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Xu Y, Sun H, Chen J, Qin L, Wu M, Zhong Z, Zhang X. Loss of SIL1 Affects Actin Dynamics and Leads to Abnormal Neural Migration. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04272-8. [PMID: 38850350 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
SIL1 is a nucleotide exchange factor for the molecular chaperone protein Bip in the endoplasmic reticulum that plays a crucial role in protein folding. The Sil1 gene is currently the only known causative gene of Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome (MSS). Intellectual developmental disability is the main symptom of MSS, and its mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Studies have shown that mutations in the Sil1 gene can delay neuronal migration during cortical development, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. To further identify potential molecules involved in the regulation of central nervous system development by SIL1, we established a cortical neuron model with SIL1 protein deficiency and used proteomic analysis to screen for differentially expressed proteins after Sil1 silencing, followed by GO functional enrichment and protein‒protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. We identified 68 upregulated and 137 downregulated proteins in total, and among them, 10 upregulated and 3 downregulated proteins were mainly related to actin cytoskeleton dynamics. We further validated the differential changes in actin-related molecules using qRT‒PCR and Western blotting of a Sil1 gene knockout (Sil1-/-) mouse model. The results showed that the protein levels of ACTN1 and VIM decreased, while their mRNA levels increased as a compensatory response to protein deficiency. The mRNA and protein levels of IQGAP1 both showed a secondary increase. In conclusion, we identified ACTN1 and VIM as the key molecules regulated by SIL1 that are involved in neuronal migration during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongji Sun
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junyang Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Liuting Qin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Mengxue Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhaoming Zhong
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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2
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Muhammad T, Yang T, Wang B, Yang H, Tuerdiyusufu D, Wang J, Yu Q. Comprehensive genomic characterization and expression analysis of calreticulin gene family in tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1397765. [PMID: 38711609 PMCID: PMC11070585 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1397765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a calcium-binding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein that has been identified for multiple cellular processes, including protein folding, regulation of gene expression, calcium (Ca2+) storage and signaling, regeneration, and stress responses. However, the lack of information about this protein family in tomato species highlights the importance of functional characterization. In the current study, 21 CRTs were identified in four tomato species using the most recent genomic data and performed comprehensive bioinformatics and SlCRT expression in various tissues and treatments. In the bioinformatics analysis, we described the physiochemical properties, phylogeny, subcellular positions, chromosomal location, promoter analysis, gene structure, motif distribution, protein structure and protein interaction. The phylogenetic analysis classified the CRTs into three groups, consensus with the gene architecture and conserved motif analyses. Protein structure analysis revealed that the calreticulin domain is highly conserved among different tomato species and phylogenetic groups. The cis-acting elements and protein interaction analysis indicate that CRTs are involved in various developmental and stress response mechanisms. The cultivated and wild tomato species exhibited similar gene mapping on chromosomes, and synteny analysis proposed that segmental duplication plays an important role in the evolution of the CRTs family with negative selection pressure. RNA-seq data analysis showed that SlCRTs were differentially expressed in different tissues, signifying the role of calreticulin genes in tomato growth and development. qRT-PCR expression profiling showed that all SlCRTs except SlCRT5 were upregulated under PEG (polyethylene glycol) induced drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment and SlCRT2 and SlCRT3 were upregulated under salt stress. Overall, the results of the study provide information for further investigation of the functional characterization of the CRT genes in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayeb Muhammad
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Baike Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Diliaremu Tuerdiyusufu
- College of Computer and Information Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Qinghui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
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3
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Rossi MA, Pozhidaeva AK, Clerico EM, Petridis C, Gierasch LM. New insights into the structure and function of the complex between the Escherichia coli Hsp70, DnaK, and its nucleotide-exchange factor, GrpE. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105574. [PMID: 38110031 PMCID: PMC10825016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The 70 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) play a pivotal role in many cellular functions using allosteric communication between their nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and substrate-binding domain, mediated by an interdomain linker, to modulate their affinity for protein clients. Critical to modulation of the Hsp70 allosteric cycle, nucleotide-exchange factors (NEFs) act by a conserved mechanism involving binding to the ADP-bound NBD and opening of the nucleotide-binding cleft to accelerate the release of ADP and binding of ATP. The crystal structure of the complex between the NBD of the Escherichia coli Hsp70, DnaK, and its NEF, GrpE, was reported previously, but the GrpE in the complex carried a point mutation (G122D). Both the functional impact of this mutation and its location on the NEF led us to revisit the DnaK NBD/GrpE complex structurally using AlphaFold modeling and validation by solution methods that report on protein conformation and mutagenesis. This work resulted in a new model for the DnaK NBD in complex with GrpE in which subdomain IIB of the NBD rotates more than in the crystal structure, resulting in an open conformation of the nucleotide-binding cleft, which now resembles more closely what is seen in other Hsp/NEF complexes. Moreover, the new model is consistent with the increased ADP off-rate accompanying GrpE binding. Excitingly, our findings point to an interdomain allosteric signal in DnaK triggered by GrpE binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Agustina Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandra K Pozhidaeva
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eugenia M Clerico
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Constantine Petridis
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lila M Gierasch
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.
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4
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Cai X, Ito S, Noi K, Inoue M, Ushioda R, Kato Y, Nagata K, Inaba K. Mechanistic characterization of disulfide bond reduction of an ERAD substrate mediated by cooperation between ERdj5 and BiP. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105274. [PMID: 37739037 PMCID: PMC10591012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) is a protein quality control process that eliminates misfolded proteins from the ER. DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 10 (ERdj5) is a protein disulfide isomerase family member that accelerates ERAD by reducing disulfide bonds of aberrant proteins with the help of an ER-resident chaperone BiP. However, the detailed mechanisms by which ERdj5 acts in concert with BiP are poorly understood. In this study, we reconstituted an in vitro system that monitors ERdj5-mediated reduction of disulfide-linked J-chain oligomers, known to be physiological ERAD substrates. Biochemical analyses using purified proteins revealed that J-chain oligomers were reduced to monomers by ERdj5 in a stepwise manner via trimeric and dimeric intermediates, and BiP synergistically enhanced this action in an ATP-dependent manner. Single-molecule observations of ERdj5-catalyzed J-chain disaggregation using high-speed atomic force microscopy, demonstrated the stochastic release of small J-chain oligomers through repeated actions of ERdj5 on peripheral and flexible regions of large J-chain aggregates. Using systematic mutational analyses, ERAD substrate disaggregation mediated by ERdj5 and BiP was dissected at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Cai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shogo Ito
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kentaro Noi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Inoue
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ryo Ushioda
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nagata
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan.
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5
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Tan YW, Teo FMS, Ler SG, Alli-Shaik A, Nyo M, Chong CY, Tan NWH, Wang RYL, Gunaratne J, Chu JJH. Potential relevance of salivary legumain for the clinical diagnostic of hand, foot, and mouth disease. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29243. [PMID: 38009231 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The fight against hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) remains an arduous challenge without existing point-of-care (POC) diagnostic platforms for accurate diagnosis and prompt case quarantine. Hence, the purpose of this salivary biomarker discovery study is to set the fundamentals for the realization of POC diagnostics for HFMD. Whole salivary proteome profiling was performed on the saliva obtained from children with HFMD and healthy children, using a reductive dimethylation chemical labeling method coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics technology. We identified 19 upregulated (fold change = 1.5-5.8) and 51 downregulated proteins (fold change = 0.1-0.6) in the saliva samples of HFMD patients in comparison to that of healthy volunteers. Four upregulated protein candidates were selected for dot blot-based validation assay, based on novelty as biomarkers and exclusions in oral diseases and cancers. Salivary legumain was validated in the Singapore (n = 43 healthy, 28 HFMD cases) and Taiwan (n = 60 healthy, 47 HFMD cases) cohorts with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.7583 and 0.8028, respectively. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a broad-spectrum HFMD POC diagnostic test based on legumain, a virus-specific host systemic signature, in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wah Tan
- Collaborative and Translation Unit for Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD), Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fiona Mei Shan Teo
- Collaborative and Translation Unit for Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD), Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siok Ghee Ler
- Translational Biomedical Proteomics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Asfa Alli-Shaik
- Translational Biomedical Proteomics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Nyo
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chia Yin Chong
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Natalie Woon Hui Tan
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robert Y L Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial and Children's Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Translational Biomedical Proteomics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Collaborative and Translation Unit for Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD), Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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6
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Kotler JLM, Street TO. Mechanisms of Protein Quality Control in the Endoplasmic Reticulum by a Coordinated Hsp40-Hsp70-Hsp90 System. Annu Rev Biophys 2023; 52:509-524. [PMID: 37159299 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-111622-091309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp90 chaperone families are ancient, highly conserved, and critical to cellular protein homeostasis. Hsp40 chaperones can transfer their protein clients to Hsp70, and Hsp70 can transfer clients to Hsp90, but the functional benefits of these transfers are unclear. Recent structural and mechanistic work has opened up the possibility of uncovering how Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp90 work together as unified system. In this review, we compile mechanistic data on the ER J-domain protein 3 (ERdj3) (an Hsp40), BiP (an Hsp70), and Grp94 (an Hsp90) chaperones within the endoplasmic reticulum; what is known about how these chaperones work together; and gaps in this understanding. Using calculations, we examine how client transfer could impact the solubilization of aggregates, the folding of soluble proteins, and the triage decisions by which proteins are targeted for degradation. The proposed roles of client transfer among Hsp40-Hsp70-Hsp90 chaperones are new hypotheses, and we discuss potential experimental tests of these ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L M Kotler
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Timothy O Street
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA;
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7
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Ben-Khoud Y, Chen CS, Ali MMU. Alternative ATPase domain interactions in eukaryotic Hsp70 chaperones. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1155784. [PMID: 37006606 PMCID: PMC10061150 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1155784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsp70 molecular chaperones are essential components for maintaining protein homeostasis within cells. They interact with substrate or client proteins in a well characterised fashion that is regulated by ATP and supported by co-chaperones. In eukaryotes there is a vast array of Hsp70 isoforms that may facilitate adaption to a particular cellular compartment and distinct biological role. Emerging data indicate a novel type of interaction between Hsp70 and client protein that does not fit with the classical Hsp70 ATP regulated substrate mechanism. In this review, we highlight Hsp70 ATPase domain interactions with binding partners from various biological systems that we refer to as Hsp70 ATPase alternative binding proteins or HAAB proteins. We identify common mechanistic features that may define how Hsp70 operates when associating with proteins in this alternative HAAB mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassin Ben-Khoud
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chao-Sheng Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maruf M U Ali
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Schneider M, Antes I. Comparison of allosteric signaling in DnaK and BiP using mutual information between simulated residue conformations. Proteins 2023; 91:237-255. [PMID: 36111439 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The heat shock protein 70 kDa (Hsp70) chaperone system serves as a critical component of protein quality control across a wide range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Divergent evolution and specialization to particular organelles have produced numerous Hsp70 variants which share similarities in structure and general function, but differ substantially in regulatory aspects, including conformational dynamics and activity modulation by cochaperones. The human Hsp70 variant BiP (also known as GRP78 or HSPA5) is of therapeutic interest in the context of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infection, including for treatment of the pandemic virus SARS-CoV-2. Due to the complex conformational rearrangements and high sequential variance within the Hsp70 protein family, it is in many cases poorly understood which amino acid mutations are responsible for biochemical differences between protein variants. In this study, we predicted residues associated with conformational regulation of human BiP and Escherichia coli DnaK. Based on protein structure networks obtained from molecular dynamics simulations, we analyzed the shared information between interaction timelines to highlight residue positions with strong conformational coupling to their environment. Our predictions, which focus on the binding processes of the chaperone's substrate and cochaperones, indicate residues filling potential signaling roles specific to either DnaK or BiP. By combining predictions of individual residues into conformationally coupled chains connecting ligand binding sites, we predict a BiP specific secondary signaling pathway associated with substrate binding. Our study sheds light on mechanistic differences in signaling and regulation between Hsp70 variants, which provide insights relevant to therapeutic applications of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schneider
- TUM Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Iris Antes
- TUM Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Bavaria, Germany
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9
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Bracher A, Verghese J. Nucleotide Exchange Factors for Hsp70 Molecular Chaperones: GrpE, Hsp110/Grp170, HspBP1/Sil1, and BAG Domain Proteins. Subcell Biochem 2023; 101:1-39. [PMID: 36520302 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14740-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones of the Hsp70 family are key components of the cellular protein-folding machinery. Substrate folding is accomplished by iterative cycles of ATP binding, hydrolysis, and release. The ATPase activity of Hsp70 is regulated by two main classes of cochaperones: J-domain proteins stimulate ATPase hydrolysis by Hsp70, while nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs) facilitate the conversion from the ADP-bound to the ATP-bound state, thus closing the chaperone folding cycle. NEF function can additionally be antagonized by ADP dissociation inhibitors. Beginning with the discovery of the prototypical bacterial NEF, GrpE, a large diversity of nucleotide exchange factors for Hsp70 have been identified, connecting it to a multitude of cellular processes in the eukaryotic cell. Here we review recent advances toward structure and function of nucleotide exchange factors from the Hsp110/Grp170, HspBP1/Sil1, and BAG domain protein families and discuss how these cochaperones connect protein folding with cellular quality control and degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bracher
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Jacob Verghese
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Trophic Communications GmbH, Munich, Germany
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10
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Melnyk A, Lang S, Sicking M, Zimmermann R, Jung M. Co-chaperones of the Human Endoplasmic Reticulum: An Update. Subcell Biochem 2023; 101:247-291. [PMID: 36520310 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14740-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays central roles in the biogenesis of extracellular plus organellar proteins and in various signal transduction pathways. For these reasons, the ER comprises molecular chaperones, which are involved in import, folding, assembly, export, plus degradation of polypeptides, and signal transduction components, such as calcium channels, calcium pumps, and UPR transducers plus adenine nucleotide carriers/exchangers in the ER membrane. The calcium- and ATP-dependent ER lumenal Hsp70, termed immunoglobulin heavy-chain-binding protein or BiP, is the central player in all these activities and involves up to nine different Hsp40-type co-chaperones, i.e., ER membrane integrated as well as ER lumenal J-domain proteins, termed ERj or ERdj proteins, two nucleotide exchange factors or NEFs (Grp170 and Sil1), and NEF-antagonists, such as MANF. Here we summarize the current knowledge on the ER-resident BiP/ERj chaperone network and focus on the interaction of BiP with the polypeptide-conducting and calcium-permeable Sec61 channel of the ER membrane as an example for BiP action and how its functional cycle is linked to ER protein import and various calcium-dependent signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Melnyk
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sven Lang
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mark Sicking
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Richard Zimmermann
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Jung
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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11
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Prodromou C, Aran-Guiu X, Oberoi J, Perna L, Chapple JP, van der Spuy J. HSP70-HSP90 Chaperone Networking in Protein-Misfolding Disease. Subcell Biochem 2023; 101:389-425. [PMID: 36520314 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14740-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones and their associated co-chaperones are essential in health and disease as they are key facilitators of protein-folding, quality control and function. In particular, the heat-shock protein (HSP) 70 and HSP90 molecular chaperone networks have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases caused by aberrant protein-folding. The pathogenesis of these disorders usually includes the formation of deposits of misfolded, aggregated protein. HSP70 and HSP90, plus their co-chaperones, have been recognised as potent modulators of misfolded protein toxicity, inclusion formation and cell survival in cellular and animal models of neurodegenerative disease. Moreover, these chaperone machines function not only in folding but also in proteasome-mediated degradation of neurodegenerative disease proteins. This chapter gives an overview of the HSP70 and HSP90 chaperones, and their respective regulatory co-chaperones, and explores how the HSP70 and HSP90 chaperone systems form a larger functional network and its relevance to counteracting neurodegenerative disease associated with misfolded proteins and disruption of proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavi Aran-Guiu
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Jasmeen Oberoi
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Laura Perna
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - J Paul Chapple
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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12
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Sun H, Wu M, Wang M, Zhang X, Zhu J. The regulatory role of endoplasmic reticulum chaperone proteins in neurodevelopment. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1032607. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1032607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest tubular reticular organelle spanning the cell. As the main site of protein synthesis, Ca2+ homeostasis maintenance and lipid metabolism, the ER plays a variety of essential roles in eukaryotic cells, with ER molecular chaperones participate in all these processes. In recent years, it has been reported that the abnormal expression of ER chaperones often leads to a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including abnormal neuronal migration, neuronal morphogenesis, and synaptic function. Neuronal development is a complex and precisely regulated process. Currently, the mechanism by which neural development is regulated at the ER level remains under investigation. Therefore, in this work, we reviewed the recent advances in the roles of ER chaperones in neural development and developmental disorders caused by the deficiency of these molecular chaperones.
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13
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Cabrera Y, Bernardo-Seisdedos G, Dublang L, Albesa-Jové D, Orozco N, Rosa Viguera A, Millet O, Muga A, Moro F. Fine-tuning of the Hsc70-based human protein disaggregase machinery by the distinctive C-terminal extension of Apg2. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167841. [PMID: 36167183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Apg2, one of the three cytosolic Hsp110 chaperones in humans, supports reactivation of unordered and ordered protein aggregates by Hsc70 (HspA8). Together with DnaJB1, Apg2 serves to nucleate Hsc70 molecules into sites where productive entropic pulling forces can be developed. During aggregate reactivation, Apg2 performs as a specialized nucleotide exchange factor, but the origin of its specialization is poorly defined. Here we report on the role of the distinctive C-terminal extension present in Apg2 and other metazoan homologs. We found that the first part of this Apg2 subdomain with propensity to adopt α-helical structure interacts with the nucleotide binding domain of Hsc70 in a nucleotide-dependent manner, contributing significantly to the stability of the Hsc70:Apg2 complex. Moreover, the second intrinsically disordered segment of Apg2 C-terminal extension plays an important role as a downregulator of nucleotide exchange. An NMR analysis showed that the interaction with Hsc70 nucleotide binding domain modifies the chemical environment of residues located in important functional sites such as the interface between lobe I and II and the nucleotide binding site. Our data indicate that Apg2 C-terminal extension is a fine-tuner of human Hsc70 activity that optimizes the substrate remodeling ability of the chaperone system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yovana Cabrera
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) y Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena S/N, 48490 Leioa, Spain; Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Leire Dublang
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) y Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena S/N, 48490 Leioa, Spain
| | - David Albesa-Jové
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) y Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena S/N, 48490 Leioa, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Natalia Orozco
- Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia, Barrio Sarriena S/N, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ana Rosa Viguera
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) y Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena S/N, 48490 Leioa, Spain
| | - Oscar Millet
- Precision Medicine and Metabolism Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Arturo Muga
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) y Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena S/N, 48490 Leioa, Spain
| | - Fernando Moro
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) y Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena S/N, 48490 Leioa, Spain.
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14
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Ye J, Liu P, Li R, Liu H, Pei W, Ma C, Shen B, Zhao D, Chen X. Biomarkers of connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: A label-free mass spectrometry-based relative quantification study. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24367. [PMID: 35334492 PMCID: PMC9102639 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) is unclear. This study aims to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in CTD-ILD to determine the potential role of these DEPs that may play in the pathogenesis of CTD-ILD and to offer potential therapeutic targets. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected from four patients with CTD-ILD and four patients without CTD-ILD. Label-free mass spectrometry-based relative quantification was used to identify the DEPs. Bioinformatics were used to determine the potential biological processes and signaling pathways associated with these DEPs. RESULTS We found 65 upregulated DEPs including SFTPD, CADM1, ACSL4, TSTD1, CD163, LUM, SIGLEC1, CPB2, TGFBI and HGD, and 67 downregulated DEPs including SGSH, WIPF1, SIL1, RAB20, OAS3, GMPR2, PLBD1, DNAJC3, RNASET2 and OAS2. The results of GO functional annotation for the DEPs showed that the DEPS were mainly enriched in the binding, cellular anatomical entity, cellular processes, and biological regulation GO terms. The results of KEGG analyses showed that the pathways most annotated with the DEPs were complement and coagulation cascades, metabolic pathways, pathways in cancer, and PPAR signaling pathway. COG analyses further informed the functions associated with these DEPs, with most focused on signal transduction mechanisms; posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones; intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport; amino acid transport and metabolism; and lipid transport and metabolism. CONCLUSIONS DEPs identified between patients with vs. without CTD-ILD may play important roles in the development of CTD-ILD and are potential new biomarkers for early diagnosis of CTD-ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Renming Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjing Pei
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Changxiu Ma
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bing Shen
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dahai Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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15
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Kohler V, Andréasson C. Hsp70-mediated quality control: should I stay or should I go? Biol Chem 2021; 401:1233-1248. [PMID: 32745066 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chaperones of the 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) superfamily are key components of the cellular proteostasis system. Together with its co-chaperones, Hsp70 forms proteostasis subsystems that antagonize protein damage during physiological and stress conditions. This function stems from highly regulated binding and release cycles of protein substrates, which results in a flow of unfolded, partially folded and misfolded species through the Hsp70 subsystem. Specific factors control how Hsp70 makes decisions regarding folding and degradation fates of the substrate proteins. In this review, we summarize how the flow of Hsp70 substrates is controlled in the cell with special emphasis on recent advances regarding substrate release mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kohler
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claes Andréasson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Ichhaporia VP, Hendershot LM. Role of the HSP70 Co-Chaperone SIL1 in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041564. [PMID: 33557244 PMCID: PMC7913895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface and secreted proteins provide essential functions for multicellular life. They enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen co-translationally, where they mature and fold into their complex three-dimensional structures. The ER is populated with a host of molecular chaperones, associated co-factors, and enzymes that assist and stabilize folded states. Together, they ensure that nascent proteins mature properly or, if this process fails, target them for degradation. BiP, the ER HSP70 chaperone, interacts with unfolded client proteins in a nucleotide-dependent manner, which is tightly regulated by eight DnaJ-type proteins and two nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs), SIL1 and GRP170. Loss of SIL1′s function is the leading cause of Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome (MSS), an autosomal recessive, multisystem disorder. The development of animal models has provided insights into SIL1′s functions and MSS-associated pathologies. This review provides an in-depth update on the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying SIL1′s NEF activity and its role in maintaining ER homeostasis and normal physiology. A precise understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the loss of SIL1 may allow for the development of new pharmacological approaches to treat MSS.
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17
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Adams BM, Canniff NP, Guay KP, Hebert DN. The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperones in Protein Folding and Quality Control. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:27-50. [PMID: 34050861 PMCID: PMC9185992 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones assist the folding of nascent chains in the cell. Chaperones also aid in quality control decisions as persistent chaperone binding can help to sort terminal misfolded proteins for degradation. There are two major molecular chaperone families in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that assist proteins in reaching their native structure and evaluating the fidelity of the maturation process. The ER Hsp70 chaperone, BiP, supports adenine nucleotide-regulated binding to non-native proteins that possess exposed hydrophobic regions. In contrast, the carbohydrate-dependent chaperone system involving the membrane protein calnexin and its soluble paralogue calreticulin recognize a specific glycoform of an exposed hydrophilic protein modification for which the composition is controlled by a series of glycosidases and transferases. Here, we compare and contrast the properties, mechanisms of action and functions of these different chaperones systems that work in parallel, as well as together, to assist a large variety of substrates that traverse the eukaryotic secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Nathan P Canniff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Kevin P Guay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Daniel N Hebert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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18
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Herath V, Gayral M, Adhikari N, Miller R, Verchot J. Genome-wide identification and characterization of Solanum tuberosum BiP genes reveal the role of the promoter architecture in BiP gene diversity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11327. [PMID: 32647371 PMCID: PMC7347581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) immunoglobulin binding proteins (BiPs) are molecular chaperones involved in normal protein maturation and refolding malformed proteins through the unfolded protein response (UPR). Plant BiPs belong to a multi-gene family contributing to development, immunity, and responses to environmental stresses. This study identified three BiP homologs in the Solanum tuberosum (potato) genome using phylogenetic, amino acid sequence, 3-D protein modeling, and gene structure analysis. These analyses revealed that StBiP1 and StBiP2 grouped with AtBiP2, whereas StBiP3 grouped with AtBiP3. While the protein sequences and folding structures are highly similar, these StBiPs are distinguishable by their expression patterns in different tissues and in response to environmental stressors such as treatment with heat, chemicals, or virus elicitors of UPR. Ab initio promoter analysis revealed that potato and Arabidopsis BiP1 and BiP2 promoters were highly enriched with cis-regulatory elements (CREs) linked to developmental processes, whereas BiP3 promoters were enriched with stress related CREs. The frequency and linear distribution of these CREs produced two phylogenetic branches that further resolve the groups identified through gene phylogeny and exon/intron phase analysis. These data reveal that the CRE architecture of BiP promoters potentially define their spatio-temporal expression patterns under developmental and stress related cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venura Herath
- Texas A&M Agrilife Center in Dallas, Dallas, TX, 77953, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77802, USA.,Department of Agriculture Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Mathieu Gayral
- Texas A&M Agrilife Center in Dallas, Dallas, TX, 77953, USA
| | - Nirakar Adhikari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 77845, USA
| | - Rita Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 77845, USA
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Texas A&M Agrilife Center in Dallas, Dallas, TX, 77953, USA. .,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77802, USA.
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19
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Herath V, Gayral M, Adhikari N, Miller R, Verchot J. Genome-wide identification and characterization of Solanum tuberosum BiP genes reveal the role of the promoter architecture in BiP gene diversity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11327. [PMID: 32647371 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.16.098244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) immunoglobulin binding proteins (BiPs) are molecular chaperones involved in normal protein maturation and refolding malformed proteins through the unfolded protein response (UPR). Plant BiPs belong to a multi-gene family contributing to development, immunity, and responses to environmental stresses. This study identified three BiP homologs in the Solanum tuberosum (potato) genome using phylogenetic, amino acid sequence, 3-D protein modeling, and gene structure analysis. These analyses revealed that StBiP1 and StBiP2 grouped with AtBiP2, whereas StBiP3 grouped with AtBiP3. While the protein sequences and folding structures are highly similar, these StBiPs are distinguishable by their expression patterns in different tissues and in response to environmental stressors such as treatment with heat, chemicals, or virus elicitors of UPR. Ab initio promoter analysis revealed that potato and Arabidopsis BiP1 and BiP2 promoters were highly enriched with cis-regulatory elements (CREs) linked to developmental processes, whereas BiP3 promoters were enriched with stress related CREs. The frequency and linear distribution of these CREs produced two phylogenetic branches that further resolve the groups identified through gene phylogeny and exon/intron phase analysis. These data reveal that the CRE architecture of BiP promoters potentially define their spatio-temporal expression patterns under developmental and stress related cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venura Herath
- Texas A&M Agrilife Center in Dallas, Dallas, TX, 77953, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77802, USA
- Department of Agriculture Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Mathieu Gayral
- Texas A&M Agrilife Center in Dallas, Dallas, TX, 77953, USA
| | - Nirakar Adhikari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 77845, USA
| | - Rita Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 77845, USA
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Texas A&M Agrilife Center in Dallas, Dallas, TX, 77953, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77802, USA.
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20
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Chiesa R, Sallese M. Review: Protein misfolding diseases – the rare case of Marinesco‐Sjögren syndrome. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 46:323-343. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Chiesa
- Department of Neuroscience Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS MilanItaly
| | - M. Sallese
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti Italy
- CeSI‐MeT Center for Research on Ageing and Translational Medicine University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti Italy
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21
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Rosenzweig R, Nillegoda NB, Mayer MP, Bukau B. The Hsp70 chaperone network. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 20:665-680. [PMID: 31253954 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 639] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The 70-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) are ubiquitous molecular chaperones that act in a large variety of cellular protein folding and remodelling processes. They function virtually at all stages of the life of proteins from synthesis to degradation and are thus crucial for maintaining protein homeostasis, with direct implications for human health. A large set of co-chaperones comprising J-domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors regulate the ATPase cycle of Hsp70s, which is allosterically coupled to substrate binding and release. Moreover, Hsp70s cooperate with other cellular chaperone systems including Hsp90, Hsp60 chaperonins, small heat shock proteins and Hsp100 AAA+ disaggregases, together constituting a dynamic and functionally versatile network for protein folding, unfolding, regulation, targeting, aggregation and disaggregation, as well as degradation. In this Review we describe recent advances that have increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and working principles of the Hsp70 network. This knowledge showcases how the Hsp70 chaperone system controls diverse cellular functions, and offers new opportunities for the development of chemical compounds that modulate disease-related Hsp70 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Rosenzweig
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Nadinath B Nillegoda
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthias P Mayer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany.,DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Bukau
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Nicklow EE, Sevier CS. Activity of the yeast cytoplasmic Hsp70 nucleotide-exchange factor Fes1 is regulated by reversible methionine oxidation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:552-569. [PMID: 31806703 PMCID: PMC6956543 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells employ a vast network of regulatory pathways to manage intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). An effectual means used by cells to control these regulatory systems are sulfur-based redox switches, which consist of protein cysteine or methionine residues that become transiently oxidized when intracellular ROS levels increase. Here, we describe a methionine-based oxidation event involving the yeast cytoplasmic Hsp70 co-chaperone Fes1. We show that Fes1 undergoes reversible methionine oxidation during excessively-oxidizing cellular conditions, and we map the site of this oxidation to a cluster of three methionine residues in the Fes1 core domain. Making use of recombinant proteins and a variety of in vitro assays, we establish that oxidation inhibits Fes1 activity and, correspondingly, alters Hsp70 activity. Moreover, we demonstrate in vitro and in cells that Fes1 oxidation is reversible and is regulated by the cytoplasmic methionine sulfoxide reductase Mxr1 (MsrA) and a previously unidentified cytoplasmic pool of the reductase Mxr2 (MsrB). We speculate that inactivation of Fes1 activity during excessively-oxidizing conditions may help maintain protein-folding homeostasis in a suboptimal cellular folding environment. The characterization of Fes1 oxidation during cellular stress provides a new perspective as to how the activities of the cytoplasmic Hsp70 chaperones may be attuned by fluctuations in cellular ROS levels and provides further insight into how cells use methionine-based redox switches to sense and respond to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Nicklow
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Carolyn S Sevier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853.
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23
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Faust O, Rosenzweig R. Structural and Biochemical Properties of Hsp40/Hsp70 Chaperone System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1243:3-20. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40204-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Mei M, Li J, Wang S, Lee KB, Iverson BL, Zhang G, Ge X, Yi L. Prompting Fab Yeast Surface Display Efficiency by ER Retention and Molecular Chaperon Co-expression. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:362. [PMID: 32039168 PMCID: PMC6988814 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For antibody discovery and engineering, yeast surface display (YSD) of antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) and coupled fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) provide intact paratopic conformations and quantitative analysis at the monoclonal level, and thus holding great promises for numerous applications. Using anti-TNFα mAbs Infliximab, Adalimumab, and its variants as model Fabs, this study systematically characterized complementary approaches for the optimization of Fab YSD. Results suggested that by using divergent promoter GAL1-GAL10 and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal peptides for co-expression of light chain and heavy chain-Aga2 fusion, assembled Fabs were functionally displayed on yeast cell surface with sigmoidal binding responses toward TNFα. Co-expression of a Hsp70 family molecular chaperone Kar2p and/or protein-disulfide isomerase (Pdi1p) significantly improved efficiency of functional display (defined as the ratio of cells displaying functional Fab over cells displaying assembled Fab). Moreover, fusing ER retention sequences (ERSs) with light chain also enhanced Fab display quality at the expense of display quantity, and the degree of improvements was correlated with the strength of ERSs and was more significant for Infliximab than Adalimumab. The feasibility of affinity maturation was further demonstrated by isolating a high affinity Fab clone from 1:103 or 1:105 spiked libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ki Baek Lee
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Brent L Iverson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Guimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Ge
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Li Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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25
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Kopp MC, Larburu N, Durairaj V, Adams CJ, Ali MMU. UPR proteins IRE1 and PERK switch BiP from chaperone to ER stress sensor. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:1053-1062. [PMID: 31695187 PMCID: PMC6858872 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BiP is a major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone and is suggested to act as primary sensor in the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). How BiP operates as a molecular chaperone and as an ER stress sensor is unknown. Here, by reconstituting components of human UPR, ER stress and BiP chaperone systems, we discover that the interaction of BiP with the luminal domains of UPR proteins IRE1 and PERK switch BiP from its chaperone cycle into an ER stress sensor cycle by preventing the binding of its co-chaperones, with loss of ATPase stimulation. Furthermore, misfolded protein-dependent dissociation of BiP from IRE1 is primed by ATP but not ADP. Our data elucidate a previously unidentified mechanistic cycle of BiP function that explains its ability to act as an Hsp70 chaperone and ER stress sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Kopp
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Natacha Larburu
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vinoth Durairaj
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher J Adams
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maruf M U Ali
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Liu Q, Liang C, Zhou L. Structural and functional analysis of the Hsp70/Hsp40 chaperone system. Protein Sci 2019; 29:378-390. [PMID: 31509306 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most abundant and highly conserved molecular chaperones, the 70-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) play a key role in maintaining cellular protein homeostasis (proteostasis), one of the most fundamental tasks for every living organism. In this role, Hsp70s are inextricably linked to many human diseases, most notably cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, and are increasingly recognized as important drug targets for developing novel therapeutics for these diseases. Hsp40s are a class of essential and universal partners for Hsp70s in almost all aspects of proteostasis. Thus, Hsp70s and Hsp40s together constitute one of the most important chaperone systems across all kingdoms of life. In recent years, we have witnessed significant progress in understanding the molecular mechanism of this chaperone system through structural and functional analysis. This review will focus on this recent progress, mainly from a structural perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglian Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ce Liang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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27
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Hsp70 molecular chaperones: multifunctional allosteric holding and unfolding machines. Biochem J 2019; 476:1653-1677. [PMID: 31201219 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Hsp70 family of chaperones works with its co-chaperones, the nucleotide exchange factors and J-domain proteins, to facilitate a multitude of cellular functions. Central players in protein homeostasis, these jacks-of-many-trades are utilized in a variety of ways because of their ability to bind with selective promiscuity to regions of their client proteins that are exposed when the client is unfolded, either fully or partially, or visits a conformational state that exposes the binding region in a regulated manner. The key to Hsp70 functions is that their substrate binding is transient and allosterically cycles in a nucleotide-dependent fashion between high- and low-affinity states. In the past few years, structural insights into the molecular mechanism of this allosterically regulated binding have emerged and provided deep insight into the deceptively simple Hsp70 molecular machine that is so widely harnessed by nature for diverse cellular functions. In this review, these structural insights are discussed to give a picture of the current understanding of how Hsp70 chaperones work.
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28
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Gatz C, Hathazi D, Münchberg U, Buchkremer S, Labisch T, Munro B, Horvath R, Töpf A, Weis J, Roos A. Identification of Cellular Pathogenicity Markers for SIL1 Mutations Linked to Marinesco-Sjögren Syndrome. Front Neurol 2019; 10:562. [PMID: 31258504 PMCID: PMC6587064 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective: Recessive mutations in the SIL1 gene cause Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome (MSS), a rare neuropediatric disorder. MSS-patients typically present with congenital cataracts, intellectual disability, cerebellar ataxia and progressive vacuolar myopathy. However, atypical clinical presentations associated with SIL1 mutations have been described over the last years; compound heterozygosity of SIL1 missense mutations even resulted in a phenotype not fulfilling the clinical diagnostic criteria of MSS. Thus, a read-out system to evaluate reliably the pathogenicity of amino acid changes in SIL1 is needed. Here, we aim to provide suitable cellular biomarkers enabling the robust evaluation of pathogenicity of SIL1 mutations. Methods: Five SIL1 variants including one polymorphism (p.K132Q), three known pathogenic mutations (p.V231_I232del, p.G312R, and p.L457P) and one ambiguous missense variant (p.R92W) were studied along with the wild-type proteins in Hek293 in vitro models by cell biological assays, immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence as well as electron microscopy. Moreover, the SIL1-interactomes were interrogated by tandem-affinity-purification and subsequent mass spectrometry. Results: Our combined studies confirmed the pathogenicity of p.V231_I232del, p.G312R, and p.L457P by showing instability of the proteins as well as tendency to form aggregates. This observation is in line with altered structure of the ER-Golgi system and vacuole formation upon expression of these pathogenic SIL1-mutants as well as the presence of oxidative or ER-stress. Reduced cellular fitness along with abnormal mitochondrial architecture could also be observed. Notably, both the polymorphic p.K132Q and the ambiguous p.R92W variants did not elicit such alterations. Study of the SIL1-interactome identified POC1A as a novel binding partner of wild-type SIL1; the interaction is disrupted upon the presence of pathogenic mutants but not influenced by the presence of benign variants. Disrupted SIL1-POC1A interaction is associated with centrosome disintegration. Conclusions: We developed a combination of cellular outcome measures to evaluate the pathogenicity of SIL1 variants in suitable in vitro models and demonstrated that the p. R92W missense variant is a polymorphism rather than a pathogenic mutation leading to MSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gatz
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Denisa Hathazi
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ute Münchberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stephan Buchkremer
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Labisch
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ben Munro
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Töpf
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Roos
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany.,Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University Childrens Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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29
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Mayer MP, Gierasch LM. Recent advances in the structural and mechanistic aspects of Hsp70 molecular chaperones. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2085-2097. [PMID: 30455352 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev118.002810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp70 chaperones are central hubs of the protein quality control network and collaborate with co-chaperones having a J-domain (an ∼70-residue-long helical hairpin with a flexible loop and a conserved His-Pro-Asp motif required for ATP hydrolysis by Hsp70s) and also with nucleotide exchange factors to facilitate many protein-folding processes that (re)establish protein homeostasis. The Hsp70s are highly dynamic nanomachines that modulate the conformation of their substrate polypeptides by transiently binding to short, mostly hydrophobic stretches. This interaction is regulated by an intricate allosteric mechanism. The J-domain co-chaperones target Hsp70 to their polypeptide substrates, and the nucleotide exchange factors regulate the lifetime of the Hsp70-substrate complexes. Significant advances in recent years are beginning to unravel the molecular mechanism of this chaperone machine and how they treat their substrate proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias P Mayer
- From the Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany and
| | - Lila M Gierasch
- the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and.,Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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30
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O'Donnell JP, Marsh HM, Sondermann H, Sevier CS. Disrupted Hydrogen-Bond Network and Impaired ATPase Activity in an Hsc70 Cysteine Mutant. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1073-1086. [PMID: 29300467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The ATPase domain of members of the 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) family shows a high degree of sequence, structural, and functional homology across species. A broadly conserved residue within the Hsp70 ATPase domain that captured our attention is an unpaired cysteine, positioned proximal to the site of nucleotide binding. Prior studies of several Hsp70 family members show this cysteine is not required for Hsp70 ATPase activity, yet select amino acid replacements of the cysteine can dramatically alter ATP hydrolysis. Moreover, post-translational modification of the cysteine has been reported to limit ATP hydrolysis for several Hsp70s. To better understand the underlying mechanism for how perturbation of this noncatalytic residue modulates Hsp70 function, we determined the structure for a cysteine-to-tryptophan mutation in the constitutively expressed, mammalian Hsp70 family member Hsc70. Our work reveals that the steric hindrance produced by a cysteine-to-tryptophan mutation disrupts the hydrogen-bond network within the active site, resulting in a loss of proper catalytic magnesium coordination. We propose that a similarly altered active site is likely observed upon post-translational oxidation. We speculate that the subtle changes we detect in the hydrogen-bonding network may relate to the previously reported observation that cysteine oxidation can influence Hsp70 interdomain communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P O'Donnell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Heather M Marsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Holger Sondermann
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Carolyn S Sevier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Bap (Sil1) regulates the molecular chaperone BiP by coupling release of nucleotide and substrate. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:90-100. [PMID: 29323281 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-017-0012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BiP is the endoplasmic member of the Hsp70 family. BiP is regulated by several co-chaperones including the nucleotide-exchange factor (NEF) Bap (Sil1 in yeast). Bap is a two-domain protein. The interaction of the Bap C-terminal domain with the BiP ATPase domain is sufficient for its weak NEF activity. However, stimulation of the BiP ATPase activity requires full-length Bap, suggesting a complex interplay of these two factors. Here, single-molecule FRET experiments with mammalian proteins reveal that Bap affects the conformation of both BiP domains, including the lid subdomain, which is important for substrate binding. The largely unstructured Bap N-terminal domain promotes the substrate release from BiP. Thus, Bap is a conformational regulator affecting both nucleotide and substrate interactions. The preferential interaction with BiP in its ADP state places Bap at a late stage of the chaperone cycle, in which it coordinates release of substrate and ADP, thereby resetting BiP for ATP and substrate binding.
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32
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Nucleotide exchange factors Fes1 and HspBP1 mimic substrate to release misfolded proteins from Hsp70. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:83-89. [PMID: 29323280 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-017-0008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein quality control depends on the tight regulation of interactions between molecular chaperones and polypeptide substrates. Substrate release from the chaperone Hsp70 is triggered by nucleotide-exchange factors (NEFs) that control folding and degradation fates via poorly understood mechanisms. We found that the armadillo-type NEFs budding yeast Fes1 and its human homolog HspBP1 employ flexible N-terminal release domains (RDs) with substrate-mimicking properties to ensure the efficient release of persistent substrates from Hsp70. The RD contacts the substrate-binding domain of the chaperone, competes with peptide substrate for binding and is essential for proper function in yeast and mammalian cells. Thus, the armadillo domain engages Hsp70 to trigger nucleotide exchange, whereas the RD safeguards the release of substrates. Our findings provide fundamental mechanistic insight into the functional specialization of Hsp70 NEFs and have implications for the understanding of proteostasis-related disorders, including Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome.
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33
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Ellgaard L, Sevier CS, Bulleid NJ. How Are Proteins Reduced in the Endoplasmic Reticulum? Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:32-43. [PMID: 29153511 PMCID: PMC5751730 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The reversal of thiol oxidation in proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is crucial for protein folding, degradation, chaperone function, and the ER stress response. Our understanding of this process is generally poor but progress has been made. Enzymes performing the initial reduction of client proteins, as well as the ultimate electron donor in the pathway, have been identified. Most recently, a role for the cytosol in ER protein reduction has been revealed. Nevertheless, how reducing equivalents are transferred from the cytosol to the ER lumen remains an open question. We review here why proteins are reduced in the ER, discuss recent data on catalysis of steps in the pathway, and consider the implications for redox homeostasis within the early secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Ellgaard
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Carolyn S Sevier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703, USA.
| | - Neil J Bulleid
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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34
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Diminished Ost3-dependent N-glycosylation of the BiP nucleotide exchange factor Sil1 is an adaptive response to reductive ER stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12489-12494. [PMID: 29109265 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705641114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BiP (Kar2 in yeast) is an essential Hsp70 chaperone and master regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. BiP's activity is regulated by its intrinsic ATPase activity that can be stimulated by two different nucleotide exchange factors, Sil1 and Lhs1. Both Sil1 and Lhs1 are glycoproteins, but how N-glycosylation regulates their function is not known. Here, we show that N-glycosylation of Sil1, but not of Lhs1, is diminished upon reductive stress. N-glycosylation of Sil1 is predominantly Ost3-dependent and requires a functional Ost3 CxxC thioredoxin motif. N-glycosylation of Lhs1 is largely Ost3-independent and independent of the CxxC motif. Unglycosylated Sil1 is not only functional but is more effective at rescuing loss of Lhs1 activity than N-glycosylated Sil1. Furthermore, substitution of the redox active cysteine pair C52 and C57 in the N terminus of Sil1 results in the Doa10-dependent ERAD of this mutant protein. We propose that reductive stress in the ER inhibits the Ost3-dependent N-glycosylation of Sil1, which regulates specific BiP functions appropriate to the needs of the ER under reductive stress.
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35
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Cai P, Weerakoon KG, Mu Y, Olveda DU, Piao X, Liu S, Olveda RM, Chen Q, Ross AG, McManus DP. A Parallel Comparison of Antigen Candidates for Development of an Optimized Serological Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis Japonica in the Philippines. EBioMedicine 2017; 24:237-246. [PMID: 28943229 PMCID: PMC5652020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma japonicum is stubbornly persistent in China and the Philippines. Fast and accurate diagnostic tools are required to monitor effective control measures against schistosomiasis japonica. Promising antigen candidates for the serological diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica have generally been identified from the Chinese strain of S. japonicum. However, the Chinese (SjC) and Philippine (SjP) strains of S. japonicum express a number of clear phenotypic differences, including aspects of host immune responses. This feature thereby emphasized the requirement to determine whether antigens identified as having diagnostic value for SjC infection are also suitable for the diagnosis of SjP infection. In the current study, 10 antigens were selected for comparison of diagnostic performance of the SjP infection using ELISA. On testing of sera from 180 subjects in the Philippines, SjSAP4 exhibited the best diagnostic performance with 94.03% sensitivity and 98.33% specificity using an optimized serum dilution. In another large scale testing with 412 serum samples, a combination (SjSAP4 + Sj23-LHD (large hydrophilic domain)) provided the best diagnostic outcome with 87.04% sensitivity and 96.67% specificity. This combination could be used in future for serological diagnosis of schistosomiasis in the Philippines, thereby representing an important component for monitoring integrated control measures. Sj23-LHD was the most promising antigen candidate for early diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in a murine model. SjSAP4 + Sj23-LHD had the highest diagnostic value when probed with sera from a human cohort with low infection intensity. We have developed a novel diagnostic tool that can aid in the integrated control of schistosomiasis in the Philippines.
Schistosomiasis japonica remains a major public health concern in China and the Philippines. Development of accurate and affordable diagnostic tools is a necessity for the control and elimination of schistosomiasis. The differences in the mammalian host immunological responses to Chinese (SjC) and Philippine (SjP) strains of S. japonicum necessitated validation of proven SjC serological markers for application in the diagnosis of SjP infections. Ten antigens were selected for comparison, in ELISA, for their potential of the diagnosis of SjP infection. The results provide the basis for developing an affordable and easy-to-operate tool for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cai
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Kosala G Weerakoon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yi Mu
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - David U Olveda
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Xianyu Piao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuai Liu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Remigio M Olveda
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shangyang Agricultural University, Shengyang, PR China
| | - Allen G Ross
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia.
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Tracking Effects of SIL1 Increase: Taking a Closer Look Beyond the Consequences of Elevated Expression Level. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2524-2546. [PMID: 28401474 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SIL1 acts as a co-chaperone for the major ER-resident chaperone BiP and thus plays a role in many BiP-dependent cellular functions such as protein-folding control and unfolded protein response. Whereas the increase of BiP upon cellular stress conditions is a well-known phenomenon, elevation of SIL1 under stress conditions was thus far solely studied in yeast, and different studies indicated an adverse effect of SIL1 increase. This is seemingly in contrast with the beneficial effect of SIL1 increase in surviving neurons in neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Here, we addressed these controversial findings. Applying cell biological, morphological and biochemical methods, we demonstrated that SIL1 increases in various mammalian cells and neuronal tissues upon cellular stress. Investigation of heterozygous SIL1 mutant cells and tissues supported this finding. Moreover, SIL1 protein was found to be stabilized during ER stress. Increased SIL1 initiates ER stress in a concentration-dependent manner which agrees with the described adverse SIL1 effect. However, our results also suggest that protective levels are achieved by the secretion of excessive SIL1 and GRP170 and that moderately increased SIL1 also ameliorates cellular fitness under stress conditions. Our immunoprecipitation results indicate that SIL1 might act in a BiP-independent manner. Proteomic studies showed that SIL1 elevation alters the expression of proteins including crucial players in neurodegeneration, especially in Alzheimer's disease. This finding agrees with our observation of increased SIL1 immunoreactivity in surviving neurons of Alzheimer's disease autopsy cases and supports the assumption that SIL1 plays a protective role in neurodegenerative disorders.
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37
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Siegenthaler KD, Pareja KA, Wang J, Sevier CS. An unexpected role for the yeast nucleotide exchange factor Sil1 as a reductant acting on the molecular chaperone BiP. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28257000 PMCID: PMC5358974 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unfavorable redox conditions in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can decrease the capacity for protein secretion, altering vital cell functions. While systems to manage reductive stress are well-established, how cells cope with an overly oxidizing ER remains largely undefined. In previous work (Wang et al., 2014), we demonstrated that the chaperone BiP is a sensor of overly oxidizing ER conditions. We showed that modification of a conserved BiP cysteine during stress beneficially alters BiP chaperone activity to cope with suboptimal folding conditions. How this cysteine is reduced to reestablish 'normal' BiP activity post-oxidative stress has remained unknown. Here we demonstrate that BiP's nucleotide exchange factor - Sil1 - can reverse BiP cysteine oxidation. This previously unexpected reductant capacity for yeast Sil1 has potential implications for the human ataxia Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome, where it is interesting to speculate that a disruption in ER redox-signaling (due to genetic defects in SIL1) may influence disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristeen A Pareja
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Carolyn S Sevier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
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38
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A Conserved Cysteine within the ATPase Domain of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP is Necessary for a Complete Complement of BiP Activities. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:4168-4184. [PMID: 27543005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Among the amino acids, cysteine stands apart based on its highly reactive sulfur group. In general, cysteine is underrepresented in proteins. Yet, when present, the features of cysteine often afford unique function. We have shown previously that a cysteine within the ATPase domain of yeast BiP (Kar2) serves as a sensor of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) redox environment [1, 2]. Under conditions of increased oxidant (oxidative stress), this cysteine becomes oxidized, changing Kar2 from an ATP-dependent foldase to an ATP-independent holdase. We were struck by the high degree of conservation for this cysteine between BiP orthologs, and we sought to determine how cysteine substitution impacts Kar2 function. We observed that no single amino acid replacement is capable of recreating the range of functions that can be achieved by wild-type Kar2 with its cysteine in either unmodified or oxidized states. However, we were able to generate mutants that could selectively replicate the distinct activities exhibited by either unmodified or oxidized Kar2. We found that the ATPase activity displayed by unmodified Kar2 is fully maintained when Cys63 is replaced with Ala or Val. Conversely, we demonstrate that several amino acid substitutions (including His, Phe, Pro, Trp, and Tyr) support an enhanced viability during oxidative stress associated with oxidized Kar2, although these alleles are compromised as an ATPase. We reveal that the range of activity demonstrated by wild-type Kar2 can be replicated by co-expression of Kar2 mutants that mimic either the unmodified or oxidized Kar2 state, allowing for growth during standard and oxidative stress conditions.
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Hughes SJ, Antoshchenko T, Chen Y, Lu H, Pizarro JC, Park HW. Probing the ATP Site of GRP78 with Nucleotide Triphosphate Analogs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154862. [PMID: 27144892 PMCID: PMC4856263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
GRP78, a member of the ER stress protein family, can relocate to the surface of cancer cells, playing key roles in promoting cell proliferation and metastasis. GRP78 consists of two major functional domains: the ATPase and protein/peptide-binding domains. The protein/peptide-binding domain of cell-surface GRP78 has served as a novel functional receptor for delivering cytotoxic agents (e.g., a apoptosis-inducing peptide or taxol) across the cell membrane. Here, we report our study on the ATPase domain of GRP78 (GRP78ATPase), whose potential as a transmembrane delivery system of cytotoxic agents (e.g., ATP-based nucleotide triphosphate analogs) remains unexploited. As the binding of ligands (ATP analogs) to a receptor (GRP78ATPase) is a pre-requisite for internalization, we determined the binding affinities and modes of GRP78ATPase for ADP, ATP and several ATP analogs using surface plasmon resonance and x-ray crystallography. The tested ATP analogs contain one of the following modifications: the nitrogen at the adenine ring 7-position to a carbon atom (7-deazaATP), the oxygen at the β-γ bridge position to a carbon atom (AMPPCP), or the removal of the 2'-OH group (2'-deoxyATP). We found that 7-deazaATP displays an affinity and a binding mode that resemble those of ATP regardless of magnesium ion (Mg++) concentration, suggesting that GRP78 is tolerant to modifications at the 7-position. By comparison, AMPPCP's binding affinity was lower than ATP and Mg++-dependent, as the removal of Mg++ nearly abolished binding to GRP78ATPase. The AMPPCP-Mg++ structure showed evidence for the critical role of Mg++ in AMPPCP binding affinity, suggesting that while GRP78 is sensitive to modifications at the β-γ bridge position, these can be tolerated in the presence of Mg++. Furthermore, 2'-deoxyATP's binding affinity was significantly lower than those for all other nucleotides tested, even in the presence of Mg++. The 2'-deoxyATP structure showed the conformation of the bound nucleotide flipped out of the active site, explaining the low affinity binding to GRP78 and suggesting that the 2'-OH group is essential for the high affinity binding to GRP78. Together, our results demonstrate that GRP78ATPase possesses nucleotide specificity more relaxed than previously anticipated and can tolerate certain modifications to the nucleobase 7-position and, to a lesser extent, the β-γ bridging atom, thereby providing a possible atomic mechanism underlying the transmembrane transport of the ATP analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Tetyana Antoshchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Pizarro
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Hee-Won Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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40
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Wang J, Sevier CS. Formation and Reversibility of BiP Protein Cysteine Oxidation Facilitate Cell Survival during and post Oxidative Stress. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7541-57. [PMID: 26865632 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.694810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox fluctuations within cells can be detrimental to cell function. To gain insight into how cells normally buffer against redox changes to maintain cell function, we have focused on elucidating the signaling pathways that serve to sense and respond to oxidative redox stress within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) using yeast as a model system. Previously, we have shown that a cysteine in the molecular chaperone BiP, a Hsp70 molecular chaperone within the ER, is susceptible to oxidation by peroxide during ER-derived oxidative stress, forming a sulfenic acid (-SOH) moiety. Here, we demonstrate that this same conserved BiP cysteine is susceptible also to glutathione modification (-SSG). Glutathionylated BiP is detected both as a consequence of enhanced levels of cellular peroxide and also as a by-product of increased levels of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Similar to sulfenylation, we observe glutathionylation decouples BiP ATPase and peptide binding activities, turning BiP from an ATP-dependent foldase into an ATP-independent holdase. We show glutathionylation enhances cell proliferation during oxidative stress, which we suggest relates to modified BiP's increased ability to limit polypeptide aggregation. We propose the susceptibility of BiP to modification with glutathione may serve also to prevent irreversible oxidation of BiP by peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Carolyn S Sevier
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Nair P, Hamzeh AR, Mohamed M, Tawfiq N, Al-Ali MT, Bastaki F. Marinesco-Sjögren Syndrome in an Emirati Child with a Novel Mutation in SIL1 Affecting the 5' Untranslated Region. Med Princ Pract 2016; 25:580-582. [PMID: 27544240 PMCID: PMC5588509 DOI: 10.1159/000449225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to report clinical and molecular findings in an Emirati child with Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome born to consanguineous parents. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND INTERVENTION The child presented with developmental delay, ataxia, bilateral cataracts, and dysmorphic craniofacial features, along with cerebellar atrophy. Sequencing of the SIL1 gene revealed a novel homozygous large indel mutation that was predicted to abrogate part of the 5' untranslated region (UTR) and the first 30 amino acids of the protein. CONCLUSION This was a case of mutation in SIL1 that affected the 5' UTR, translation initiation site and the endoplasmic reticulum-targeting signal sequence. Further studies will be needed on the functional delineation of the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Nair
- Centre for Arab Genomic Studies, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
- *Pratibha Nair, Centre for Arab Genomic Studies, PO Box 22252, Dubai (UAE), E-Mail
| | | | - Madiha Mohamed
- Department of Pediatrics, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
| | - Nafisa Tawfiq
- Department of Pediatrics, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
| | | | - Fatma Bastaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
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42
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Roos A, Kollipara L, Buchkremer S, Labisch T, Brauers E, Gatz C, Lentz C, Gerardo-Nava J, Weis J, Zahedi RP. Cellular Signature of SIL1 Depletion: Disease Pathogenesis due to Alterations in Protein Composition Beyond the ER Machinery. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5527-41. [PMID: 26468156 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIL1 acts as nucleotide exchange factor for the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP. Mutations of SIL1 cause Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome (MSS), a neurodegenerative disorder. Moreover, a particular function of SIL1 for etiopathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was highlighted, thus declaring the functional SIL1-BiP complex as a modifier for neurodegenerative disorders. Thereby, depletion of SIL1 was associated with an earlier manifestation and in strengthened disease progression in ALS. Owing to the absence of appropriate in vitro models, the precise cellular pathophysiological mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration in MSS and triggering the same in further disorders like ALS are still elusive. We found that SIL1 depletion in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells led to structural changes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) including the nuclear envelope and mitochondrial degeneration that closely mimic pathological alterations in MSS and ALS. Functional studies revealed disturbed protein transport, cytotoxicity with reduced proliferation and viability, accompanied by activation of cellular defense mechanisms including the unfolded protein response, ER-associated degradation pathway, proteolysis, and expression of apoptotic and survival factors. Our data moreover indicated that proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization, vesicular transport, mitochondrial function, and neurological processes contribute to SIL1 pathophysiology. Altered protein expression upon SIL1 depletion in vitro could be confirmed in Sil1-deficient motoneurones for paradigmatic proteins belonging to different functional classes. Our results demonstrate that SIL1-depleted HEK293 cells are an appropriate model to identify proteins modulated by SIL1 expression level and contributing to neurodegeneration in MSS and further disorders like ALS. Thereby, our combined results point out that proteins beyond such involved ER-related protein processing are affected by SIL1 depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Roos
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS e.V, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Laxmikanth Kollipara
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS e.V, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stephan Buchkremer
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Labisch
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva Brauers
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Gatz
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Chris Lentz
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - José Gerardo-Nava
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - René P Zahedi
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS e.V, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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43
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He K, Ravindran MS, Tsai B. A bacterial toxin and a nonenveloped virus hijack ER-to-cytosol membrane translocation pathways to cause disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 50:477-88. [PMID: 26362261 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1085826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A dedicated network of cellular factors ensures that proteins translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are folded correctly before they exit this compartment en route to other cellular destinations or for secretion. When proteins misfold, selective ER-resident enzymes and chaperones are recruited to rectify the protein-misfolding problem in order to maintain cellular proteostasis. However, when a protein becomes terminally misfolded, it is ejected into the cytosol and degraded by the proteasome via a pathway called ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Strikingly, toxins and viruses can hijack elements of the ERAD pathway to access the host cytosol and cause infection. This review focuses on emerging data illuminating the molecular mechanisms by which these toxic agents co-opt the ER-to-cytosol translocation process to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu He
- a Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Madhu Sudhan Ravindran
- a Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Billy Tsai
- a Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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44
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Abstract
Highly sophisticated mechanisms that modulate protein structure and function, which involve synthesis and degradation, have evolved to maintain cellular homeostasis. Perturbations in these mechanisms can lead to protein dysfunction as well as deleterious cell processes. Therefore in recent years the etiology of a great number of diseases has been attributed to failures in mechanisms that modulate protein structure. Interconnections among metabolic and cell signaling pathways are critical for homeostasis to converge on mechanisms associated with protein folding as well as for the preservation of the native structure of proteins. For instance, imbalances in secretory protein synthesis pathways lead to a condition known as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress which elicits the adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR). Therefore, taking this into consideration, a key part of this paper is developed around the protein folding phenomenon, and cellular mechanisms which support this pivotal condition. We provide an overview of chaperone protein function, UPR via, spatial compartmentalization of protein folding, proteasome role, autophagy, as well as the intertwining between these processes. Several diseases are known to have a molecular etiology in the malfunction of mechanisms responsible for protein folding and in the shielding of native structure, phenomena which ultimately lead to misfolded protein accumulation. This review centers on our current knowledge about pathways that modulate protein folding, and cell responses involved in protein homeostasis.
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45
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Bracher A, Verghese J. GrpE, Hsp110/Grp170, HspBP1/Sil1 and BAG domain proteins: nucleotide exchange factors for Hsp70 molecular chaperones. Subcell Biochem 2015; 78:1-33. [PMID: 25487014 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11731-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones of the Hsp70 family are key components of the cellular protein folding machinery. Substrate folding is accomplished by iterative cycles of ATP binding, hydrolysis and release. The ATPase activity of Hsp70 is regulated by two main classes of cochaperones: J-domain proteins stimulate ATPase hydrolysis by Hsp70, while nucleotide exchange factors (NEF) facilitate its conversion from the ADP-bound to the ATP-bound state, thus closing the chaperone folding cycle. Beginning with the discovery of the prototypical bacterial NEF GrpE, a large diversity of Hsp70 nucleotide exchange factors has been identified, connecting Hsp70 to a multitude of cellular processes in the eukaryotic cell. Here we review recent advances towards structure and function of nucleotide exchange factors from the Hsp110/Grp170, HspBP1/Sil1 and BAG domain protein families and discuss how these cochaperones connect protein folding with quality control and degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bracher
- Dept. of Cellular Biochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany,
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46
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Williams JM, Inoue T, Chen G, Tsai B. The nucleotide exchange factors Grp170 and Sil1 induce cholera toxin release from BiP to enable retrotranslocation. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2181-9. [PMID: 25877869 PMCID: PMC4462937 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-01-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) intoxicates cells by trafficking from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where the catalytic CTA1 subunit hijacks components of the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery to retrotranslocate to the cytosol and induce toxicity. In the ER, CT targets to the ERAD machinery composed of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Hrd1-Sel1L complex, in part via the activity of the Sel1L-binding partner ERdj5. This J protein stimulates BiP's ATPase activity, allowing BiP to capture the toxin. Presumably, toxin release from BiP must occur before retrotranslocation. Here, using loss-and gain-of-function approaches coupled with binding studies, we demonstrate that the ER-resident nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs) Grp170 and Sil1 induce CT release from BiP in order to promote toxin retrotranslocation. In addition, we find that after NEF-dependent release from BiP, the toxin is transferred to protein disulfide isomerase; this ER redox chaperone is known to unfold CTA1, which allows the toxin to cross the Hrd1-Sel1L complex. Our data thus identify two NEFs that trigger toxin release from BiP to enable successful retrotranslocation and clarify the fate of the toxin after it disengages from BiP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Williams
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48103
| | - Takamasa Inoue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48103
| | - Grace Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48103
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48103
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47
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Bracher A, Verghese J. The nucleotide exchange factors of Hsp70 molecular chaperones. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:10. [PMID: 26913285 PMCID: PMC4753570 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones of the Hsp70 family form an important hub in the cellular protein folding networks in bacteria and eukaryotes, connecting translation with the downstream machineries of protein folding and degradation. The Hsp70 folding cycle is driven by two types of cochaperones: J-domain proteins stimulate ATP hydrolysis by Hsp70, while nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs) promote replacement of Hsp70-bound ADP with ATP. Bacteria and organelles of bacterial origin have only one known NEF type for Hsp70, GrpE. In contrast, a large diversity of Hsp70 NEFs has been discovered in the eukaryotic cell. These NEFs belong to the Hsp110/Grp170, HspBP1/Sil1, and BAG domain protein families. In this short review we compare the structures and molecular mechanisms of nucleotide exchange factors for Hsp70 and discuss how these cochaperones contribute to protein folding and quality control in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bracher
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jacob Verghese
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry Martinsried, Germany
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48
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Behnke J, Feige MJ, Hendershot LM. BiP and its nucleotide exchange factors Grp170 and Sil1: mechanisms of action and biological functions. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:1589-608. [PMID: 25698114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BiP (immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein) is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) orthologue of the Hsp70 family of molecular chaperones and is intricately involved in most functions of this organelle through its interactions with a variety of substrates and regulatory proteins. Like all Hsp70 family members, the ability of BiP to bind and release unfolded proteins is tightly regulated by a cycle of ATP binding, hydrolysis, and nucleotide exchange. As a characteristic of the Hsp70 family, multiple DnaJ-like co-factors can target substrates to BiP and stimulate its ATPase activity to stabilize the binding of BiP to substrates. However, only in the past decade have nucleotide exchange factors for BiP been identified, which has shed light not only on the mechanism of BiP-assisted folding in the ER but also on Hsp70 family members that reside throughout the cell. We will review the current understanding of the ATPase cycle of BiP in the unique environment of the ER and how it is regulated by the nucleotide exchange factors, Grp170 (glucose-regulated protein of 170kDa) and Sil1, both of which perform unanticipated roles in various biological functions and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Behnke
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Matthias J Feige
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Linda M Hendershot
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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49
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A nucleotide exchange factor promotes endoplasmic reticulum-to-cytosol membrane penetration of the nonenveloped virus simian virus 40. J Virol 2015; 89:4069-79. [PMID: 25653441 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03552-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The nonenveloped simian polyomavirus (PyV) simian virus 40 (SV40) hijacks the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control machinery to penetrate the ER membrane and reach the cytosol, a critical infection step. During entry, SV40 traffics to the ER, where host-induced conformational changes render the virus hydrophobic. The hydrophobic virus binds and integrates into the ER lipid bilayer to initiate membrane penetration. However, prior to membrane transport, the hydrophobic SV40 recruits the ER-resident Hsp70 BiP, which holds the virus in a transport-competent state until it is ready to cross the ER membrane. Here we probed how BiP disengages from SV40 to enable the virus to penetrate the ER membrane. We found that nucleotide exchange factor (NEF) Grp170 induces nucleotide exchange of BiP and releases SV40 from BiP. Importantly, this reaction promotes SV40 ER-to-cytosol transport and infection. The human BK PyV also relies on Grp170 for successful infection. Interestingly, SV40 mobilizes a pool of Grp170 into discrete puncta in the ER called foci. These foci, postulated to represent the ER membrane penetration site, harbor ER components, including BiP, known to facilitate viral ER-to-cytosol transport. Our results thus identify a nucleotide exchange activity essential for catalyzing the most proximal event before ER membrane penetration of PyVs. IMPORTANCE PyVs are known to cause debilitating human diseases. During entry, this virus family, including monkey SV40 and human BK PyV, hijacks ER protein quality control machinery to breach the ER membrane and access the cytosol, a decisive infection step. In this study, we pinpointed an ER-resident factor that executes a crucial role in promoting ER-to-cytosol membrane penetration of PyVs. Identifying a host factor that facilitates entry of the PyV family thus provides additional therapeutic targets to combat PyV-induced diseases.
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50
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Liu ZC, Chu J, Lin L, Song J, Ning LN, Luo HB, Yang SS, Shi Y, Wang Q, Qu N, Zhang Q, Wang JZ, Tian Q. SIL1 Rescued Bip Elevation-Related Tau Hyperphosphorylation in ER Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:983-994. [PMID: 25575678 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been indicated in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD), in which tau hyperphosphorylation is one major pathological alteration. The elevation of binding immunoglobulin protein (Bip), an important ER chaperon, was reported in AD brain. It is important to study the roles of ER-related chaperons in tau hyperphosphorylation. In this research, increased Bip was found in the brains of the AD model mice (Tg2576) compared to the age-matched control mice. Meanwhile, deficiency of SIL1, an important co-chaperon of Bip, was observed in brains of Tg2576 mice and in ER stress both in vivo and in vitro. Then, we transfected Bip-EGFP plasmid into HEK293 cells stably expressing the longest human tau (HEK293/tau) or N2a cells and found that increased Bip induced tau hyperphosphorylation via activating glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), an important tau kinase, and increased the association with tau and GSK-3β. When we overexpressed SIL1 in Bip-transfected HEK293/tau cells and thapsigargin-treated HEK293/tau cells, significantly reduced tau hyperphosphorylation and GSK-3β activation were observed. These results suggested the important roles of ER-related chaperons, Bip and SIL1, in AD-like tau hyperphosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan-Chao Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- 2nd Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Jiang Chu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lin-Na Ning
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hong-Bin Luo
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Medical School, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Na Qu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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