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Kong CC, Cheng JD, Wang W. Neurotransmitters regulate β cells insulin secretion: A neglected factor. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:6670-6679. [PMID: 37901031 PMCID: PMC10600852 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i28.6670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
β cells are the main cells responsible for the hypoglycemic function of pancreatic islets, and the insulin secreted by these cells is the only hormone that lowers blood glucose levels in the human body. β cells are regulated by various factors, among which neurotransmitters make an important contribution. This paper discusses the effects of neurotransmitters secreted by various sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves on β cells and summarizes the mechanisms by which various neurotransmitters regulate insulin secretion. Many neurotransmitters do not have a single source and are not only released from nerve terminals but also synthesized by β cells themselves, allowing them to synergistically regulate insulin secretion. Almost all of these neurotransmitters depend on the presence of glucose to function, and their actions are mostly related to the Ca2+ and cAMP concentrations. Although neurotransmitters have been extensively studied, many of their mechanisms remain unclear and require further exploration by researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Chu Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ji-Dong Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, Fujian Province, China
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2
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Li Q, Zhang S, Hu M, Xu M, Jiang X. Silencing of synaptotagmin 13 inhibits tumor growth through suppressing proliferation and promoting apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:234-244. [PMID: 31939613 PMCID: PMC6889939 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of colorectal cancer is currently hampered by the lack of early detection technology. The identification of molecular biomarkers for colorectal cancer is crucial for improving prognosis. Synaptotagmin (SYT) 13 has been reported to be associated with several human tumors, but its role in colorectal cancer remains elusive. In the present study, immunohistochemistry was utilized to detect the expression of SYT13 in colorectal cancer tissues and cells. MTT, colony formation, wound healing and Transwell assays were conducted to evaluate the effect of SYT13 knockdown on the biological behavior of RKO and HCT116 cells. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle profiles were detected by FACS. A mouse xenograft model was constructed to investigate the effect of SYT13 on colorectal cancer in vivo. The results indicated that SYT13 was upregulated in colorectal tumor tissues compared with paracancerous tissues. Silencing of SYT13 inhibited the proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion ability of RKO and HCT116 cells. Moreover, SYT13 knockdown arrested the cell cycle in the G2 phase, thus inducing cell apoptosis. The in vivo experiments also demonstrated the inhibitory effect of SYT13 on tumor growth. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that SYT13 may act as a promoter in the development and progression of colorectal cancer and, therefore, may be of value as a target for the development of novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200123, P.R. China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200123, P.R. China
| | - Miao Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200123, P.R. China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200123, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200123, P.R. China
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3
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Hastoy B, Clark A, Rorsman P, Lang J. Fusion pore in exocytosis: More than an exit gate? A β-cell perspective. Cell Calcium 2017; 68:45-61. [PMID: 29129207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Secretory vesicle exocytosis is a fundamental biological event and the process by which hormones (like insulin) are released into the blood. Considerable progress has been made in understanding this precisely orchestrated sequence of events from secretory vesicle docked at the cell membrane, hemifusion, to the opening of a membrane fusion pore. The exact biophysical and physiological regulation of these events implies a close interaction between membrane proteins and lipids in a confined space and constrained geometry to ensure appropriate delivery of cargo. We consider some of the still open questions such as the nature of the initiation of the fusion pore, the structure and the role of the Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor Attachment protein REceptor (SNARE) transmembrane domains and their influence on the dynamics and regulation of exocytosis. We discuss how the membrane composition and protein-lipid interactions influence the likelihood of the nascent fusion pore forming. We relate these factors to the hypothesis that fusion pore expansion could be affected in type-2 diabetes via changes in disease-related gene transcription and alterations in the circulating lipid profile. Detailed characterisation of the dynamics of the fusion pore in vitro will contribute to understanding the larger issue of insulin secretory defects in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Hastoy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
| | - Anne Clark
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Metabolic Research, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Goteborg, Medicinaregatan 11, S-41309 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jochen Lang
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-objets (CBMN), CNRS UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, Allée de Geoffrey St Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France.
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4
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Pinheiro PS, Houy S, Sørensen JB. C2-domain containing calcium sensors in neuroendocrine secretion. J Neurochem 2016; 139:943-958. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo S. Pinheiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Sébastien Houy
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jakob B. Sørensen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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5
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Milochau A, Lagrée V, Benassy MN, Chaignepain S, Papin J, Garcia-Arcos I, Lajoix A, Monterrat C, Coudert L, Schmitter JM, Ochoa B, Lang J. Synaptotagmin 11 interacts with components of the RNA-induced silencing complex RISC in clonal pancreatic β-cells. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2217-22. [PMID: 24882364 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Synaptotagmins are two C2 domain-containing transmembrane proteins. The function of calcium-sensitive members in the regulation of post-Golgi traffic has been well established whereas little is known about the calcium-insensitive isoforms constituting half of the protein family. Novel binding partners of synaptotagmin 11 were identified in β-cells. A number of them had been assigned previously to ER/Golgi derived-vesicles or linked to RNA synthesis, translation and processing. Whereas the C2A domain interacted with the Q-SNARE Vti1a, the C2B domain of syt11 interacted with the SND1, Ago2 and FMRP, components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Binding to SND was direct via its N-terminal tandem repeats. Our data indicate that syt11 may provide a link between gene regulation by microRNAs and membrane traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valérie Lagrée
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5248, F-33607 Pessac, France
| | | | | | - Julien Papin
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5248, F-33607 Pessac, France
| | - Itsaso Garcia-Arcos
- University of the Basque Country, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Anne Lajoix
- Université Montpellier 1, CNRS FRE 3400, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | - Begoña Ochoa
- University of the Basque Country, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jochen Lang
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5248, F-33607 Pessac, France.
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6
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Mani BK, Chuang JC, Kjalarsdottir L, Sakata I, Walker AK, Kuperman A, Osborne-Lawrence S, Repa JJ, Zigman JM. Role of calcium and EPAC in norepinephrine-induced ghrelin secretion. Endocrinology 2014; 155:98-107. [PMID: 24189139 PMCID: PMC3868802 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone secreted principally from a distinct population of gastric endocrine cells. Molecular mechanisms regulating ghrelin secretion are mostly unknown. Recently, norepinephrine (NE) was shown to enhance ghrelin release by binding to β1-adrenergic receptors on ghrelin cells. Here, we use an immortalized stomach-derived ghrelin cell line to further characterize the intracellular signaling pathways involved in NE-induced ghrelin secretion, with a focus on the roles of Ca(2+) and cAMP. Several voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel (VGCC) family members were found by quantitative PCR to be expressed by ghrelin cells. Nifedipine, a selective L-type VGCC blocker, suppressed both basal and NE-stimulated ghrelin secretion. NE induced elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) levels both in the presence and absence of extracellular Ca(2+). Ca(2+)-sensing synaptotagmins Syt7 and Syt9 were also highly expressed in ghrelin cell lines, suggesting that they too help mediate ghrelin secretion. Raising cAMP with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine also stimulated ghrelin secretion, although such a cAMP-mediated effect likely does not involve protein kinase A, given the absence of a modulatory response to a highly selective protein kinase A inhibitor. However, pharmacological inhibition of another target of cAMP, exchange protein-activated by cAMP (EPAC), did attenuate both basal and NE-induced ghrelin secretion, whereas an EPAC agonist enhanced basal ghrelin secretion. We conclude that constitutive ghrelin secretion is primarily regulated by Ca(2+) influx through L-type VGCCs and that NE stimulates ghrelin secretion predominantly through release of intracellular Ca(2+). Furthermore, cAMP and its downstream activation of EPAC are required for the normal ghrelin secretory response to NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath K Mani
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.K.M., J.-C.C., I.S., A.K.W., A.K., S.O.-L., J.M.Z.), Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Hypothalamic research (B.K.M., J.-C.C., L.K., I.S., A.K.W., A.K., S.O.-L., J.J.R., J.M.Z.), Department of Internal Medicine; and Departments of Psychiatry (B.K.M., J.-C.C., I.S., A.K.W., A.K., S.O.-L., J.M.Z.) and Physiology (L.K., J.J.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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7
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Andersson SA, Olsson AH, Esguerra JLS, Heimann E, Ladenvall C, Edlund A, Salehi A, Taneera J, Degerman E, Groop L, Ling C, Eliasson L. Reduced insulin secretion correlates with decreased expression of exocytotic genes in pancreatic islets from patients with type 2 diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 364:36-45. [PMID: 22939844 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reduced insulin release has been linked to defect exocytosis in β-cells. However, whether expression of genes suggested to be involved in the exocytotic process (exocytotic genes) is altered in pancreatic islets from patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), and correlate to insulin secretion, needs to be further investigated. Analysing expression levels of 23 exocytotic genes using microarray revealed reduced expression of five genes in human T2D islets (χ(2)=13.25; p<0.001). Gene expression of STX1A, SYT4, SYT7, SYT11, SYT13, SNAP25 and STXBP1 correlated negatively to in vivo measurements of HbA1c levels and positively to glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in vitro in human islets. STX1A, SYT4 and SYT11 protein levels correspondingly decreased in human T2D islets. Moreover, silencing of SYT4 and SYT13 reduced GSIS in INS1-832/13 cells. Our data support that reduced expression of exocytotic genes contributes to impaired insulin secretion, and suggest decreased expression of these genes as part of T2D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A Andersson
- Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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8
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Brandt DS, Coffman MD, Falke JJ, Knight JD. Hydrophobic contributions to the membrane docking of synaptotagmin 7 C2A domain: mechanistic contrast between isoforms 1 and 7. Biochemistry 2012; 51:7654-64. [PMID: 22966849 DOI: 10.1021/bi3007115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synaptotagmin (Syt) triggers Ca(2+)-dependent membrane fusion via its tandem C2 domains, C2A and C2B. The 17 known human isoforms are active in different secretory cell types, including neurons (Syt1 and others) and pancreatic β cells (Syt7 and others). Here, quantitative fluorescence measurements reveal notable differences in the membrane docking mechanisms of Syt1 C2A and Syt7 C2A to vesicles comprised of physiological lipid mixtures. In agreement with previous studies, the Ca(2+) sensitivity of membrane binding is much higher for Syt7 C2A. We report here for the first time that this increased sensitivity is due to the slower target membrane dissociation of Syt7 C2A. Association and dissociation rate constants for Syt7 C2A are found to be ~2-fold and ~60-fold slower than Syt1 C2A, respectively. Furthermore, the membrane dissociation of Syt7 C2A but not Syt1 C2A is slowed by Na(2)SO(4) and trehalose, solutes that enhance the hydrophobic effect. Overall, the simplest model consistent with these findings proposes that Syt7 C2A first docks electrostatically to the target membrane surface and then inserts into the bilayer via a slow hydrophobic mechanism. In contrast, the membrane docking of Syt1 C2A is known to be predominantly electrostatic. Thus, these two highly homologous domains exhibit distinct mechanisms of membrane binding correlated with their known differences in function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin S Brandt
- Molecular Biophysics Program and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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9
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Boal F, Laguerre M, Milochau A, Lang J, Scotti PA. A charged prominence in the linker domain of the cysteine‐string protein Cspα mediates its regulated interaction with the calcium sensor synaptotagmin 9 during exocytosis. FASEB J 2010; 25:132-43. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-152033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Boal
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Michel Laguerre
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5248Universitedé Bordeaux IPessacFrance
| | - Alexandra Milochau
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5248Universitedé Bordeaux IPessacFrance
| | - Jochen Lang
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5248Universitedé Bordeaux IPessacFrance
| | - Pier A. Scotti
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5248Universitedé Bordeaux IPessacFrance
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10
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Yamazaki T, Takata N, Uemura M, Kawamura Y. Arabidopsis synaptotagmin SYT1, a type I signal-anchor protein, requires tandem C2 domains for delivery to the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:23165-76. [PMID: 20498364 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.084046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The correct localization of integral membrane proteins to subcellular compartments is important for their functions. Synaptotagmin contains a single transmembrane domain that functions as a type I signal-anchor sequence in its N terminus and two calcium-binding domains (C(2)A and C(2)B) in its C terminus. Here, we demonstrate that the localization of an Arabidopsis synaptotagmin homolog, SYT1, to the plasma membrane (PM) is modulated by tandem C2 domains. An analysis of the roots of a transformant-expressing green fluorescent protein-tagged SYT1 driven by native SYT1 promoter suggested that SYT1 is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, and then delivered to the PM via the exocytotic pathway. We transiently expressed a series of truncated proteins in protoplasts, and determined that tandem C(2)A-C(2)B domains were necessary for the localization of SYT1 to the PM. The PM localization of SYT1 was greatly reduced following mutation of the calcium-binding motifs of the C(2)B domain, based on sequence comparisons with other homologs, such as endomembrane-localized SYT5. The localization of SYT1 to the PM may have been required for the functional divergence that occurred in the molecular evolution of plant synaptotagmins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Yamazaki
- 21st Century Center of Excellence Program, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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11
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Kasai H, Hatakeyama H, Ohno M, Takahashi N. Exocytosis in islet beta-cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:305-38. [PMID: 20217504 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of technologies that allow for live optical imaging of exocytosis from beta-cells has greatly improved our understanding of insulin secretion. Two-photon imaging, in particular, has enabled researchers to visualize the exocytosis of large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) containing insulin from beta-cells in intact islets of Langerhans. These studies have revealed that high glucose levels induce two phases of insulin secretion and that this release is dependent upon cytosolic Ca(2+) and cAMP. This technology has also made it possible to examine the spatial profile of insulin exocytosis in these tissues and compare that profile with those of other secretory glands. Such studies have led to the discovery of the massive exocytosis of synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMVs) in beta-cells. These imaging studies have also helped clarify facets of insulin exocytosis that cannot be properly addressed using the currently available electrophysiological techniques. This chapter provides a concise introduction to the field of optical imaging for those researchers who wish to characterize exocytosis from beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Kasai
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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12
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Schapire AL, Valpuesta V, Botella MA. Plasma membrane repair in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:645-652. [PMID: 19819752 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Resealing is the membrane-repair process that enables cells to survive disruption, preventing the loss of irreplaceable cell types and eliminating the cost of replacing injured cells. Given that failure in the resealing process in animal cells causes diverse types of muscular dystrophy, plasma membrane repair has been extensively studied in these systems. Animal proteins with Ca(2+)-binding domains such as synaptotagmins and dysferlin mediate Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis to repair plasma membranes after mechanical damage. Until recently, no components or proof for membrane repair mechanisms have been discovered in plants. However, Arabidopsis SYT1 is now the first plant synaptotagmin demonstrated to participate in Ca(2+)-dependent repair of membranes. This suggests a conservation of membrane repair mechanisms between animal and plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo L Schapire
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, Spain
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13
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Abstract
Plasma insulin levels are determined mainly by the rate of exocytosis of the insulin-containing large dense core vesicles (LDCVs) of pancreatic islet beta-cells. This process involves the recruitment of LDCVs to the plasma membrane, where they are docked by the assembly of multiprotein SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complexes. However, fusion of the two membranes will proceed only in the presence of Ca(2+) ions, implicating a Ca(2+) sensor protein. The synaptotagmin gene family, comprising 15 members, was proposed to act as such Ca(2+) sensor in regulated exocytosis in neurons and neuroendocrine and endocrine cells. Herein, we review the physiological function of the various synaptotagmins with reference to their impact on insulin exocytosis. Cumulating evidence emphasizes the crucial role of synaptotagmin VII and IX as mediators of glucose-induced insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit R Gauthier
- Dept. of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University Medical Center, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Eliasson L, Abdulkader F, Braun M, Galvanovskis J, Hoppa MB, Rorsman P. Novel aspects of the molecular mechanisms controlling insulin secretion. J Physiol 2008; 586:3313-24. [PMID: 18511483 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.155317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cells secrete insulin by Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis of secretory granules. beta-cell exocytosis involves SNARE (soluble NSF-attachment protein receptor) proteins similar to those controlling neurotransmitter release and depends on the close association of L-type Ca(2+) channels and granules. In most cases, the secretory granules fuse individually but there is ultrastructural and biophysical evidence of multivesicular exocytosis. Estimates of the secretory rate in beta-cells in intact islets indicate a release rate of approximately 15 granules per beta-cell per second, 100-fold higher than that observed in biochemical assays. Single-vesicle capacitance measurements reveal that the diameter of the fusion pore connecting the granule lumen with the exterior is approximately 1.4 nm. This is considerably smaller than the size of insulin and membrane fusion is therefore not obligatorily associated with release of the cargo, a feature that may contribute to the different rates of secretion detected by the biochemical and biophysical measurements. However, small molecules like ATP and GABA, which are stored together with insulin in the granules, are small enough to be released via the narrow fusion pore, which accordingly functions as a molecular sieve. We finally consider the possibility that defective fusion pore expansion accounts for the decrease in insulin secretion observed in pathophysiological states including long-term exposure to lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Eliasson
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Leitzell
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
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