1
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Wasąg P, Suwińska A, Richert A, Lenartowska M, Lenartowski R. Plant-specific calreticulin is localized in the nuclei of highly specialized cells in the pistil-new observations for an old hypothesis. PROTOPLASMA 2024:10.1007/s00709-024-01961-y. [PMID: 38849663 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
One of the first cellular locations of the calreticulin (CRT) chaperone in eukaryotic cells, apart from its obvious localization in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), was the cell nucleus (Opas et al. 1991). The presence of CRT has been detected inside the nucleus and in the nuclear envelope of animal and plant cells, and a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the CRT amino acid sequence has been mapped in several animal and plant species. Over the last 30 years, other localization sites of this protein outside the ER and cell nucleus have also been discovered, suggesting that CRT is a multifunctional Ca2+-binding protein widely found in various cell types. In our previous studies focusing on plant developmental biology, we have demonstrated the presence of CRT inside and outside the ER in highly specialized plant cells, as well as the possibility of CRT localization in the cell nucleus. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of immunocytochemical localization of CRT inside nuclei of the pistil transmission tract somatic cells before and after pollination. We show a similar pattern of the nuclear CRT localization in relation to exchangeable Ca2+ for two selected species of angiosperms, dicotyledonous Petunia and monocot Haemanthus, that differ in anatomical structure of the pistil and discuss the potential role of CRT in the cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wasąg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Anna Suwińska
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Richert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marta Lenartowska
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Robert Lenartowski
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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2
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Lin Z, Xie Y, Gongora J, Liu X, Zahn E, Palai BB, Ramirez D, Searfoss RM, Vitorino FN, Dann GP, Zhao C, Han X, MacTaggart B, Lan X, Fu D, Greenberg L, Zhang Y, Lavine KJ, Greenberg MJ, Lv D, Kashina A, Garcia BA. An Unbiased Proteomic Platform for Activity-based Arginylation Profiling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.01.596974. [PMID: 38854050 PMCID: PMC11160793 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.01.596974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Protein arginylation is an essential posttranslational modification (PTM) catalyzed by arginyl-tRNA-protein transferase 1 (ATE1) in mammalian systems. Arginylation features a post-translational conjugation of an arginyl to a protein, making it extremely challenging to differentiate from translational arginine residues with the same mass in a protein sequence. Here we present a general activity-based arginylation profiling (ABAP) platform for the unbiased discovery of arginylation substrates and their precise modification sites. This method integrates isotopic arginine labeling into an ATE1 assay utilizing biological lysates (ex vivo) rather than live cells, thus eliminating translational bias derived from the ribosomal activity and enabling bona fide arginylation identification using isotopic features. ABAP has been successfully applied to an array of peptide, protein, cell, patient, and animal tissue samples using 20 μg sample input, with 229 unique arginylation sites revealed from human proteomes. Representative sites were validated and followed up for their biological functions. The developed platform is globally applicable to the aforementioned sample types and therefore paves the way for functional studies of this difficult-to-characterize protein modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongtao Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yixuan Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Joanna Gongora
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Emily Zahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Bibhuti Bhusana Palai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daniel Ramirez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Rick M. Searfoss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Francisca N. Vitorino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Geoffrey P. Dann
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Chenfeng Zhao
- McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Xian Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Brittany MacTaggart
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xin Lan
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Dechen Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Lina Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Kory J. Lavine
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J. Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Dongwen Lv
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Anna Kashina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Benjamin A. Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
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3
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Chang YH. Impact of Protein N α-Modifications on Cellular Functions and Human Health. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1613. [PMID: 37511988 PMCID: PMC10381334 DOI: 10.3390/life13071613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Most human proteins are modified by enzymes that act on the α-amino group of a newly synthesized polypeptide. Methionine aminopeptidases can remove the initiator methionine and expose the second amino acid for further modification by enzymes responsible for myristoylation, acetylation, methylation, or other chemical reactions. Specific acetyltransferases can also modify the initiator methionine and sometimes the acetylated methionine can be removed, followed by further modifications. These modifications at the protein N-termini play critical roles in cellular protein localization, protein-protein interaction, protein-DNA interaction, and protein stability. Consequently, the dysregulation of these modifications could significantly change the development and progression status of certain human diseases. The focus of this review is to highlight recent progress in our understanding of the roles of these modifications in regulating protein functions and how these enzymes have been used as potential novel therapeutic targets for various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yie-Hwa Chang
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University Medical School, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
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4
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Millar SR, Huang JQ, Schreiber KJ, Tsai YC, Won J, Zhang J, Moses AM, Youn JY. A New Phase of Networking: The Molecular Composition and Regulatory Dynamics of Mammalian Stress Granules. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 36662637 PMCID: PMC10375481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are cytosolic biomolecular condensates that form in response to cellular stress. Weak, multivalent interactions between their protein and RNA constituents drive their rapid, dynamic assembly through phase separation coupled to percolation. Though a consensus model of SG function has yet to be determined, their perceived implication in cytoprotective processes (e.g., antiviral responses and inhibition of apoptosis) and possible role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia) have drawn great interest. Consequently, new studies using numerous cell biological, genetic, and proteomic methods have been performed to unravel the mechanisms underlying SG formation, organization, and function and, with them, a more clearly defined SG proteome. Here, we provide a consensus SG proteome through literature curation and an update of the user-friendly database RNAgranuleDB to version 2.0 (http://rnagranuledb.lunenfeld.ca/). With this updated SG proteome, we use next-generation phase separation prediction tools to assess the predisposition of SG proteins for phase separation and aggregation. Next, we analyze the primary sequence features of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) within SG-resident proteins. Finally, we review the protein- and RNA-level determinants, including post-translational modifications (PTMs), that regulate SG composition and assembly/disassembly dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Millar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jie Qi Huang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Karl J Schreiber
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Yi-Cheng Tsai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jiyun Won
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Alan M Moses
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3A1, Canada.,The Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Ji-Young Youn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
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5
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Abstract
The capacity of cells to organize complex biochemical reactions in intracellular space is a fundamental organizational principle of life. Key to this organization is the compartmentalization of the cytoplasm into distinct organelles, which is frequently achieved through intracellular membranes. Recent evidence, however, has added a new layer of flexibility to cellular compartmentalization. As such, in response to specific stimuli, liquid-liquid phase separations can lead to the rapid rearrangements of the cytoplasm to form membraneless organelles. Stress granules (SGs) are one such type of organelle that form specifically when cells are faced with stress stimuli, to aid cells in coping with stress. Inherently, altered SG formation has been linked to the pathogenesis of diseases associated with stress and inflammatory conditions, including cancer. Exciting discoveries have indicated an intimate link between SGs and tumorigenesis. Several pro-tumorigenic signaling molecules including the RAS oncogene, mTOR, and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) have been shown to upregulate SG formation. Based on these studies, SGs have emerged as structures that can integrate oncogenic signaling and tumor-associated stress stimuli to enhance cancer cell fitness. In addition, growing evidence over the past decade suggests that SGs function not only to regulate the switch between survival and cell death, but also contribute to cancer cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Although much remains to be learned about the role of SGs in tumorigenesis, these studies highlight SGs as a key regulatory hub in cancer and a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Song
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elda Grabocka
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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6
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Galiano MR, Hallak ME. Assaying the Posttranslational Arginylation of Proteins in Cultured Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2620:51-61. [PMID: 37010748 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2942-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the posttranslational arginylation of proteins in vivo, we describe a protocol for studying the 14C-Arg incorporation into proteins of cells in culture. The conditions determined for this particular modification contemplate both the biochemical requirements of the enzyme ATE1 and the adjustments that allowed the discrimination between posttranslational arginylation of proteins and de novo synthesis. These conditions are applicable for different cell lines or primary cultures, representing an optimal procedure for the identification and the validation of putative ATE1 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio R Galiano
- Dpt. Quimica Biologica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marta E Hallak
- Dpt. Quimica Biologica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.
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7
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Kashina AS. Protein Arginylation: Milestones of Discovery. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2620:1-13. [PMID: 37010742 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2942-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications have emerged in recent years as the major biological regulators responsible for the orders of magnitude increase in complexity during gene expression and regulation. These "molecular switches" affect nearly every protein in vivo by modulating their structure, activity, molecular interactions, and homeostasis ultimately regulating their functions. While over 350 posttranslational modifications have been described, only a handful of them have been characterized. Until recently, protein arginylation has belonged to the list of obscure, poorly understood posttranslational modifications, before the recent explosion of studies has put arginylation on the map of intracellular metabolic pathways and biological functions. This chapter contains an overview of all the major milestones in the protein arginylation field, from its original discovery in 1963 to this day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Kashina
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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8
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Moorthy BT, Jiang C, Patel DM, Ban Y, O'Shea CR, Kumar A, Yuan T, Birnbaum MD, Gomes AV, Chen X, Fontanesi F, Lampidis TJ, Barrientos A, Zhang F. The evolutionarily conserved arginyltransferase 1 mediates a pVHL-independent oxygen-sensing pathway in mammalian cells. Dev Cell 2022; 57:654-669.e9. [PMID: 35247316 PMCID: PMC8957288 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The response to oxygen availability is a fundamental process concerning metabolism and survival/death in all mitochondria-containing eukaryotes. However, the known oxygen-sensing mechanism in mammalian cells depends on pVHL, which is only found among metazoans but not in other species. Here, we present an alternative oxygen-sensing pathway regulated by ATE1, an enzyme ubiquitously conserved in eukaryotes that influences protein degradation by posttranslational arginylation. We report that ATE1 centrally controls the hypoxic response and glycolysis in mammalian cells by preferentially arginylating HIF1α that is hydroxylated by PHD in the presence of oxygen. Furthermore, the degradation of arginylated HIF1α is independent of pVHL E3 ubiquitin ligase but dependent on the UBR family proteins. Bioinformatic analysis of human tumor data reveals that the ATE1/UBR and pVHL pathways jointly regulate oxygen sensing in a transcription-independent manner with different tissue specificities. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that eukaryotic ATE1 likely evolved during mitochondrial domestication, much earlier than pVHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji T Moorthy
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Chunhua Jiang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Devang M Patel
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yuguang Ban
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Corin R O'Shea
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Tan Yuan
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michael D Birnbaum
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Aldrin V Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Flavia Fontanesi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Theodore J Lampidis
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Fangliang Zhang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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9
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Drazic A, Timmerman E, Kajan U, Marie M, Varland S, Impens F, Gevaert K, Arnesen T. The Final Maturation State of β-actin Involves N-terminal Acetylation by NAA80, not N-terminal Arginylation by ATE1. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167397. [PMID: 34896361 PMCID: PMC7613935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Actin is a hallmark protein of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells, affecting a range of cellular functions. Actin dynamics is regulated through a myriad of actin-binding proteins and post-translational modifications. The mammalian actin family consists of six different isoforms, which vary slightly in their N-terminal (Nt) sequences. During and after synthesis, actins undergo an intricate Nt-processing that yields mature actin isoforms. The ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic β-actin is Nt-acetylated by N-alpha acetyltransferase 80 (NAA80) yielding the Nt-sequence Ac-DDDI-. In addition, β-actin was also reported to be Nt-arginylated by arginyltransferase 1 (ATE1) after further peptidase-mediated processing, yielding RDDI-. To characterize in detail the Nt-processing of actin, we used state-of-the-art proteomics. To estimate the relative cellular levels of Nt-modified proteoforms of actin, we employed NAA80-lacking cells, in which actin was not Nt-acetylated. We found that targeted proteomics is superior to a commercially available antibody previously used to analyze Nt-arginylation of β-actin. Significantly, despite the use of sensitive mass spectrometry-based techniques, we could not confirm the existence of the previously claimed Nt-arginylated β-actin (RDDI-) in either wildtype or NAA80-lacking cells. A very minor level of Nt-arginylation of the initially cleaved β-actin (DDDI-) could be identified, but only in NAA80-lacking cells, not in wildtype cells. We also identified small fractions of cleaved and unmodified β-actin (DDI-) as well as cleaved and Nt-acetylated β-actin (Ac-DDI-). In sum, we show that the multi-step Nt-maturation of β-actin is terminated by NAA80, which Nt-acetylates the exposed Nt-Asp residues, in the virtual absence of previously claimed Nt-arginylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Drazic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Evy Timmerman
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Proteomics Core, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Kajan
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Michaël Marie
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sylvia Varland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Francis Impens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Proteomics Core, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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10
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Chen L, Kashina A. Post-translational Modifications of the Protein Termini. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:719590. [PMID: 34395449 PMCID: PMC8358657 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.719590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTM) involve enzyme-mediated covalent addition of functional groups to proteins during or after synthesis. These modifications greatly increase biological complexity and are responsible for orders of magnitude change between the variety of proteins encoded in the genome and the variety of their biological functions. Many of these modifications occur at the protein termini, which contain reactive amino- and carboxy-groups of the polypeptide chain and often are pre-primed through the actions of cellular machinery to expose highly reactive residues. Such modifications have been known for decades, but only a few of them have been functionally characterized. The vast majority of eukaryotic proteins are N- and C-terminally modified by acetylation, arginylation, tyrosination, lipidation, and many others. Post-translational modifications of the protein termini have been linked to different normal and disease-related processes and constitute a rapidly emerging area of biological regulation. Here we highlight recent progress in our understanding of post-translational modifications of the protein termini and outline the role that these modifications play in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Kashina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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11
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Seo T, Kim J, Shin HC, Kim JG, Ju S, Nawale L, Han G, Lee HS, Bang G, Kim JY, Bang JK, Lee KH, Soung NK, Hwang J, Lee C, Kim SJ, Kim BY, Cha-Molstad H. R-catcher, a potent molecular tool to unveil the arginylome. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3725-3741. [PMID: 33687501 PMCID: PMC8038991 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginylation is a critical regulator of a variety of biological processes. The ability to uncover the global arginylation pattern and its associated signaling pathways would enable us to identify novel disease targets. Here, we report the development of a tool able to capture the N-terminal arginylome. This tool, termed R-catcher, is based on the ZZ domain of p62, which was previously shown to bind N-terminally arginylated proteins. Mutating the ZZ domain enhanced its binding specificity and affinity for Nt-Arg. R-catcher pulldown coupled to LC-MS/MS led to the identification of 59 known and putative arginylated proteins. Among these were a subgroup of novel ATE1-dependent arginylated ER proteins that are linked to diverse biological pathways, including cellular senescence and vesicle-mediated transport as well as diseases, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. This study presents the first molecular tool that allows the unbiased identification of arginylated proteins, thereby unlocking the arginylome and provide a new path to disease biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewook Seo
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyo Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Gi Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinyeong Ju
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.,KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Laxman Nawale
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Goeun Han
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seon Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Geul Bang
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Kyu Bang
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Lee
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Nak-Kyun Soung
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonsung Hwang
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolju Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.,KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kim
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea. .,Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunjoo Cha-Molstad
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Jiang C, Moorthy BT, Patel DM, Kumar A, Morgan WM, Alfonso B, Huang J, Lampidis TJ, Isom DG, Barrientos A, Fontanesi F, Zhang F. Regulation of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Complex Levels, Organization, and Function by Arginyltransferase 1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:603688. [PMID: 33409279 PMCID: PMC7779560 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.603688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginyltransferase 1 (ATE1) is an evolutionary-conserved eukaryotic protein that localizes to the cytosol and nucleus. It is the only known enzyme in metazoans and fungi that catalyzes posttranslational arginylation. Lack of arginylation has been linked to an array of human disorders, including cancer, by altering the response to stress and the regulation of metabolism and apoptosis. Although mitochondria play relevant roles in these processes in health and disease, a causal relationship between ATE1 activity and mitochondrial biology has yet to be established. Here, we report a phylogenetic analysis that traces the roots of ATE1 to alpha-proteobacteria, the mitochondrion microbial ancestor. We then demonstrate that a small fraction of ATE1 localizes within mitochondria. Furthermore, the absence of ATE1 influences the levels, organization, and function of respiratory chain complexes in mouse cells. Specifically, ATE1-KO mouse embryonic fibroblasts have increased levels of respiratory supercomplexes I+III2+IVn. However, they have decreased mitochondrial respiration owing to severely lowered complex II levels, which leads to accumulation of succinate and downstream metabolic effects. Taken together, our findings establish a novel pathway for mitochondrial function regulation that might explain ATE1-dependent effects in various disease conditions, including cancer and aging, in which metabolic shifts are part of the pathogenic or deleterious underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Jiang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Balaji T Moorthy
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Devang M Patel
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - William M Morgan
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Belkis Alfonso
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jingyu Huang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Theodore J Lampidis
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Daniel G Isom
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Institute for Data Science and Computing, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Flavia Fontanesi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Fangliang Zhang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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13
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Conway O, Akpinar HA, Rogov VV, Kirkin V. Selective Autophagy Receptors in Neuronal Health and Disease. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:2483-2509. [PMID: 31654670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are electrically excitable, postmitotic cells that perform sensory, relaying, and motor functions. Because of their unique morphological and functional specialization, cells of this type are sensitive to the stress caused by accumulation of misfolded proteins or damaged organelles. Autophagy is the fundamental mechanism that ensures sequestration of cytosolic material and its subsequent degradation in lysosomes of eukaryotic cells, thereby providing cell-autonomous nutrients and removing harmful cargos. Strikingly, mice and flies lacking functional autophagy develop early onset progressive neurodegeneration. Like in human neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs)-Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-characteristic protein aggregates observed in autophagy-deficient neurons in the animal models are indicators of the ongoing neuronal pathology. A number of selective autophagy receptors (SARs) have been characterized that interact both with the cargo and components of the autophagic machinery, thus providing the molecular basis for selective degradation of sizable cytosolic components. Interference with autophagy in experimental models, but also during the pathological vagaries in neurons, will thus have far-reaching consequences for a range of selective autophagy pathways critical for the normal functioning of the nervous system. Here, we review the key principles behind the selective autophagy and discuss how the SARs may be involved in the pathogenesis of NDDs. Using recently published examples, we also examine the emerging role of less well studied selective autophagy pathways in neuronal health and disease. We conclude by discussing targeting selective autophagy as an emerging therapeutic modality in NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Conway
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Hafize Aysin Akpinar
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Vladimir V Rogov
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Vladimir Kirkin
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
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14
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Thermal unfolding of calreticulin. Structural and thermodynamic characterization of the transition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:175-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Comba A, Bonnet LV, Goitea VE, Hallak ME, Galiano MR. Arginylated Calreticulin Increases Apoptotic Response Induced by Bortezomib in Glioma Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1653-1664. [PMID: 29916141 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
After retrotranslocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytoplasm, calreticulin is modified by the enzyme arginyltransferase-1 (ATE1). Cellular levels of arginylated calreticulin (R-CRT) are regulated in part by the proteasomal system. Under various stress conditions, R-CRT becomes associated with stress granules (SGs) or reaches the plasma membrane (PM), where it participates in pro-apoptotic signaling. The mechanisms underlying the resistance of tumor cells to apoptosis induced by specific drugs remain unclear. We evaluated the regulatory role of R-CRT in apoptosis of human glioma cell lines treated with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BT). Two cell lines (HOG, MO59K) displaying distinctive susceptibility to apoptosis induction were studied further. BT efficiency was found to be correlated with a subcellular distribution of R-CRT. In MO59K (apoptosis-resistant), R-CRT was confined to SGs formed following BT treatment. In contrast, HOG (apoptosis-susceptible) treated with BT showed lower SG formation and higher levels of cytosolic and PM R-CRT. Increased R-CRT level was associated with enhanced mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and with sustained apoptosis activation via upregulation of cell death receptor DR5. R-CRT overexpression in the cytoplasm of MO59K rendered the cells susceptible to BT-induced, DR5-mediated cell death. Our findings suggest that R-CRT plays an essential role in the effect of BT treatment on tumor cells and that ATE1 is a strong candidate target for future studies of cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Comba
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura V Bonnet
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victor E Goitea
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marta E Hallak
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mauricio R Galiano
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
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16
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Shim SM, Choi HR, Sung KW, Lee YJ, Kim ST, Kim D, Mun SR, Hwang J, Cha-Molstad H, Ciechanover A, Kim BY, Kwon YT. The endoplasmic reticulum-residing chaperone BiP is short-lived and metabolized through N-terminal arginylation. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/511/eaan0630. [PMID: 29295953 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BiP and other endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins are thought to be metabolically stable and to function primarily in the ER lumen. We sought to assess how the abundance of these proteins dynamically fluctuates in response to various stresses and how their subpopulations are relocated to non-ER compartments such as the cytosol. We showed that the molecular chaperone BiP (also known as GRP78) was short-lived under basal conditions and ER stress. The turnover of BiP was in part driven by its amino-terminal arginylation (Nt-arginylation) by the arginyltransferase ATE1, which generated an autophagic N-degron of the N-end rule pathway. ER stress elicited the formation of R-BiP, an effect that was increased when the proteasome was also inhibited. Nt-arginylation correlated with the cytosolic relocalization of BiP under the types of stress tested. The cytosolic relocalization of BiP did not require the functionality of the unfolded protein response or the Sec61- or Derlin1-containing translocon. A key inhibitor of the turnover and Nt-arginylation of BiP was HERP (homocysteine-responsive ER protein), a 43-kDa ER membrane-integrated protein that is an essential component of ER-associated protein degradation. Pharmacological inhibition of the ER-Golgi secretory pathway also suppressed R-BiP formation. Finally, we showed that cytosolic R-BiP induced by ER stress and proteasomal inhibition was routed to autophagic vacuoles and possibly additional metabolic fates. These results suggest that Nt-arginylation is a posttranslational modification that modulates the function, localization, and metabolic fate of ER-resident proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Mi Shim
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Rim Choi
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Woon Sung
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jee Lee
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Tae Kim
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.,Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daeho Kim
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ran Mun
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonsung Hwang
- World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Cha-Molstad
- World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.,Tumor and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon 28116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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17
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Fernandes N, Eshleman N, Buchan JR. Stress Granules and ALS: A Case of Causation or Correlation? ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 20:173-212. [PMID: 29916020 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89689-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by cytoplasmic protein aggregates within motor neurons. These aggregates are linked to ALS pathogenesis. Recent evidence has suggested that stress granules may aid the formation of ALS protein aggregates. Here, we summarize current understanding of stress granules, focusing on assembly and clearance. We also assess the evidence linking alterations in stress granule formation and dynamics to ALS protein aggregates and disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Fernandes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nichole Eshleman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J Ross Buchan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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18
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Migliaccio AR, Uversky VN. Dissecting physical structure of calreticulin, an intrinsically disordered Ca 2+-buffering chaperone from endoplasmic reticulum. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:1617-1636. [PMID: 28504081 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1330224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR) is a Ca2+ binding multifunctional protein that mostly resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plays a number of important roles in various physiological and pathological processes. Although the major functions ascribed to CALR are controlling the Ca2+ homeostasis in ER and acting as a lectin-like ER chaperon for many glycoproteins, this moonlighting protein can be found in various cellular compartments where it has many non-ER functions. To shed more light on the mechanisms underlying polyfunctionality of this moonlighting protein that can be found in different cellular compartments and that possesses a wide spectrum of unrelated biological activities, being able to interact with Ca2+ (and potentially other metal ions), RNA, oligosaccharides, and numerous proteins, we used a set of experimental and computational tools to evaluate the intrinsic disorder status of CALR and the role of calcium binding on structural properties and conformational stability of the full-length CALR and its isolated P- and C-domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Migliaccio
- a Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS) , New York , NY , USA.,b Department of Biomedical and Neuromotorial Sciences , Alma Mater University , Bologna , Italy
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- c Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA.,d Laboratory of New Methods in Biology , Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino , Moscow Region 142290 , Russia
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19
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Bhasin H, Hülskamp M. ANGUSTIFOLIA, a Plant Homolog of CtBP/BARS Localizes to Stress Granules and Regulates Their Formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1004. [PMID: 28659951 PMCID: PMC5469197 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) gene in Arabidopsis is important for a plethora of morphological phenotypes. Recently, AN was also reported to be involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. It encodes a homolog of the animal C-terminal binding proteins (CtBPs). In contrast to animal CtBPs, AN does not appear to function as a transcriptional co-repressor and instead functions outside nucleus where it might be involved in Golgi-associated membrane trafficking. In this study, we report a novel and unexplored role of AN as a component of stress granules (SGs). Interaction studies identified several RNA binding proteins that are associated with AN. AN co-localizes with several messenger ribonucleoprotein granule markers to SGs in a stress dependent manner. an mutants exhibit an altered SG formation. We provide evidence that the NAD(H) binding domain of AN is relevant in this context as proteins carrying mutations in this domain localize to a much higher degree to SGs and strongly reduce AN dimerization and its interaction with one interactor but not the others. Finally, we show that AN is a negative regulator of salt and osmotic stress responses in Arabidopsis suggesting a functional relevance in SGs.
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20
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Galiano MR, Hallak ME. Assaying the Posttranslational Arginylation of Proteins in Cultured Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1337:49-58. [PMID: 26285880 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2935-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the posttranslational arginylation of proteins in vivo, we describe a protocol for studying the (14)C-Arg incorporation into proteins of cells in culture. The conditions determined for this particular modification contemplate both the biochemical requirements of the enzyme ATE1 and the adjustments that allowed the discrimination between posttranslational arginylation of proteins and de novo synthesis. These conditions are applicable for different cell lines or primary cultures, representing an optimal procedure for the identification and the validation of putative ATE1 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio R Galiano
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC, (UNC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (X5000HUA), Córdoba, Argentina
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21
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Goitea VE, Hallak ME. Calreticulin and Arginylated Calreticulin Have Different Susceptibilities to Proteasomal Degradation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16403-14. [PMID: 25969538 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.626127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational arginylation has been suggested to target proteins for proteasomal degradation. The degradation mechanism for arginylated calreticulin (R-CRT) localized in the cytoplasm is unknown. To evaluate the effect of arginylation on CRT stability, we examined the metabolic fates and degradation mechanisms of cytoplasmic CRT and R-CRT in NIH 3T3 and CHO cells. Both CRT isoforms were found to be proteasomal substrates, but the half-life of R-CRT (2 h) was longer than that of cytoplasmic CRT (0.7 h). Arginylation was not required for proteasomal degradation of CRT, although R-CRT displays ubiquitin modification. A CRT mutant incapable of dimerization showed reduced metabolic stability of R-CRT, indicating that R-CRT dimerization may protect it from proteasomal degradation. Our findings, taken together, demonstrate a novel function of arginylation: increasing the half-life of CRT in cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor E Goitea
- From the Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, and Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Marta E Hallak
- From the Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, and Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
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22
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Kashina A. Protein arginylation, a global biological regulator that targets actin cytoskeleton and the muscle. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 297:1630-6. [PMID: 25125176 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational addition of Arg to proteins, mediated by arginyltransferase ATE1 has been first observed in 1963 and remained poorly understood for decades since its original discovery. Recent work demonstrated the global nature of arginylation and its essential role in multiple physiological pathways during embryogenesis and adulthood and identified over a hundred of proteins arginylated in vivo. Among these proteins, the prominent role belongs to the actin cytoskeleton and the muscle, and follow up studies strongly suggests that arginylation constitutes a novel biological regulator of contractility. This review presents an overview of the studies of protein arginylation that led to the discovery of its major role in the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kashina
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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23
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Abstract
Posttranslational modifications have emerged in recent years as the major biological regulators responsible for the orders of magnitude increase in complexity of protein functions. These "molecular switches" affect nearly every protein in vivo by modulating their protein structure, activity, molecular interactions, and homeostasis. While over 350 protein modifications have been described, only a handful of them have been characterized. Until recently, protein arginylation has belonged to the list of obscure, poorly understood posttranslational modifications, before the recent explosion of studies has put arginylation on the map of intracellular metabolic pathways and biological processes. This chapter contains an overview of all the major milestones in the protein arginylation field, from its original discovery in 1963 to this day.
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24
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Gao X, Shi X, Fu X, Ge L, Zhang Y, Su C, Yang X, Silvennoinen O, Yao Z, He J, Wei M, Yang J. Human Tudor staphylococcal nuclease (Tudor-SN) protein modulates the kinetics of AGTR1-3'UTR granule formation. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2154-61. [PMID: 24815690 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human Tudor staphylococcal nuclease (Tudor-SN) interacts with the G3BP protein and is recruited into stress granules (SGs), the main type of discrete RNA-containing cytoplasmic foci structure that is formed under stress conditions. Here, we further demonstrate that Tudor-SN binds and co-localizes with AGTR1-3'UTR (3'-untranslated region of angiotensin II receptor, type 1 mRNA) into SG. Tudor-SN plays an important role in the assembly of AGTR1-3'UTR granules. Moreover, endogenous Tudor-SN knockdown can decrease the recovery kinetics of AGTR1-3'UTR granules. Collectively, our data indicate that Tudor-SN modulates the kinetics of AGTR1-3'UTR granule formation, which provides an additional biological role of Tudor-SN in RNA metabolism during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xuebin Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xue Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Lin Ge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Chao Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Olli Silvennoinen
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu 8, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jinyan He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Minxin Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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Lian L, Suzuki A, Hayes V, Saha S, Han X, Xu T, Yates JR, Poncz M, Kashina A, Abrams CS. Loss of ATE1-mediated arginylation leads to impaired platelet myosin phosphorylation, clot retraction, and in vivo thrombosis formation. Haematologica 2013; 99:554-60. [PMID: 24293517 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.093047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginylation by arginyl-transfer RNA protein transferase (ATE1) is emerging as a regulator protein function that is reminiscent of phosphorylation. For example, arginylation of β-actin has been found to regulate lamellipodial formation at the leading edge in fibroblasts. This finding suggests that similar functions of β-actin in other cell types may also require arginylation. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that ATE1 regulates the cytoskeletal dynamics essential for in vivo platelet adhesion and thrombus formation. To test this hypothesis, we generated conditional knockout mice specifically lacking ATE1 in their platelets and in their megakaryocytes and analyzed the role of arginylation during platelet activation. Surprisingly, rather than finding an impairment of the actin cytoskeleton structure and its rearrangement during platelet activation, we observed that the platelet-specific ATE1 knockout led to enhanced clot retraction and in vivo thrombus formation. This effect might be regulated by myosin II contractility since it was accompanied by enhanced phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain on Ser19, which is an event that activates myosin in vivo. Furthermore, ATE1 and myosin co-immunoprecipitate from platelet lysates. This finding suggests that these proteins directly interact within platelets. These results provide the first evidence that arginylation is involved in phosphorylation-dependent protein regulation, and that arginylation affects myosin function in platelets during clot retraction.
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26
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Li YG, Ji DF, Zhong S, Liu PG, Lv ZQ, Zhu JX, Chen JE, Chen HP. Polysaccharide from Phellinus linteus induces S-phase arrest in HepG2 cells by decreasing calreticulin expression and activating the P27kip1-cyclin A/D1/E-CDK2 pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:187-195. [PMID: 24001891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Our previous study showed that the proteoglycan P1 from Phellinus linteus (Mesima) exhibits significant anti-tumor activity against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2); however, its molecular mechanism remains unknown. This study aims to provide insights into the mechanism of the anti-tumor activity of P1 against HepG2 cells. METHODS We examined the effects of P1 on HepG2 cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. Proteomic analysis, real-time (RT)-PCR, and Western blot were carried out to observe the expression of several cell cycle control proteins in HepG2 cells. RESULTS Both the volume and the weight of solid tumors were significantly decreased in P1-treated mice (200mg/kg) compared with the control. The HepG2 cells in the P1-treated tumors were significantly decreased, irregularly shaped, and smaller. P1 slightly increased the body weight of the tumor-bearing mice, which indicates that P1 is nontoxic to mammals at 200mg/kg. P1 also caused a significant dose-dependent increase in S phase arrest, but no apoptosis was observed in HepG2 cells. The results of the proteomic analysis, RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis showed that significantly downregulated expression of calreticulin, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and CDK2 and upregulated expression of P27 kip1 and cyclin A in the P1-treated HepG2 cells (200 μg/ml). CONCLUSION These results suggest that calreticulin expression and the P27 kip1-cyclin A/D1/E-CDK2 pathway were involved in P1-induced S-phase cell cycle arrest in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Gui Li
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, China
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27
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Carpio MA, Decca MB, Lopez Sambrooks C, Durand ES, Montich GG, Hallak ME. Calreticulin-dimerization induced by post-translational arginylation is critical for stress granules scaffolding. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1223-35. [PMID: 23567256 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginylation mediated by arginyl-tRNA protein transferase is a post-translational modification that occurs widely in biology, it has been shown to regulate protein and properties and functions. Post-translational arginylation is critical for embryogenesis, cardiovascular development and angiogenesis but the molecular effects of proteins arginylated in vivo are largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that arginylation reduces CRT (calreticulin) thermostability and induces a greater degree of dimerization and oligomerization. R-CRT (arginylated calreticulin) forms disulfide-bridged dimers that are increased in low Ca(2+) conditions at physiological temperatures, a similar condition to the cellular environment that it required for arginylation of CRT. Moreover, R-CRT self-oligomerizes through non-covalent interactions that are enhanced at temperatures above 40 °C, condition that mimics the heat shock treatment where R-CRT is the only isoespecies of CRT that associates in cells to SGs (stress granules). We show that in cells lacking CRT the scaffolding of larger SGs is impaired; the transfection with CRT (hence R-CRT expression) restores SGs assembly whereas the transfection with CRT mutated in Cys146 does not. Thus, R-CRT disulfide-bridged dimers (through Cys146) are essential for the scaffolding of larger SGs under heat shock, although these dimers are not required for R-CRT association to SGs. The alteration in SGs assembly is critical for the normal cellular recover of cells after heat induced stress. We conclude that R-CRT is emerging as a novel protein that has an impact on the regulation of SGs scaffolding and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Carpio
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC, CONICET-Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
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28
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Wilson CH, Indarto D, Doucet A, Pogson LD, Pitman MR, McNicholas K, Menz RI, Overall CM, Abbott CA. Identifying natural substrates for dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9 using terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS) reveals in vivo roles in cellular homeostasis and energy metabolism. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13936-13949. [PMID: 23519473 PMCID: PMC3656252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.445841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidases (DP) 8 and 9 are homologous, cytoplasmic N-terminal post-proline-cleaving enzymes that are anti-targets for the development of DP4 (DPPIV/CD26) inhibitors for treating type II diabetes. To date, DP8 and DP9 have been implicated in immune responses and cancer biology, but their pathophysiological functions and substrate repertoire remain unknown. This study utilizes terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS), an N-terminal positional proteomic approach, for the discovery of in vivo DP8 and DP9 substrates. In vivo roles for DP8 and DP9 in cellular metabolism and homeostasis were revealed via the identification of more than 29 candidate natural substrates and pathways affected by DP8/DP9 overexpression. Cleavage of 14 substrates was investigated in vitro; 9/14 substrates for both DP8 and DP9 were confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS, including two of high confidence, calreticulin and adenylate kinase 2. Adenylate kinase 2 plays key roles in cellular energy and nucleotide homeostasis. These results demonstrate remarkable in vivo substrate overlap between DP8/DP9, suggesting compensatory roles for these enzymes. This work provides the first global investigation into DP8 and DP9 substrates, providing a number of leads for future investigations into the biological roles and significance of DP8 and DP9 in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire H Wilson
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia; Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Centre for Blood Research and Faculty Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Dono Indarto
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia; Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Alain Doucet
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Centre for Blood Research and Faculty Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lisa D Pogson
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia; Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Melissa R Pitman
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Kym McNicholas
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - R Ian Menz
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Christopher M Overall
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Centre for Blood Research and Faculty Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Catherine A Abbott
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia; Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
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Oliveira RAS, Correia-Oliveira J, Tang LJ, Garcia RC. A proteomic insight into the effects of the immunomodulatory hydroxynaphthoquinone lapachol on activated macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:54-65. [PMID: 22705049 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report the effect of an immunomodulatory and anti-mycobacterial naphthoquinone, lapachol, on the bi-dimensional patterns of protein expression of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-agonised and IFN-γ-treated THP-1 macrophages. This non-hypothesis driven proteomic analysis intends to shed light on the cellular functions lapachol may be affecting. Proteins of both cytosol and membrane fractions were analysed. After quantification of the protein spots, the protein levels corresponding to macrophages activated in the absence or presence of lapachol were compared. A number of proteins were identified, the levels of which were appreciably and significantly increased or decreased as a result of the action of lapachol on the activated macrophages: cofilin-1, fascin, plastin-2, glucose-6-P-dehydrogenase, adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1, pyruvate kinase, sentrin-specific protease 6, cathepsin B, cathepsin D, cytosolic aminopeptidase, proteasome β type-4 protease, tryptophan-tRNA ligase, DnaJ homolog and protein disulphide isomerase. Altogether, the comparative analysis performed indicates that lapachol could be hypothetically causing an impairment of cell migration and/or phagocytic capacity, an increase in NADPH availability, a decrease in pyruvate concentration, protection from proteosomal protein degradation, a decrease in lysosomal protein degradation, an impairment of cytosolic peptide generation, and an interference with NOS2 activation and grp78 function. The present proteomic results suggest issues that should be experimentally addressed ex- and in-vivo, to establish more accurately the potential of lapachol as an anti-infective drug. This study also constitutes a model for the pre-in-vivo evaluation of drug actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato A S Oliveira
- Leukocyte Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy.
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30
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Zhang F, Saha S, Kashina A. Arginylation-dependent regulation of a proteolytic product of talin is essential for cell-cell adhesion. J Cell Biol 2012; 197:819-36. [PMID: 22665520 PMCID: PMC3373405 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201112129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Talin is a large scaffolding molecule that plays a major role in integrin-dependent cell-matrix adhesion. A role for talin in cell-cell attachment through cadherin has never been demonstrated, however. Here, we identify a novel calpain-dependent proteolytic cleavage of talin that results in the release of a 70-kD C-terminal fragment, which serves as a substrate of posttranslational arginylation. The intracellular levels of this fragment closely correlated with the formation of cell-cell adhesions, and this fragment localized to cadherin-containing cell-cell contacts. Moreover, reintroduction of this fragment rescued the cell-cell adhesion defects in arginyltransferase (Ate1) knockout cells, which normally have a very low level of this fragment. Arginylation of this fragment further enhanced its ability to rescue cell-cell adhesion formation. In addition, arginylation facilitated its turnover, suggesting a dual role of arginylation in its intracellular regulation. Thus, our work identifies a novel proteolytic product of talin that is regulated by arginylation and a new role of talin in cadherin-dependent cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangliang Zhang
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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31
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Ho WH, Lee DY, Chang GD. Proteomic identification of a novel hsp90-containing protein-mineral complex which can be induced in cells in response to massive calcium influx. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:3160-74. [PMID: 22533508 DOI: 10.1021/pr201201y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fetuin-A is known for limiting the expansion and formation of hydroxyapatite crystals from calcium phosphate aggregates in circulation by forming a soluble fetuin-mineral complex. This study was aimed to uncover potential proteins involved in the regulation of calcium phosphate precipitation within cells. We found that a novel protein-mineral complex (PMC) can be generated after introduction of calcium chloride and sodium phosphate into the porcine brain protein extract prepared in Tris-HCl buffer. Selectively enriched proteins in the pellet were confirmed by immunoblotting, including heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), annexin A5, calreticulin, nucleolin, and other proteins. In addition, purified native Hsp90 directly bound both amorphous calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite and underwent conformational changes and oligomerization in the presence of excess calcium and phosphate. The morphology of the PMC prepared from Hsp90, calcium, and phosphate was distinctly different from that of hydroxyapatite under transmission electron microscope observation. When cultured SiHa cells were treated with a calcium ionophore or damaged by scratch to induce the massive calcium influx, a complex was formed and observed at discrete sites near the plasma membrane as revealed by antibodies against Hsp90, annexin A5, calreticulin, nucleolin, and other proteins. This complex could also be probed in situ with fetuin-A suggesting the existence of calcium phosphate aggregates in this complex. Inhibition of the complex formation by bisphosphonates hindered cell recovery from A23187 assault. Our results show that following membrane damage amorphous calcium phosphate develops at sites near membrane rupture where saturated calcium phosphate concentration is achieved. As a result, Hsp90 and other proteins are recruited, and the cytosolic PMC is formed. Inhibition of the cytosolic PMC formation may in part contribute to the cellular toxicity and in vivo side effects of bisphosphonates, particularly in cells prone to membrane damage under physiological conditions such as gastrointestinal epithelial and oral cavity epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsiung Ho
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences and ‡Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University No. 1 , Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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32
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López Sambrooks C, Carpio MA, Hallak ME. Arginylated calreticulin at plasma membrane increases susceptibility of cells to apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22043-54. [PMID: 22577148 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.338335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of proteins are important for the regulation of cell fate and functions; one of these post-translational modifications is arginylation. We have previously established that calreticulin (CRT), an endoplasmic reticulum resident, is also one of the arginylated substrates found in the cytoplasm. In the present study, we describe that arginylated CRT (R-CRT) binds to the cell membrane and identified its role as a preapoptotic signal. We also show that cells lacking arginyl-tRNA protein transferase are less susceptible to apoptosis than wild type cells. Under these conditions R-CRT is present on the cell membrane but at early stages is differently localized in stress granules. Moreover, cells induced to undergo apoptosis by arsenite show increased R-CRT on their cell surface. Exogenously applied R-CRT binds to the cell membrane and is able to both increase the number of cells undergoing apoptosis in wild type cells and overcome apoptosis resistance in cells lacking arginyl-tRNA protein transferase that express R-CRT on the cell surface. Thus, these results demonstrate the importance of surface R-CRT in the apoptotic response of cells, implying that post-translational arginylation of CRT can regulate its intracellular localization, cell function, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia López Sambrooks
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina
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Abstract
The N-end rule pathway is a proteolytic system in which N-terminal residues of short-lived proteins are recognized by recognition components (N-recognins) as essential components of degrons, called N-degrons. Known N-recognins in eukaryotes mediate protein ubiquitylation and selective proteolysis by the 26S proteasome. Substrates of N-recognins can be generated when normally embedded destabilizing residues are exposed at the N terminus by proteolytic cleavage. N-degrons can also be generated through modifications of posttranslationally exposed pro-N-degrons of otherwise stable proteins; such modifications include oxidation, arginylation, leucylation, phenylalanylation, and acetylation. Although there are variations in components, degrons, and hierarchical structures, the proteolytic systems based on generation and recognition of N-degrons have been observed in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes examined thus far. The N-end rule pathway regulates homeostasis of various physiological processes, in part, through interaction with small molecules. Here, we review the biochemical mechanisms, structures, physiological functions, and small-molecule-mediated regulation of the N-end rule pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Tasaki
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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34
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Sriram SM, Kim BY, Kwon YT. The N-end rule pathway: emerging functions and molecular principles of substrate recognition. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 12:735-47. [PMID: 22016057 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The N-end rule defines the protein-destabilizing activity of a given amino-terminal residue and its post-translational modification. Since its discovery 25 years ago, the pathway involved in the N-end rule has been thought to target only a limited set of specific substrates of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Recent studies have provided insights into the components, substrates, functions and structural basis of substrate recognition. The N-end rule pathway is now emerging as a major cellular proteolytic system, in which the majority of proteins are born with or acquire specific N-terminal degradation determinants through protein-specific or global post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashikanth M Sriram
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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35
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Varshavsky A. The N-end rule pathway and regulation by proteolysis. Protein Sci 2011; 20:1298-345. [PMID: 21633985 PMCID: PMC3189519 DOI: 10.1002/pro.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The N-end rule relates the regulation of the in vivo half-life of a protein to the identity of its N-terminal residue. Degradation signals (degrons) that are targeted by the N-end rule pathway include a set called N-degrons. The main determinant of an N-degron is a destabilizing N-terminal residue of a protein. In eukaryotes, the N-end rule pathway is a part of the ubiquitin system and consists of two branches, the Ac/N-end rule and the Arg/N-end rule pathways. The Ac/N-end rule pathway targets proteins containing N(α) -terminally acetylated (Nt-acetylated) residues. The Arg/N-end rule pathway recognizes unacetylated N-terminal residues and involves N-terminal arginylation. Together, these branches target for degradation a majority of cellular proteins. For example, more than 80% of human proteins are cotranslationally Nt-acetylated. Thus most proteins harbor a specific degradation signal, termed (Ac)N-degron, from the moment of their birth. Specific N-end rule pathways are also present in prokaryotes and in mitochondria. Enzymes that produce N-degrons include methionine-aminopeptidases, caspases, calpains, Nt-acetylases, Nt-amidases, arginyl-transferases and leucyl-transferases. Regulated degradation of specific proteins by the N-end rule pathway mediates a legion of physiological functions, including the sensing of heme, oxygen, and nitric oxide; selective elimination of misfolded proteins; the regulation of DNA repair, segregation and condensation; the signaling by G proteins; the regulation of peptide import, fat metabolism, viral and bacterial infections, apoptosis, meiosis, spermatogenesis, neurogenesis, and cardiovascular development; and the functioning of adult organs, including the pancreas and the brain. Discovered 25 years ago, this pathway continues to be a fount of biological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Varshavsky
- 1Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125.
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36
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Posttranslational arginylation as a global biological regulator. Dev Biol 2011; 358:1-8. [PMID: 21784066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications constitute a major field of emerging biological significance as mounting evidence demonstrates their key role in multiple physiological processes. Following in the footsteps of protein phosphorylation studies, new modifications are being shown to regulate protein properties and functions in vivo. Among such modifications, an important role belongs to protein arginylation - posttranslational tRNA-mediated addition of arginine, to proteins by arginyltransferase, ATE1. Recent studies show that arginylation is essential for embryogenesis in many organisms and that it regulates such important processes as heart development, angiogenesis, and tissue morphogenesis in mammals. This review summarizes the key data in the protein arginylation field since its original discovery to date.
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37
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Xie W, Denman RB. Protein methylation and stress granules: posttranslational remodeler or innocent bystander? Mol Biol Int 2011; 2011:137459. [PMID: 22091395 PMCID: PMC3196864 DOI: 10.4061/2011/137459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress granules contain a large number of post-translationally modified proteins, and studies have shown that these modifications serve as recruitment tags for specific proteins and even control the assembly and disassembly of the granules themselves. Work originating from our laboratory has focused on the role protein methylation plays in stress granule composition and function. We have demonstrated that both asymmetrically and symmetrically dimethylated proteins are core constituents of stress granules, and we have endeavored to understand when and how this occurs. Here we seek to integrate this data into a framework consisting of the currently known post-translational modifications affecting stress granules to produce a model of stress granule dynamics that, in turn, may serve as a benchmark for understanding and predicting how post-translational modifications regulate other granule types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xie
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 1065, USA
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Thomas MG, Loschi M, Desbats MA, Boccaccio GL. RNA granules: the good, the bad and the ugly. Cell Signal 2011; 23:324-34. [PMID: 20813183 PMCID: PMC3001194 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Processing bodies (PBs) and Stress Granules (SGs) are the founding members of a new class of RNA granules, known as mRNA silencing foci, as they harbour transcripts circumstantially excluded from the translationally active pool. PBs and SGs are able to release mRNAs thus allowing their translation. PBs are constitutive, but respond to stimuli that affect mRNA translation and decay, whereas SGs are specifically induced upon cellular stress, which triggers a global translational silencing by several pathways, including phosphorylation of the key translation initiation factor eIF2alpha, and tRNA cleavage among others. PBs and SGs with different compositions may coexist in a single cell. These macromolecular aggregates are highly conserved through evolution, from unicellular organisms to vertebrate neurons. Their dynamics is regulated by several signaling pathways, and depends on microfilaments and microtubules, and the cognate molecular motors myosin, dynein, and kinesin. SGs share features with aggresomes and related aggregates of unfolded proteins frequently present in neurodegenerative diseases, and may play a role in the pathology. Virus infections may induce or impair SG formation. Besides being important for mRNA regulation upon stress, SGs modulate the signaling balancing apoptosis and cell survival. Finally, the formation of Nuclear Stress Bodies (nSBs), which share components with SGs, and the assembly of additional cytosolic aggregates containing RNA -the UV granules and the Ire1 foci-, all of them induced by specific cell damage factors, contribute to cell survival.
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Key Words
- atxn2, ataxin-2
- bicd, bicaudal d
- cbp, creb binding protein
- cpeb, cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein
- dhc, dynein heavy chain
- dic, dynein intermediate chain
- fak, focal adhesion kinase
- fus/tls/hnrnp p2, fused in sarcoma
- g3bp, ras-gap sh3 domain binding protein
- gcn2, general control nonderepressible-2
- grb7, growth factor receptor-bound protein 7
- hap, hnrnp a1 interacting protein
- hdac6, histone deacetylase 6
- hri, heme-regulated inhibitor
- hsf, heat shock transcription factor
- khc, kinesin heavy chain
- klc, kinesin light chain
- mln51, metastatic lymph node 51
- nmd, nonsense mediated decay
- nsbs, nuclear stress bodies
- ogfod1, 2–14 oxoglutarate and fe(ii)-dependent oxygenase domain containing 1
- pb, processing body
- perk, pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum eif2alpha kinase
- pkr/eif2ak2, double stranded rna-dependent protein kinase
- pp1, protein phosphatase 1
- prp, prion protein
- rbp, rna binding protein
- rnp, ribonucleoparticle
- sam68, src associated in mitosis 68 kda
- member of star, signal transducer and activator of rna
- sca, spinocerebellar ataxia
- sg, stress granule
- sma, spinal muscular atrophy
- fmrp, fragile x mental retardation protein
- smn, survival of motor neuron
- tdp43, tar dna-binding protein 43
- traf2, tnf receptor associated factor 2
- uvgs, uv rna granules
- processing body
- stress granule
- kinesin
- dynein
- bicaudal d
- aggresome
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gabriela Thomas
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Loschi
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Andrea Desbats
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Lidia Boccaccio
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Buenos Aires
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39
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Hwang CS, Shemorry A, Auerbach D, Varshavsky A. The N-end rule pathway is mediated by a complex of the RING-type Ubr1 and HECT-type Ufd4 ubiquitin ligases. Nat Cell Biol 2010; 12:1177-85. [PMID: 21076411 PMCID: PMC3003441 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Substrates of the N-end rule pathway are recognized by the Ubr1 E3 ubiquitin ligase through their destabilizing N-terminal residues. Our previous work showed that the Ubr1 E3 and the Ufd4 E3 co-target an internal degron of the Mgt1 DNA repair protein. Ufd4 is an E3 of the ubiquitin-fusion degradation (UFD) pathway that recognizes an N-terminal ubiquitin moiety. Here we report that the RING-type Ubr1 E3 and the HECT-type Ufd4 E3 interact, both physically and functionally. Although Ubr1 can recognize and polyubiquitylate an N-end rule substrate in the absence of Ufd4, the Ubr1-Ufd4 complex is more processive in that it produces a longer substrate-linked polyubiquitin chain. Conversely, Ubr1 can function as a polyubiquitylation-enhancing component of the Ubr1-Ufd4 complex in its targeting of UFD substrates. We also found that Ubr1 can recognize the N-terminal ubiquitin moiety. These and related advances unify two proteolytic systems that have been studied separately over two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Sang Hwang
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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40
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Verma A, Bhatt AN, Farooque A, Khanna S, Khaitan D, Arya MB, Arya A, Dhawan A, Raj HG, Saluja D, Prasad AK, Parmar VS, Dwarakanath BS. 7, 8-diacetoxy-4-methylcoumarin induced cell death in human tumor cells is influenced by calreticulin. Biochimie 2010; 93:497-505. [PMID: 21075165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT), an endoplasmic reticulum resident protein demonstrates transacetylase activity in presence of 7, 8 diacetoxy-4-methyl coumarin (DAMC) in vitro. To investigate the possible role of CRT and DAMC mediated protein acetylation in cells, we investigated the effects of DAMC in tumor cells with different levels of CRT. DAMC was more toxic (clonogenicity, metabolic viability and proliferation) to human glioma cells (BMG-1) expressing low endogenous CRT level as compared to head and neck carcinoma cells (KB) with a high CRT level. The cytotoxicity was accompanied by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in both the cells, which correlated with corresponding changes in the levels of pro-apoptotic (Bax) and anti-apoptotic (NFkB) regulators. Manipulation of CRT protein level in KB cells by application of small RNA interference enhanced the sensitivity by four folds while over expression of CRT in BMG-1 cells reduced their sensitivity to DAMC by ~20% strongly suggesting the influence of CRT on DAMC induced cytotoxicity. The partial rescue of CROE cells from DAMC induced toxicity was accompanied by changes in NFkB levels and over all protein acetylation status, besides increase in the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity related to its well known antioxidant property. Since CRT is over-expressed in cancer cells, which are generally resistant to radio- and chemotherapy; targeting CRT transacetylase system, may be an attractive approach for increasing the efficacy of anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Verma
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Majumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, India
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