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Gravdahl M, Aarstad OA, Petersen AB, Karlsen SG, Donati I, Czjzek M, Åstrand OAH, Rye PD, Tøndervik A, Sletta H, Aachmann FL, Skjåk-Bræk G. A chemo-enzymatic method for preparation of saturated oligosaccharides from alginate and other uronic acid-containing polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 343:122487. [PMID: 39174105 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides from uronic acid-containing polysaccharides can be produced either by chemical or enzymatic degradation. The benefit of using enzymes, called lyases, is their high specificity for various glycosidic linkages. Lyases cleave the polysaccharide chain by an β-elimination reaction, yielding oligosaccharides with an unsaturated sugar (4-deoxy-l-erythro-hex-4-enepyranosyluronate) at the non-reducing end. In this work we have systematically studied acid degradation of unsaturated uronic acid oligosaccharides. Based on these findings, a method for preparing saturated oligosaccharides by enzymatic degradation of uronic acid-containing polysaccharides was developed. This results in oligosaccharides with a pre-defined distribution and proportion of sugar residues compared to the products of chemical degradation, while maintaining the chemical structure of the non-reducing end. The described method was demonstrated for generating saturated oligosaccharides of alginate, heparin and polygalacturonic acid. In the case of alginate, the ratio of hydrolysis rate of Δ-G and Δ-M linkages to that of G-G and M-M linkages, respectively, was found to be approximately 65 and 43, at pH* 3.4, 90 °C. Finally, this method has been demonstrated to be superior in the production of α-l-guluronate oligosaccharides with a lower content of β-d-mannuronate residues compared to what can be achieved using chemical depolymerization alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Gravdahl
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Olav A Aarstad
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Agnes B Petersen
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Stina G Karlsen
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Mirjam Czjzek
- Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France.
| | | | - Philip D Rye
- AlgiPharma AS, Industriveien 33, Sandvika N-1337, Norway.
| | - Anne Tøndervik
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Håvard Sletta
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Nøkling-Eide K, Aachmann FL, Tøndervik A, Arlov Ø, Sletta H. In-process epimerisation of alginates from Saccharina latissima, Alaria esculenta and Laminaria hyperborea. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 325:121557. [PMID: 38008481 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Alginates are valued in many industries, due to their versatile properties. These polysaccharides originate from brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and some bacteria of the Azotobacter and Pseudomonas genera, consisting of 1 → 4 linked β-d-mannuronic acid (M), and its C5-epimer α-l-guluronic acid (G). Several applications rely on a high G-content, which confers good gelling properties. Because of its high natural G-content (FG = 0.60-0.75), the alginate from Laminaria hyperborea (LH) has sustained a thriving industry in Norway. Alginates from other sources can be upgraded with mannuronan C-5 epimerases that convert M to G, and this has been demonstrated in many studies, but not applied in the seaweed industry. The present study demonstrates epimerisation directly in the process of alginate extraction from cultivated Saccharina latissima (SL) and Alaria esculenta (AE), and the lamina of LH. Unlike conventional epimerisation, which comprises multiple steps, this in-process protocol can decrease the time and costs necessary for alginate upgrading. In-process epimerisation with AlgE1 enzyme enhanced G-content and hydrogel strength in all examined species, with the greatest effect on SL (FG from 0.44 to 0.76, hydrogel Young's modulus from 22 to 34 kPa). As proof of concept, an upscaled in-process epimerisation of alginate from fresh SL was successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Nøkling-Eide
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3 B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Finn Lillelund Aachmann
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Tøndervik
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3 B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øystein Arlov
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3 B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Sletta
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3 B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
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Premjit Y, Pandey S, Mitra J. Encapsulation of probiotics in freeze-dried calcium alginate and κ-carrageenan beads using definitive screening design: A comprehensive characterisation and in vitro digestion study. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:129279. [PMID: 38262834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
This research aimed to evaluate the encapsulation of the probiotic strain, Streptococcus thermophilus, in hydrogels employing sodium alginate (SA) with κ-carrageenan (κC) in gelation baths with varying salt concentrations (CaCl2 and KCl) followed by freeze-drying. The experimentation was conducted at varying levels of κC (0-0.5 % w/v) and SA (2-4 %). Freeze-dried hydrogels were evaluated based on encapsulation efficiency and loss of viability and further characterised. The study could successfully establish an encapsulation efficiency of 87.814 % and a viability loss of 1.201 log CFU·g-1 for the optimised samples. The SEM micrographs of the optimised Ca-alginate/κC hydrogels exhibited a much denser network with fewer pores. The influence of SA/κC in the beads was confirmed by FTIR and DSC, where distinct peak shifts were observed, which indicated the presence of κC and SA polymers. The probiotic survival under simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions, performed in accordance with the INFOGEST protocol, indicated that the optimised Ca-alginate/κC beads had a lower rate of release in the gastric phase and a much higher rate of survival and release in the intestinal phase than the control sample. The swelling behaviour of beads varied due to varying pH in both gastric and intestinal phases, and the κC in the optimised beads affected the swelling ratio significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashaswini Premjit
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sachchidanand Pandey
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Jayeeta Mitra
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
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Yin C, Yan H, Cao Y, Gao H. Enhanced bioremediation performance of diesel-contaminated soil by immobilized composite fungi on rice husk biochar. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 226:115663. [PMID: 36907343 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In response to the low removal capacity and poor tolerance of fungi to diesel-contaminated soil, a novel immobilization system using biochar to enhance composite fungi was proposed. Rice husk biochar (RHB) and sodium alginate (SA) were used as immobilization matrices for composite fungi, and the adsorption system (CFI-RHB) and the encapsulation system (CFI-RHB/SA) were obtained. CFI-RHB/SA exhibited the highest diesel removal efficiency (64.10%) in high diesel-contaminated soil over a 60-day remediation period compared to the free composite fungi (42.70%) and CFI-RHB (49.13%). SEM demonstrated that the composite fungi were confirmed to be well attached to the matrix in both CFI-RHB and CFI-RHB/SA. FTIR analysis revealed the appearance of new vibration peaks in diesel-contaminated soil remediated by immobilized microorganisms, demonstrating changes in the molecular structure of diesel before and after degradation. Furthermore, CFI-RHB/SA maintains a stable removal efficiency (>60%) in higher concentrations of diesel-contaminated soil. High-throughput sequencing results indicated that Fusarium and Penicillium played a key role in the removal of diesel contaminants. Meanwhile, both dominant genera were negatively correlated with diesel concentration. The addition of exogenous fungi stimulated the enrichment of functional fungi. The insights gained from experiment and theory help to provide a new understanding of immobilization techniques of composite fungi and the evolution of fungal community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Huan Yan
- Chongqing Hui Ya Environmental Protection Engineering Co. Ltd., Chongqing, 400041, China
| | - Yuancheng Cao
- Chongqing Hui Ya Environmental Protection Engineering Co. Ltd., Chongqing, 400041, China
| | - Huanfang Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China.
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Mannuronate C-5 epimerases and their use in alginate modification. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:615-627. [PMID: 36876890 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Alginate is a polysaccharide consisting of β-D-mannuronate (M) and α-L-guluronate (G) produced by brown algae and some bacterial species. Alginate has a wide range of industrial and pharmaceutical applications, owing mainly to its gelling and viscosifying properties. Alginates with high G content are considered more valuable since the G residues can form hydrogels with divalent cations. Alginates are modified by lyases, acetylases, and epimerases. Alginate lyases are produced by alginate-producing organisms and by organisms that use alginate as a carbon source. Acetylation protects alginate from lyases and epimerases. Following biosynthesis, alginate C-5 epimerases convert M to G residues at the polymer level. Alginate epimerases have been found in brown algae and alginate-producing bacteria, predominantly Azotobacter and Pseudomonas species. The best characterised epimerases are the extracellular family of AlgE1-7 from Azotobacter vinelandii (Av). AlgE1-7 all consist of combinations of one or two catalytic A-modules and one to seven regulatory R-modules, but even though they are sequentially and structurally similar, they create different epimerisation patterns. This makes the AlgE enzymes promising for tailoring of alginates to have the desired properties. The present review describes the current state of knowledge regarding alginate-active enzymes with focus on epimerases, characterisation of the epimerase reaction, and how alginate epimerases can be used in alginate production.
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Cao S, Li L, Zhu B, Yao Z. Alginate modifying enzymes: An updated comprehensive review of the mannuronan C5-epimerases. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Hu J, Yao W, Chang S, You L, Zhao M, Chi-Keung Cheung P, Hileuskaya K. Structural characterization and anti-photoaging activity of a polysaccharide from Sargassum fusiforme. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111267. [PMID: 35761578 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a purified algal polysaccharide (P1) was isolated from Sargassum fusiforme and its structural characteristics and anti-photoaging activity were studied. Results showed that P1 had a molecular weight of 289 kDa and was mainly composed of mannuronic acid, guluronic acid and fucose with molar ratio of 7.67:2.35:1.00. The backbone of P1 was →4)-β-ManA-(1→4)-α-GulA-(1→4)-β-ManA-(1→4)-β-ManA-(1→4)-α-GulA-(1→4)-β-ManA-(1→3,4)-β-ManA-(1→ with a terminal group of α-Fucp-(1→ linked to O-3 position of →3,4)-β-ManA-(1→. In addition, P1 could inhibit the expressions of MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9) in the UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells, indicating that P1 could reduce collagen loss caused by UVB irradiation. It also reduced the contents of ROS and inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β), indicating that P1 could reduce the oxidative stress and inflammation response. Thus, Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharide P1 could be used as a potential functional food to relieve skin photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Hu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China; Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanzi Yao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China; Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyuan Chang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China; Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun You
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China; Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China; Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter Chi-Keung Cheung
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Kseniya Hileuskaya
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Skaryna str., Minsk 220141, Belarus
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Ci F, Jiang H, Zhang Z, Mao X. Properties and potential applications of mannuronan C5-epimerase: A biotechnological tool for modifying alginate. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 168:663-675. [PMID: 33220370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Given the excellent characteristics of alginate, it is an industrially important polysaccharide. Mannuronan C5-epimerase (MC5E) is an alginate-modifying enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of β-D-mannuronate (M) to its C5 epimer α-L-guluronate (G) in alginate. Both the biological activities and physical properties of alginate are determined by M/G ratios and distribution patterns. Therefore, MC5E is regarded as a biotechnological tool for modifying and processing alginate. Various MC5Es derived from brown algae, Pseudomonas and Azotobacter have been isolated and characterized. With the rapid development of structural biology, the crystal structures and catalytic mechanisms of several MC5Es have been elucidated. It is necessary to comprehensively understand the research status of this alginate-modifying enzyme. In this review, the properties and potential applications of MC5Es isolated from different kinds of organisms are summarized and reviewed. Moreover, future research directions of MC5Es as well as strategies to enhance their properties are elucidated, highlighted, and prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Ci
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Smith AM, Senior JJ. Alginate Hydrogels with Tuneable Properties. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 178:37-61. [PMID: 33547500 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Alginate is a material that has many biomedical applications due to its low toxicity and a variety of favourable physical properties. In particular, the ease in which hydrogels are formed from alginate and the variety of mechanical behaviours that can be imparted on the hydrogels, by understanding alginate chemistry and intuitive design, has made alginate the most widely investigated polysaccharide used for tissue engineering. This chapter provides an overview of alginate, from how the source and natural variations in composition can influence mechanical properties of alginate hydrogels, through to some innovative techniques used to modify and functionalise the hydrogels designed specifically for cell-based therapies. The main focus is on how these strategies of understanding and controlling the chemistry of alginates have resulted in the development of hydrogels that can be tuned to deliver the physical behaviours required for successful application. This will also highlight how research on the physicochemical properties has helped alginate evolve from a structural polysaccharide in brown seaweed into a highly tuneable, multifunctional, smart biomaterial, which is likely to find further biomedical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Smith
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK.
| | - Jessica J Senior
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
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Tøndervik A, Aarstad OA, Aune R, Maleki S, Rye PD, Dessen A, Skjåk-Bræk G, Sletta H. Exploiting Mannuronan C-5 Epimerases in Commercial Alginate Production. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E565. [PMID: 33218095 PMCID: PMC7698916 DOI: 10.3390/md18110565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alginates are one of the major polysaccharide constituents of marine brown algae in commercial manufacturing. However, the content and composition of alginates differ according to the distinct parts of these macroalgae and have a direct impact on the concentration of guluronate and subsequent commercial value of the final product. The Azotobacter vinelandii mannuronan C-5 epimerases AlgE1 and AlgE4 were used to determine their potential value in tailoring the production of high guluronate low-molecular-weight alginates from two sources of high mannuronic acid alginates, the naturally occurring harvested brown algae (Ascophyllum nodosum, Durvillea potatorum, Laminaria hyperborea and Lessonia nigrescens) and a pure mannuronic acid alginate derived from fermented production of the mutant strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 10,525. The mannuronan C-5 epimerases used in this study increased the content of guluronate from 32% up to 81% in both the harvested seaweed and bacterial fermented alginate sources. The guluronate-rich alginate oligomers subsequently derived from these two different sources showed structural identity as determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and size-exclusion chromatography with online multi-angle static laser light scattering (SEC-MALS). Functional identity was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays with selected bacteria and antibiotics using the previously documented low-molecular-weight guluronate enriched alginate OligoG CF-5/20 as a comparator. The alginates produced using either source showed similar antibiotic potentiation effects to the drug candidate OligoG CF-5/20 currently in development as a mucolytic and anti-biofilm agent. These findings clearly illustrate the value of using epimerases to provide an alternative production route for novel low-molecular-weight alginates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tøndervik
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3B, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway; (R.A.); (S.M.); (H.S.)
| | - Olav A. Aarstad
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (O.A.A.); (G.S.-B.)
| | - Randi Aune
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3B, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway; (R.A.); (S.M.); (H.S.)
| | - Susan Maleki
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3B, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway; (R.A.); (S.M.); (H.S.)
| | - Philip D. Rye
- AlgiPharma AS, Industriveien 33, N-1337 Sandvika, Norway; (P.D.R.); (A.D.)
| | - Arne Dessen
- AlgiPharma AS, Industriveien 33, N-1337 Sandvika, Norway; (P.D.R.); (A.D.)
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (O.A.A.); (G.S.-B.)
| | - Håvard Sletta
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3B, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway; (R.A.); (S.M.); (H.S.)
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Aarstad OA, Stanisci A, Sætrom GI, Tøndervik A, Sletta H, Aachmann FL, Skjåk-Bræk G. Biosynthesis and Function of Long Guluronic Acid-Blocks in Alginate Produced by Azotobacter vinelandii. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1613-1622. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olav Andreas Aarstad
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Annalucia Stanisci
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gerd Inger Sætrom
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Tøndervik
- SINTEF Industry, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Richard Birkelands vei 3B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Sletta
- SINTEF Industry, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Richard Birkelands vei 3B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn Lillelund Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Larosa C, Salerno M, de Lima JS, Merijs Meri R, da Silva MF, de Carvalho LB, Converti A. Characterisation of bare and tannase-loaded calcium alginate beads by microscopic, thermogravimetric, FTIR and XRD analyses. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:900-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Stanisci A, Aarstad OA, Tøndervik A, Sletta H, Dypås LB, Skjåk-Bræk G, Aachmann FL. Overall size of mannuronan C5-Epimerases influences their ability to epimerize modified alginates and alginate gels. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 180:256-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kıvılcımdan Moral Ç, Ertesvåg H, Sanin FD. Guluronic acid content as a factor affecting turbidity removal potential of alginate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22568-22576. [PMID: 27557959 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alginates are natural polymers composed of mannuronic and guluronic acid residues. They are currently extracted from brown algae; however, alginate can also be synthesized by some species of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas. Alginates with different proportion of mannuronic and guluronic acids are known to have different characteristics and form gels at different extents in the presence of calcium ions. The aim of this work was to investigate the usefulness of alginate as a non-toxic coagulant used in purification of drinking water. This study utilized alginates from Azotobacter vinelandii having different guluronic acid levels. These were obtained partly by changing the cultivation parameters, partly by epimerizing a purified alginate sample in vitro using the A. vinelandii mannuronan C-5 epimerase AlgE1. The different alginates were then used for coagulation together with calcium. The results showed that turbidity removal capability was dependent on the content of guluronic acid residues. For the best performing samples, the turbidity decreased from 10 NTU to 1 NTU by the use of only 2 mg/L of alginate and 1.5 mM of calcium chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çiğdem Kıvılcımdan Moral
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Helga Ertesvåg
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - F Dilek Sanin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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15
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Inoue A, Satoh A, Morishita M, Tokunaga Y, Miyakawa T, Tanokura M, Ojima T. Functional heterologous expression and characterization of mannuronan C5-epimerase from the brown alga Saccharina japonica. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Håti AG, Aachmann FL, Stokke BT, Skjåk-Bræk G, Sletmoen M. Energy Landscape of Alginate-Epimerase Interactions Assessed by Optical Tweezers and Atomic Force Microscopy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141237. [PMID: 26496653 PMCID: PMC4619708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannuronan C-5 epimerases are a family of enzymes that catalyze epimerization of alginates at the polymer level. This group of enzymes thus enables the tailor-making of various alginate residue sequences to attain various functional properties, e.g. viscosity, gelation and ion binding. Here, the interactions between epimerases AlgE4 and AlgE6 and alginate substrates as well as epimerization products were determined. The interactions of the various epimerase–polysaccharide pairs were determined over an extended range of force loading rates by the combined use of optical tweezers and atomic force microscopy. When studying systems that in nature are not subjected to external forces the access to observations obtained at low loading rates, as provided by optical tweezers, is a great advantage since the low loading rate region for these systems reflect the properties of the rate limiting energy barrier. The AlgE epimerases have a modular structure comprising both A and R modules, and the role of each of these modules in the epimerization process were examined through studies of the A- module of AlgE6, AlgE6A. Dynamic strength spectra obtained through combination of atomic force microscopy and the optical tweezers revealed the existence of two energy barriers in the alginate-epimerase complexes, of which one was not revealed in previous AFM based studies of these complexes. Furthermore, based on these spectra estimates of the locations of energy transition states (xβ), lifetimes in the absence of external perturbation (τ0) and free energies (ΔG#) were determined for the different epimerase–alginate complexes. This is the first determination of ΔG# for these complexes. The values determined were up to 8 kBT for the outer barrier, and smaller values for the inner barriers. The size of the free energies determined are consistent with the interpretation that the enzyme and substrate are thus not tightly locked at all times but are able to relocate. Together with the observed different affinities determined for AlgE4-polymannuronic acid (poly-M) and AlgE4-polyalternating alginate (poly-MG) macromolecular pairs these data give important contribution to the growing understanding of the mechanisms underlying the processive mode of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armend Gazmeno Håti
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Dept. of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn Lillelund Aachmann
- NOBIPOL, Dept. of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Torger Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Dept. of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- NOBIPOL, Dept. of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit Sletmoen
- NOBIPOL, Dept. of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
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de Reese J, Sperl N, Schmid J, Sieber V, Plank J. Effect of biotechnologically modified alginates on LDH structures. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2015. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.14.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Four alginates possessing different guluronic/mannuronic acid ratios and one acetylated alginate were investigated with respect to their behaviour during intercalation into layered double hydroxides (LDHs). Two alginates were commercial products while the others were synthesised by way of bacterial fermentation and in one sample followed by enzymatic treatment. Intercalation was performed by way of co-precipitation of aluminium nitrate and zinc nitrate in alginate solution at a pH of 8·5–9. The products were characterised by powder X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, wide-angle X-ray scattering, scanning electron microscopy and magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy. All alginates intercalate well into the Zn2Al-LDH host structure. With an increase in the content of guluronic acid in the alginate, the d-spacing (interlayer distance) in the alginate-LDH compound increases from 1·28 to 1·85 nm. Similarly, acetylation of the carboxylic groups leads to an increased steric volume of such alginate and therefore to a higher d-spacing (1·72 nm). The results indicate that different guluronic/mannuronic acid ratios can be used to trigger the steric size of the alginates and consequently the d-spacing of the alginate-LDHs. 13C CP MAS NMR spectroscopy confirmed an interaction between the carboxylic groups present in the alginate with the inorganic main layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna de Reese
- Chair for Construction Chemicals, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Nadine Sperl
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität München, Straubing, Germany
| | - Jochen Schmid
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität München, Straubing, Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität München, Straubing, Germany
| | - Johann Plank
- Chair for Construction Chemicals, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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18
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Stewart MB, Gray SR, Vasiljevic T, Orbell JD. The role of poly-M and poly-GM sequences in the metal-mediated assembly of alginate gels. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 112:486-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Wolfram F, Kitova EN, Robinson H, Walvoort MTC, Codée JDC, Klassen JS, Howell PL. Catalytic mechanism and mode of action of the periplasmic alginate epimerase AlgG. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6006-19. [PMID: 24398681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.533158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that forms chronic biofilm infections in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. A major component of the biofilm during these infections is the exopolysaccharide alginate, which is synthesized at the inner membrane as a homopolymer of 1-4-linked β-D-mannuronate. As the polymer passages through the periplasm, 22-44% of the mannuronate residues are converted to α-L-guluronate by the C5-epimerase AlgG to produce a polymer of alternating β-D-mannuronate and α-L-guluronate blocks and stretches of polymannuronate. To understand the molecular basis of alginate epimerization, the structure of Pseudomonas syringae AlgG has been determined at 2.1-Å resolution, and the protein was functionally characterized. The structure reveals that AlgG is a long right-handed parallel β-helix with an elaborate lid structure. Functional analysis of AlgG mutants suggests that His(319) acts as the catalytic base and that Arg(345) neutralizes the acidic group during the epimerase reaction. Water is the likely catalytic acid. Electrostatic surface potential and residue conservation analyses in conjunction with activity and substrate docking studies suggest that a conserved electropositive groove facilitates polymannuronate binding and contains at least nine substrate binding subsites. These subsites likely align the polymer in the correct register for catalysis to occur. The presence of multiple subsites, the electropositive groove, and the non-random distribution of guluronate in the alginate polymer suggest that AlgG is a processive enzyme. Moreover, comparison of AlgG and the extracellular alginate epimerase AlgE4 of Azotobacter vinelandii provides a structural rationale for the differences in their Ca(2+) dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Wolfram
- From the Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Aarstad O, Strand BL, Klepp-Andersen LM, Skjåk-Bræk G. Analysis of G-Block Distributions and Their Impact on Gel Properties of in Vitro Epimerized Mannuronan. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3409-16. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400658k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olav Aarstad
- Department
of
Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU Sem Sælands
vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit Løkensgard Strand
- Department
of
Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU Sem Sælands
vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lise Mari Klepp-Andersen
- Department
of
Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU Sem Sælands
vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- Department
of
Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU Sem Sælands
vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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21
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Sletmoen M, Stokke BT. Structure-Function Relationships in Glycopolymers: Effects of Residue Sequences, Duplex, and Triplex Organization. Biopolymers 2013; 99:757-71. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marit Sletmoen
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim; Norway
| | - Bjørn Torger Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim; Norway
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22
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Tøndervik A, Klinkenberg G, Aachmann FL, Svanem BIG, Ertesvåg H, Ellingsen TE, Valla S, Skjåk-Bræk G, Sletta H. Mannuronan C-5 Epimerases Suited for Tailoring of Specific Alginate Structures Obtained by High-Throughput Screening of an Epimerase Mutant Library. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2657-66. [DOI: 10.1021/bm4005194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tøndervik
- Department of Biotechnology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir Klinkenberg
- Department of Biotechnology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn L. Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491
Trondheim, Norway
| | - Britt Iren Glærum Svanem
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491
Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helga Ertesvåg
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491
Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trond E. Ellingsen
- Department of Biotechnology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svein Valla
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491
Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491
Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Sletta
- Department of Biotechnology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
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Mørch YA, Sandvig I, Olsen O, Donati I, Thuen M, Skjåk-Braek G, Haraldseth O, Brekken C. Mn-alginate gels as a novel system for controlled release of Mn2+ in manganese-enhanced MRI. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2012; 7:265-75. [PMID: 22434640 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to test alginate gels of different compositions as a system for controlled release of manganese ions (Mn(2+)) for application in manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI), in order to circumvent the challenge of achieving optimal MRI resolution without resorting to high, potentially cytotoxic doses of Mn(2+). Elemental analysis and stability studies of Mn-alginate revealed marked differences in ion binding capacity, rendering Mn/Ba-alginate gels with high guluronic acid content most stable. The findings were corroborated by corresponding differences in the release rate of Mn(2+) from alginate beads in vitro using T(1)-weighted MRI. Furthermore, intravitreal (ivit) injection of Mn-alginate beads yielded significant enhancement of the rat retina and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons 24 h post-injection. Subsequent compartmental modelling and simulation of ivit Mn(2+) transport and concentration revealed that application of slow release contrast agents can achieve a significant reduction of ivit Mn(2+) concentration compared with bolus injection. This is followed by a concomitant increase in the availability of ivit Mn(2+) for uptake by RGC, corresponding to significantly increased time constants. Our results provide proof-of-concept for the applicability of Mn-alginate gels as a system for controlled release of Mn(2+) for optimized MEMRI application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yrr A Mørch
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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24
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Díaz-Visurraga J, Daza C, Pozo C, Becerra A, von Plessing C, García A. Study on antibacterial alginate-stabilized copper nanoparticles by FT-IR and 2D-IR correlation spectroscopy. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:3597-612. [PMID: 22848180 PMCID: PMC3405878 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s32648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to clarify the intermolecular interaction between antibacterial copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) and sodium alginate (NaAlg) by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and to process the spectra applying two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) correlation analysis. To our knowledge, the addition of NaAlg as a stabilizer of copper nanoparticles has not been previously reported. It is expected that the obtained results will provide valuable additional information on: (1) the influence of reducing agent ratio on the formation of copper nanoparticles in order to design functional nanomaterials with increased antibacterial activity, and (2) structural changes related to the incorporation of Cu NPs into the polymer matrix. METHODS Cu NPs were prepared by microwave heating using ascorbic acid as reducing agent and NaAlg as stabilizing agent. The characterization of synthesized Cu NPs by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and semiquantitative analysis of the weight percentage composition indicated that the average particle sizes of Cu NPs are about 3-10 nm, they are spherical in shape, and consist of zerovalent Cu and Cu₂O. Also, crystallite size and relative particle size of stabilized Cu NPs were calculated by XRD using Scherrer's formula and FT from the X-ray diffraction data. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FT-IR, second-derivative spectra, and 2D-IR correlation analysis were applied to studying the stabilization mechanism of Cu NPs by NaAlg molecules. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of stabilized Cu NPs against five bacterial strains (Staphylococccus aureus ATCC 6538P, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and O157: H7, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 13311 and 14028) were evaluated with macrodilution, agar dilution plate count, and well-diffusion methods. RESULTS On the basis of the semiquantitative analysis, there was a direct correlation between the reducing agent ratio and the percentage of zerovalent Cu. This was confirmed with the statistical analysis of population of Cu NPs from TEM micrographs. At lower reducing agent ratios, two phases coexist (Cu₂O and zerovalent Cu) due to incomplete reduction of copper ions by the reducing agent; however, at higher reducing agent ratios, the Cu NPs consist mainly of zerovalent Cu. Crystallite size and relative particle size of stabilized Cu NPs showed considerable differences in results and tendencies in respect to TEM analysis. However, the relative particle size values obtained from FT of XRD data agreed well with the histograms from the TEM observations. From FT results, the relative particle size and reducing agent ratio of stabilized Cu NPs showed an inverse correlation. The incomplete reduction of copper ions at lower reducing agent ratios was also confirmed by DSC studies. FT-IR and 2D-IR correlation spectra analysis suggested the first event involved in the stabilization of Cu NPs is their electrostatic interaction with -C=O of carboxylate groups of NaAlg, followed by the interaction with the available O-C-O⁻, and finally with the -OH groups. Bacterial susceptibility to stabilized nanoparticles was found to vary depending on the bacterial strains. The lowest MIC and MBC of stabilized Cu NPs ranged between 2 mg/L and 8 mg/L for all studied strains. Disk-diffusion studies with both E. coli strains revealed greater effectiveness of the stabilized Cu NPs compared to the positive controls (cloxacillin, amoxicillin, and nitrofurantoin). S. aureus showed the highest sensitivity to stabilized Cu NPs compared to the other studied strains. CONCLUSION Cu NPs were successfully synthesized via chemical reduction assisted with microwave heating. Average particle size, polydispersity, and phase composition of Cu NPs depended mainly on the reducing agent ratio. Likewise, thermal stability and antibacterial activity of stabilized Cu NPs were affected by their phase composition. Because of the carboxylate groups in polymer chains, the structural changes of stabilized Cu NPs are different from those of NaAlg. NaAlg acted as a size controller and stabilizing agent of Cu NPs, due to their ability to bind strongly to the metal surface. Our study on the stabilizing agent-dependent structural changes of stabilized NPs is helpful for wide application of NaAlg as an important biopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Díaz-Visurraga
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile.
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25
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Nishitani Y, Maruyama Y, Itoh T, Mikami B, Hashimoto W, Murata K. Recognition of heteropolysaccharide alginate by periplasmic solute-binding proteins of a bacterial ABC transporter. Biochemistry 2012; 51:3622-33. [PMID: 22486720 DOI: 10.1021/bi300194f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alginate is a heteropolysaccharide that consists of β-D-mannuronate (M) and α-L-guluronate (G). The Gram-negative bacterium Sphingomonas sp. A1 directly incorporates alginate into the cytoplasm through the periplasmic solute-binding protein (AlgQ1 and AlgQ2)-dependent ABC transporter (AlgM1-AlgM2/AlgS-AlgS). Two binding proteins with at least four subsites strongly recognize the nonreducing terminal residue of alginate at subsite 1. Here, we show the broad substrate preference of strain A1 solute-binding proteins for M and G present in alginate and demonstrate the structural determinants in binding proteins for heteropolysaccharide recognition through X-ray crystallography of four AlgQ1 structures in complex with saturated and unsaturated alginate oligosaccharides. Alginates with different M/G ratios were assimilated by strain A1 cells and bound to AlgQ1 and AlgQ2. Crystal structures of oligosaccharide-bound forms revealed that in addition to interaction between AlgQ1 and unsaturated oligosaccharides, the binding protein binds through hydrogen bonds to the C4 hydroxyl group of the saturated nonreducing terminal residue at subsite 1. The M residue of saturated oligosaccharides is predominantly accommodated at subsite 1 because of the strict binding of Ser-273 to the carboxyl group of the residue. In unsaturated trisaccharide (ΔGGG or ΔMMM)-bound AlgQ1, the protein interacts appropriately with substrate hydroxyl groups at subsites 2 and 3 to accommodate M or G, while substrate carboxyl groups are strictly recognized by the specific residues Tyr-129 at subsite 2 and Lys-22 at subsite 3. Because of this substrate recognition mechanism, strain A1 solute-binding proteins can bind heteropolysaccharide alginate with different M/G ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nishitani
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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26
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Aarstad OA, Tøndervik A, Sletta H, Skjåk-Bræk G. Alginate Sequencing: An Analysis of Block Distribution in Alginates Using Specific Alginate Degrading Enzymes. Biomacromolecules 2011; 13:106-16. [DOI: 10.1021/bm2013026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olav Andreas Aarstad
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU
Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Tøndervik
- Department of Biotechnology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Sletta
- Department of Biotechnology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU
Sem Sælands vei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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27
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for the period 2005-2006. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1-100. [PMID: 20222147 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fourth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2006. The review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, method developments, and applications of the technique to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, glycolipids from bacteria, glycosides, and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing, a section on industrial processes, particularly the development of biopharmaceuticals and a section on the use of MALDI-MS to monitor products of chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Large carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers are highlighted in this final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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28
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Periodate oxidation of polysaccharides for modification of chemical and physical properties. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1264-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Barbetta A, Barigelli E, Dentini M. Porous Alginate Hydrogels: Synthetic Methods for Tailoring the Porous Texture. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2328-37. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900517q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barbetta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Barigelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariella Dentini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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30
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An evaluation of tritium and fluorescence labelling combined with multi-detector SEC for the detection of carbonyl groups in polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mørch YA, Holtan S, Donati I, Strand BL, Skjåk-Braek G. Mechanical properties of C-5 epimerized alginates. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:2360-8. [PMID: 18702546 DOI: 10.1021/bm8003572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is an increased need for alginate materials with both enhanced and controllable mechanical properties in the fields of food, pharmaceutical and specialty applications. In the present work, well-characterized algal polymers and mannuronan were enzymatically modified using C-5 epimerases converting mannuronic acid residues to guluronic acid in the polymer chain. Composition and sequential structure of controls and epimerized alginates were analyzed by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Mechanical properties of Ca-alginate gels were further examined giving Young's modulus, syneresis, rupture strength, and elasticity of the gels. Both mechanical strength and elasticity of hydrogels could be improved and manipulated by epimerization. In particular, alternating sequences were found to play an important role for the final mechanical properties of alginate gels, and interestingly, a pure polyalternating sample resulted in gels with extremely high syneresis and rupture strength. In conclusion, enzymatic modification was shown to be a valuable tool in modifying the mechanical properties of alginates in a highly specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Mørch
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Steigedal M, Sletta H, Moreno S, Mærk M, Christensen BE, Bjerkan T, Ellingsen TE, Espìn G, Ertesvåg H, Valla S. The Azotobacter vinelandii AlgE mannuronan C-5-epimerase family is essential for the in vivo control of alginate monomer composition and for functional cyst formation. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:1760-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mørch YA, Donati I, Strand BL, Skjåk-Braek G. Molecular Engineering as an Approach to Design New Functional Properties of Alginate. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:2809-14. [PMID: 17696472 DOI: 10.1021/bm700502b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Through enzymatic modification, we are now able to manipulate the composition and sequential nanostructures of alginate, one of the most versatile gelling polymers found in nature. Here we report the application of a set of processive polymer-modifying epimerases for the preparation of novel alginates with highly improved functional properties essential for numerous applications as gel matrices. Gels of enzymatically engineered alginate were found to be more elastic and compact, less permeable, and extremely stable under physiological conditions, offering significant advantages over native alginates. As a result, this study shows that, by controlling alginate nanostructure, its macroscopic properties can be highly controlled. The ability to tailor alginate has a great impact on the wide use of this biomaterial in industry and medicine. More importantly, this adds more knowledge to the link between polymer nanostructure and macroscopic properties and may serve as a model system for other polymer-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Mørch
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Holtan S, Zhang Q, Strand WI, Skjåk-Braek G. Characterization of the Hydrolysis Mechanism of Polyalternating Alginate in Weak Acid and Assignment of the Resulting MG-Oligosaccharides by NMR Spectroscopy and ESI−Mass Spectrometry. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:2108-21. [PMID: 16827577 DOI: 10.1021/bm050984q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alginate with long strictly alternating sequences of mannuronic (M) and guluronic (G) acid residues, F(G) = 0.47 and F(GG) = 0.0, was prepared by incubating mannuronan with the recombinant C-5 epimerase AlgE4. By partial acid hydrolysis of this PolyMG alginate at pH values from 2.8 to 4.5 at 95 degrees C, alpha-L-GulpA-(1-->4)-beta-D-ManpA (G-M) linkages were hydrolyzed far faster than beta-D-ManpA-(1-->4)-alpha-L-GulpA (M-G) linkages in the polymer chain. The ratio of the rates (kG-M/kM-G) decreased with increasing pH. The dominant mechanism for hydrolysis of (1-->4)-linked PolyMG in weak acid was thus proved to be an intramolecular catalysis of glycosidic cleavage of the linkages at C-4 by the undissociated carboxyl groups at C-5 in the respective units. The higher degradation rate of G-M than M-G glycosidic linkages in the polymer chain of MG-alginate at pH 3.5 and 95 degrees C was exploited to make oligomers mainly consisting of M on the nonreducing and G on the reducing end and, thus, a majority of oligomers with an even number of residues. The ratio of the rate constants kG-M/kM-G at this pH was 10.7. The MG-hydrolysate was separated by size exclusion chromatography and the MG oligosaccharide fractions analyzed by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry together with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Chemical shifts of MG-oligomers (DP2-DP5) were elucidated by 2D 1H and 13C NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synnøve Holtan
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU),Sem Saelands vei 6/8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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