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Kang H, Park C, Choi YK, Bae J, Kwon S, Kim J, Choi C, Seok C, Im W, Choi HJ. Structural basis for Y2 receptor-mediated neuropeptide Y and peptide YY signaling. Structure 2023; 31:44-57.e6. [PMID: 36525977 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its receptors are expressed in various human tissues including the brain where they regulate appetite and emotion. Upon NPY stimulation, the neuropeptide Y1 and Y2 receptors (Y1R and Y2R, respectively) activate GI signaling, but their physiological responses to food intake are different. In addition, deletion of the two N-terminal amino acids of peptide YY (PYY(3-36)), the endogenous form found in circulation, can stimulate Y2R but not Y1R, suggesting that Y1R and Y2R may have distinct ligand-binding modes. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the PYY(3-36)‒Y2R‒Gi and NPY‒Y2R‒Gi complexes. Using cell-based assays, molecular dynamics simulations, and structural analysis, we revealed the molecular basis of the exclusive binding of PYY(3-36) to Y2R. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Y2R favors G protein signaling over β-arrestin signaling upon activation, whereas Y1R does not show a preference between these two pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunook Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaehee Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeol Kyo Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Jungnam Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinuk Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulwon Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaok Seok
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Lucero‐Garcia Rojas EY, Reyes‐Alcaraz A, Ruan K, McConnell BK, Bond RA. Fusion of the β 2-adrenergic receptor with either Gαs or βarrestin-2 produces constitutive signaling by each pathway and induces gain-of-function in BEAS-2B cells. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:758-774. [PMID: 36479208 PMCID: PMC9721090 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The β2AR is a prototypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) known to orchestrate different cellular responses by the stimulation of specific signaling pathways. The best-established signaling pathways for the β2AR are the canonical Gs pathway and the alternative β arrestin 2 (βarr2) pathway. Exploring each pathway separately remains a challenging task due to the dynamic nature of the receptor. Here, we fused the β2AR with its cognate transducers, Gαs and βarr2, using short linkers as a novel approach for restricting the conformation of the receptor and preferentially activating one of its two signaling pathways. We characterized the behavior of our fusion proteins β2AR-Gαs and β2AR-βarr2 in HEK293 cells by measuring their constitutive activity, transducer recruitment, and pharmacological modulation. Our fusion proteins show (a) steric hindrance from the reciprocal endogenous transducers, (b) constitutive activity of the β2AR for the signaling pathway activated by the tethered transducer, and (c) pharmacologic modulation by β2AR ligands. Based on these characteristics, we further explored the possibility of a gain-of-function mechanism in the human lung non-tumorigenic epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B cells. This immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line has immunomodulatory properties through cytokine release mediated by β2AR stimulation. Our findings suggest that each signaling pathway of the β2AR is biased toward either the Th1 or Th2 inflammatory response suggesting a role in regulating the immune phenotype of respiratory diseases. Our data imply that our fusion proteins can be used as tools to isolate the function elicited by a single signaling pathway in physiologically relevant cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Y. Lucero‐Garcia Rojas
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
- Present address:
Department of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Arfaxad Reyes‐Alcaraz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Kehe Ruan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Bradley K. McConnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Richard A. Bond
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
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3
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De Pascali F, Ippolito M, Wolfe E, Komolov KE, Hopfinger N, Lemenze D, Kim N, Armen RS, An SS, Scott CP, Benovic JL. β 2 -Adrenoceptor agonist profiling reveals biased signalling phenotypes for the β 2 -adrenoceptor with possible implications for the treatment of asthma. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4692-4708. [PMID: 35732075 PMCID: PMC9474705 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE β-Adrenoceptor agonists relieve airflow obstruction by activating β2 -adrenoceptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed on human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells. The currently available β-adrenoceptor agonists are balanced agonists, however, and signal through both the stimulatory G protein (Gs )- and β-arrestin-mediated pathways. While Gs signalling is beneficial and promotes HASM relaxation, β-arrestin activation is associated with reduced Gs efficacy. In this context, biased ligands that selectively promote β2 -adrenoceptor coupling to Gs signalling represent a promising strategy to treat asthma. Here, we examined several β-adrenoceptor agonists to identify Gs -biased ligands devoid of β-arrestin-mediated effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Gs -biased ligands for the β2 -adrenoceptor were identified by high-throughput screening and then evaluated for Gs interaction, Gi interaction, cAMP production, β-arrestin interaction, GPCR kinase (GRK) phosphorylation of the receptor, receptor trafficking, ERK activation, and functional desensitization of the β2 -adrenoceptor. KEY RESULTS We identified ractopamine, dobutamine, and higenamine as Gs -biased agonists that activate the Gs /cAMP pathway upon β2 -adrenoceptor stimulation while showing minimal Gi or β-arrestin interaction. Furthermore, these compounds did not induce any receptor trafficking and had reduced GRK5-mediated phosphorylation of the β2 -adrenoceptor. Finally, we observed minimal physiological desensitization of the β2 -adrenoceptor in primary HASM cells upon treatment with biased agonists. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our work demonstrates that Gs -biased signalling through the β2 -adrenoceptor may prove to be an effective strategy to promote HASM relaxation in the treatment of asthma. Such biased compounds may also be useful in identifying the molecular mechanisms that determine biased signalling and in design of safer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Pascali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Michael Ippolito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Emily Wolfe
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey and Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Konstantin E. Komolov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nathan Hopfinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas Lemenze
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey and Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nicholas Kim
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey and Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Roger S. Armen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven S. An
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey and Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Charles P. Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Karst H, den Boon FS, Vervoort N, Adrian M, Kapitein LC, Joëls M. Non-genomic steroid signaling through the mineralocorticoid receptor: Involvement of a membrane-associated receptor? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 541:111501. [PMID: 34740745 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroid receptors in the mammalian brain mediate genomic as well as non-genomic actions. Although receptors mediating genomic actions were already cloned 35 years ago, it remains unclear whether the same molecules are responsible for the non-genomic actions or that the latter involve a separate class of receptors. Here we focus on one type of corticosteroid receptors, i.e. the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). We summarize some of the known properties and the current insight in the localization of the MR in peripheral cells and neurons, especially in relation to non-genomic signaling. Previous studies from our own and other labs provided evidence that MRs mediating non-genomic actions are identical to the ones involved in genomic signaling, but may be translocated to the plasma cell membrane instead of the nucleus. With fixed cell imaging and live cell imaging techniques we tried to visualize these presumed membrane-associated MRs, using antibodies or overexpression of MR-GFP in COS7 and hippocampal cultured neurons. Despite the physiological evidence for MR location in or close to the cell membrane, we could not convincingly visualize membrane localization of endogenous MRs or GFP-MR molecules. However, we did find punctae of labeled antibodies intracellularly, which might indicate transactivating spots of MR near the membrane. We also found some evidence for trafficking of MR via beta-arrestins. In beta-arrestin knockout mice, we didn't observe metaplasticity in the basolateral amygdala anymore, indicating that internalization of MRs could play a role during corticosterone activation. Furthermore, we speculate that membrane-associated MRs could act indirectly via activating other membrane located structures like e.g. GPER and/or receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Karst
- Dept Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Femke S den Boon
- Dept Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Niek Vervoort
- University Utrecht, Faculty of Science, Division of Cell Biology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Max Adrian
- University Utrecht, Faculty of Science, Division of Cell Biology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- University Utrecht, Faculty of Science, Division of Cell Biology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marian Joëls
- Dept Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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5
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Domenici MR, Mallozzi C, Pepponi R, Casella I, Chiodi V, Ferrante A, Popoli P. Insight into the Role of the STriatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) in A 2A Receptor-Mediated Effects in the Central Nervous System. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:647742. [PMID: 33953681 PMCID: PMC8090931 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.647742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase STEP is a brain-specific tyrosine phosphatase that plays a pivotal role in the mechanisms of learning and memory, and it has been demonstrated to be involved in several neuropsychiatric diseases. Recently, we found a functional interaction between STEP and adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), a subtype of the adenosine receptor family widely expressed in the central nervous system, where it regulates motor behavior and cognition, and plays a role in cell survival and neurodegeneration. Specifically, we demonstrated the involvement of STEP in A2AR-mediated cocaine effects in the striatum and, more recently, we found that in the rat striatum and hippocampus, as well as in a neuroblastoma cell line, the overexpression of the A2AR, or its stimulation, results in an increase in STEP activity. In the present article we will discuss the functional implication of this interaction, trying to examine the possible mechanisms involved in this relation between STEP and A2ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Domenici
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Mallozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Pepponi
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Casella
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Chiodi
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Ferrante
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Popoli
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Rome, Italy
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6
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Casella I, Ambrosio C. Prokineticin receptors interact unselectively with several G protein subtypes but bind selectively to β-arrestin 2. Cell Signal 2021; 83:110000. [PMID: 33811988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prokineticin 1 (pk1) and prokineticin 2 (pk2) interact with two structurally related G-protein coupled receptors, prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2). Cellular signalling studies show that the activated receptors can evoke Ca2+-mobilization, pertussis toxin-sensitive ERK phosphorylation, and intracellular cAMP accumulation, which suggests the partecipation of several G protein subtypes, such as Gq/11, Gi/o and Gs. However, direct interactions with these transduction proteins have not been studied yet. Here we measured by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) the association of PKR1 and PKR2 with different heterotrimeric Gα proteins in response to pk1 and pk2 activation. Using host-cell lines carrying gene deletions of Gαq/11 or Gαs, and pertussis toxin treatment to abolish the receptor interactions with Gαi/o, we determined that both receptors could couple with comparable efficiency to Gq/11 and Gi/o, but far less efficiently to Gs or other pertussis toxin-insensitive G proteins. We also used BRET methodology to assess the association of prokineticin receptors with β-arrestin isoforms. Fluorescent versions of the isoforms were transfected both in HEK293 cells and in double KO β-arrestin 1/2 mouse fibroblasts, to study receptor interaction with the reconstituted individual β-arrestins without background expression of the endogenous genes. Both receptors formed stable BRET-emitting complexes with β-arrestin 2 but not with β-arrestin 1, indicating strong selectivity for the former. In all the studied transducer interactions and in both receptors, pk2 was more potent than pk1 in promoting receptor binding to transduction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Casella
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Drug Reserch and Evaluation, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Caterina Ambrosio
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Drug Reserch and Evaluation, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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7
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Ippolito M, Benovic JL. Biased agonism at β-adrenergic receptors. Cell Signal 2020; 80:109905. [PMID: 33385503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) include three subtypes, β1, β2 and β3. These receptors are widely expressed and regulate numerous physiological processes including cardiovascular and metabolic functions and airway tone. The βARs are also important targets in the treatment of many diseases including hypertension, heart failure and asthma. In some cases, the use of current βAR ligands to treat a disease is suboptimal and can lead to severe side effects. One strategy to potentially improve such treatments is the development of biased agonists that selectively regulate a subset of βAR signaling pathways and responses. Here we discuss the compounds identified to date that preferentially activate a Gs- or β-arrestin-mediated signaling pathway through βARs. Mechanistic insight on how these compounds bias signaling sheds light on the potential development of even more selective compounds that should have increased utility in treating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ippolito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America.
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8
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Kim HR, Xu J, Maeda S, Duc NM, Ahn D, Du Y, Chung KY. Structural mechanism underlying primary and secondary coupling between GPCRs and the Gi/o family. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3160. [PMID: 32572026 PMCID: PMC7308389 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins are categorized into four main families based on their function and sequence, Gs, Gi/o, Gq/11, and G12/13. One receptor can couple to more than one G protein subtype, and the coupling efficiency varies depending on the GPCR-G protein pair. However, the precise mechanism underlying different coupling efficiencies is unknown. Here, we study the structural mechanism underlying primary and secondary Gi/o coupling, using the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor type 2 (M2R) as the primary Gi/o-coupling receptor and the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR, which primarily couples to Gs) as the secondary Gi/o-coupling receptor. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and mutagenesis studies reveal that the engagement of the distal C-terminus of Gαi/o with the receptor differentiates primary and secondary Gi/o couplings. This study suggests that the conserved hydrophobic residue within the intracellular loop 2 of the receptor (residue 34.51) is not critical for primary Gi/o-coupling; however, it might be important for secondary Gi/o-coupling. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can couple to more than one G protein subtype, and the coupling efficiency varies depending on the GPCR-G protein pair. Here authors use hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and mutagenesis to study the structural mechanism underlying primary and secondary Gi/o coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Ryung Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shoji Maeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nguyen Minh Duc
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.,Division of Precision Medicine, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Du
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001 Longxiang Ave, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China.
| | - Ka Young Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Vezzi V, Ambrosio C, Grò MC, Molinari P, Süral G, Costa T, Onaran HO, Cotecchia S. Vasopressin receptor 2 mutations in the nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis show different mechanisms of constitutive activation for G protein coupled receptors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9111. [PMID: 32499611 PMCID: PMC7272623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65996-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasopressin receptor 2 (V2R) mutations causing the nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (NSIAD) can generate two constitutively active receptor phenotypes. One type results from residue substitutions in several V2R domains and is sensitive to vaptan inverse agonists. The other is only caused by Arg 137 replacements and is vaptan resistant. We compared constitutive and agonist-driven interactions of the vaptan-sensitive F229V and vaptan-resistant R137C/L V2R mutations with β-arrestin 1, β-arrestin 2, and Gαs, using null fibroblasts reconstituted with individual versions of the ablated transduction protein genes. F229V displayed very high level of constitutive activation for Gs but not for β-arrestins, and enhanced or normal responsiveness to agonists and inverse agonists. In contrast, R137C/L mutants exhibited maximal levels of constitutive activation for βarrestin 2 and Gs, minimal levels for β-arrestin 1, but a sharp decline of ligands sensitivity at all transducer interactions. The enhanced constitutive activity and reduced ligand sensitivity of R137 mutants on cAMP signaling persisted in cells lacking β-arrestins, indicating that these are intrinsic molecular properties of the mutations, not the consequence of altered receptor trafficking. The results suggest that the two groups of NSIAD mutations represent two distinct molecular mechanisms of constitutive activation in GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vezzi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Ambrosio
- Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Grò
- Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Molinari
- Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Rome, Italy
| | - Gökçe Süral
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Molecular biology and Technology development unit, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tommaso Costa
- Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Rome, Italy
| | - H Ongun Onaran
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Molecular biology and Technology development unit, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Susanna Cotecchia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy.
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10
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β-blockers Reverse Agonist-Induced β 2-AR Downregulation Regardless of Their Signaling Profile. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020512. [PMID: 31947522 PMCID: PMC7013648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) density has been reported in cells, animals, and humans receiving β-blocker treatment. In some cases, β-AR density is upregulated, but in others, it is unaffected or even reduced. Collectively, these results would imply that changes in β-AR density and β-blockade are not related. However, it has still not been clarified whether the effects of β-blockers on receptor density are related to their ability to activate different β-AR signaling pathways. To this aim, five clinically relevant β-blockers endowed with inverse, partial or biased agonism at the β2-AR were evaluated for their effects on β2-AR density in both human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells expressing exogenous FLAG-tagged human β2-ARs and human lymphocytes expressing endogenous β2-ARs. Cell surface β2-AR density was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry. Treatment with propranolol, carvedilol, pindolol, sotalol, or timolol did not induce any significant change in surface β2-AR density in both HEK293 cells and human lymphocytes. On the contrary, treatment with the β-AR agonist isoproterenol reduced the number of cell surface β2-ARs in the tested cell types without affecting β2-AR-mRNA levels. Isoproterenol-induced effects on receptor density were completely antagonized by β-blocker treatment. In conclusion, the agonistic activity of β-blockers does not exert an important effect on short-term regulation of β2-AR density.
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Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a large group of integral membrane proteins that transduce extracellular signals from a wide range of agonists into targeted intracellular responses. Although the responses can vary depending on the category of G-proteins activated by a particular receptor, responses were also found to be triggered by interactions of the receptor with β-arrestins. It was subsequently discovered that for the same receptor molecule (e.g., the β-adrenergic receptor), some agonists have a propensity to specifically favor responses by G-proteins, others by β-arrestins, as has now been extensively studied. This feature of the GPCR system is known as biased agonism and is subject to various interpretations, including agonist-induced conformational change versus selective stabilization of preexisting active conformations. Here, we explore a complete allosteric framework for biased agonism based on alternative preexisting conformations that bind more strongly, but nonexclusively, either G-proteins or β-arrestins. The framework incorporates reciprocal effects among all interacting molecules. As a result, G-proteins and β-arrestins are in steric competition for binding to the cytoplasmic surface of either the G-protein-favoring or β-arrestin-favoring GPCR conformation. Moreover, through linkage relations, the strength of the interactions of G-proteins or β-arrestins with the corresponding active conformation potentiates the apparent affinity for the agonist, effectively equating these two proteins to allosteric modulators. The balance between response alternatives can also be influenced by the physiological concentrations of either G-proteins or β-arrestins, as well as by phosphorylation or interactions with positive or negative allosteric modulators. The nature of the interactions in the simulations presented suggests novel experimental tests to distinguish more fully among alternative mechanisms.
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12
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Systematic errors in detecting biased agonism: Analysis of current methods and development of a new model-free approach. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44247. [PMID: 28290478 PMCID: PMC5349545 DOI: 10.1038/srep44247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovering biased agonists requires a method that can reliably distinguish the bias in signalling due to unbalanced activation of diverse transduction proteins from that of differential amplification inherent to the system being studied, which invariably results from the non-linear nature of biological signalling networks and their measurement. We have systematically compared the performance of seven methods of bias diagnostics, all of which are based on the analysis of concentration-response curves of ligands according to classical receptor theory. We computed bias factors for a number of β-adrenergic agonists by comparing BRET assays of receptor-transducer interactions with Gs, Gi and arrestin. Using the same ligands, we also compared responses at signalling steps originated from the same receptor-transducer interaction, among which no biased efficacy is theoretically possible. In either case, we found a high level of false positive results and a general lack of correlation among methods. Altogether this analysis shows that all tested methods, including some of the most widely used in the literature, fail to distinguish true ligand bias from "system bias" with confidence. We also propose two novel semi quantitative methods of bias diagnostics that appear to be more robust and reliable than currently available strategies.
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13
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Kenakin T. The Effective Application of Biased Signaling to New Drug Discovery. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:1055-61. [PMID: 26138073 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.099770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of agonists to selectively activate some but not all signaling pathways linked to pleiotropically signaling receptors has opened the possibility of obtaining molecules that emphasize beneficial signals, de-emphasize harmful signals, and concomitantly deemphasize harmful signals while blocking the harmful signals produced by endogenous agonists. The detection and quantification of biased effects is straightforward, but two important factors should be considered in the evaluation of biased effects in drug discovery. The first is that efficacy, and not bias, determines whether a given agonist signal will be observed; bias only dictates the relative concentrations at which agonist signals will appear when they do appear. Therefore, a Cartesian coordinate system plotting relative efficacy (on a scale of Log relative Intrinsic Activities) as the ordinates and Log(bias) as the abscissae is proposed as a useful tool in evaluating possible biased molecules for progression in discovery programs. Second, it should be considered that the current scales quantifying bias limit this property to the allosteric vector (ligand/receptor/coupling protein complex) and that whole-cell processing of this signal can completely change measured bias from in vitro predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Kenakin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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14
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Kooistra AJ, Leurs R, de Esch IJP, de Graaf C. Structure-Based Prediction of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Ligand Function: A β-Adrenoceptor Case Study. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:1045-61. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert J. Kooistra
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules,
Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules,
Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan J. P. de Esch
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules,
Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules,
Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Vedel L, Bräuner-Osborne H, Mathiesen JM. A cAMP Biosensor-Based High-Throughput Screening Assay for Identification of Gs-Coupled GPCR Ligands and Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:849-57. [PMID: 25851033 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115580019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) is an important second messenger, and quantification of intracellular cAMP levels is essential in studies of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The intracellular cAMP levels are regulated by the adenylate cyclase (AC) upon activation of either Gs- or Gi-coupled GPCRs, which leads to increased or decreased cAMP levels, respectively. Here we describe a real-time Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based cAMP high-throughput screening (HTS) assay for identification and characterization of Gs-coupled GPCR ligands and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors in living cells. We used the β2-adrenergic receptor (β(2)AR) as a representative Gs-coupled receptor and characterized two cell lines with different expression levels. Low receptor expression allowed detection of desensitization kinetics and delineation of partial agonism, whereas high receptor expression resulted in prolonged signaling and enabled detection of weak partial agonists and/or ligands with low potency, which is highly advantageous in large HTS settings and hit identification. In addition, the assay enabled detection of β(2)AR inverse agonists and PDE inhibitors. High signal-to-noise ratios were also observed for the other representative Gs-coupled GPCRs tested, GLP-1R and GlucagonR. The FRET-based cAMP biosensor assay is robust, reproducible, and inexpensive with good Z factors and is highly applicable for HTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Vedel
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Mosolff Mathiesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Soriano-Ursúa MA, Trujillo-Ferrara JG, Arias-Montaño JA, Villalobos-Molina R. Insights into a defined secondary binding region on β-adrenoceptors and putative roles in ligand binding and drug design. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00011d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Putative roles of a secondary binding region shared among beta-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Soriano-Ursúa
- Posgraduate and Research Section
- Escuela Superior de Medicina
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Mexico City
- Mexico
| | - J. G. Trujillo-Ferrara
- Posgraduate and Research Section
- Escuela Superior de Medicina
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Mexico City
- Mexico
| | - J. A. Arias-Montaño
- Departamento de Fisiología
- Biofísica y Neurociencias. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN
- Mexico City
- Mexico
| | - R. Villalobos-Molina
- Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Tlalnepantla
- Mexico
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17
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Structure-bias relationships for fenoterol stereoisomers in six molecular and cellular assays at the β2-adrenoceptor. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 388:51-65. [PMID: 25342094 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Functional selectivity is well established as an underlying concept of ligand-specific signaling via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Functionally, selective drugs could show greater therapeutic efficacy and fewer adverse effects. Dual coupling of the β2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) triggers a signal transduction via Gsα and Giα proteins. Here, we examined 12 fenoterol stereoisomers in six molecular and cellular assays. Using β2AR-Gsα and β2AR-Giα fusion proteins, (R,S')- and (S,S')-isomers of 4'-methoxy-1-naphthyl-fenoterol were identified as biased ligands with preference for Gs. G protein-independent signaling via β-arrestin-2 was disfavored by these ligands. Isolated human neutrophils constituted an ex vivo model of β2AR signaling and demonstrated functional selectivity through the dissociation of cAMP accumulation and the inhibition of formyl peptide-stimulated production of reactive oxygen species. Ligand bias was calculated using an operational model of agonism and revealed that the fenoterol scaffold constitutes a promising lead structure for the development of Gs-biased β2AR agonists.
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18
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What is pharmacological 'affinity'? Relevance to biased agonism and antagonism. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:434-41. [PMID: 25042457 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The differences between affinity measurements made in binding studies and those relevant to receptor function are described. There are theoretical and practical reasons for not utilizing binding data and, in terms of the quantification of signaling bias, it is unnecessary to do so. Finally, the allosteric control of ligand affinity through receptor-signaling protein interaction is discussed within the context of biased antagonism. In this regard, it is shown that both the bias and relative efficacy of a ligand are essential data for fully predicting biased effects in vivo.
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Abstract
It is now established that agonists do not uniformly activate pleiotropic signaling mechanisms initiated by receptors but rather can bias signals according to the unique receptor conformations they stabilize. One of the important emerging signaling systems where this can occur is through β-arrestin. This chapter discusses biased signaling where emphasis or de-emphasis of β-arrestin signaling is postulated (or been shown) to be beneficial. The chapter specifically focuses on methods to quantify biased effects; these methods furnish scales that can be used in the process of optimizing biased agonism (and antagonism) for therapeutic benefit. Specifically, methods to derive ΔΔLog(τ/K A) or ΔΔLog(Relative Activity) values are described to do this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Kenakin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Room 4042, Genetic Medicine Building, CB# 7365, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7365, USA,
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20
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Soriano-Ursúa MA, Trujillo-Ferrara JG, Correa-Basurto J, Vilar S. Recent structural advances of β1 and β2 adrenoceptors yield keys for ligand recognition and drug design. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8207-23. [PMID: 23862978 DOI: 10.1021/jm400471z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because they represent attractive drug targets, adrenoceptors have been widely studied. Recent progress in structural data of β-adrenoceptors allows us to understand and predict key interactions in ligand recognition and receptor activation. Nevertheless, an important aspect of this process has only begun to be explored: the stabilization of a conformational state of these receptors upon contact with a ligand and the capacity of a ligand to influence receptor conformation through allosteric modulation, biased signaling, and selectivity. The aim of the present Perspective is to identify the well-defined orthosteric binding site and possible allosteric sites and to analyze the importance of the ligand-receptor interaction in the stabilization of certain receptor conformations. For this purpose, we have reviewed recent advances made through the use of X-ray data from ligand-β-adrenoceptor (including ADRB1 and ADRB2) crystal structures. Most importantly, implications in the medicinal chemistry field are explored in relation to drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Postgraduate Research Section, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Plan de San Luis y Dı́az Mirón s/n, Mexico City, 11340, Mexico
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21
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Vezzi V, Onaran HO, Molinari P, Guerrini R, Balboni G, Calò G, Costa T. Ligands raise the constraint that limits constitutive activation in G protein-coupled opioid receptors. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23964-78. [PMID: 23836900 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.474452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a cell-free bioluminescence resonance energy transfer strategy we compared the levels of spontaneous and ligand-induced receptor-G protein coupling in δ (DOP) and μ (MOP) opioid receptors. In this assay GDP can suppress spontaneous coupling, thus allowing its quantification. The level of constitutive activity was 4-5 times greater at the DOP than at the MOP receptor. A series of opioid analogues with a common peptidomimetic scaffold displayed remarkable inversions of efficacy in the two receptors. Agonists that enhanced coupling above the low intrinsic level of the MOP receptor were inverse agonists in reducing the greater level of constitutive coupling of the DOP receptor. Yet the intrinsic activities of such ligands are identical when scaled over the GDP base line of both receptors. This pattern is in conflict with the predictions of the ternary complex model and the "two state" extensions. According to this theory, the order of spontaneous and ligand-induced coupling cannot be reversed if a shift of the equilibrium between active and inactive forms raises constitutive activation in one receptor type. We propose that constitutive activation results from a lessened intrinsic barrier that restrains spontaneous coupling. Any ligand, regardless of its efficacy, must enhance this constraint to stabilize the ligand-bound complexed form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vezzi
- Department of Pharmacology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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22
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Kenakin T, Christopoulos A. Measurements of ligand bias and functional affinity. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:483. [PMID: 23681003 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3954-c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Kaya AI, Onaran HO, Özcan G, Ambrosio C, Costa T, Balli S, Ugur Ö. Cell contact-dependent functional selectivity of β2-adrenergic receptor ligands in stimulating cAMP accumulation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:6362-74. [PMID: 22241475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.301820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of β(2)-adrenegic receptor (β(2)-AR) leads to an increase in intracellular cAMP and activation of ERK. These two signals are activated by the interaction of the receptor with different transducer partners. We showed that the intrinsic activities of β(2)-AR ligands for stimulating cAMP production and ERK phosphorylation responses in HEK-293 cells were not correlated. The lack of correlation resulted mainly from the discrepancy between the intrinsic activities of two groups of ligands for these two responses: The first group consisted of clenbuterol, cimaterol, procaterol, and terbutaline which acted as full agonists for cAMP production but displayed very weak effect on ERK phosphorylation. The second group comprised adrenaline and noradrenaline which displayed higher intrinsic activity for the ERK phosphorylation than for the cAMP response. Thus, both groups behaved as functionally selective ligands. The functional selectivity of the first group was observable only in adherent cells when confluence was approximately 100%. When cell-cell contact was minimized either by decreasing the density of the adherent cells or by bringing the cells into suspension, the first group of ligands gained the ability to stimulate ERK phosphorylation without a change in their effect on cAMP production. In contrast, selectivity of the second group was independent of the adherence state of the cells. Our results show that the inherent "bias" of ligands in coupling a G protein-coupled receptor to different transducers may not always be revealed as functional selectivity when there is a "cross-talk" between the signaling pathways activated by the same receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali I Kaya
- Department of Pharmacology, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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