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Yamamoto K, Scilabra SD, Bonelli S, Jensen A, Scavenius C, Enghild JJ, Strickland DK. Novel insights into the multifaceted and tissue-specific roles of the endocytic receptor LRP1. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107521. [PMID: 38950861 PMCID: PMC11325810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Receptor-mediated endocytosis provides a mechanism for the selective uptake of specific molecules thereby controlling the composition of the extracellular environment and biological processes. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a widely expressed endocytic receptor that regulates cellular events by modulating the levels of numerous extracellular molecules via rapid endocytic removal. LRP1 also participates in signalling pathways through this modulation as well as in the interaction with membrane receptors and cytoplasmic adaptor proteins. LRP1 SNPs are associated with several diseases and conditions such as migraines, aortic aneurysms, cardiopulmonary dysfunction, corneal clouding, and bone dysmorphology and mineral density. Studies using Lrp1 KO mice revealed a critical, nonredundant and tissue-specific role of LRP1 in regulating various physiological events. However, exactly how LRP1 functions to regulate so many distinct and specific processes is still not fully clear. Our recent proteomics studies have identified more than 300 secreted proteins that either directly interact with LRP1 or are modulated by LRP1 in various tissues. This review will highlight the remarkable ability of this receptor to regulate secreted molecules in a tissue-specific manner and discuss potential mechanisms underpinning such specificity. Uncovering the depth of these "hidden" specific interactions modulated by LRP1 will provide novel insights into a dynamic and complex extracellular environment that is involved in diverse biological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Simone D Scilabra
- Proteomics Group of Ri.MED Foundation, Research Department IRCCS ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simone Bonelli
- Proteomics Group of Ri.MED Foundation, Research Department IRCCS ISMETT, Palermo, Italy; Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anders Jensen
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dudley K Strickland
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Glynn C, Rodriguez JA, Hyman BT. The structural line between prion and "prion-like": Insights from prion protein and tau. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 86:102857. [PMID: 38489865 PMCID: PMC11162956 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2024.102857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The concept of 'prion-like' behavior has emerged in the study of diseases involving protein misfolding where fibrillar structures, called amyloids, self-propagate and induce disease in a fashion similar to prions. From a biological standpoint, in order to be considered 'prion-like,' a protein must traverse cells and tissues and further propagate via a templated conformational change. Since 2017, cryo-electron microscopy structures from patient-derived 'prion-like' amyloids, in particular tau, have been presented and revealed structural similarities shared across amyloids. Since 2021, cryo-EM structures from prions of known infectivity have been added to the ex vivo amyloid structure family. In this review, we discuss current proposals for the 'prion-like' mechanisms of spread for tau and prion protein as well as discuss different influencers on structures of aggregates from tauopathies and prion diseases. Lastly, we discuss some of the current hypotheses for what may distinguish structures that are 'prion-like' from transmissible prion structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calina Glynn
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jose A Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Martellucci S, Flütsch A, Carter M, Norimoto M, Pizzo D, Mantuano E, Sadri M, Wang Z, Chillin-Fuentes D, Rosenthal SB, Azmoon P, Gonias SL, Campana WM. Axon-derived PACSIN1 binds to the Schwann cell survival receptor, LRP1, and transactivates TrkC to promote gliatrophic activities. Glia 2024; 72:916-937. [PMID: 38372375 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) undergo phenotypic transformation and then orchestrate nerve repair following PNS injury. The ligands and receptors that activate and sustain SC transformation remain incompletely understood. Proteins released by injured axons represent important candidates for activating the SC Repair Program. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is acutely up-regulated in SCs in response to injury, activating c-Jun, and promoting SC survival. To identify novel LRP1 ligands released in PNS injury, we applied a discovery-based approach in which extracellular proteins in the injured nerve were captured using Fc-fusion proteins containing the ligand-binding motifs of LRP1 (CCR2 and CCR4). An intracellular neuron-specific protein, Protein Kinase C and Casein Kinase Substrate in Neurons (PACSIN1) was identified and validated as an LRP1 ligand. Recombinant PACSIN1 activated c-Jun and ERK1/2 in cultured SCs. Silencing Lrp1 or inhibiting the LRP1 cell-signaling co-receptor, the NMDA-R, blocked the effects of PACSIN1 on c-Jun and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Intraneural injection of PACSIN1 into crush-injured sciatic nerves activated c-Jun in wild-type mice, but not in mice in which Lrp1 is conditionally deleted in SCs. Transcriptome profiling of SCs revealed that PACSIN1 mediates gene expression events consistent with transformation to the repair phenotype. PACSIN1 promoted SC migration and viability following the TNFα challenge. When Src family kinases were pharmacologically inhibited or the receptor tyrosine kinase, TrkC, was genetically silenced or pharmacologically inhibited, PACSIN1 failed to induce cell signaling and prevent SC death. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that PACSIN1 is a novel axon-derived LRP1 ligand that activates SC repair signaling by transactivating TrkC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Martellucci
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andreas Flütsch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mark Carter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Masaki Norimoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Donald Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elisabetta Mantuano
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mahrou Sadri
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daisy Chillin-Fuentes
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Altman Clinical & Translational Research Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sara Brin Rosenthal
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Altman Clinical & Translational Research Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pardis Azmoon
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Steven L Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wendy M Campana
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Program in Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Research, San Diego VA Health Care System, San Diego, California, USA
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4
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Loeck M, Placci M, Muro S. Effect of acid sphingomyelinase deficiency in type A Niemann-Pick disease on the transport of therapeutic nanocarriers across the blood-brain barrier. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:3077-3093. [PMID: 37341882 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
ASM deficiency in Niemann-Pick disease type A results in aberrant cellular accumulation of sphingomyelin, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and early death. There is no available treatment because enzyme replacement therapy cannot surmount the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Nanocarriers (NCs) targeted across the BBB via transcytosis might help; yet, whether ASM deficiency alters transcytosis remains poorly characterized. We investigated this using model NCs targeted to intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), transferrin receptor (TfR), or plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein-1 (PV1) in ASM-normal vs. ASM-deficient BBB models. Disease differentially changed the expression of all three targets, with ICAM-1 becoming the highest. Apical binding and uptake of anti-TfR NCs and anti-PV1 NCs were unaffected by disease, while anti-ICAM-1 NCs had increased apical binding and decreased uptake rate, resulting in unchanged intracellular NCs. Additionally, anti-ICAM-1 NCs underwent basolateral reuptake after transcytosis, whose rate was decreased by disease, as for apical uptake. Consequently, disease increased the effective transcytosis rate for anti-ICAM-1 NCs. Increased transcytosis was also observed for anti-PV1 NCs, while anti-TfR NCs remained unaffected. A fraction of each formulation trafficked to endothelial lysosomes. This was decreased in disease for anti-ICAM-1 NCs and anti-PV1 NCs, agreeing with opposite transcytosis changes, while it increased for anti-TfR NCs. Overall, these variations in receptor expression and NC transport resulted in anti-ICAM-1 NCs displaying the highest absolute transcytosis in the disease condition. Furthermore, these results revealed that ASM deficiency can differently alter these processes depending on the particular target, for which this type of study is key to guide the design of therapeutic NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Loeck
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Placci
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institution of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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Mantuano E, Zampieri C, Azmoon P, Gunner CB, Heye KR, Gonias SL. An LRP1-binding motif in cellular prion protein replicates cell-signaling activities of the full-length protein. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e170121. [PMID: 37368488 PMCID: PMC10445690 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) functions as a receptor for nonpathogenic cellular prion protein (PrPC), which is released from cells by ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain) proteases or in extracellular vesicles. This interaction activates cell signaling and attenuates inflammatory responses. We screened 14-mer PrPC-derived peptides and identified a putative LRP1 recognition motif in the PrPC sequence spanning residues 98-111. A synthetic peptide (P3) corresponding to this region replicated the cell-signaling and biological activities of full-length shed PrPC. P3 blocked LPS-elicited cytokine expression in macrophages and microglia and rescued the heightened sensitivity to LPS in mice in which the PrPC gene (Prnp) had been deleted. P3 activated ERK1/2 and induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. The response to P3 required LRP1 and the NMDA receptor and was blocked by the PrPC-specific antibody, POM2. P3 has Lys residues, which are typically necessary for LRP1 binding. Converting Lys100 and Lys103 into Ala eliminated the activity of P3, suggesting that these residues are essential in the LRP1-binding motif. A P3 derivative in which Lys105 and Lys109 were converted into Ala retained activity. We conclude that the biological activities of shed PrPC, attributed to interaction with LRP1, are retained in synthetic peptides, which may be templates for therapeutics development.
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Celauro L, Zattoni M, Legname G. Prion receptors, prion internalization, intra- and inter-cellular transport. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 196:15-41. [PMID: 36813357 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Celauro
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Zattoni
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy.
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7
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Shibly AZ, Sheikh AM, Michikawa M, Tabassum S, Azad AK, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Yano S, Nagai A. Analysis of Cerebral Small Vessel Changes in AD Model Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 11:50. [PMID: 36672558 PMCID: PMC9855388 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) peptide is deposited in the brains of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to impaired vessel-dependent clearance. To understand the mechanisms, we investigated time-dependent cerebrovascular changes in AD model mice. Cerebrovascular and other pathological changes were analyzed in AD model mice (J20 strain) aging from 2 to 9 months by immunostaining. At 2 months, Aβ was only intraneuronal, whereas vessels were positive from 3 months in J20 mice. Compared to wild-type (WT), vessel density was increased at 2 months but decreased at 9 months in J20 mice, claudin-5 levels were decreased, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were increased in the cortex and hippocampus of J20 mice brain at all time points. Albumin extravasation was evident from 3 months in J20 brains. Collagen 4 was increased at 2 and 3 months. Aquaporin 4 was spread beyond the vessels starting from 3 months in J20, which was restricted around the vessel in wild-type mice. In conclusion, the study showed that an early decrease in claudin-5 was associated with VEGF expression, indicating dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier. Decreased claudin-5 might cause the leakage of blood constituents into the parenchyma that alters astrocyte polarity and its functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Zaffar Shibly
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.Z.S.); (A.K.A.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Md. Sheikh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.M.S.); (S.T.); (S.Y.)
| | - Makoto Michikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan;
| | - Shatera Tabassum
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.M.S.); (S.T.); (S.Y.)
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.Z.S.); (A.K.A.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaojing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.Z.S.); (A.K.A.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuchi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.Z.S.); (A.K.A.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shozo Yano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.M.S.); (S.T.); (S.Y.)
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.Z.S.); (A.K.A.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
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8
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The LRP1/CD91 ligands, tissue-type plasminogen activator, α 2-macroglobulin, and soluble cellular prion protein have distinct co-receptor requirements for activation of cell-signaling. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17594. [PMID: 36266319 PMCID: PMC9585055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
LDL Receptor-related Protein-1 (LRP1/CD91) binds diverse ligands, many of which activate cell-signaling. Herein, we compared three LRP1 ligands that inhibit inflammatory responses triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), including: enzymatically-inactive tissue-type plasminogen activator (EI-tPA); activated α2-macroglobulin (α2M); and S-PrP, a soluble derivative of nonpathogenic cellular prion protein (PrPC). In bone marrow-derived macrophages, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor was essential for all three LRP1 ligands to activate cell-signaling and inhibit LPS-induced cytokine expression. Intact lipid rafts also were essential. Only α2M absolutely required LRP1. LRP1 decreased the EI-tPA concentration required to activate cell-signaling and antagonize LPS but was not essential, mimicking its role as a S-PrP co-receptor. Membrane-anchored PrPC also functioned as a co-receptor for EI-tPA and α2M, decreasing the ligand concentration required for cell-signaling and LPS antagonism; however, when the concentration of EI-tPA or α2M was sufficiently increased, cell-signaling and LPS antagonism occurred independently of PrPC. S-PrP is the only LRP1 ligand in this group that activated cell-signaling independently of membrane-anchored PrPC. EI-tPA, α2M, and S-PrP inhibited LPS-induced LRP1 shedding from macrophages, a process that converts LRP1 into a pro-inflammatory product. Differences in the co-receptors required for anti-inflammatory activity may explain why LRP1 ligands vary in ability to target macrophages in different differentiation states.
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Mohammadi B, Song F, Matamoros-Angles A, Shafiq M, Damme M, Puig B, Glatzel M, Altmeppen HC. Anchorless risk or released benefit? An updated view on the ADAM10-mediated shedding of the prion protein. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 392:215-234. [PMID: 35084572 PMCID: PMC10113312 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) is a broadly expressed glycoprotein linked with a multitude of (suggested) biological and pathological implications. Some of these roles seem to be due to constitutively generated proteolytic fragments of the protein. Among them is a soluble PrP form, which is released from the surface of neurons and other cell types by action of the metalloprotease ADAM10 in a process termed 'shedding'. The latter aspect is the focus of this review, which aims to provide a comprehensive overview on (i) the relevance of proteolytic processing in regulating cellular PrP functions, (ii) currently described involvement of shed PrP in neurodegenerative diseases (including prion diseases and Alzheimer's disease), (iii) shed PrP's expected roles in intercellular communication in many more (patho)physiological conditions (such as stroke, cancer or immune responses), (iv) and the need for improved research tools in respective (future) studies. Deeper mechanistic insight into roles played by PrP shedding and its resulting fragment may pave the way for improved diagnostics and future therapeutic approaches in diseases of the brain and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Working Group for Interdisciplinary Neurobiology and Immunology (INI Research), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Feizhi Song
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreu Matamoros-Angles
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohsin Shafiq
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Damme
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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Cellular prion protein in human plasma-derived extracellular vesicles promotes neurite outgrowth via the NMDA receptor-LRP1 receptor system. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101642. [PMID: 35090893 PMCID: PMC8861162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs) participate in cell–cell communication. Herein, we isolated EVs from human plasma and demonstrated that these EVs activate cell signaling and promote neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells. Analysis of human plasma EVs purified by sequential ultracentrifugation using tandem mass spectrometry indicated the presence of multiple plasma proteins, including α2-macroglobulin, which is reported to regulate PC-12 cell physiology. We therefore further purified EVs by molecular exclusion or phosphatidylserine affinity chromatography, which reduced plasma protein contamination. EVs subjected to these additional purification methods exhibited unchanged activity in PC-12 cells, even though α2-macroglobulin was reduced to undetectable levels. Nonpathogenic cellular prion protein (PrPC) was carried by human plasma EVs and essential for the effects of EVs on PC-12 cells, as EV-induced cell signaling and neurite outgrowth were blocked by the PrPC-specific antibody, POM2. In addition, inhibitors of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDA-R) and low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein-1 (LRP1) blocked the effects of plasma EVs on PC-12 cells, as did silencing of Lrp1 or the gene encoding the GluN1 NMDA-R subunit (Grin1). These results implicate the NMDA-R–LRP1 complex as the receptor system responsible for mediating the effects of EV-associated PrPC. Finally, EVs harvested from rat astrocytes carried PrPC and replicated the effects of human plasma EVs on PC-12 cell signaling. We conclude that interaction of EV-associated PrPC with the NMDA-R–LRP1 complex in target cells represents a novel mechanism by which EVs may participate in intercellular communication in the nervous system.
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Chen J, Su Y, Pi S, Hu B, Mao L. The Dual Role of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:682389. [PMID: 34124208 PMCID: PMC8192809 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.682389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein-1 (LRP1) is a large endocytic and signaling receptor belonging to the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene family and that is widely expressed in several tissues. LRP1 comprises a large extracellular domain (ECD; 515 kDa, α chain) and a small intracellular domain (ICD; 85 kDa, β chain). The deletion of LRP1 leads to embryonic lethality in mice, revealing a crucial but yet undefined role in embryogenesis and development. LRP1 has been postulated to participate in numerous diverse physiological and pathological processes ranging from plasma lipoprotein homeostasis, atherosclerosis, tumor evolution, and fibrinolysis to neuronal regeneration and survival. Many studies using cultured cells and in vivo animal models have revealed the important roles of LRP1 in vascular remodeling, foam cell biology, inflammation and atherosclerosis. However, its role in atherosclerosis remains controversial. LRP1 not only participates in the removal of atherogenic lipoproteins and proatherogenic ligands in the liver but also mediates the uptake of aggregated LDL to promote the formation of macrophage- and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-derived foam cells, which causes a prothrombotic transformation of the vascular wall. The dual and opposing roles of LRP1 may also represent an interesting target for atherosclerosis therapeutics. This review highlights the influence of LRP1 during atherosclerosis development, focusing on its dual role in vascular cells and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shulan Pi
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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The Role of Cellular Prion Protein in Promoting Stemness and Differentiation in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020170. [PMID: 33418999 PMCID: PMC7825291 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aside from its well-established role in prion disorders, in the last decades the significance of cellular prion protein (PrPC) expression in human cancers has attracted great attention. An extensive body of work provided evidence that PrPC contributes to tumorigenesis by regulating tumor growth, differentiation, and resistance to conventional therapies. In particular, PrPC over-expression has been related to the acquisition of a malignant phenotype of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in a variety of solid tumors, encompassing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, osteosarcoma, breast, gastric, and colorectal cancers, and primary brain tumors as well. According to consensus, increased levels of PrPC endow CSCs with self-renewal, proliferative, migratory, and invasive capacities, along with increased resistance to anti-cancer agents. In addition, increasing evidence demonstrates that PrPc also participates in multi-protein complexes to modulate the oncogenic properties of CSCs, thus sustaining tumorigenesis. Therefore, strategies aimed at targeting PrPC and/or PrPC-organized complexes could be a promising approach for anti-cancer therapy. Abstract Cellular prion protein (PrPC) is seminal to modulate a variety of baseline cell functions to grant homeostasis. The classic role of such a protein was defined as a chaperone-like molecule being able to rescue cell survival. Nonetheless, PrPC also represents the precursor of the deleterious misfolded variant known as scrapie prion protein (PrPSc). This variant is detrimental in a variety of prion disorders. This multi-faceted role of PrP is greatly increased by recent findings showing how PrPC in its folded conformation may foster tumor progression by acting at multiple levels. The present review focuses on such a cancer-promoting effect. The manuscript analyzes recent findings on the occurrence of PrPC in various cancers and discusses the multiple effects, which sustain cancer progression. Within this frame, the effects of PrPC on stemness and differentiation are discussed. A special emphasis is provided on the spreading of PrPC and the epigenetic effects, which are induced in neighboring cells to activate cancer-related genes. These detrimental effects are further discussed in relation to the aberrancy of its physiological and beneficial role on cell homeostasis. A specific paragraph is dedicated to the role of PrPC beyond its effects in the biology of cancer to represent a potential biomarker in the follow up of patients following surgical resection.
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A New Take on Prion Protein Dynamics in Cellular Trafficking. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207763. [PMID: 33092231 PMCID: PMC7589859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mobility of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in specific cell membrane domains and among distinct cell compartments dictates its molecular interactions and directs its cell function. PrPC works in concert with several partners to organize signaling platforms implicated in various cellular processes. The scaffold property of PrPC is able to gather a molecular repertoire to create heterogeneous membrane domains that favor endocytic events. Dynamic trafficking of PrPC through multiple pathways, in a well-orchestrated mechanism of intra and extracellular vesicular transport, defines its functional plasticity, and also assists the conversion and spreading of its infectious isoform associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight how PrPC traffics across intra- and extracellular compartments and the consequences of this dynamic transport in governing cell functions and contributing to prion disease pathogenesis.
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Cellular Prion Protein (PrPc): Putative Interacting Partners and Consequences of the Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197058. [PMID: 32992764 PMCID: PMC7583789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPc) is a small glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored protein most abundantly found in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM) in the central nervous system (CNS). PrPc misfolding causes neurodegenerative prion diseases in the CNS. PrPc interacts with a wide range of protein partners because of the intrinsically disordered nature of the protein’s N-terminus. Numerous studies have attempted to decipher the physiological role of the prion protein by searching for proteins which interact with PrPc. Biochemical characteristics and biological functions both appear to be affected by interacting protein partners. The key challenge in identifying a potential interacting partner is to demonstrate that binding to a specific ligand is necessary for cellular physiological function or malfunction. In this review, we have summarized the intracellular and extracellular interacting partners of PrPc and potential consequences of their binding. We also briefly describe prion disease-related mutations at the end of this review.
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The Role of Vesicle Trafficking Defects in the Pathogenesis of Prion and Prion-Like Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197016. [PMID: 32977678 PMCID: PMC7582986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases in which the cellular form of the prion protein ‘PrPc’, misfolds into an infectious and aggregation prone isoform termed PrPSc, which is the primary component of prions. Many neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and polyglutamine diseases, such as Huntington’s disease, are considered prion-like disorders because of the common characteristics in the propagation and spreading of misfolded proteins that they share with the prion diseases. Unlike prion diseases, these are non-infectious outside experimental settings. Many vesicular trafficking impairments, which are observed in prion and prion-like disorders, favor the accumulation of the pathogenic amyloid aggregates. In addition, many of the vesicular trafficking impairments that arise in these diseases, turn out to be further aggravating factors. This review offers an insight into the currently known vesicular trafficking defects in these neurodegenerative diseases and their implications on disease progression. These findings suggest that these impaired trafficking pathways may represent similar therapeutic targets in these classes of neurodegenerative disorders.
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16
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De La-Rocque S, Moretto E, Butnaru I, Schiavo G. Knockin' on heaven's door: Molecular mechanisms of neuronal tau uptake. J Neurochem 2020; 156:563-588. [PMID: 32770783 PMCID: PMC8432157 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since aggregates of the microtubule‐binding protein tau were found to be the main component of neurofibrillary tangles more than 30 years ago, their contribution to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and tauopathies has become well established. Recent work shows that both tau load and its distribution in the brain of AD patients correlate with cognitive decline more closely compared to amyloid plaque deposition. In addition, the amyloid cascade hypothesis has been recently challenged because of disappointing results of clinical trials designed to treat AD by reducing beta‐amyloid levels, thus fuelling a renewed interest in tau. There is now robust evidence to indicate that tau pathology can spread within the central nervous system via a prion‐like mechanism following a stereotypical pattern, which can be explained by the trans‐synaptic inter‐neuronal transfer of pathological tau. In the receiving neuron, tau has been shown to take multiple routes of internalisation, which are partially dependent on its conformation and aggregation status. Here, we review the emerging mechanisms proposed for the uptake of extracellular tau in neurons and the requirements for the propagation of its pathological conformers, addressing how they gain access to physiological tau monomers in the cytosol. Furthermore, we highlight some of the key mechanistic gaps of the field, which urgently need to be addressed to expand our understanding of tau propagation and lead to the identification of new therapeutic strategies for tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha De La-Rocque
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edoardo Moretto
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ioana Butnaru
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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17
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Hara H, Sakaguchi S. N-Terminal Regions of Prion Protein: Functions and Roles in Prion Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176233. [PMID: 32872280 PMCID: PMC7504422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal cellular isoform of prion protein, designated PrPC, is constitutively converted to the abnormally folded, amyloidogenic isoform, PrPSc, in prion diseases, which include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in animals. PrPC is a membrane glycoprotein consisting of the non-structural N-terminal domain and the globular C-terminal domain. During conversion of PrPC to PrPSc, its 2/3 C-terminal region undergoes marked structural changes, forming a protease-resistant structure. In contrast, the N-terminal region remains protease-sensitive in PrPSc. Reverse genetic studies using reconstituted PrPC-knockout mice with various mutant PrP molecules have revealed that the N-terminal domain has an important role in the normal function of PrPC and the conversion of PrPC to PrPSc. The N-terminal domain includes various characteristic regions, such as the positively charged residue-rich polybasic region, the octapeptide repeat (OR) region consisting of five repeats of an octapeptide sequence, and the post-OR region with another positively charged residue-rich polybasic region followed by a stretch of hydrophobic residues. We discuss the normal functions of PrPC, the conversion of PrPC to PrPSc, and the neurotoxicity of PrPSc by focusing on the roles of the N-terminal regions in these topics.
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18
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Mohammadi B, Linsenmeier L, Shafiq M, Puig B, Galliciotti G, Giudici C, Willem M, Eden T, Koch-Nolte F, Lin YH, Tatzelt J, Glatzel M, Altmeppen HC. Transgenic Overexpression of the Disordered Prion Protein N1 Fragment in Mice Does Not Protect Against Neurodegenerative Diseases Due to Impaired ER Translocation. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2812-2829. [PMID: 32367491 PMCID: PMC7253391 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The structurally disordered N-terminal half of the prion protein (PrPC) is constitutively released into the extracellular space by an endogenous proteolytic cleavage event. Once liberated, this N1 fragment acts neuroprotective in ischemic conditions and interferes with toxic peptides associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyloid-beta (Aβ) in Alzheimer’s disease. Since analog protective effects of N1 in prion diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, have not been studied, and given that the protease releasing N1 has not been identified to date, we have generated and characterized transgenic mice overexpressing N1 (TgN1). Upon intracerebral inoculation of TgN1 mice with prions, no protective effects were observed at the levels of survival, clinical course, neuropathological, or molecular assessment. Likewise, primary neurons of these mice did not show protection against Aβ toxicity. Our biochemical and morphological analyses revealed that this lack of protective effects is seemingly due to an impaired ER translocation of the disordered N1 resulting in its cytosolic retention with an uncleaved signal peptide. Thus, TgN1 mice represent the first animal model to prove the inefficient ER translocation of intrinsically disordered domains (IDD). In contrast to earlier studies, our data challenge roles of cytoplasmic N1 as a cell penetrating peptide or as a potent “anti-prion” agent. Lastly, our study highlights both the importance of structured domains in the nascent chain for proteins to be translocated and aspects to be considered when devising novel N1-based therapeutic approaches against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luise Linsenmeier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohsin Shafiq
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giovanna Galliciotti
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Camilla Giudici
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Willem
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Eden
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann C Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
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19
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Carroll JA, Groveman BR, Williams K, Moore R, Race B, Haigh CL. Prion protein N1 cleavage peptides stimulate microglial interaction with surrounding cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6654. [PMID: 32313035 PMCID: PMC7171115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia act as the protective immune cell of the brain. By surveying the tissue to identify and rectify problems, they function to maintain the health of brain cells. The prion protein N-terminal cleavage fragment, N1, has demonstrated neuroprotective activities in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed to elucidate whether N1 could modulate microglial function and, if so, determine the consequences for the surrounding tissue. Using a mixed neuronal lineage and microglia co-culture system, we showed that N1 stimulation changed overall morphology and metabolism, suggesting enhanced cellular viability. Furthermore, N1 induced an increase in Cxcl10 secretion in the co-cultures. Recombinant Cxcl10, administered exogenously, mediated the changes in the mixed neuronal lineage culture morphology and metabolism in the absence of microglia, but no effect of Cxcl10 was observed on microglia cultured on their own. Direct cell-to-cell contact was required for N1 to influence microglia in the co-cultures, and this was linked with restructuring of microglial membrane composition to include a higher GM1 content at interaction sites with surrounding cells. Our findings show that N1 can play a regulatory role in microglial function in the context of an inter-connected network of cells by changing both cellular interaction sites and cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Carroll
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - B R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - K Williams
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - R Moore
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - B Race
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - C L Haigh
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
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20
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Hackl S, Becker CFW. Prion protein-Semisynthetic prion protein (PrP) variants with posttranslational modifications. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3216. [PMID: 31713950 PMCID: PMC6899880 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering the pathophysiologic events in prion diseases is challenging, and the role of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as glypidation and glycosylation remains elusive due to the lack of homogeneous protein preparations. So far, experimental studies have been limited in directly analyzing the earliest events of the conformational change of cellular prion protein (PrPC ) into scrapie prion protein (PrPSc ) that further propagates PrPC misfolding and aggregation at the cellular membrane, the initial site of prion infection, and PrP misfolding, by a lack of suitably modified PrP variants. PTMs of PrP, especially attachment of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, have been shown to be crucially involved in the PrPSc formation. To this end, semisynthesis offers a unique possibility to understand PrP behavior invitro and invivo as it provides access to defined site-selectively modified PrP variants. This approach relies on the production and chemoselective linkage of peptide segments, amenable to chemical modifications, with recombinantly produced protein segments. In this article, advances in understanding PrP conversion using semisynthesis as a tool to obtain homogeneous posttranslationally modified PrP will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hackl
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F W Becker
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Mattei V, Manganelli V, Martellucci S, Capozzi A, Mantuano E, Longo A, Ferri A, Garofalo T, Sorice M, Misasi R. A multimolecular signaling complex including PrP C and LRP1 is strictly dependent on lipid rafts and is essential for the function of tissue plasminogen activator. J Neurochem 2019; 152:468-481. [PMID: 31602645 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prion protein (PrPC ) localizes stably in lipid rafts microdomains and is able to recruit downstream signal transduction pathways by the interaction with promiscuous partners. Other proteins have the ability to occasionally be recruited to these specialized membrane areas, within multimolecular complexes. Among these, we highlight the presence of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), which was found localized transiently in lipid rafts, suggesting a different function of this receptor that through lipid raft becomes able to activate a signal transduction pathway triggered by specific ligands, including Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Since it has been reported that PrPC participates in the tPA-mediated plasminogen activation, in this study, we describe the role of lipid rafts in the recruitment and activation of downstream signal transduction pathways mediated by the interaction among tPA, PrPC and LRP1 in human neuroblastoma SK-N-BE2 cell line. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis reveals a consistent association between PrPC and GM1, as well as between LRP1 and GM1, indicating the existence of a glycosphingolipid-enriched multimolecular complex. In our cell model, knocking-down PrPC by siRNA impairs ERK phosphorylation induced by tPA. Moreover the alteration of the lipidic milieu of lipid rafts, perturbing the physical/functional interaction between PrPC and LRP1, inhibits this response. We show that LRP1 and PrPC , following tPA stimulation, may function as a system associated with lipid rafts, involved in receptor-mediated neuritogenic pathway. We suggest this as a multimolecular signaling complex, whose activity depends strictly on the integrity of lipid raft and is involved in the neuritogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mattei
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, Sabina Universitas, Rieti, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Martellucci
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, Sabina Universitas, Rieti, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Capozzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mantuano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Agostina Longo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferri
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, c/o CERC, Rome, Italy
| | - Tina Garofalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Misasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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22
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Fu L, Jiang G, Weng H, Dick GM, Chang Y, Kassab GS. Cerebrovascular miRNAs correlate with the clearance of Aβ through perivascular route in younger 3xTg-AD mice. Brain Pathol 2019; 30:92-105. [PMID: 31206909 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The "two-hit vascular hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease (AD)" and amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomer hypothesis suggest that impaired soluble Aβ oligomers clearance through the cerebral vasculature may be an initial step of the AD process. Soluble Aβ oligomers are driven into perivascular spaces from the brain parenchyma and toward peripheral blood flow. The underlying vascular-based mechanism, however, has not been defined. Given that microRNAs (miRNAs), emerging as novel modulators, are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes, we hypothesized that cerebrovascular miRNAs may regulate the activities of brain blood vessels, which further affects the concentration of Aβ in the AD brain. In this study, perivascular Aβ deposits, higher vascular activation, increased pericyte coverage and up-regulated capillaries miRNAs at 6 months old (6 mo) were found to correlate with the lower Aβ levels of middle AD stage (9 mo) in 3xTg-AD (3xTg) mice. It is implicated that at the early stage of AD when intracellular Aβ appeared, higher expression of vessel-specific miRNAs, elevated pericyte coverage, and activated endothelium facilitate Aβ oligomer clearance through the perivascular route, resulting in a transient reduction of Aβ oligomers at 9 mo. Additionally, ghrelin-induced upregulation of capillary miRNAs and increased pericyte coverage attenuated Aβ burden at 9 mo, in further support of the relationship between vascular miRNAs and Aβ clearance. This work suggests a cerebral microvessel miRNA may boost endothelial highly activated phenotypes to promote elimination of Aβ oligomers through the perivascular drainage pathway and contribute to AD progression. The targeting of brain vessel-specific miRNAs may provide a new rationale for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Fu
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, USA
| | - Ge Jiang
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, USA
| | - Hope Weng
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, USA
| | - Gregory M Dick
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, USA
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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23
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Bres EE, Faissner A. Low Density Receptor-Related Protein 1 Interactions With the Extracellular Matrix: More Than Meets the Eye. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:31. [PMID: 30931303 PMCID: PMC6428713 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a biological substrate composed of collagens, proteoglycans and glycoproteins that ensures proper cell migration and adhesion and keeps the cell architecture intact. The regulation of the ECM composition is a vital process strictly controlled by, among others, proteases, growth factors and adhesion receptors. As it appears, ECM remodeling is also essential for proper neuronal and glial development and the establishment of adequate synaptic signaling. Hence, disturbances in ECM functioning are often present in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, mutations in ECM molecules are found in some forms of epilepsy and malfunctioning of ECM-related genes and pathways can be seen in, for example, cancer or ischemic injury. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (Lrp1) is a member of the low density lipoprotein receptor family. Lrp1 is involved not only in ligand uptake, receptor mediated endocytosis and lipoprotein transport—functions shared by low density lipoprotein receptor family members—but also regulates cell surface protease activity, controls cellular entry and binding of toxins and viruses, protects against atherosclerosis and acts on many cell signaling pathways. Given the plethora of functions, it is not surprising that Lrp1 also impacts the ECM and is involved in its remodeling. This review focuses on the role of Lrp1 and some of its major ligands on ECM function. Specifically, interactions with two Lrp1 ligands, integrins and tissue plasminogen activator are described in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa E Bres
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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24
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Fang C, Wu B, Le NTT, Imberdis T, Mercer RCC, Harris DA. Prions activate a p38 MAPK synaptotoxic signaling pathway. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007283. [PMID: 30235355 PMCID: PMC6147624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic degeneration is one of the earliest pathological correlates of prion disease, and it is a major determinant of the progression of clinical symptoms. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying prion synaptotoxicity are poorly understood. Previously, we described an experimental system in which treatment of cultured hippocampal neurons with purified PrPSc, the infectious form of the prion protein, induces rapid retraction of dendritic spines, an effect that is entirely dependent on expression of endogenous PrPC by the target neurons. Here, we use this system to dissect pharmacologically the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. We show that PrPSc initiates a stepwise synaptotoxic signaling cascade that includes activation of NMDA receptors, calcium influx, stimulation of p38 MAPK and several downstream kinases, and collapse of the actin cytoskeleton within dendritic spines. Synaptic degeneration is restricted to excitatory synapses, spares presynaptic structures, and results in decrements in functional synaptic transmission. Pharmacological inhibition of any one of the steps in the signaling cascade, as well as expression of a dominant-negative form of p38 MAPK, block PrPSc-induced spine degeneration. Moreover, p38 MAPK inhibitors actually reverse the degenerative process after it has already begun. We also show that, while PrPC mediates the synaptotoxic effects of both PrPSc and the Alzheimer’s Aβ peptide in this system, the two species activate distinct signaling pathways. Taken together, our results provide powerful insights into the biology of prion neurotoxicity, they identify new, druggable therapeutic targets, and they allow comparison of prion synaptotoxic pathways with those involved in other neurodegenerative diseases. Prion diseases are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders that includes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and kuru in humans, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. The infectious agent, or prion, that transmits these diseases is a naked protein molecule, the prion protein (PrP), which is an altered form of a normal, cellular protein. Although a great deal is known about how prions propagate themselves and transmit infection, the process by which they actually cause neurons to degenerate has remained mysterious. Here, we have used a specialized neuronal culture system to dissect the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which prions damage synapses, the structures that connect nerve cells and that play a crucial role in learning, memory, and neurological disease. Our results define a stepwise molecular pathway underlying prion synaptic toxicity, which involves activation of glutamate neurotransmitter receptors, influx of calcium ions into the neuron, and stimulation of specific mitogen-activated protein kinases, which attach phosphate groups to proteins to regulate their activity. We demonstrate that specific drugs, as well as a dominant-negative kinase mutant, block these steps and thereby prevent the synaptic degeneration produced by prions. Our results provide new insights into the pathogenesis of prion diseases, they uncover new drug targets for treating these diseases, and they allow us to compare prion diseases to other, more common neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fang
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Bei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Nhat T. T. Le
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Thibaut Imberdis
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Robert C. C. Mercer
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - David A. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Prion-Like Propagation of Post-Translationally Modified Tau in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Hypothesis. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:480-490. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Linsenmeier L, Mohammadi B, Wetzel S, Puig B, Jackson WS, Hartmann A, Uchiyama K, Sakaguchi S, Endres K, Tatzelt J, Saftig P, Glatzel M, Altmeppen HC. Structural and mechanistic aspects influencing the ADAM10-mediated shedding of the prion protein. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:18. [PMID: 29625583 PMCID: PMC5889536 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proteolytic processing of the prion protein (PrPC) by endogenous proteases generates bioactive membrane-bound and soluble fragments which may help to explain the pleiotropic roles of this protein in the nervous system and in brain diseases. Shedding of almost full-length PrPC into the extracellular space by the metalloprotease ADAM10 is of peculiar relevance since soluble PrP stimulates axonal outgrowth and is protective in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s and prion disease. However, molecular determinates and mechanisms regulating the shedding of PrP are entirely unknown. Methods We produced an antibody recognizing the neo-epitope of shed PrP generated by ADAM10 in biological samples and used it to study structural and mechanistic aspects affecting the shedding. For this, we investigated genetically modified cellular and murine models by biochemical and morphological approaches. Results We show that the novel antibody specifically detects shed PrP in cell culture supernatants and murine brain. We demonstrate that ADAM10 is the exclusive sheddase of PrPC in the nervous system and reveal that the glycosylation state and type of membrane-anchorage of PrPC severely affect its shedding. Furthermore, we provide evidence that PrP shedding can be modulated by pharmacological inhibition and stimulation and present data suggesting that shedding is a relevant part of a compensatory network ensuring PrPC homeostasis of the cell. Conclusions With the new antibody, our study introduces a new tool to reliably investigate PrP-shedding. In addition, this study provides novel and important insight into the regulation of this cleavage event, which is likely to be relevant for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches even beyond neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Linsenmeier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wetzel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Hartmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Keiji Uchiyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Suehiro Sakaguchi
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann C. Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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Magrì A, Di Natale G, Rizzarelli E. Copper-assisted interaction between amyloid-β and prion: Ternary metal complexes with Aβ N-terminus and octarepeat. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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Dal Magro R, Albertini B, Beretta S, Rigolio R, Donzelli E, Chiorazzi A, Ricci M, Blasi P, Sancini G. Artificial apolipoprotein corona enables nanoparticle brain targeting. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 14:429-438. [PMID: 29157979 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many potential therapeutic compounds for brain diseases fail to reach their molecular targets due to the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier, limiting their clinical development. Nanotechnology-based approaches might improve compounds pharmacokinetics by enhancing binding to the cerebrovascular endothelium and translocation into the brain. Adsorption of apolipoprotein E4 onto polysorbate 80-stabilized nanoparticles to produce a protein corona allows the specific targeting of cerebrovascular endothelium. This strategy increased nanoparticle translocation into brain parenchyma, and improved brain nanoparticle accumulation 3-fold compared to undecorated particles (119.8 vs 40.5 picomoles). Apolipoprotein decorated nanoparticles have high clinical translational potential and may improve the development of nanotechnology-based medicine for a variety of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Dal Magro
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center, Neuroscience Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Barbara Albertini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Beretta
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Roberta Rigolio
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Donzelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessia Chiorazzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Blasi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Giulio Sancini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center, Neuroscience Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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Sakaguchi S, Uchiyama K. Novel amplification mechanism of prions through disrupting sortilin-mediated trafficking. Prion 2017; 11:398-404. [PMID: 29099278 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2017.1391435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein, PrPC, into the abnormally folded isoform of prion protein, PrPSc, which leads to marked accumulation of PrPSc in brains, is a key pathogenic event in prion diseases, a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by prions. However, the exact mechanism of PrPSc accumulation in prion-infected neurons remains unknown. We recently reported a novel cellular mechanism to support PrPSc accumulation in prion-infected neurons, in which PrPSc itself promotes its accumulation by evading the cellular inhibitory mechanism, which is newly identified in our recent study. We showed that the VPS10P sorting receptor sortilin negatively regulates PrPSc accumulation in prion-infected neurons, by interacting with PrPC and PrPSc and trafficking them to lysosomes for degradation. However, PrPSc stimulated lysosomal degradation of sortilin, disrupting the sortilin-mediated degradation of PrPC and PrPSc and eventually evoking further accumulation of PrPSc in prion-infected neurons. These findings suggest a positive feedback amplification mechanism for PrPSc accumulation in prion-infected neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suehiro Sakaguchi
- a Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Keiji Uchiyama
- a Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University , Tokushima , Japan
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30
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Sarnataro D, Pepe A, Zurzolo C. Cell Biology of Prion Protein. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 150:57-82. [PMID: 28838675 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a mammalian glycoprotein which is usually found anchored to the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. The precise function of PrPC remains elusive but may depend upon its cellular localization. PrPC misfolds to a pathogenic isoform PrPSc, the causative agent of neurodegenerative prion diseases. Nonetheless some forms of prion disease develop in the apparent absence of infectious PrPSc, suggesting that molecular species of PrP distinct from PrPSc may represent the primary neurotoxic culprits. Indeed, in some inherited cases of human prion disease, the predominant form of PrP detectable in the brain is not PrPSc but rather CtmPrP, a transmembrane form of the protein. The relationship between the neurodegeneration occurring in prion diseases involving PrPSc and that associated with CtmPrP remains unclear. However, the different membrane topology of the PrP mutants, as well as the presence of the GPI anchor, could influence both the function and the intracellular localization and trafficking of the protein, all being potentially very important in the pathophysiological mechanism that ultimately causes the disease. Here, we review the latest findings on the fundamental aspects of prions biology, from the PrPC biosynthesis, function, and structure up to its intracellular traffic and analyze the possible roles of the different topological isoforms of the protein, as well as the GPI anchor, in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sarnataro
- University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; Ceinge-Biotecnologie avanzate, s.c.a r.l., Naples, Italy.
| | - Anna Pepe
- University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenese, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenese, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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31
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Linsenmeier L, Altmeppen HC, Wetzel S, Mohammadi B, Saftig P, Glatzel M. Diverse functions of the prion protein - Does proteolytic processing hold the key? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2128-2137. [PMID: 28693923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic processing of the cellular and disease-associated form of the prion protein leads to generation of bioactive soluble prion protein fragments and modifies the structure and function of its cell-bound form. The nature of proteases responsible for shedding, α-, β-, and γ-cleavage of the prion protein are only partially identified and their regulation is largely unknown. Here, we provide an overview of the increasingly multifaceted picture of prion protein proteolysis and shed light on physiological and pathological roles associated with these cleavages. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis as a Regulatory Event in Pathophysiology edited by Stefan Rose-John.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Linsenmeier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann C Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wetzel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Uchiyama K, Tomita M, Yano M, Chida J, Hara H, Das NR, Nykjaer A, Sakaguchi S. Prions amplify through degradation of the VPS10P sorting receptor sortilin. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006470. [PMID: 28665987 PMCID: PMC5509376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by prions, which consist mainly of the abnormally folded isoform of prion protein, PrPSc. A pivotal pathogenic event in prion disease is progressive accumulation of prions, or PrPSc, in brains through constitutive conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein, PrPC, into PrPSc. However, the cellular mechanism by which PrPSc is progressively accumulated in prion-infected neurons remains unknown. Here, we show that PrPSc is progressively accumulated in prion-infected cells through degradation of the VPS10P sorting receptor sortilin. We first show that sortilin interacts with PrPC and PrPSc and sorts them to lysosomes for degradation. Consistently, sortilin-knockdown increased PrPSc accumulation in prion-infected cells. In contrast, overexpression of sortilin reduced PrPSc accumulation in prion-infected cells. These results indicate that sortilin negatively regulates PrPSc accumulation in prion-infected cells. The negative role of sortilin in PrPSc accumulation was further confirmed in sortilin-knockout mice infected with prions. The infected mice had accelerated prion disease with early accumulation of PrPSc in their brains. Interestingly, sortilin was reduced in prion-infected cells and mouse brains. Treatment of prion-infected cells with lysosomal inhibitors, but not proteasomal inhibitors, increased the levels of sortilin. Moreover, sortilin was reduced following PrPSc becoming detectable in cells after infection with prions. These results indicate that PrPSc accumulation stimulates sortilin degradation in lysosomes. Taken together, these results show that PrPSc accumulation of itself could impair the sortilin-mediated sorting of PrPC and PrPSc to lysosomes for degradation by stimulating lysosomal degradation of sortilin, eventually leading to progressive accumulation of PrPSc in prion-infected cells. Once prions consisting mainly of PrPSc infect hosts, they constitutively propagate in their brains. Progressive production of PrPSc through the constitutive conformational conversion of PrPC into PrPSc underlies prion propagation. However, the mechanism enabling progressive production of PrPSc in prion-infected cells remains unknown. We here found that the VPS10P sorting receptor sortilin is involved in degradation of PrPC and PrPSc in infected cells by binding to both molecules and subsequently trafficking them to the lysosomal protein degradation pathway. Interestingly, we also found that degradation of sortilin was stimulated in lysosomes in prion-infected cells possibly as a result of the sortilin-PrPC or -PrPSc complexes being trafficked to lysosomes. Our findings indicate that PrPSc itself impairs the sortilin-mediated degradation of PrPC and PrPSc by stimulating degradation of sortilin in lysosomes. This eventually results in progressive production of PrPSc in prion-infected cells by increasing the opportunity of PrPC to convert into PrPSc and by accumulating the already produced PrPSc. This mechanism was confirmed in sortilin-KO mice infected with prions. The mice had exacerbated prion disease with earlier accumulation of PrPSc in their brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Uchiyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail: (SS); (KU)
| | - Mitsuru Tomita
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- Student Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masashi Yano
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Junji Chida
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hara
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nandita Rani Das
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Anders Nykjaer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Suehiro Sakaguchi
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail: (SS); (KU)
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Ballmer BA, Moos R, Liberali P, Pelkmans L, Hornemann S, Aguzzi A. Modifiers of prion protein biogenesis and recycling identified by a highly parallel endocytosis kinetics assay. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8356-8368. [PMID: 28341739 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.773283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein, PrPC, is attached by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Its misfolded isoform PrPSc is the causative agent of prion diseases. Conversion of PrPC into PrPSc is thought to take place at the cell surface or in endolysosomal organelles. Understanding the intracellular trafficking of PrPC may, therefore, help elucidate the conversion process. Here we describe a time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer (FRET) assay reporting membrane expression and real-time internalization rates of PrPC The assay is suitable for high-throughput genetic and pharmaceutical screens for modulators of PrPC trafficking. Simultaneous administration of FRET donor and acceptor anti-PrPC antibodies to living cells yielded a measure of PrPC surface density, whereas sequential addition of each antibody visualized the internalization rate of PrPC (Z' factor >0.5). RNA interference assays showed that suppression of AP2M1 (AP-2 adaptor protein), RAB5A, VPS35 (vacuolar protein sorting 35 homolog), and M6PR (mannose 6-phosphate receptor) blocked PrPC internalization, whereas down-regulation of GIT2 and VPS28 increased PrPC internalization. PrPC cell-surface expression was reduced by down-regulation of RAB5A, VPS28, and VPS35 and enhanced by silencing EHD1. These data identify a network of proteins implicated in PrPC trafficking and demonstrate the power of this assay for identifying modulators of PrPC trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A Ballmer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rita Moos
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Prisca Liberali
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Pelkmans
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Hornemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Sapp V, Jain M, Liao R. Viewing Extrinsic Proteotoxic Stress Through the Lens of Amyloid Cardiomyopathy. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:294-9. [PMID: 27252164 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00047.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteotoxicity refers to toxic stress caused by misfolded proteins of extrinsic or intrinsic origin and plays an integral role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we provide an overview of the current understanding of mechanisms underlying proteotoxicity and its contribution in the pathogenesis of amyloid cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Sapp
- Departments of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; and
| | - Mohit Jain
- Departments of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; and
| | - Ronglih Liao
- Division of Genetics and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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LRP1 influences trafficking of N-type calcium channels via interaction with the auxiliary α 2δ-1 subunit. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43802. [PMID: 28256585 PMCID: PMC5335561 DOI: 10.1038/srep43802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated Ca2+ (CaV) channels consist of a pore-forming α1 subunit, which determines the main functional and pharmacological attributes of the channel. The CaV1 and CaV2 channels are associated with auxiliary β- and α2δ-subunits. The molecular mechanisms involved in α2δ subunit trafficking, and the effect of α2δ subunits on trafficking calcium channel complexes remain poorly understood. Here we show that α2δ-1 is a ligand for the Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor-related Protein-1 (LRP1), a multifunctional receptor which mediates trafficking of cargoes. This interaction with LRP1 is direct, and is modulated by the LRP chaperone, Receptor-Associated Protein (RAP). LRP1 regulates α2δ binding to gabapentin, and influences calcium channel trafficking and function. Whereas LRP1 alone reduces α2δ-1 trafficking to the cell-surface, the LRP1/RAP combination enhances mature glycosylation, proteolytic processing and cell-surface expression of α2δ-1, and also increase plasma-membrane expression and function of CaV2.2 when co-expressed with α2δ-1. Furthermore RAP alone produced a small increase in cell-surface expression of CaV2.2, α2δ-1 and the associated calcium currents. It is likely to be interacting with an endogenous member of the LDL receptor family to have these effects. Our findings now provide a key insight and new tools to investigate the trafficking of calcium channel α2δ subunits.
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PrP Knockout Cells Expressing Transmembrane PrP Resist Prion Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01686-16. [PMID: 27847358 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01686-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring of the prion protein (PrPC) influences PrPC misfolding into the disease-associated isoform, PrPres, as well as prion propagation and infectivity. GPI proteins are found in cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich membrane regions called rafts. Exchanging the GPI anchor for a nonraft transmembrane sequence redirects PrPC away from rafts. Previous studies showed that nonraft transmembrane PrPC variants resist conversion to PrPres when transfected into scrapie-infected N2a neuroblastoma cells, likely due to segregation of transmembrane PrPC and GPI-anchored PrPres in distinct membrane environments. Thus, it remained unclear whether transmembrane PrPC might convert to PrPres if seeded by an exogenous source of PrPres not associated with host cell rafts and without the potential influence of endogenous expression of GPI-anchored PrPC To further explore these questions, constructs containing either a C-terminal wild-type GPI anchor signal sequence or a nonraft transmembrane sequence containing a flexible linker were expressed in a cell line derived from PrP knockout hippocampal neurons, NpL2. NpL2 cells have physiological similarities to primary neurons, representing a novel and advantageous model for studying transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) infection. Cells were infected with inocula from multiple prion strains and in different biochemical states (i.e., membrane bound as in brain microsomes from wild-type mice or purified GPI-anchorless amyloid fibrils). Only GPI-anchored PrPC supported persistent PrPres propagation. Our data provide strong evidence that in cell culture GPI anchor-directed membrane association of PrPC is required for persistent PrPres propagation, implicating raft microdomains as a location for conversion. IMPORTANCE Mechanisms of prion propagation, and what makes them transmissible, are poorly understood. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchoring of the prion protein (PrPC) directs it to specific regions of cell membranes called rafts. In order to test the importance of the raft environment on prion propagation, we developed a novel model for prion infection where cells expressing either GPI-anchored PrPC or transmembrane-anchored PrPC, which partitions it to a different location, were treated with infectious, misfolded forms of the prion protein, PrPres We show that only GPI-anchored PrPC was able to convert to PrPres and able to serially propagate. The results strongly suggest that GPI anchoring and the localization of PrPC to rafts are crucial to the ability of PrPC to propagate as a prion.
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ONODERA T. Dual role of cellular prion protein in normal host and Alzheimer's disease. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:155-173. [PMID: 28413194 PMCID: PMC5489426 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Using PrPC-knockout cell lines, it has been shown that the inhibition of apoptosis through STI1 is mediated by PrPC-dependent SOD activation. Antioxidant PrPC may contribute to suppression of inflammasome activation. PrPC is functionally involved in copper metabolism, signal transduction, neuroprotection, and cell maturation. Recently several reports have shown that PrPC participates in trans-membrane signaling processes associated with hematopoietic stem cell replication and neuronal differentiation. In another role, PrPC also tends to function as a neurotoxic protein. Aβ oligomer, which is associated with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD), has also been reported to act as a ligand of PrPC. However, the physiological role of PrPC as an Aβ42-binding protein is not clear. Actually, PrPC is critical in Aβ42-mediated autophagy in neurons. PrPC shows a beneficial role in lipid rafts to promote autophagy. Further search for PrPC-interaction molecules using Prnp-/- mice and various types of Prnp-/- cell lines under various conditions may elucidate other important PrPC important functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi ONODERA
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Tripathi AK, Singh N. Prion Protein-Hemin Interaction Upregulates Hemoglobin Synthesis: Implications for Cerebral Hemorrhage and Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:107-21. [PMID: 26836195 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hemin is known to induce endocytosis of prion-protein (PrP(C)) from the neuronal plasma membrane, potentially limiting propagation of the disease causing PrP-scrapie (PrP(Sc)) isoform. Hemin is therefore an attractive disease-modifying option for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a human prion disorder with no effective treatment. The hemin-PrP(C) interaction is also of interest in cerebral-hemorrhage (CH), a condition where potentially toxic hemin molecules come in contact with neuronal PrP(C). Interestingly, PrP(C) is upregulated in penumbric neurons surrounding CH and is known to confer neuroprotection in a dose-dependent manner. The underlying mechanism, however, is not clear. Here, we report that hemin binds PrP(C) on diverse cell lines, resulting in its aggregation or degradation in a cell-type specific manner. Surprisingly, the hemin-PrP(C) interaction upregulates Hb synthesis in hematopoietic cells, a response reversed by deleting the hemin-binding octa-peptide repeat region of PrP(C). A similar response is noted in brain organotypic cultures where exposure to hemin induces significantly more α-globin in wild-type (PrP(+/+)) relative to PrP-knock-out (PrP(-/-)) samples. Furthermore, red blood cells and brain tissue from PrP(-/-) mice show significantly less α-globin relative to PrP(+/+) controls, indicating a positive effect of PrP(C) on Hb synthesis under physiological conditions as well. Surprisingly, levels of α-globin are significantly higher in sCJD brain tissue relative to controls, suggesting compensatory upregulation of Hb synthesis by surviving neurons or misregulation in diseased brains. These observations reveal a unique function of PrP(C) that is likely to impact the therapeutic management of CH and sCJD.
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Beraldo FH, Ostapchenko VG, Caetano FA, Guimaraes ALS, Ferretti GDS, Daude N, Bertram L, Nogueira KOPC, Silva JL, Westaway D, Cashman NR, Martins VR, Prado VF, Prado MAM. Regulation of Amyloid β Oligomer Binding to Neurons and Neurotoxicity by the Prion Protein-mGluR5 Complex. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21945-21955. [PMID: 27563063 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.738286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion protein (PrPC) has been suggested to operate as a scaffold/receptor protein in neurons, participating in both physiological and pathological associated events. PrPC, laminin, and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) form a protein complex on the plasma membrane that can trigger signaling pathways involved in neuronal differentiation. PrPC and mGluR5 are co-receptors also for β-amyloid oligomers (AβOs) and have been shown to modulate toxicity and neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease. In the present work, we addressed the potential crosstalk between these two signaling pathways, laminin-PrPC-mGluR5 or AβO-PrPC-mGluR5, as well as their interplay. Herein, we demonstrated that an existing complex containing PrPC-mGluR5 has an important role in AβO binding and activity in neurons. A peptide mimicking the binding site of laminin onto PrPC (Ln-γ1) binds to PrPC and induces intracellular Ca2+ increase in neurons via the complex PrPC-mGluR5. Ln-γ1 promotes internalization of PrPC and mGluR5 and transiently decreases AβO biding to neurons; however, the peptide does not impact AβO toxicity. Given that mGluR5 is critical for toxic signaling by AβOs and in prion diseases, we tested whether mGlur5 knock-out mice would be susceptible to prion infection. Our results show mild, but significant, effects on disease progression, without affecting survival of mice after infection. These results suggest that PrPC-mGluR5 form a functional response unit by which multiple ligands can trigger signaling. We propose that trafficking of PrPC-mGluR5 may modulate signaling intensity by different PrPC ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabiana A Caetano
- From the Robarts Research Institute and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7,Canada
| | - Andre L S Guimaraes
- From the Robarts Research Institute and the Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Giulia D S Ferretti
- From the Robarts Research Institute and the Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquimica Medica Leopoldo de Meis, Instututo Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Centro Nacional de Ressonacia Magnetica Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Daude
- the Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8, Canada
| | - Lisa Bertram
- the Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Katiane O P C Nogueira
- From the Robarts Research Institute and the Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro S/N, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Jerson L Silva
- the Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquimica Medica Leopoldo de Meis, Instututo Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Centro Nacional de Ressonacia Magnetica Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - David Westaway
- the Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8, Canada
| | - Neil R Cashman
- the Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Vilma R Martins
- the International Center for Research and Education, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP CEP 01509-010, Brazil, and
| | - Vania F Prado
- From the Robarts Research Institute and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7,Canada, the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- From the Robarts Research Institute and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7,Canada, the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
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Rabiej VK, Pflanzner T, Wagner T, Goetze K, Storck SE, Eble JA, Weggen S, Mueller-Klieser W, Pietrzik CU. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 mediated endocytosis of β1-integrin influences cell adhesion and cell migration. Exp Cell Res 2015; 340:102-15. [PMID: 26610862 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) has been shown to interact with β1-integrin and regulate its surface expression. LRP1 knock-out cells exhibit altered cytoskeleton organization and decreased cell migration. Here we demonstrate coupled endocytosis of LRP1 and β1-integrin and the involvement of the intracellular NPxY2 motif of LRP1 in this process. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts harboring a knock in replacement of the NPxY2 motif of LRP1 by a multiple alanine cassette (AAxA) showed elevated surface expression of β1-integrin and decreased β1-integrin internalization rates. As a consequence, cell spreading was altered and adhesion rates were increased in our cell model. Cells formed more focal adhesion complexes, whereby in vitro cell migration rates were decreased. Similar results could be observed in a corresponding mouse model, the C57Bl6 LRP1 NPxYxxL knock in mice, therefore, the biochemistry of cellular adhesion was altered in primary cortical neurons. In vivo cell migration experiments demonstrated a disturbance of neuroblast cell migration along the rostral migratory stream. In summary, our results indicate that LRP1 interacts with β1-integrin mediating integrin internalization and thus correlates with downstream signaling of β1-integrin such as focal adhesion dynamics. Consequently, the disturbance of this interaction resulted in a dysfunction in in vivo and in vitro cell adhesion and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena K Rabiej
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pflanzner
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Timo Wagner
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristina Goetze
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen E Storck
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sascha Weggen
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Mueller-Klieser
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Sun X, Chen WD, Wang YD. β-Amyloid: the key peptide in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:221. [PMID: 26483691 PMCID: PMC4588032 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid β peptide (Aβ) is a critical initiator that triggers the progression of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) via accumulation and aggregation, of which the process may be caused by Aβ overproduction or perturbation clearance. Aβ is generated from amyloid precursor protein through sequential cleavage of β- and γ-secretases while Aβ removal is dependent on the proteolysis and lysosome degradation system. Here, we overviewed the biogenesis and toxicity of Aβ as well as the regulation of Aβ production and clearance. Moreover, we also summarized the animal models correlated with Aβ that are essential in AD research. In addition, we discussed current immunotherapeutic approaches targeting Aβ to give some clues for exploring the more potentially efficient drugs for treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Henan University Kaifeng, China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Henan University Kaifeng, China
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing, China
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42
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Prakash A, Bharti K, Majeed ABA. Zinc: indications in brain disorders. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2015; 29:131-49. [PMID: 25659970 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is the authoritative metal which is present in our body, and reactive zinc metal is crucial for neuronal signaling and is largely distributed within presynaptic vesicles. Zinc also plays an important role in synaptic function. At cellular level, zinc is a modulator of synaptic activity and neuronal plasticity in both development and adulthood. Different importers and transporters are involved in zinc homeostasis. ZnT-3 is a main transporter involved in zinc homeostasis in the brain. It has been found that alterations in brain zinc status have been implicated in a wide range of neurological disorders including impaired brain development and many neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, and mood disorders including depression, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion disease. Furthermore, zinc has also been implicated in neuronal damage associated with traumatic brain injury, stroke, and seizure. Understanding the mechanisms that control brain zinc homeostasis is thus critical to the development of preventive and treatment strategies for these and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atish Prakash
- Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Brain and Neuroscience Communities of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, 40450, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacology, ISF college of Pharmacy, Ghal kalan, Moga, 142-001, India; Brain Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Puncak Alam, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, 42300, Malaysia
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Puig B, Altmeppen H, Glatzel M. The GPI-anchoring of PrP: implications in sorting and pathogenesis. Prion 2015; 8:11-8. [PMID: 24509692 DOI: 10.4161/pri.27892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is an N-glycosylated GPI-anchored protein usually present in lipid rafts with numerous putative functions. When it changes its conformation to a pathological isoform (then referred to as PrP(Sc)), it is an essential part of the prion, the agent causing fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative prion diseases. There is growing evidence that toxicity and neuronal damage on the one hand and propagation/infectivity on the other hand are two distinct processes of the disease and that the GPI-anchor attachment of PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) plays an important role in protein localization and in neurotoxicity. Here we review how the signal sequence of the GPI-anchor matters in PrP(C) localization, how an altered cellular localization of PrP(C) or differences in GPI-anchor composition can affect prion infection, and we discuss through which mechanisms changes on the anchorage of PrP(C) can modify the disease process.
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Efficient uptake and dissemination of scrapie prion protein by astrocytes and fibroblasts from adult hamster brain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115351. [PMID: 25635871 PMCID: PMC4311963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion infections target neurons and lead to neuronal loss. However, the role of non-neuronal cells in the initiation and spread of infection throughout the brain remains unclear despite the fact these cells can also propagate prion infectivity. To evaluate how different brain cells process scrapie prion protein (PrPres) during acute infection, we exposed neuron-enriched and non-neuronal cell cultures from adult hamster brain to fluorescently-labeled purified PrPres and followed the cultures by live cell confocal imaging over time. Non-neuronal cells present in both types of cultures, specifically astrocytes and fibroblasts, internalized PrPres more efficiently than neurons. PrPres was trafficked to late endosomal/lysosomal compartments and rapidly transported throughout the cell bodies and processes of all cell types, including contacts between astrocytes and neurons. These observations suggest that astrocytes and meningeal fibroblasts play an as yet unappreciated role in prion infections via efficient uptake and dissemination of PrPres.
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45
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Pasupuleti N, Grodzki AC, Gorin F. Mis-trafficking of endosomal urokinase proteins triggers drug-induced glioma nonapoptotic cell death. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:683-96. [PMID: 25634671 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.096602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Benzylglycinyl-amiloride (UCD38B) is the parent molecule of a class of anticancer small molecules that kill proliferative and nonproliferative high-grade glioma cells by programmed necrosis. UCD38B intracellularly triggers endocytosis, causing 40-50% of endosomes containing proteins of the urokinase plasminogen activator system (uPAS) to relocate to perinuclear mitochondrial regions. Endosomal "mis-trafficking" caused by UCD38B in human glioma cells corresponds to mitochondrial depolarization with the release and nuclear translocation of apoptotis-inducing factor (AIF) followed by irreversible caspase-independent cell demise. High-content quantification of immunocytochemical colocalization studies identified that UCD38B treatment increased endocytosis of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) into the early and late endosomes by 4- to 5-fold prior to AIF nuclear translocation and subsequent glioma demise. PAI-1 was found to comparably relocate with a subset of early and late endosomes in four different human glioma cell lines after UCD38B treatment, followed by caspase-independent, nonapoptotic cell death. Following UCD38B treatment, the receptor guidance protein LRP-1, which is required for endosomal recycling of the uPA receptor to the plasmalemma, remained abnormally associated with PAI-1 in early and late endosomes. The resultant aberrant endosomal recycling increased the total cellular content of the uPA-PAI-1 protein complex. Reversible inhibition of cellular endocytosis demonstrated that UCD38B bypasses the plasmalemmal uPAS complex and directly acts intracellularly to alter uPAS endocytotic trafficking. UCD38B represents a class of small molecules whose anticancer cytotoxicity is a consequence of causing the mis-trafficking of early and late endosomes containing uPAS cargo and leading to AIF-mediated necrotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarekha Pasupuleti
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (N.P., F.G.), and Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (N.P., A.C.G., F.G.), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Ana Cristina Grodzki
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (N.P., F.G.), and Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (N.P., A.C.G., F.G.), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Fredric Gorin
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (N.P., F.G.), and Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (N.P., A.C.G., F.G.), University of California, Davis, California
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Watt NT, Griffiths HH, Hooper NM. Lipid rafts: linking prion protein to zinc transport and amyloid-β toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:41. [PMID: 25364748 PMCID: PMC4206978 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of neuronal zinc homeostasis plays a major role in many processes related to brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet, despite the critical role of zinc in neuronal function, the cellular mechanisms underpinning its homeostatic control are far from clear. We reported that the cellular prion protein (PrPC) is involved in the uptake of zinc into neurons. This PrPC-mediated zinc influx required the metal-binding octapeptide repeats in PrPC and the presence of the zinc permeable AMPA channel with which PrPC directly interacted. Together with the observation that PrPC is evolutionarily related to the ZIP family of zinc transporters, these studies indicate that PrPC plays a key role in neuronal zinc homeostasis. Therefore, PrPC could contribute to cognitive health and protect against age-related zinc dyshomeostasis but PrPC has also been identified as a receptor for amyloid-β oligomers which accumulate in the brains of those with AD. We propose that the different roles that PrPC has are due to its interaction with different ligands and/or co-receptors in lipid raft-based signaling/transport complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Watt
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
| | - Heledd H Griffiths
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Nigel M Hooper
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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Makzhami S, Passet B, Halliez S, Castille J, Moazami-Goudarzi K, Duchesne A, Vilotte M, Laude H, Mouillet-Richard S, Béringue V, Vaiman D, Vilotte JL. The prion protein family: a view from the placenta. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:35. [PMID: 25364742 PMCID: PMC4207016 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on its developmental pattern of expression, early studies suggested the implication of the mammalian Prion protein PrP, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored ubiquitously expressed and evolutionary conserved glycoprotein encoded by the Prnp gene, in early embryogenesis. However, gene invalidation in several species did not result in obvious developmental abnormalities and it was only recently that it was associated in mice with intra-uterine growth retardation and placental dysfunction. A proposed explanation for this lack of easily detectable developmental-related phenotype is the existence in the genome of one or more gene (s) able to compensate for the absence of PrP. Indeed, two other members of the Prnp gene family have been recently described, Doppel and Shadoo, and the consequences of their invalidation alongside that of PrP tested in mice. No embryonic defect was observed in mice depleted for Doppel and PrP. Interestingly, the co-invalidation of PrP and Shadoo in two independent studies led to apparently conflicting observations, with no apparent consequences in one report and the observation of a developmental defect of the ectoplacental cone that leads to early embryonic lethality in the other. This short review aims at summarizing these recent, apparently conflicting data highlighting the related biological questions and associated implications in terms of animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Makzhami
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bruno Passet
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sophie Halliez
- INRA, U892 Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Johan Castille
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Amandine Duchesne
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marthe Vilotte
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hubert Laude
- INRA, U892 Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- INSERM, UMR-S1124 Signalisation et Physiopathologie Neurologique, Université Paris Descartes Paris, France
| | - Vincent Béringue
- INRA, U892 Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Daniel Vaiman
- Faculté Paris Descartes, UMR8104 CNRS, U1016 INSERM, Institut Cochin Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vilotte
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Hirsch TZ, Hernandez-Rapp J, Martin-Lannerée S, Launay JM, Mouillet-Richard S. PrP(C) signalling in neurons: from basics to clinical challenges. Biochimie 2014; 104:2-11. [PMID: 24952348 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein PrP(C) was identified over twenty-five years ago as the normal counterpart of the scrapie prion protein PrP(Sc), itself the main if not the sole component of the infectious agent at the root of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs). PrP(C) is a ubiquitous cell surface protein, abundantly expressed in neurons, which constitute the targets of PrP(Sc)-mediated toxicity. Converging evidence have highlighted that neuronal, GPI-anchored PrP(C) is absolutely required for prion-induced neuropathogenesis, which warrants investigating into the normal function exerted by PrP(C) in a neuronal context. It is now well-established that PrP(C) can serve as a cell signalling molecule, able to mobilize transduction cascades in response to interactions with partners. This function endows PrP(C) with the capacity to participate in multiple neuronal processes, ranging from survival to synaptic plasticity. A diverse array of data have allowed to shed light on how this function is corrupted by PrP(Sc). Recently, amyloid Aβ oligomers, whose accumulation is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), were shown to similarly instigate toxic events by deviating PrP(C)-mediated signalling. Here, we provide an overview of the various signal transduction cascades ascribed to PrP(C) in neurons, summarize how their subversion by PrP(Sc) or Aβ oligomers contributes to TSE or AD neuropathogenesis and discuss the ensuing clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Z Hirsch
- INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Julia Hernandez-Rapp
- INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Sud 11, ED419 Biosigne, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Séverine Martin-Lannerée
- INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- AP-HP Service de Biochimie, Fondation FondaMental, INSERM U942 Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France; Pharma Research Department, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche Ltd., CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France.
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Kanekiyo T, Bu G. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 and amyloid-β clearance in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:93. [PMID: 24904407 PMCID: PMC4033011 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation and aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain trigger the development of progressive neurodegeneration and dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Perturbation in Aβ clearance, rather than Aβ production, is likely the cause of sporadic, late-onset AD, which accounts for the majority of AD cases. Since cellular uptake and subsequent degradation constitute a major Aβ clearance pathway, the receptor-mediated endocytosis of Aβ has been intensely investigated. Among Aβ receptors, the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is one of the most studied receptors. LRP1 is a large endocytic receptor for more than 40 ligands, including apolipoprotein E, α2-macroglobulin and Aβ. Emerging in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrates that LRP1 is critically involved in brain Aβ clearance. LRP1 is highly expressed in a variety of cell types in the brain including neurons, vascular cells and glial cells, where LRP1 functions to maintain brain homeostasis and control Aβ metabolism. LRP1-mediated endocytosis regulates cellular Aβ uptake by binding to Aβ either directly or indirectly through its co-receptors or ligands. Furthermore, LRP1 regulates several signaling pathways, which also likely influences Aβ endocytic pathways. In this review, we discuss how LRP1 regulates the brain Aβ clearance and how this unique endocytic receptor participates in AD pathogenesis. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying LRP1-mediated Aβ clearance should enable the rational design of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville FL, USA
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Hernandez-Rapp J, Martin-Lannerée S, Hirsch TZ, Pradines E, Alleaume-Butaux A, Schneider B, Baudry A, Launay JM, Mouillet-Richard S. A PrP(C)-caveolin-Lyn complex negatively controls neuronal GSK3β and serotonin 1B receptor. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4881. [PMID: 24810941 PMCID: PMC4013941 DOI: 10.1038/srep04881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein, PrPC, is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein, abundant in lipid rafts and highly expressed in the brain. While PrPC is much studied for its involvement under its abnormal PrPSc isoform in Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, its physiological role remains unclear. Here, we report that GSK3β, a multifunctional kinase whose inhibition is neuroprotective, is a downstream target of PrPC signalling in serotonergic neuronal cells. We show that the PrPC-dependent inactivation of GSK3β is relayed by a caveolin-Lyn platform located on neuronal cell bodies. Furthermore, the coupling of PrPC to GSK3β potentiates serotonergic signalling by altering the distribution and activity of the serotonin 1B receptor (5-HT1BR), a receptor that limits neurotransmitter release. In vivo, our data reveal an increased GSK3β kinase activity in PrP-deficient mouse brain, as well as sustained 5-HT1BR activity, whose inhibition promotes an anxiogenic behavioural response. Collectively, our data unveil a new facet of PrPC signalling that strengthens neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hernandez-Rapp
- 1] INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris France [2] Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris France [3] Université Paris Sud 11, ED419 Biosigne, 91400 Orsay, France [4]
| | - Séverine Martin-Lannerée
- 1] INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris France [2] Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris France [3]
| | - Théo Z Hirsch
- 1] INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris France [2] Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris France [3]
| | - Elodie Pradines
- 1] INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris France [2] Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris France
| | - Aurélie Alleaume-Butaux
- 1] INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris France [2] Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris France
| | - Benoît Schneider
- 1] INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris France [2] Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris France
| | - Anne Baudry
- 1] INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris France [2] Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- 1] AP-HP Service de Biochimie, Fondation FondaMental, INSERM U942 Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France [2] Pharma Research Department, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche Ltd., CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- 1] INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris France [2] Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris France
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