69367, France
| | - Jean-Michel Jault
- University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR5086, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, IBCP, Lyon 69367, France
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Structural Biology (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Porcar
- Institut Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Ebel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Structural Biology (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France.
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13
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Lacabanne D, Lends A, Danis C, Kunert B, Fogeron ML, Jirasko V, Chuilon C, Lecoq L, Orelle C, Chaptal V, Falson P, Jault JM, Meier BH, Böckmann A. Gradient reconstitution of membrane proteins for solid-state NMR studies. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2017; 69:81-91. [PMID: 28900789 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-017-0135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We here adapted the GRecon method used in electron microscopy studies for membrane protein reconstitution to the needs of solid-state NMR sample preparation. We followed in detail the reconstitution of the ABC transporter BmrA by dialysis as a reference, and established optimal reconstitution conditions using the combined sucrose/cyclodextrin/lipid gradient characterizing GRecon. We established conditions under which quantitative reconstitution of active protein at low lipid-to-protein ratios can be obtained, and also how to upscale these conditions in order to produce adequate amounts for NMR. NMR spectra recorded on a sample produced by GRecon showed a highly similar fingerprint as those recorded previously on samples reconstituted by dialysis. GRecon sample preparation presents a gain in time of nearly an order of magnitude for reconstitution, and shall represent a valuable alternative in solid-state NMR membrane protein sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Lacabanne
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Alons Lends
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clément Danis
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Britta Kunert
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Vlastimil Jirasko
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claire Chuilon
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Cédric Orelle
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Chaptal
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Falson
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Michel Jault
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France.
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14
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Quantification of Detergents Complexed with Membrane Proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41751. [PMID: 28176812 PMCID: PMC5297245 DOI: 10.1038/srep41751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Most membrane proteins studies require the use of detergents, but because of the lack of a general, accurate and rapid method to quantify them, many uncertainties remain that hamper proper functional and structural data analyses. To solve this problem, we propose a method based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) that allows quantification of pure or mixed detergents in complex with membrane proteins. We validated the method with a wide variety of detergents and membrane proteins. We automated the process, thereby allowing routine quantification for a broad spectrum of usage. As a first illustration, we show how to obtain information of the amount of detergent in complex with a membrane protein, essential for liposome or nanodiscs reconstitutions. Thanks to the method, we also show how to reliably and easily estimate the detergent corona diameter and select the smallest size, critical for favoring protein-protein contacts and triggering/promoting membrane protein crystallization, and to visualize the detergent belt for Cryo-EM studies.
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15
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Overexpression, Membrane Preparation, and Purification of a Typical Multidrug ABC Transporter BmrA. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27485334 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3637-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The production and purification is normally the first step in any biophysical or biochemical study of a new target protein. For membrane proteins, due to their generally low expression levels and hydrophobic properties this is often a major hurdle. Some multidrug transporters are members of one of the largest families of membrane proteins, the ABC ("ATP-binding cassette"), and are responsible for the uptake and export of a wide variety of molecules. This can lead to resistance when those molecules are antibiotics or chemotherapy drugs. To better understand their role in multidrug resistance pure and active protein is required. Here we outline a protocol to produce a highly pure and functionally active multidrug transporter BmrA that is suitable for use in biophysical and biochemical studies. We show that BmrA can be heterologously overexpressed in huge amount in E. coli and extracted from the membrane in a functionally active form.
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16
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17
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Stubborn contaminants: influence of detergents on the purity of the multidrug ABC transporter BmrA. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114864. [PMID: 25517996 PMCID: PMC4269414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in membrane proteins, their crystallization remains a major challenge. In the course of a crystallographic study on the multidrug ATP-binding cassette transporter BmrA, mass spectral analyses on samples purified with six selected detergents revealed unexpected protein contamination visible for the most part on overloaded SDS-PAGE. A major contamination from the outer membrane protein OmpF was detected in purifications with Foscholine 12 (FC12) but not with Lauryldimethylamine-N-oxide (LDAO) or any of the maltose-based detergents. Consequently, in the FC12 purified BmrA, OmpF easily crystallized over BmrA in a new space group, and whose structure is reported here. We therefore devised an optimized protocol to eliminate OmpF during the FC12 purification of BmrA. On the other hand, an additional band visible at ∼110 kDa was detected in all samples purified with the maltose-based detergents. It contained AcrB that crystallized over BmrA despite its trace amounts. Highly pure BmrA preparations could be obtained using either a ΔacrAB E. coli strain and n-dodecyl-β-D-maltopyranoside, or a classical E. coli strain and lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol for the overexpression and purification, respectively. Overall our results urge to incorporate a proteomics-based purity analysis into quality control checks prior to commencing crystallization assays of membrane proteins that are notoriously arduous to crystallize. Moreover, the strategies developed here to selectively eliminate obstinate contaminants should be applicable to the purification of other membrane proteins overexpressed in E. coli.
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18
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Surma MA, Szczepaniak A, Króliczewski J. Comparative studies on detergent-assisted apocytochrome b6 reconstitution into liposomal bilayers monitored by Zetasizer instruments. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111341. [PMID: 25423011 PMCID: PMC4244035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper is a systematic, comparative study on the reconstitution of an apocytochrome b6 purified from a heterologous system using a detergent-free method and reconstitution into liposomes performed using three different detergents: SDS, Triton X-100 and DM, and two methods of detergent removal by dialysis and using Bio-Beads. The product size, its distribution and zeta potential, and other parameters were monitored throughout the process. We found that zeta potential of proteoliposomes is correlated with reconstitution efficiency and, as such, can serve as a quick and convenient quality control for reconstitution experiments. We also advocate using detergent-free protein purification methods as they allow for an unfettered choice of detergent for reconstitution, which is the most crucial factor influencing the final product parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał A. Surma
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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19
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Schaedler TA, Thornton JD, Kruse I, Schwarzländer M, Meyer AJ, van Veen HW, Balk J. A conserved mitochondrial ATP-binding cassette transporter exports glutathione polysulfide for cytosolic metal cofactor assembly. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:23264-74. [PMID: 25006243 PMCID: PMC4156053 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.553438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An ATP-binding cassette transporter located in the inner mitochondrial membrane is involved in iron-sulfur cluster and molybdenum cofactor assembly in the cytosol, but the transported substrate is unknown. ATM3 (ABCB25) from Arabidopsis thaliana and its functional orthologue Atm1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were expressed in Lactococcus lactis and studied in inside-out membrane vesicles and in purified form. Both proteins selectively transported glutathione disulfide (GSSG) but not reduced glutathione in agreement with a 3-fold stimulation of ATPase activity by GSSG. By contrast, Fe2+ alone or in combination with glutathione did not stimulate ATPase activity. Arabidopsis atm3 mutants were hypersensitive to an inhibitor of glutathione biosynthesis and accumulated GSSG in the mitochondria. The growth phenotype of atm3-1 was strongly enhanced by depletion of the mitochondrion-localized, GSH-dependent persulfide oxygenase ETHE1, suggesting that the physiological substrate of ATM3 contains persulfide in addition to glutathione. Consistent with this idea, a transportomics approach using mass spectrometry showed that glutathione trisulfide (GS-S-SG) was transported by Atm1. We propose that mitochondria export glutathione polysulfide, containing glutathione and persulfide, for iron-sulfur cluster assembly in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia A Schaedler
- From the John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, the Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy D Thornton
- From the John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Inga Kruse
- From the John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, the School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- the Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- the Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hendrik W van Veen
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom, and
| | - Janneke Balk
- From the John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, the School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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20
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Bagag A, Jault JM, Sidahmed-Adrar N, Réfrégiers M, Giuliani A, Le Naour F. Characterization of hydrophobic peptides in the presence of detergent by photoionization mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79033. [PMID: 24236085 PMCID: PMC3827311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of membrane proteins is still challenging. The major issue is the high hydrophobicity of membrane proteins that necessitates the use of detergents for their extraction and solubilization. The very poor compatibility of mass spectrometry with detergents remains a tremendous obstacle in studies of membrane proteins. Here, we investigated the potential of atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) for mass spectrometry study of membrane proteins. This work was focused on the tetraspanin CD9 and the multidrug transporter BmrA. A set of peptides from CD9, exhibiting a broad range of hydropathicity, was investigated using APPI as compared to electrospray ionization (ESI). Mass spectrometry experiments revealed that the most hydrophobic peptides were hardly ionized by ESI whereas all peptides, including the highly hydrophobic one that corresponds to the full sequence of the first transmembrane domain of CD9, were easily ionized by APPI. The native protein BmrA purified in the presence of the non-ionic detergent beta-D-dodecyl maltoside (DDM) was digested in-solution using trypsin. The resulting peptides were investigated by flow injection analysis of the mixture followed by mass spectrometry. Upon ESI, only detergent ions were detected and the ionic signals from the peptides were totally suppressed. In contrast, APPI allowed many peptides distributed along the sequence of the protein to be detected. Furthermore, the parent ion corresponding to the first transmembrane domain of the protein BmrA was detected under APPI conditions. Careful examination of the APPI mass spectrum revealed a-, b-, c- and y- fragment ions generated by in-source fragmentation. Those fragment ions allowed unambiguous structural characterization of the transmembrane domain. In conclusion, APPI-MS appears as a versatile method allowing the ionization and fragmentation of hydrophobic peptides in the presence of detergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aïcha Bagag
- Inserm, U785, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Michel Jault
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, UMR 5075, Grenoble, France
- CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Nazha Sidahmed-Adrar
- Inserm, U785, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Alexandre Giuliani
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- INRA, UAR 1008 CEPIA, Nantes, France
| | - François Le Naour
- Inserm, U785, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
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21
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Pollock NL, McDevitt CA, Collins R, Niesten PHM, Prince S, Kerr ID, Ford RC, Callaghan R. Improving the stability and function of purified ABCB1 and ABCA4: the influence of membrane lipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:134-47. [PMID: 24036079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters play prominent roles in numerous cellular processes and many have been implicated in human diseases. Unfortunately, detailed mechanistic information on the majority of ABC transporters has not yet been elucidated. The slow rate of progress of molecular and high resolution structural studies may be attributed to the difficulty in the investigation of integral membrane proteins. These difficulties include the expression of functional, non-aggregated protein in heterologous systems. Furthermore, the extraction of membrane proteins from source material remains a major bottle-neck in the process since there are relatively few guidelines for selection of an appropriate detergent to achieve optimal extraction. Whilst affinity tag strategies have simplified the purification of membrane proteins; many challenges remain. For example, the chromatographic process and associated steps can rapidly lead to functional inactivation, random aggregation, or even precipitation of the target protein. Furthermore, optimisation of high yield and purity, does not guarantee successful structure determination. Based on this series of potential issues, any investigation into structure-function of membrane proteins requires a systematic evaluation of preparation quality. In particular, the evaluation should focus on function, homogeneity and mono-dispersity. The present investigation provides a detailed assessment of the quality of purified ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters; namely ABCB1 (P-gp) and ABCA4 (ABCR). A number of suggestions are provided to facilitate the production of functional, homogeneous and mono-disperse preparations using the insect cell expression system. Finally, the ABCA4 samples have been used to provide structural insights into this essential photo-receptor cell protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L Pollock
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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22
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Le Roy A, Nury H, Wiseman B, Sarwan J, Jault JM, Ebel C. Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation in hydrogenated and deuterated solvents for the characterization of membrane proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1033:219-251. [PMID: 23996181 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-487-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This chapter is a step-by-step protocol for setting up, realizing, and analyzing sedimentation velocity experiments in hydrogenated and deuterated solvents, in the context of the characterization of membrane protein, in terms of homogeneity, association state, and amount of bound detergent, based on a real case study of the membrane protein BmrA solubilized in n-Dodecyl-β-D-Maltopyranoside) detergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Le Roy
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CEA, Grenoble, France
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23
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Dach I, Olesen C, Signor L, Nissen P, le Maire M, Møller JV, Ebel C. Active detergent-solubilized H+,K+-ATPase is a monomer. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41963-78. [PMID: 23055529 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.398768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The H(+),K(+)-ATPase pumps protons or hydronium ions and is responsible for the acidification of the gastric fluid. It is made up of an α-catalytic and a β-glycosylated subunit. The relation between cation translocation and the organization of the protein in the membrane are not well understood. We describe here how pure and functionally active pig gastric H(+),K(+)-ATPase with an apparent Stokes radius of 6.3 nm can be obtained after solubilization with the non-ionic detergent C(12)E(8), followed by exchange of C(12)E(8) with Tween 20 on a Superose 6 column. Mass spectroscopy indicates that the β-subunit bears an excess mass of 9 kDa attributable to glycosylation. From chemical analysis, there are 0.25 g of phospholipids and around 0.024 g of cholesterol bound per g of protein. Analytical ultracentrifugation shows one main complex, sedimenting at s(20,)(w) = 7.2 ± 0.1 S, together with minor amounts of irreversibly aggregated material. From these data, a buoyant molecular mass is calculated, corresponding to an H(+),K(+)-ATPase α,β-protomer of 147.3 kDa. Complementary sedimentation velocity with deuterated water gives a picture of an α,β-protomer with 0.9-1.4 g/g of bound detergent and lipids and a reasonable frictional ratio of 1.5, corresponding to a Stokes radius of 7.1 nm. An α(2),β(2) dimer is rejected by the data. Light scattering coupled to gel filtration confirms the monomeric state of solubilized H(+),K(+)-ATPase. Thus, α,β H(+),K(+)-ATPase is active at least in detergent and may plausibly function as a monomer, as has been established for other P-type ATPases, Ca(2+)-ATPase and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Dach
- Center for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Diseases, Danish Research Foundation, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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24
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Lewis VG, Ween MP, McDevitt CA. The role of ATP-binding cassette transporters in bacterial pathogenicity. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:919-942. [PMID: 22246051 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily is present in all three domains of life. This ubiquitous class of integral membrane proteins have diverse biological functions, but their fundamental role involves the unidirectional translocation of compounds across cellular membranes in an ATP coupled process. The importance of this class of proteins in eukaryotic systems is well established as typified by their association with genetic diseases and roles in the multi-drug resistance of cancer. In stark contrast, the ABC transporters of prokaryotes have not been exhaustively investigated due to the sheer number of different roles and organisms in which they function. In this review, we examine the breadth of functions associated with microbial ABC transporters in the context of their contribution to bacterial pathogenicity and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Lewis
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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25
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Boncoeur E, Durmort C, Bernay B, Ebel C, Di Guilmi AM, Croizé J, Vernet T, Jault JM. PatA and PatB Form a Functional Heterodimeric ABC Multidrug Efflux Transporter Responsible for the Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to Fluoroquinolones. Biochemistry 2012; 51:7755-65. [DOI: 10.1021/bi300762p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Boncoeur
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Institut de Biologie Structurale,
Grenoble, France, CNRS, Institut de Biologie
Structurale, Grenoble, France, and CEA,
Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Durmort
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Institut de Biologie Structurale,
Grenoble, France, CNRS, Institut de Biologie
Structurale, Grenoble, France, and CEA,
Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Benoît Bernay
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Institut de Biologie Structurale,
Grenoble, France, CNRS, Institut de Biologie
Structurale, Grenoble, France, and CEA,
Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Ebel
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Institut de Biologie Structurale,
Grenoble, France, CNRS, Institut de Biologie
Structurale, Grenoble, France, and CEA,
Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Marie Di Guilmi
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Institut de Biologie Structurale,
Grenoble, France, CNRS, Institut de Biologie
Structurale, Grenoble, France, and CEA,
Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Jacques Croizé
- Unité de bactériologie, CHU la Tronche, Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Vernet
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Institut de Biologie Structurale,
Grenoble, France, CNRS, Institut de Biologie
Structurale, Grenoble, France, and CEA,
Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Michel Jault
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Institut de Biologie Structurale,
Grenoble, France, CNRS, Institut de Biologie
Structurale, Grenoble, France, and CEA,
Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
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26
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Haferkamp I, Linka N. Functional expression and characterisation of membrane transport proteins. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14:675-90. [PMID: 22639981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Membrane transporters set the framework organising the complexity of plant metabolism in cells, tissues and organisms. Their substrate specificity and controlled activity in different cells is a crucial part for plant metabolism to run pathways in concert. Transport proteins catalyse the uptake and exchange of ions, substrates, intermediates, products and cofactors across membranes. Given the large number of metabolites, a wide spectrum of transporters is required. The vast majority of in silico annotated membrane transporters in plant genomes, however, has not yet been functionally characterised. Hence, to understand the metabolic network as a whole, it is important to understand how transporters connect and control the metabolic pathways of plant cells. Heterologous expression and in vitro activity studies of recombinant transport proteins have highly improved their functional analysis in the last two decades. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in membrane protein expression and functional characterisation using various host systems and transport assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Haferkamp
- Plant Physiology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - N Linka
- Plant Physiology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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27
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Casabona MG, Silverman JM, Sall KM, Boyer F, Couté Y, Poirel J, Grunwald D, Mougous JD, Elsen S, Attree I. An ABC transporter and an outer membrane lipoprotein participate in posttranslational activation of type VI secretion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environ Microbiol 2012; 15:471-86. [PMID: 22765374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is capable of injecting protein toxins into other bacterial cells through one of its three type VI secretion systems (T6SSs). The activity of this T6SS is tightly regulated on the posttranslational level by phosphorylation-dependent and -independent pathways. The phosphorylation-dependent pathway consists of a Threonine kinase/phosphatase pair (PpkA/PppA) that acts on a forkhead domain-containing protein, Fha1, and a periplasmic protein, TagR, that positively regulates PpkA. In the present work, we biochemically and functionally characterize three additional proteins of the phosphorylation-dependent regulatory cascade that controls T6S activation: TagT, TagS and TagQ. We show that similar to TagR, these proteins act upstream of the PpkA/PppA checkpoint and influence phosphorylation of Fha1 and, apparatus assembly and effector export. Localization studies demonstrate that TagQ is an outer membrane lipoprotein and TagR is associated with the outer membrane. Consistent with their homology to lipoprotein outer membrane localization (Lol) components, TagT and TagS form a stable inner membrane complex with ATPase activity. However, we find that outer membrane association of T6SS lipoproteins TagQ and TssJ1, and TagR, is unaltered in a ΔtagTS background. Notably, we found that TagQ is indispensible for anchoring of TagR to the outer membrane fraction. As T6S-dependent fitness of P. aeruginosa requires TagT, S, R and Q, we conclude that these proteins likely participate in a trans-membrane signalling pathway that promotes H1-T6SS activity under optimal environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Casabona
- INSERM, UMR-S 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
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Dynamics of a bacterial multidrug ABC transporter in the inward- and outward-facing conformations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:10832-6. [PMID: 22711831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204067109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of membrane proteins remains a challenging task, and approaches to unravel their dynamics are scarce. Here, we applied hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) coupled to mass spectrometry to probe the motions of a bacterial multidrug ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, BmrA, in the inward-facing (resting state) and outward-facing (ATP-bound) conformations. Trypsin digestion and global or local HDX support the transition between inward- and outward-facing conformations during the catalytic cycle of BmrA. However, in the resting state, peptides from the two intracellular domains, especially ICD2, show a much faster HDX than in the closed state. This shows that these two subdomains are very flexible in this conformation. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations suggest a large fluctuation of the Cα positions from ICD2 residues in the inward-facing conformation of a related transporter, MsbA. These results highlight the unexpected flexibility of ABC exporters in the resting state and underline the power of HDX coupled to mass spectrometry to explore conformational changes and dynamics of large membrane proteins.
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29
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Korepanova A, Matayoshi ED. HPLC-SEC characterization of membrane protein-detergent complexes. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PROTEIN SCIENCE 2012; Chapter 29:29.5.1-29.5.12. [PMID: 22470129 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps2905s68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the oligomeric state of integral membrane proteins in detergent solutions is a challenging task because the amount of detergent associated with the protein is typically unknown and unpredictable. Methods that estimate the molecular weight of proteins from their hydrodynamic properties in solution are not suitable for detergent-solubilized membrane proteins. However, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) performed in combination with analyses of static light scattering (SLS), ultraviolet absorbance (UV), and refractive index (RI) provides a universal method for determination of the molar masses of biopolymers and protein-detergent complexes. The light scattered by a protein is directly proportional to its molecular mass, irrespective of shape, and any additional contributions due to bound detergent molecules can be quantitatively accounted for by the additional combined analysis of ultraviolet absorbance and refractive index information. The primary intention of this unit is to describe how to apply the combination of high-performance liquid chromatography SEC and SLS-UV-RI to evaluate molecular mass and the physicochemical heterogeneity of purified membrane protein-detergent complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Korepanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Advanced Technologies, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois
| | - Edmund D Matayoshi
- Department of Structural Biology, Advanced Technologies, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois
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30
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Biophysical characterisation of the Chlamydia pneumoniae integral membrane protein IncC in detergent micelles. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Optimized purification of a heterodimeric ABC transporter in a highly stable form amenable to 2-D crystallization. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19677. [PMID: 21602923 PMCID: PMC3094339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimized protocols for achieving high-yield expression, purification and reconstitution of membrane proteins are required to study their structure and function. We previously reported high-level expression in Escherichia coli of active BmrC and BmrD proteins from Bacillus subtilis, previously named YheI and YheH. These proteins are half-transporters which belong to the ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) superfamily and associate in vivo to form a functional transporter able to efflux drugs. In this report, high-yield purification and functional reconstitution were achieved for the heterodimer BmrC/BmrD. In contrast to other detergents more efficient for solubilizing the transporter, dodecyl-ß-D-maltoside (DDM) maintained it in a drug-sensitive and vanadate-sensitive ATPase-competent state after purification by affinity chromatography. High amounts of pure proteins were obtained which were shown either by analytical ultracentrifugation or gel filtration to form a monodisperse heterodimer in solution, which was notably stable for more than one month at 4°C. Functional reconstitution using different lipid compositions induced an 8-fold increase of the ATPase activity (kcat∼5 s−1). We further validated that the quality of the purified BmrC/BmrD heterodimer is suitable for structural analyses, as its reconstitution at high protein densities led to the formation of 2-D crystals. Electron microscopy of negatively stained crystals allowed the calculation of a projection map at 20 Å resolution revealing that BmrC/BmrD might assemble into oligomers in a lipidic environment.
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32
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Ebel C. Sedimentation velocity to characterize surfactants and solubilized membrane proteins. Methods 2011; 54:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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33
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Pérez-Victoria I, Pérez-Victoria FJ, Roldán-Vargas S, García-Hernández R, Carvalho L, Castanys S, Gamarro F, Morales JC, Pérez-Victoria JM. Non-reducing trisaccharide fatty acid monoesters: Novel detergents in membrane biochemistry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:717-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Krügel H, Licht A, Biedermann G, Petzold A, Lassak J, Hupfer Y, Schlott B, Hertweck C, Platzer M, Brantl S, Saluz HP. Cervimycin C resistance in Bacillus subtilis is due to a promoter up-mutation and increased mRNA stability of the constitutive ABC-transporter gene bmrA. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 313:155-63. [PMID: 21077936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two independent cervimycin C (CmC)-resistant clones of Bacillus subtilis were identified, each carrying two mutations in the intergenic region preceding the ABC transporter gene bmrA. In the double mutant, real-time PCR revealed an increased amount of bmrA mRNA with increased stability. Accordingly, isolation of membrane proteins yielded a strong band at 64 kDa corresponding to BmrA. Analyses showed that one mutation optimized the -35 box sequence conferring resistance to 3 μM CmC, while the +6 mutation alone had no effect, but increased the potential of the strain harboring the -35 mutation to grow at 5 μM CmC. Transcriptional fusions revealed an elevated bmrA promoter activity for the double mutant. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) confirmed a 30-fold higher binding affinity of RNA polymerase for this mutant compared with the wild type, and the effect was due to the -35 box alteration of the bmrA promoter. In vitro transcription experiments substantiated the results of the EMSA. EMSAs in the presence of heparin indicated that the mutations did not influence the formation and/or the stability of open complexes. Half-life measurements demonstrated that the +6 mutation stabilized bmrA mRNA ≈ 2-fold. Overall, we found that an ABC transporter confers antibiotic resistance by the cumulative effects of two mutations in the promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Krügel
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany.
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35
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Structural characterization of the intra-membrane histidine kinase YbdK from Bacillus subtilis in DPC micelles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 391:1506-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Herget M, Kreissig N, Kolbe C, Schölz C, Tampé R, Abele R. Purification and reconstitution of the antigen transport complex TAP: a prerequisite for determination of peptide stoichiometry and ATP hydrolysis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:33740-9. [PMID: 19808685 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.047779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is an essential machine of the adaptive immune system that translocates antigenic peptides from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen for loading of major histocompatibility class I molecules. To examine this ABC transport complex in mechanistic detail, we have established, after extensive screening and optimization, the solubilization, purification, and reconstitution for TAP to preserve its function in each step. This allowed us to determine the substrate-binding stoichiometry of the TAP complex by fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. In addition, the TAP complex shows strict coupling between peptide binding and ATP hydrolysis, revealing no basal ATPase activity in the absence of peptides. These results represent an optimal starting point for detailed mechanistic studies of the transport cycle of TAP by single molecule experiments to analyze single steps of peptide translocation and the stoichiometry between peptide transport and ATP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Herget
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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37
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Kodan A, Shibata H, Matsumoto T, Terakado K, Sakiyama K, Matsuo M, Ueda K, Kato H. Improved expression and purification of human multidrug resistance protein MDR1 from baculovirus-infected insect cells. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 66:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Zhang L, Aleksandrov LA, Zhao Z, Birtley JR, Riordan JR, Ford RC. Architecture of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein and structural changes associated with phosphorylation and nucleotide binding. J Struct Biol 2009; 167:242-51. [PMID: 19524678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe biochemical and structural studies of the isolated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. Using electron cryomicroscopy, low resolution three-dimensional structures have been obtained for the non-phosphorylated protein in the absence of nucleotide and for the phosphorylated protein with ATP. In the latter state, the cytosolic nucleotide-binding domains move closer together, forming a more compact packing arrangement. Associated with this is a reorganization within the cylindrical transmembrane domains, consistent with a shift from an inward-facing to outward-facing configuration. A region of density in the non-phosphorylated protein that extends from the bottom of the cytosolic regions up to the transmembrane domains is hypothesised to represent the unique regulatory region of CFTR. These data offer insights into the architecture of this ATP-binding cassette protein, and shed light on the global motions associated with nucleotide binding and priming of the chloride channel via phosphorylation of the regulatory region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, MIB, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
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39
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le Maire M, Arnou B, Olesen C, Georgin D, Ebel C, Møller JV. Gel chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation to determine the extent of detergent binding and aggregation, and Stokes radius of membrane proteins using sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase as an example. Nat Protoc 2009; 3:1782-95. [PMID: 18974737 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2008.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For structural studies of integral membrane proteins, including their 3D crystallization, the judicious use of detergent for solubilization and purification is required. Detergent binding by the solubilized protein is an important parameter to determine the hydrodynamic properties in terms of size and aggregational (monomeric/oligo(proto)meric) state of the protein. Detergent binding can be measured by gel filtration chromatography under equilibrium conditions and after separation from mixed micelles of solubilized lipid and detergent. Using sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase as an example, we demonstrate in this protocol complete procedures for measurement of detergent binding using (i) radiolabeled n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside (DM) or (ii) from measurements of the increase in refractive index due to the presence of bound detergent on the protein. The latter measurement can also be performed by sedimentation velocity (SV) analysis in the analytical ultracentrifuge which in addition allows determination of the sedimentation coefficient. In combination with estimation of Stokes radius by gel filtration calibration, the molecular mass and asymmetry of the solubilized protein can be calculated. In the proposed protocols, the gel chromatographic procedures require 1 d; SV experiments are performed just after size exclusion. The whole time for these experiments is 24 h. Data analysis of analytical ultracentrifugation requires a couple of days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc le Maire
- CEA, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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40
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Abstract
The development of MDR (multidrug resistance) in yeast is due to a number of mechanisms. The most documented mechanism is enhanced extrusion of drugs mediated by efflux pump proteins belonging to either the ABC (ATP-binding cassette) superfamily or MFS (major facilitator superfamily). These drug-efflux pump proteins are localized on the plasma membrane, and the milieu therein affects their proper functioning. Several recent studies demonstrate that fluctuations in membrane lipid composition affect the localization and proper functioning of the MDR efflux pump proteins. Interestingly, the efflux pumps of the ABC superfamily are particularly susceptible to imbalances in membrane-raft lipid constituents. This review focuses on the importance of the membrane environment in functioning of the drug-efflux pumps and explores a correlation between MDR and membrane lipid homoeostasis.
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41
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Structure, function, and evolution of bacterial ATP-binding cassette systems. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:317-64, table of contents. [PMID: 18535149 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00031-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 938] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY ATP-binding cassette (ABC) systems are universally distributed among living organisms and function in many different aspects of bacterial physiology. ABC transporters are best known for their role in the import of essential nutrients and the export of toxic molecules, but they can also mediate the transport of many other physiological substrates. In a classical transport reaction, two highly conserved ATP-binding domains or subunits couple the binding/hydrolysis of ATP to the translocation of particular substrates across the membrane, through interactions with membrane-spanning domains of the transporter. Variations on this basic theme involve soluble ABC ATP-binding proteins that couple ATP hydrolysis to nontransport processes, such as DNA repair and gene expression regulation. Insights into the structure, function, and mechanism of action of bacterial ABC proteins are reported, based on phylogenetic comparisons as well as classic biochemical and genetic approaches. The availability of an increasing number of high-resolution structures has provided a valuable framework for interpretation of recent studies, and realistic models have been proposed to explain how these fascinating molecular machines use complex dynamic processes to fulfill their numerous biological functions. These advances are also important for elucidating the mechanism of action of eukaryotic ABC proteins, because functional defects in many of them are responsible for severe human inherited diseases.
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42
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Touzé T, Blanot D, Mengin-Lecreulx D. Substrate specificity and membrane topology of Escherichia coli PgpB, an undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:16573-83. [PMID: 18411271 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800394200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of the lipid carrier undecaprenyl phosphate (C(55)-P) requires the dephosphorylation of its precursor, undecaprenyl pyrophosphate (C(55)-PP). The latter lipid is synthesized de novo in the cytosol and is also regenerated after its release from the C(55)-PP-linked glycans in the periplasm. In Escherichia coli the dephosphorylation of C(55)-PP was shown to involve four integral membrane proteins, BacA, and three members of the type 2 phosphatidic acid phosphatase family, PgpB, YbjG, and YeiU. Here, the PgpB protein was purified to homogeneity, and its phosphatase activity was examined. This enzyme was shown to catalyze the dephosphorylation of C(55)-PP with a relatively low efficiency compared with diacylglycerol pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate (C(15)-PP) lipid substrates. However, the in vitro C(55)-PP phosphatase activity of PgpB was specifically enhanced by different phospholipids. We hypothesize that the phospholipids are important determinants to ensure proper conformation of the atypical long axis C(55) carrier lipid in membranes. Furthermore, a topological analysis demonstrated that PgpB contains six transmembrane segments, a large periplasmic loop, and the type 2 phosphatidic acid phosphatase signature residues at a periplasmic location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Touzé
- Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8619, Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire and CNRS, Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, UMR 8619, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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43
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Orelle C, Gubellini F, Durand A, Marco S, Lévy D, Gros P, Di Pietro A, Jault JM. Conformational change induced by ATP binding in the multidrug ATP-binding cassette transporter BmrA. Biochemistry 2008; 47:2404-12. [PMID: 18215075 DOI: 10.1021/bi702303s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are involved in the transport of a wide variety of substrates, and ATP-driven dimerization of their nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) has been suggested to be one of the most energetic steps of their catalytic cycle. Taking advantage of the propensity of BmrA, a bacterial multidrug resistance ABC transporter, to form stable, highly ordered ring-shaped structures [Chami et al. (2002) J. Mol. Biol. 315, 1075-1085], we show here that addition of ATP in the presence of Mg2+ prevented ring formation or destroyed the previously formed rings. To pinpoint the catalytic step responsible for such an effect, two classes of hydrolysis-deficient mutants were further studied. In contrast to hydrolytically inactive glutamate mutants that behaved essentially as the wild-type, lysine Walker A mutants formed ring-shaped structures even in the presence of ATP-Mg. Although the latter mutants still bound ATP-Mg, and even slowly hydrolyzed it for the K380R mutant, they were most likely unable to undergo a proper NBD dimerization upon ATP-Mg addition. The ATP-driven dimerization step, which was still permitted in glutamate mutants and led to a stable conformation suitable to monitor the growth of 2D crystals, appeared therefore responsible for destabilization of the BmrA ring structures. Our results provide direct visual evidence that the ATP-induced NBD dimerization triggers a conformational change large enough in BmrA to destabilize the rings, which is consistent with the assumption that this step might constitute the "power stroke" for ABC transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Orelle
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon 1 and IFR 128 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
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44
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Ebel C. Characterization and Stabilization of Solubilized Membrane Proteins. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2008.10817522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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45
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Haviv H, Cohen E, Lifshitz Y, Tal DM, Goldshleger R, Karlish SJD. Stabilization of Na+,K+-ATPase Purified from Pichia pastoris Membranes by Specific Interactions with Lipids. Biochemistry 2007; 46:12855-67. [DOI: 10.1021/bi701248y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haim Haviv
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eytan Cohen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yael Lifshitz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Daniel M. Tal
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rivka Goldshleger
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Steven J. D. Karlish
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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46
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Velamakanni S, Janvilisri T, Shahi S, van Veen HW. A Functional Steroid-Binding Element in an ATP-Binding Cassette Multidrug Transporter. Mol Pharmacol 2007. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.038299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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47
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Abstract
MdfA is a 410-residue-long secondary multidrug transporter from E. coli. Cells expressing MdfA from a multicopy plasmid exhibit resistance against a diverse group of toxic compounds, including neutral and cationic ones, because of active multidrug export. As a prerequisite for high-resolution structural studies and a better understanding of the mechanism of substrate recognition and translocation by MdfA, we investigated its biochemical properties and overall structural characteristics. To this end, we purified the beta-dodecyl maltopyranoside (DDM)-solubilized protein using a 6-His tag and metal affinity chromatography, and size exclusion chromatography (SE-HPLC). Purified MdfA was analyzed for its DDM and phospholipid (PL) content, and tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+)-binding activity. The results are consistent with MdfA being an active monomer in DDM solution. Furthermore, an investigation of two-dimensional crystals by electron crystallography and 3D reconstruction lent support to the notion that MdfA may also be monomeric in reconstituted proteoliposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda Sigal
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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48
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Margolles A, Flórez AB, Moreno JA, van Sinderen D, de Los Reyes-Gavilán CG. Two membrane proteins from Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 constitute an ABC-type multidrug transporter. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 152:3497-3505. [PMID: 17159201 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.29097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic resistance to drugs is one of the main determining factors in bacterial survival in the intestinal ecosystem. This is mediated by, among others, multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters, membrane proteins which extrude noxious compounds with very different chemical structures and cellular targets. Two genes from Bifidobacterium breve encoding hypothetical membrane proteins with a high homology with members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of multidrug efflux transporters, were expressed separately and jointly in Lactococcus lactis. Cells co-expressing both proteins exhibited enhanced resistance levels to the antimicrobials nisin and polymyxin B. Furthermore, the drug extrusion activity in membrane vesicles was increased when both proteins were co-expressed, compared to membranes in which the proteins were produced independently. Both proteins were co-purified from the membrane as a stable complex in a 1:1 ratio. This is believed to be the first study of a functional ABC-type multidrug transporter in Bifidobacterium and contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the capacity of intestinal bacteria to tolerate cytotoxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abelardo Margolles
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra Infiesto s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Flórez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra Infiesto s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - José Antonio Moreno
- Department of Microbiology and Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra Infiesto s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- Department of Microbiology and Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Clara G de Los Reyes-Gavilán
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra Infiesto s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
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49
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Hofacker M, Gompf S, Zutz A, Presenti C, Haase W, van der Does C, Model K, Tampé R. Structural and functional fingerprint of the mitochondrial ATP-binding cassette transporter Mdl1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:3951-61. [PMID: 17150958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609899200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette half-transporter Mdl1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been proposed to be involved in the quality control of misassembled respiratory chain complexes by exporting degradation products generated by the m-AAA proteases from the matrix. Direct functional or structural data of the transport complex are, however, not known so far. After screening expression in various hosts, Mdl1 was overexpressed 100-fold to 1% of total mitochondrial membrane protein in S. cerevisiae. Based on detergent screens, Mdl1 was solubilized and purified to homogeneity. Mdl1 showed a high binding affinity for MgATP (Kd = 0.26 microm) and an ATPase activity with a Km of 0.86 mm (Hill coefficient of 0.98) and a turnover rate of 2.6 ATP/s. Mutagenesis of the conserved glutamate downstream of the Walker B motif (E599Q) or the conserved histidine of the H-loop (H631A) abolished ATP hydrolysis, whereas ATP binding was not affected. Mdl1 reconstituted into liposomes showed an ATPase activity similar to the solubilized complex. By single particle electron microscopy, a first three-dimensional structure of the mitochondrial ATP-binding cassette transporter was derived at 2.3-nm resolution, revealing a homodimeric complex in an open conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hofacker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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