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Nakano RT, Shimasaki T. Long-Term Consequences of PTI Activation and Its Manipulation by Root-Associated Microbiota. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:681-693. [PMID: 38549511 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
In nature, plants are constantly colonized by a massive diversity of microbes engaged in mutualistic, pathogenic or commensal relationships with the host. Molecular patterns present in these microbes activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which detects microbes in the apoplast or at the tissue surface. Whether and how PTI distinguishes among soil-borne pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, and commensal microbes within the soil microbiota remains unclear. PTI is a multimodal series of molecular events initiated by pattern perception, such as Ca2+ influx, reactive oxygen burst, and extensive transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming. These short-term responses may manifest within minutes to hours, while the long-term consequences of chronic PTI activation persist for days to weeks. Chronic activation of PTI is detrimental to plant growth, so plants need to coordinate growth and defense depending on the surrounding biotic and abiotic environments. Recent studies have demonstrated that root-associated commensal microbes can activate or suppress immune responses to variable extents, clearly pointing to the role of PTI in root-microbiota interactions. However, the molecular mechanisms by which root commensals interfere with root immunity and root immunity modulates microbial behavior remain largely elusive. Here, with a focus on the difference between short-term and long-term PTI responses, we summarize what is known about microbial interference with host PTI, especially in the context of root microbiota. We emphasize some missing pieces that remain to be characterized to promote the ultimate understanding of the role of plant immunity in root-microbiota interactions.
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2
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Gokce A, Sekmen Cetinel AH, Turkan I. Involvement of GLR-mediated nitric oxide effects on ROS metabolism in Arabidopsis plants under salt stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2024; 137:485-503. [PMID: 38448641 PMCID: PMC11082007 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-024-01528-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Plant glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) play important roles in plant development, immune response, defense signaling and Nitric oxide (NO) production. However, their involvement in abiotic stress responses, particularly in regulating Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate GLR-mediated NO production on ROS regulation in salt-stressed cells. To achieve this, Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia (Col-0) were treated with NaCl, glutamate antagonists [(DNQX (6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione and AP-5(D-2-amino-5-phosphono pentanoic acid)], and NO scavenger [cPTIO (2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt)]. Salt-stressed plants in combination with DNQX and AP-5 have exhibited higher increase in lipid peroxidation (TBARS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radical (O-2) contents as compared to solely NaCl-treated plants. Furthermore, NO and total glutathione contents, and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) activity decreased with these treatments. AP-5 and DNQX increased the activities of NADPH oxidase (NOX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), cell wall peroxidase (CWPOX) in salt-stressed Arabidopsis leaves. However, their activities (except NOX) were significantly inhibited by cPTIO. Conversely, the combination of NaCl and GLR antagonists, NO scavenger decreased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) resulting in elevated GSSG levels, a low GSH/GSSG ratio, impaired ROS scavenging, excessive ROS accumulation and cell membrane damage. The findings of this study provide evidence that GLR-mediated NO plays a crucial role in improvement of the tolerance of Arabidopsis plants to salt-induced oxidative stress. It helps to maintain cellular redox homeostasis by reducing ROS accumulation and increasing the activity of SOD, GSNOR, and the ASC-GSH cycle enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azime Gokce
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | | | - Ismail Turkan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
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3
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Harris FM, Mou Z. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and Systemic Signaling. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:308-327. [PMID: 37665354 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-23-0104-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular damage inflicted by wounding, pathogen infection, and herbivory releases a variety of host-derived metabolites, degraded structural components, and peptides into the extracellular space that act as alarm signals when perceived by adjacent cells. These so-called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) function through plasma membrane localized pattern recognition receptors to regulate wound and immune responses. In plants, DAMPs act as elicitors themselves, often inducing immune outputs such as calcium influx, reactive oxygen species generation, defense gene expression, and phytohormone signaling. Consequently, DAMP perception results in a priming effect that enhances resistance against subsequent pathogen infections. Alongside their established function in local tissues, recent evidence supports a critical role of DAMP signaling in generation and/or amplification of mobile signals that induce systemic immune priming. Here, we summarize the identity, signaling, and synergy of proposed and established plant DAMPs, with a focus on those with published roles in systemic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611
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4
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Chen J, Li L, Kim JH, Neuhäuser B, Wang M, Thelen M, Hilleary R, Chi Y, Wei L, Venkataramani K, Exposito-Alonso M, Liu C, Keck J, Barragan AC, Schwab R, Lutz U, Pei ZM, He SY, Ludewig U, Weigel D, Zhu W. Small proteins modulate ion-channel-like ACD6 to regulate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Cell 2023; 83:4386-4397.e9. [PMID: 37995686 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The multi-pass transmembrane protein ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 6 (ACD6) is an immune regulator in Arabidopsis thaliana with an unclear biochemical mode of action. We have identified two loci, MODULATOR OF HYPERACTIVE ACD6 1 (MHA1) and its paralog MHA1-LIKE (MHA1L), that code for ∼7 kDa proteins, which differentially interact with specific ACD6 variants. MHA1L enhances the accumulation of an ACD6 complex, thereby increasing the activity of the ACD6 standard allele for regulating plant growth and defenses. The intracellular ankyrin repeats of ACD6 are structurally similar to those found in mammalian ion channels. Several lines of evidence link increased ACD6 activity to enhanced calcium influx, with MHA1L as a direct regulator of ACD6, indicating that peptide-regulated ion channels are not restricted to animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Chen
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jong Hum Kim
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Benjamin Neuhäuser
- Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mingyu Wang
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Michael Thelen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Yuan Chi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Luyang Wei
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kavita Venkataramani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moises Exposito-Alonso
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chang Liu
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jakob Keck
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Cristina Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schwab
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lutz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zhen-Ming Pei
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Sheng-Yang He
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Uwe Ludewig
- Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Wangsheng Zhu
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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5
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Iakovidis M, Chung EH, Saile SC, Sauberzweig E, El Kasmi F. The emerging frontier of plant immunity's core hubs. FEBS J 2023; 290:3311-3335. [PMID: 35668694 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing world population, increasingly frequent extreme weather events and conditions, emergence of novel devastating crop pathogens and the social strive for quality food products represent a huge challenge for current and future agricultural production systems. To address these challenges and find realistic solutions, it is becoming more important by the day to understand the complex interactions between plants and the environment, mainly the associated organisms, but in particular pathogens. In the past several years, research in the fields of plant pathology and plant-microbe interactions has enabled tremendous progress in understanding how certain receptor-based plant innate immune systems function to successfully prevent infections and diseases. In this review, we highlight and discuss some of these new ground-breaking discoveries and point out strategies of how pathogens counteract the function of important core convergence hubs of the plant immune system. For practical reasons, we specifically place emphasis on potential applications that can be detracted by such discoveries and what challenges the future of agriculture has to face, but also how these challenges could be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Iakovidis
- Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology Department, Mediterranean Agricultural Institute of Chania, Greece
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Svenja C Saile
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Sauberzweig
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Yin L, Liu S, Sun W, Ke X, Zuo Y. Genome-wide identification of glutamate receptor genes in adzuki bean and the roles of these genes in light and rust fungal response. Gene 2023:147593. [PMID: 37364697 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant glutamate receptor proteins (GLRs) are involved in plant development, biotic stress, and light-signal transduction. Vigna angularis is a traditional crop with important economic value in China, and the identification of functional genes can facilitate the breeding of stress resistant varieties. Here, we identified the members of the GLR gene family in the adzuki bean genome and investigated gene expression under light and rust fungal (Uromyces vignae) stimuli. Sixteen GLR genes were identified in V. angularis (VaGLRs), and these genes clustered in a single clade (clade III) with two groups. Evolutionary analysis showed that three VaGLRs result from tandem duplications and four result from whole genome/segmental duplications. To understand the regulation of expression of VaGLRs, cis-acting elements were analyzed in the promoter regions of the VaGLRs including cis-acting elements associated with light and stress responsiveness. Expression analysis by qRT-PCR revealed transcripts of eight and 10 VaGLRs in response to light stimuli and rust infection, respectively. For light responsiveness, the expression levels of XP_017430569.1 and XP_017425299.1 were higher under light condition than in darkness, while the expression levels of XP_017406996.1, XP_017425763.1, and XP_017423557.1 gradually recovered during dark treatment. Additionally, the relative expression levels of XP_017413816.1, XP_017436268.1, and XP_017425299.1 were significantly elevated during U. vignae infection in a resistant cultivar compared to the expression levels in a susceptible cultivar. XP_017425299.1 expression was induced both by light and rust infection, suggesting this gene may link light and disease resistance signaling pathways. Our results provide insight into how the VaGLRs contribute to adzuki bean response to light stimulus and pathogen attack. These identified VaGLRs also provide important reference to improve adzuki bean germplasm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yin
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop-Pest Interaction Biology and Ecological Control / National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center / Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs P. R. China, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Shengmiao Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop-Pest Interaction Biology and Ecological Control / National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center / Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs P. R. China, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Weina Sun
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop-Pest Interaction Biology and Ecological Control / National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center / Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs P. R. China, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Xiwang Ke
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop-Pest Interaction Biology and Ecological Control / National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center / Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs P. R. China, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Yuhu Zuo
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop-Pest Interaction Biology and Ecological Control / National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center / Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs P. R. China, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China.
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7
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Ahmed I, Kumar A, Bheri M, Srivastava AK, Pandey GK. Glutamate receptor like channels: Emerging players in calcium mediated signaling in plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123522. [PMID: 36758765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate receptors like channels (GLRs) are ligand gated non-selective cation channels and are multigenic in nature. They are homologs of mammalian ionic glutamate receptors (iGLRs) that play an important role in neurotransmission. It has been more than 25 years of discovery of plant GLRs, since then, significant progress has been made to unravel their structure and function in plants. Recently, the first crystal structure of plant GLR has been resolved that suggests that, though, plant GLRs contain the conserved signature domains of iGLRs, their unique features enable agonist/antagonist-dependent change in their activity. GLRs exhibit diverse subcellular localization and undergo dynamic expression variation in response to developmental and environmental stress conditions in plants. The combined use of genetic, electrophysiology and calcium imaging using different genetically encoded calcium indicators has revealed that GLRs are involved in generating calcium (Ca2+) influx across the plasma membrane and are involved in shaping the Ca2+ signature in response to different developmental and environmental stimuli. These findings indicate that GLRs influence cytosolic Ca2+ dynamics, thus, highlighting "GLR-Ca2+-crosstalk (GCC)" in developmental and stress-responsive signaling pathways. With this background, the present review summarises the recent developments pertaining to GLR function, in the broader context of regulation of stress tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israr Ahmed
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Malathi Bheri
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Ashish K Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India.
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8
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Kozyulina PY, Pavlova OA, Kantsurova (Rudaya) ES, Bovin AD, Shirobokova SA, Dolgikh AV, Dymo AM, Dolgikh EA. Transcriptomic analysis of pea plant responses to chitooligosaccharides' treatment revealed stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1092013. [PMID: 36968377 PMCID: PMC10030943 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1092013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Since chitooligosaccharides (COs) are water-soluble, biodegradable and nontoxic compounds, their application may be considered as a promising plant-protecting agent. However, the molecular and cellular modes of action of COs are not yet understood. In this study, transcriptional changes in pea roots treated with COs were investigated via RNA sequencing. Pea roots treated with the deacetylated CO8-DA at low concentration (10-5 М) were harvested 24 h after treatment and their expression profiles were compared against medium-treated control plants. We observed 886 differentially expressed genes (fold change ≥ 1; p-value < 0.05) 24 h after treatment with CO8-DA. Gene Ontology term over-representation analysis allowed us to identify the molecular functions of the genes activated in response to CO8-DA treatment and their relation to biological processes. Our findings suggest that calcium signaling regulators and MAPK cascade play a key role in pea plant responses to treatment. Here we found two MAPKKKs, the PsMAPKKK5 and PsMAPKKK20, which might function redundantly in the CO8-DA-activated signaling pathway. In accordance with this suggestion, we showed that PsMAPKKK knockdown decreases resistance to pathogenic Fusarium culmorum fungi. Therefore, analysis showed that typical regulators of intracellular signal transduction pathways involved in triggering of plant responses via CERK1 receptors to chitin/COs in Arabidopsis and rice may also be recruited in legume pea plants.
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9
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Ma Y, Garrido K, Ali R, Berkowitz GA. Phenotypes of cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel mutants: probing the nature of native channels. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:1223-1236. [PMID: 36633062 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cyclic nucleotide gated channels (CNGCs) facilitate cytosolic Ca2+ influx as an early step in numerous signaling cascades. CNGC-mediated Ca2+ elevations are essential for plant immune defense and high temperature thermosensing. In the present study, we evaluated phenotypes of CNGC2, CNGC4, CNGC6, and CNGC12 null mutants in these two pathways. It is shown CNGC2, CNGC4, and CNGC6 physically interact in vivo, whereas CNGC12 does not. CNGC involvement in immune signaling was evaluated by monitoring mutant response to elicitor peptide Pep3. Pep3 response cascades involving CNGCs included mitogen-activated kinase activation mediated by Ca2+ -dependent protein kinase phosphorylation. Pep3-induced reactive oxygen species generation was impaired in cngc2, cngc4, and cngc6, but not in cngc12, suggesting that CNGC2, CNGC4, and CNGC6 (which physically interact) may be components of a multimeric CNGC channel complex for immune signaling. However, unlike cngc2 and cngc4, cngc6 is not sensitive to high Ca2+ and displays no pleiotropic dwarfism. All four cngc mutants showed thermotolerance compared to wild-type, although CNGC12 does not interact with the other three CNGCs. These results imply that physically interacting CNGCs may, in some cases, function in a signaling cascade as components of a heteromeric channel complex, although this may not be the case in other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ma
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | | | | | - Gerald A Berkowitz
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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10
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Wang J, Song W, Chai J. Structure, biochemical function, and signaling mechanism of plant NLRs. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:75-95. [PMID: 36415130 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To counter pathogen invasion, plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors, including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs). Our knowledge about PRR and NLR signaling mechanisms has expanded significantly over the past few years. Plant NLRs form multi-protein complexes called resistosomes in response to pathogen effectors, and the signaling mediated by NLR resistosomes converges on Ca2+-permeable channels. Ca2+-permeable channels important for PRR signaling have also been identified. These findings highlight a crucial role of Ca2+ in triggering plant immune signaling. In this review, we first discuss the structural and biochemical mechanisms of non-canonical NLR Ca2+ channels and then summarize our knowledge about immune-related Ca2+-permeable channels and their roles in PRR and NLR signaling. We also discuss the potential role of Ca2+ in the intricate interaction between PRR and NLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261000, China.
| | - Wen Song
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jijie Chai
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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11
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Acharya U, Das T, Ghosh Z, Ghosh A. Defense Surveillance System at the Interface: Response of Rice Towards Rhizoctonia solani During Sheath Blight Infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:1081-1095. [PMID: 36000178 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-22-0153-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sheath blight of rice caused by necrotrophic plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most common fungal diseases of rice leading to significant yield loss. Among the defense responses exhibited by the host plants towards fungal infections, those functional within the apoplast contribute significantly. Here, we have studied apoplastic defense response of rice towards R. solani during sheath blight infection. The transcriptome of R. solani-infected rice plants was compared with that of uninfected rice, to identify the set of defense genes that undergo differential expression and code for proteins with a predicted N-terminal signal peptide. Significant changes in the stress-responsive, molecular signal perception, protein modification, and metabolic process pathways represented by a group of differentially expressed genes were observed. Our data also revealed two secreted protease inhibitors from rice that exhibit increased expression during R. solani infection and induce disease resistance when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udita Acharya
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Troyee Das
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Zhumur Ghosh
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Anupama Ghosh
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
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Naz R, Khan A, Alghamdi BS, Ashraf GM, Alghanmi M, Ahmad A, Bashir SS, Haq QMR. An Insight into Animal Glutamate Receptors Homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana and Their Potential Applications-A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11192580. [PMID: 36235446 PMCID: PMC9572488 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Most excitatory impulses received by neurons are mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These receptors are located at the apex and play an important role in memory, neuronal development, and synaptic plasticity. These receptors are ligand-dependent ion channels that allow a wide range of cations to pass through. Glutamate, a neurotransmitter, activates three central ionotropic receptors: N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA), and kainic acid (KA). According to the available research, excessive glutamate release causes neuronal cell death and promotes neurodegenerative disorders. Arabidopsis thaliana contains 20 glutamate receptor genes (AtGluR) comparable to the human ionotropic glutamate (iGluRs) receptor. Many studies have proved that AtGL-rec genes are involved in a number of plant growth and physiological activities, such as in the germination of seeds, roots, abiotic and biotic stress, and cell signaling, which clarify the place of these genes in plant biology. In spite of these, the iGluRs, Arabidopsis glutamate receptors (AtGluR), is associated with the ligand binding activity, which confirms the evolutionary relationship between animal and plant glutamate receptors. Along with the above activities, the impact of mammalian agonists and antagonists on Arabidopsis suggests a correlation between plant and animal glutamate receptors. In addition, these glutamate receptors (plant/animal) are being utilized for the early detection of neurogenerative diseases using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) approach. However, a number of scientific laboratories and institutes are consistently working on glutamate receptors with different aspects. Currently, we are also focusing on Arabidopsis glutamate receptors. The current review is focused on updating knowledge on AtGluR genes, their evolution, functions, and expression, and as well as in comparison with iGluRs. Furthermore, a high throughput approach based on FRET nanosensors developed for understanding neurotransmitter signaling in animals and plants via glutamate receptors has been discussed. The updated information will aid in the future comprehension of the complex molecular dynamics of glutamate receptors and the exploration of new facts in plant/animal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruphi Naz
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badrah S. Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maimonah Alghanmi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Altaf Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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13
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Park CJ, Shin R. Calcium channels and transporters: Roles in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:964059. [PMID: 36161014 PMCID: PMC9493244 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.964059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) serves as a ubiquitous second messenger by mediating various signaling pathways and responding to numerous environmental conditions in eukaryotes. Therefore, plant cells have developed complex mechanisms of Ca2+ communication across the membrane, receiving the message from their surroundings and transducing the information into cells and organelles. A wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses cause the increase in [Ca2+]cyt as a result of the Ca2+ influx permitted by membrane-localized Ca2+ permeable cation channels such as CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATE CHANNELs (CNGCs), and voltage-dependent HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CALCIUM2+ PERMEABLE CHANNELs (HACCs), as well as GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE RECEPTORs (GLRs) and TWO-PORE CHANNELs (TPCs). Recently, resistosomes formed by some NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT RECEPTORs (NLRs) are also proposed as a new type of Ca2+ permeable cation channels. On the contrary, some Ca2+ transporting membrane proteins, mainly Ca2+-ATPase and Ca2+/H+ exchangers, are involved in Ca2+ efflux for removal of the excessive [Ca2+]cyt in order to maintain the Ca2+ homeostasis in cells. The Ca2+ efflux mechanisms mediate the wide ranges of cellular activities responding to external and internal stimuli. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the recent discoveries of various membrane proteins involved in Ca2+ influx and efflux which play an essential role in fine-tuning the processing of information for plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jin Park
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ryoung Shin
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
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14
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Non-Proteinogenic Amino Acid β-N-Methylamino-L-Alanine (BMAA): Bioactivity and Ecological Significance. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080539. [PMID: 36006201 PMCID: PMC9414260 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Research interest in a non-protein amino acid β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) arose due to the discovery of a connection between exposure to BMAA and the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases. Previous reviews on this topic either considered BMAA as a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases or focused on the problems of detecting BMAA in various environmental samples. Our review is devoted to a wide range of fundamental biological problems related to BMAA, including the molecular mechanisms of biological activity of BMAA and the complex relationships between producers of BMAA and the environment in various natural ecosystems. At the beginning, we briefly recall the most important facts about the producers of BMAA (cyanobacteria, microalgae, and bacteria), the pathways of BMAA biosynthesis, and reliable methods of identification of BMAA. The main distinctive feature of our review is a detailed examination of the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of BMAA to living cells. A brand new aspect, not previously discussed in any reviews, is the effect of BMAA on cyanobacterial cells. These recent studies, conducted using transcriptomics and proteomics, revealed potent regulatory effects of BMAA on the basic metabolism and cell development of these ancient photoautotrophic prokaryotes. Exogenous BMAA strongly influences cell differentiation and primary metabolic processes in cyanobacteria, such as nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis, carbon fixation, and various biosynthetic processes involving 2-oxoglutarate and glutamate. Cyanobacteria were found to be more sensitive to exogenous BMAA under nitrogen-limited growth conditions. We suggest a hypothesis that this toxic diaminoacid can be used by phytoplankton organisms as a possible allelopathic tool for controlling the population of cyanobacterial cells during a period of intense competition for nitrogen and other resources in various ecosystems.
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15
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Grenzi M, Bonza MC, Costa A. Signaling by plant glutamate receptor-like channels: What else! CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102253. [PMID: 35780692 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) are transmembrane proteins that allow the movement of several ions across membranes. In the model plant Arabidopsis, there are 20 GLR isoforms grouped in three clades and, since their discovery, it was hypothesized that GLRs were mainly involved in signaling processes. Indeed, in the last years, several pieces of evidence demonstrate different signaling roles played by GLRs, related to pollen development, sexual reproduction, chemotaxis, root development, regulation of stomatal aperture, and response to pathogens. Recently, GLRs have gained attention for their role in long-distance electric and calcium signaling. In this review, we resume the evidence about the role of GLRs in signaling processes. This role is mostly linked to the GLRs involvement in the regulation of ion fluxes across membranes and, in particular, of calcium, which represents a key second messenger in plant cell responses to both endogenous and exogenous stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Grenzi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Bonza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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16
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Moormann J, Heinemann B, Hildebrandt TM. News about amino acid metabolism in plant-microbe interactions. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:839-850. [PMID: 35927139 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants constantly come into contact with a diverse mix of pathogenic and beneficial microbes. The ability to distinguish between them and to respond appropriately is essential for plant health. Here we review recent progress in understanding the role of amino acid sensing, signaling, transport, and metabolism during plant-microbe interactions. Biochemical pathways converting individual amino acids into active compounds have recently been elucidated, and comprehensive large-scale approaches have brought amino acid sensors and transporters into focus. These findings show that plant central amino acid metabolism is closely interwoven with stress signaling and defense responses at various levels. The individual biochemical mechanisms and the interconnections between the different processes are just beginning to emerge and might serve as a foundation for new plant protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Moormann
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Department of Plant Proteomics, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Björn Heinemann
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Department of Plant Proteomics, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tatjana M Hildebrandt
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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17
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Köster P, DeFalco TA, Zipfel C. Ca 2+ signals in plant immunity. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110741. [PMID: 35560235 PMCID: PMC9194748 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022110741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium ions function as a key second messenger ion in eukaryotes. Spatially and temporally defined cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals are shaped through the concerted activity of ion channels, exchangers, and pumps in response to diverse stimuli; these signals are then decoded through the activity of Ca2+ -binding sensor proteins. In plants, Ca2+ signaling is central to both pattern- and effector-triggered immunity, with the generation of characteristic cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevations in response to potential pathogens being common to both. However, despite their importance, and a long history of scientific interest, the transport proteins that shape Ca2+ signals and their integration remain poorly characterized. Here, we discuss recent work that has both shed light on and deepened the mysteries of Ca2+ signaling in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Köster
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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18
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Khatri R, Pant SR, Sharma K, Niraula PM, Lawaju BR, Lawrence KS, Alkharouf NW, Klink VP. Glycine max Homologs of DOESN'T MAKE INFECTIONS 1, 2, and 3 Function to Impair Heterodera glycines Parasitism While Also Regulating Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:842597. [PMID: 35599880 PMCID: PMC9114929 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.842597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycine max root cells developing into syncytia through the parasitic activities of the pathogenic nematode Heterodera glycines underwent isolation by laser microdissection (LM). Microarray analyses have identified the expression of a G. max DOESN'T MAKE INFECTIONS3 (DMI3) homolog in syncytia undergoing parasitism but during a defense response. DMI3 encodes part of the common symbiosis pathway (CSP) involving DMI1, DMI2, and other CSP genes. The identified DMI gene expression, and symbiosis role, suggests the possible existence of commonalities between symbiosis and defense. G. max has 3 DMI1, 12 DMI2, and 2 DMI3 paralogs. LM-assisted gene expression experiments of isolated syncytia under further examination here show G. max DMI1-3, DMI2-7, and DMI3-2 expression occurring during the defense response in the H. glycines-resistant genotypes G.max [Peking/PI548402] and G.max [PI88788] indicating a broad and consistent level of expression of the genes. Transgenic overexpression (OE) of G. max DMI1-3, DMI2-7, and DMI3-2 impairs H. glycines parasitism. RNA interference (RNAi) of G. max DMI1-3, DMI2-7, and DMI3-2 increases H. glycines parasitism. The combined opposite outcomes reveal a defense function for these genes. Prior functional transgenic analyses of the 32-member G. max mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene family has determined that 9 of them act in the defense response to H. glycines parasitism, referred to as defense MAPKs. RNA-seq analyses of root RNA isolated from the 9 G. max defense MAPKs undergoing OE or RNAi reveal they alter the relative transcript abundances (RTAs) of specific DMI1, DMI2, and DMI3 paralogs. In contrast, transgenically-manipulated DMI1-3, DMI2-7, and DMI3-2 expression influences MAPK3-1 and MAPK3-2 RTAs under certain circumstances. The results show G. max homologs of the CSP, and defense pathway are linked, apparently involving co-regulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Khatri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Shankar R. Pant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Prakash M. Niraula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Bisho R. Lawaju
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kathy S. Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Nadim W. Alkharouf
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, United States
| | - Vincent P. Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
- USDA ARS NEA BARC Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States
- Center for Computational Sciences High Performance Computing Collaboratory, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
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19
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Xu G, Moeder W, Yoshioka K, Shan L. A tale of many families: calcium channels in plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1551-1567. [PMID: 35134212 PMCID: PMC9048905 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants launch a concerted immune response to dampen potential infections upon sensing microbial pathogen and insect invasions. The transient and rapid elevation of the cytosolic calcium concentration [Ca2+]cyt is among the essential early cellular responses in plant immunity. The free Ca2+ concentration in the apoplast is far higher than that in the resting cytoplasm. Thus, the precise regulation of calcium channel activities upon infection is the key for an immediate and dynamic Ca2+ influx to trigger downstream signaling. Specific Ca2+ signatures in different branches of the plant immune system vary in timing, amplitude, duration, kinetics, and sources of Ca2+. Recent breakthroughs in the studies of diverse groups of classical calcium channels highlight the instrumental role of Ca2+ homeostasis in plant immunity and cell survival. Additionally, the identification of some immune receptors as noncanonical Ca2+-permeable channels opens a new view of how immune receptors initiate cell death and signaling. This review aims to provide an overview of different Ca2+-conducting channels in plant immunity and highlight their molecular and genetic mode-of-actions in facilitating immune signaling. We also discuss the regulatory mechanisms that control the stability and activity of these channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Xu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wolfgang Moeder
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Keiko Yoshioka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
- Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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20
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Zhang X, Dong X. Life-or-death decisions in plant immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 75:102169. [PMID: 35168119 PMCID: PMC9081146 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Upon pathogen challenge, plant cells can mount defense not only by triggering programmed cell death (PCD) to limit pathogen growth, but also by secreting immune signals to activate subsequent organism-scale defense responses. Recent advances in the study of plant immune mechanisms have found that pathogen-induced oligomerization of immune receptors is a common 'on' switch for the normally self-inhibitory proteins. The resulting 'resistosome' triggers PCD through the formation of a calcium channel or a NADase. Synergy between different receptor-mediated signaling pathways appears to be required for sustained immune induction to trigger PCD of infected cells. In the neighboring cells, PCD is inhibited through the production of immune signal salicylic acid (SA) which mediates degradation of PCD-inducing immune components in biomolecular condensates. Future work is required to connect the resistosome-mediated channel formation and the NADase activity to the downstream regulation of immune execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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21
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ROS homeostasis mediated by MPK4 and SUMM2 determines synergid cell death. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1746. [PMID: 35365652 PMCID: PMC8976062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual plant reproduction depends on the attraction of sperm-cell delivering pollen tubes (PT) by two synergids, followed by their programmed cell death (PCD) in Arabidopsis. Disruption of the mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (MPK4) by pathogenic effectors activates the resistance protein (R) SUMM2-mediated immunity and cell death. Here we show that synergid preservation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis are intimately linked and maintained by MPK4. In mpk4, ROS levels are increased and synergids prematurely undergo PCD before PT-reception. However, ROS scavengers and the disruption of SUMM2, in mpk4, restore ROS homeostasis, synergid maintenance and PT perception, demonstrating that the guardian of MPK4, SUMM2, triggers synergid-PCD. In mpk4/summ2, PTs show a feronia-like overgrowth phenotype. Our results show that immunity-associated PCD and synergid cell death during plant reproduction are regulated by MPK4 underscoring an underlying molecular mechanism for the suppression of plant reproduction during systemic R-mediated immunity. Synergid cells undergo programmed cell death following pollen tube reception and successful fertilization. Here the authors show that premature synergid cell death is prevented by the mitogen activated protein kinase MPK4 and the R protein SUMM2 which maintain ROS homeostasis in Arabidopsis.
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22
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Resentini F, Ruberti C, Grenzi M, Bonza MC, Costa A. The signatures of organellar calcium. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1985-2004. [PMID: 33905517 PMCID: PMC8644629 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent insights about the transport mechanisms involved in the in and out of calcium ions in plant organelles, and their role in the regulation of cytosolic calcium homeostasis in different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Ruberti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Matteo Grenzi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milano 20133, Italy
| | | | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milano 20133, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Milano 20133, Italy
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23
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Deciphering the Role of Ion Channels in Early Defense Signaling against Herbivorous Insects. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092219. [PMID: 34571868 PMCID: PMC8470099 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants and insect herbivores are in a relentless battle to outwit each other. Plants have evolved various strategies to detect herbivores and mount an effective defense system against them. These defenses include physical and structural barriers such as spines, trichomes, cuticle, or chemical compounds, including secondary metabolites such as phenolics and terpenes. Plants perceive herbivory by both mechanical and chemical means. Mechanical sensing can occur through the perception of insect biting, piercing, or chewing, while chemical signaling occurs through the perception of various herbivore-derived compounds such as oral secretions (OS) or regurgitant, insect excreta (frass), or oviposition fluids. Interestingly, ion channels or transporters are the first responders for the perception of these mechanical and chemical cues. These transmembrane pore proteins can play an important role in plant defense through the induction of early signaling components such as plasma transmembrane potential (Vm) fluctuation, intracellular calcium (Ca2+), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, followed by defense gene expression, and, ultimately, plant defense responses. In recent years, studies on early plant defense signaling in response to herbivory have been gaining momentum with the application of genetically encoded GFP-based sensors for real-time monitoring of early signaling events and genetic tools to manipulate ion channels involved in plant-herbivore interactions. In this review, we provide an update on recent developments and advances on early signaling events in plant-herbivore interactions, with an emphasis on the role of ion channels in early plant defense signaling.
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24
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Lee HJ, Seo PJ. Ca 2+talyzing Initial Responses to Environmental Stresses. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:849-870. [PMID: 33706981 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved stress-sensing machineries that initiate rapid adaptive environmental stress responses. Cytosolic calcium ion (Ca2+) is the most prominent second messenger that couples extracellular signals with specific intracellular responses. Essential early events that generate a cytosolic Ca2+ spike in response to environmental stress are starting to emerge. We review sensory machineries, including ion channels and transporters, which perceive various stress stimuli and allow cytosolic Ca2+ influx. We highlight integrative roles of Ca2+ channels in plant responses to various environmental stresses, as well as possible interplay of Ca2+ with other early signaling components, which facilitates signal propagation for systemic spread and spatiotemporal variations in respect to external cues. The early Ca2+ signaling schemes inspire the identification of additional stress sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jun Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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25
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Wang P, Mormile B, He P. A 'GLoRy' Battle for Cotton against Fusarium. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:671-673. [PMID: 33975752 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate receptor-like (GLR) proteins are ligand-gated ion channels regulating various plant physiology. They function as calcium channels in plant immunity and mediate long-distance defense to herbivores. A recent study by Liu et al. identified a cotton GLR as a noncanonical resistance protein to Fusarium wilt, expanding the paradigm of GLR functions in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Brendan Mormile
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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26
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Ramos-Vicente D, Grant SG, Bayés À. Metazoan evolution and diversity of glutamate receptors and their auxiliary subunits. Neuropharmacology 2021; 195:108640. [PMID: 34116111 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems. Proteins involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission, and chiefly glutamate receptors and their auxiliary subunits, play key roles in nervous system function. Thus, understanding their evolution and uncovering their diversity is essential to comprehend how nervous systems evolved, shaping cognitive function. Comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of these proteins across metazoans have revealed that their evolution is much more complex than what can be anticipated from vertebrate genomes. This is particularly true for ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), as their current classification into 6 classes (AMPA, Kainate, Delta, NMDA1, NMDA2 and NMDA3) would be largely incomplete. New work proposes a classification of iGluRs into 4 subfamilies that encompass 10 classes. Vertebrate AMPA, Kainate and Delta receptors would belong to one of these subfamilies, named AKDF, the NMDA subunits would constitute another subfamily and non-vertebrate iGluRs would be organised into the previously unreported Epsilon and Lambda subfamilies. Similarly, the animal evolution of metabotropic glutamate receptors has resulted in the formation of four classes of these receptors, instead of the three currently recognised. Here we review our current knowledge on the animal evolution of glutamate receptors and their auxiliary subunits. This article is part of the special issue on 'Glutamate Receptors - Orphan iGluRs'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ramos-Vicente
- Molecular Physiology of the Synapse Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Seth Gn Grant
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain (SIDB), Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Àlex Bayés
- Molecular Physiology of the Synapse Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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27
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Bjornson M, Pimprikar P, Nürnberger T, Zipfel C. The transcriptional landscape of Arabidopsis thaliana pattern-triggered immunity. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:579-586. [PMID: 33723429 PMCID: PMC7610817 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00874-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants tailor their metabolism to environmental conditions, in part through the recognition of a wide array of self and non-self molecules. In particular, the perception of microbial or plant-derived molecular patterns by cell-surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) induces pattern-triggered immunity, which includes massive transcriptional reprogramming1. An increasing number of plant PRRs and corresponding ligands are known, but whether plants tune their immune outputs to patterns of different biological origins or of different biochemical natures remains mostly unclear. Here, we performed a detailed transcriptomic analysis in an early time series focused to study rapid-signalling transcriptional outputs induced by well-characterized patterns in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. This revealed that the transcriptional responses to diverse patterns (independent of their origin, biochemical nature or type of PRR) are remarkably congruent. Moreover, many of the genes most rapidly and commonly upregulated by patterns are also induced by abiotic stresses, suggesting that the early transcriptional response to patterns is part of the plant general stress response (GSR). As such, plant cells' response is in the first instance mostly to danger. Notably, the genetic impairment of the GSR reduces pattern-induced antibacterial immunity, confirming the biological relevance of this initial danger response. Importantly, the definition of a small subset of 'core immunity response' genes common and specific to pattern response revealed the function of previously uncharacterized GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) calcium-permeable channels in immunity. This study thus illustrates general and unique properties of early immune transcriptional reprogramming and uncovers important components of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bjornson
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Priya Pimprikar
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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28
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Liu S, Zhang X, Xiao S, Ma J, Shi W, Qin T, Xi H, Nie X, You C, Xu Z, Wang T, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Li J, Kong J, Aierxi A, Yu Y, Lindsey K, Klosterman SJ, Zhang X, Zhu L. A Single-Nucleotide Mutation in a GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE Gene Confers Resistance to Fusarium Wilt in Gossypium hirsutum. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002723. [PMID: 33854882 PMCID: PMC8025038 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt (FW) disease of cotton, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov), causes severe losses in cotton production worldwide. Though significant advancements have been made in development of FW-resistant Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in resistance screening programs, the precise resistance genes and the corresponding molecular mechanisms for resistance to Fov remain unclear. Herein it is reported that Fov7, a gene unlike canonical plant disease-resistance (R) genes, putatively encoding a GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) protein, confers resistance to Fov race 7 in Upland cotton. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (C/A) in GhGLR4.8, resulting in an amino acid change (L/I), is associated with Fov resistance. A PCR-based DNA marker (GhGLR4.8SNP(A/C) ) is developed and shown to cosegregate with the Fov resistance. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Fov7 results in cotton lines extremely susceptible to Fov race 7 with a loss of the ability to induce calcium influx in response to total secreted proteins (SEPs) of Fov. Furthermore, coinfiltration of SEPs with GhGLR4.8A results in a hypersensitive response. This first report of a GLR-encoding gene that functions as an R gene provides a new insight into plant-pathogen interactions and a new handle to develop cotton cultivars with resistance to Fov race 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Shenghua Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Jun Ma
- Economic Crop Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agricultural ScienceÜrümqiXinjiang830091China
| | - Weijun Shi
- Economic Crop Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agricultural ScienceÜrümqiXinjiang830091China
| | - Tao Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Hui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agricultural of Xinjiang BingtuanAgricultural CollegeShihezi UniversityShiheziXinjiang832000China
| | - Xinhui Nie
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agricultural of Xinjiang BingtuanAgricultural CollegeShihezi UniversityShiheziXinjiang832000China
| | - Chunyuan You
- Cotton Research InstituteShihezi Academy of Agriculture ScienceShiheziXinjiang832000China
| | - Zheng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Yujing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Zhennan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Jianying Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Jie Kong
- Economic Crop Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agricultural ScienceÜrümqiXinjiang830091China
| | - Alifu Aierxi
- Economic Crop Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agricultural ScienceÜrümqiXinjiang830091China
| | - Yu Yu
- Cotton Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation ScienceShiheziXinjiang832000China
| | - Keith Lindsey
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | | | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Longfu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
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29
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Eichstädt B, Lederer S, Trempel F, Jiang X, Guerra T, Waadt R, Lee J, Liese A, Romeis T. Plant Immune Memory in Systemic Tissue Does Not Involve Changes in Rapid Calcium Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:798230. [PMID: 34970294 PMCID: PMC8712724 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.798230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Upon pathogen recognition, a transient rise in cytoplasmic calcium levels is one of the earliest events in plants and a prerequisite for defense initiation and signal propagation from a local site to systemic plant tissues. However, it is unclear if calcium signaling differs in the context of priming: Do plants exposed to a first pathogen stimulus and have consequently established systemic acquired resistance (SAR) display altered calcium responses to a second pathogen stimulus? Several calcium indicator systems including aequorin, YC3.6 or R-GECO1 have been used to document local calcium responses to the bacterial flg22 peptide but systemic calcium imaging within a single plant remains a technical challenge. Here, we report on an experimental approach to monitor flg22-induced calcium responses in systemic leaves of primed plants. The calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK5 is a key calcium sensor and regulator of the NADPH oxidase RBOHD and plays a role in the systemic calcium-ROS signal propagation. We therefore compared flg22-induced cytoplasmic calcium changes in Arabidopsis wild-type, cpk5 mutant and CPK5-overexpressing plants (exhibiting constitutive priming) by introgressing the calcium indicator R-GECO1-mTurquoise that allows internal normalization through mTurquoise fluorescence. Aequorin-based analyses were included for comparison. Based on the R-GECO1-mTurquoise data, CPK5-OE appears to reinforce an "oscillatory-like" Ca2+ signature in flg22-treated local tissues. However, no change was observed in the flg22-induced calcium response in the systemic tissues of plants that had been pre-challenged by a priming stimulus - neither in wild-type nor in cpk5 or CPK5-OE-lines. These data indicate that the mechanistic manifestation of a plant immune memory in distal plant parts required for enhanced pathogen resistance does not include changes in rapid calcium signaling upstream of CPK5 but rather relies on downstream defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Lederer
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fabian Trempel
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Xiyuan Jiang
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tiziana Guerra
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Rainer Waadt
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anja Liese
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tina Romeis
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
- *Correspondence: Tina Romeis,
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30
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Ma P, Wu L, Xu Y, Xu H, Zhang X, Wang W, Liu C, Wang B. Bulked Segregant RNA-Seq Provides Distinctive Expression Profile Against Powdery Mildew in the Wheat Genotype YD588. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:764978. [PMID: 34925412 PMCID: PMC8677838 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.764978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Wheat powdery mildew, caused by the fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a destructive disease leading to huge yield losses in production. Host resistance can greatly contribute to the control of the disease. To explore potential genes related to the powdery mildew (Pm) resistance, in this study, we used a resistant genotype YD588 to investigate the potential resistance components and profiled its expression in response to powdery mildew infection. Genetic analysis showed that a single dominant gene, tentatively designated PmYD588, conferred resistance to powdery mildew in YD588. Using bulked segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association analysis, two high-confidence candidate regions were detected in the chromosome arm 2B, spanning 453,752,054-506,356,791 and 584,117,809-664,221,850 bp, respectively. To confirm the candidate region, molecular markers were developed using the BSR-Seq data and mapped PmYD588 to an interval of 4.2 cM by using the markers YTU588-004 and YTU588-008. The physical position was subsequently locked into the interval of 647.1-656.0 Mb, which was different from those of Pm6, Pm33, Pm51, Pm52, Pm63, Pm64, PmQ, PmKN0816, MlZec1, and MlAB10 on the same chromosome arm in its position, suggesting that it is most likely a new Pm gene. To explore the potential regulatory genes of the R gene, 2,973 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the parents and bulks were analyzed using gene ontology (GO), clusters of orthologous group (COG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Based on the data, we selected 23 potential regulated genes in the enriched pathway of plant-pathogen interaction and detected their temporal expression patterns using an additional set of wheat samples and time-course analysis postinoculation with Bgt. As a result, six disease-related genes showed distinctive expression profiles after Bgt invasion and can serve as key candidates for the dissection of resistance mechanisms and improvement of durable resistance to wheat powdery mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- *Correspondence: Pengtao Ma,
| | - Liru Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yufei Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenrui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Cheng Liu,
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- Bo Wang,
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31
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Lapeikaite I, Pupkis V, Neniskis V, Ruksenas O, Kisnieriene V. Glutamate and NMDA affect cell excitability and action potential dynamics of single cell of macrophyte Nitellopsis obtusa. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:1032-1040. [PMID: 33213696 DOI: 10.1071/fp20074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of glutamate and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) on electrical signalling - action potentials (AP) and excitation current transients - was studied in intact macrophyte Nitellopsis obtusa (Characeaen) internodal cell. Intracellular glass electrode recordings of single cell in current clamp and two-electrode voltage clamp modes indicate that glutamate (Glu, 0.1-1.0 mM) and NMDA (0.01-1.0 mM) increase electrically induced AP amplitude by hyperpolarising excitation threshold potential (Eth) and prolong AP fast repolarisation phase. Amplitude of Cl- current transient, as well as its activation and inactivation durations were also increased. Both Glu and NMDA act in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of NMDA exceeds that of Glu. Ionotropic glutamate receptor inhibitors AP-5 (NMDA-type receptors) and DNQX (AMPA/Kainate-type) have no effect on Nitellopsis cell electrical signalling per se, yet robustly inhibit excitatory effect of NMDA. This study reinforces NMDA as an active component in glutamatergic signalling at least in some plants and stresses the elaborate fine-tuning of electrical signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indre Lapeikaite
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Avenue. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; and Corresponding author.
| | - Vilmantas Pupkis
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Avenue. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vladas Neniskis
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Avenue. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Osvaldas Ruksenas
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Avenue. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Kisnieriene
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Avenue. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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32
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Distinct Molecular Pattern-Induced Calcium Signatures Lead to Different Downstream Transcriptional Regulations via AtSR1/CAMTA3. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218163. [PMID: 33142885 PMCID: PMC7662696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants encrypt the perception of different pathogenic stimuli into specific intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signatures and subsequently decrypt the signatures into appropriate downstream responses through various Ca2+ sensors. Two microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), bacterial flg22 and fungal chitin, and one damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), AtPep1, were used to study the differential Ca2+ signatures in Arabidopsis leaves. The results revealed that flg22, chitin, and AtPep1 induced distinct changes in Ca2+ dynamics in both the cytosol and nucleus. In addition, Flg22 and chitin upregulated the expression of salicylic acid-related genes, ICS1 and EDS1, whereas AtPep1 upregulated the expression of jasmonic acid-related genes, JAZ1 and PDF1.2, in addition to ICS1 and EDS1. These data demonstrated that distinct Ca2+ signatures caused by different molecular patterns in leaf cells lead to specific downstream events. Furthermore, these changes in the expression of defense-related genes were disrupted in a knockout mutant of the AtSR1/CAMTA3 gene, encoding a calmodulin-binding transcription factor, in which a calmodulin-binding domain on AtSR1 was required for deciphering the Ca2+ signatures into downstream transcription events. These observations extend our knowledge regarding unique and intrinsic roles for Ca2+ signaling in launching and fine-tuning plant immune response, which are mediated by the AtSR1/CAMTA3 transcription factor.
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33
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Thor K, Jiang S, Michard E, George J, Scherzer S, Huang S, Dindas J, Derbyshire P, Leitão N, DeFalco TA, Köster P, Hunter K, Kimura S, Gronnier J, Stransfeld L, Kadota Y, Bücherl CA, Charpentier M, Wrzaczek M, MacLean D, Oldroyd GED, Menke FLH, Roelfsema MRG, Hedrich R, Feijó J, Zipfel C. The calcium-permeable channel OSCA1.3 regulates plant stomatal immunity. Nature 2020; 585:569-573. [PMID: 32846426 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Perception of biotic and abiotic stresses often leads to stomatal closure in plants1,2. Rapid influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) across the plasma membrane has an important role in this response, but the identity of the Ca2+ channels involved has remained elusive3,4. Here we report that the Arabidopsis thaliana Ca2+-permeable channel OSCA1.3 controls stomatal closure during immune signalling. OSCA1.3 is rapidly phosphorylated upon perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Biochemical and quantitative phosphoproteomics analyses reveal that the immune receptor-associated cytosolic kinase BIK1 interacts with and phosphorylates the N-terminal cytosolic loop of OSCA1.3 within minutes of treatment with the peptidic PAMP flg22, which is derived from bacterial flagellin. Genetic and electrophysiological data reveal that OSCA1.3 is permeable to Ca2+, and that BIK1-mediated phosphorylation on its N terminus increases this channel activity. Notably, OSCA1.3 and its phosphorylation by BIK1 are critical for stomatal closure during immune signalling, and OSCA1.3 does not regulate stomatal closure upon perception of abscisic acid-a plant hormone associated with abiotic stresses. This study thus identifies a plant Ca2+ channel and its activation mechanisms underlying stomatal closure during immune signalling, and suggests specificity in Ca2+ influx mechanisms in response to different stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Thor
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Shushu Jiang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Erwan Michard
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jeoffrey George
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sönke Scherzer
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Shouguang Huang
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Dindas
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Nuno Leitão
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Synthace Ltd, London, UK
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Köster
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kerri Hunter
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre, VIPS, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sachie Kimura
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre, VIPS, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Julien Gronnier
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lena Stransfeld
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Immunity Research Group, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Christoph A Bücherl
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Dr. Friedrich Eberth Arzneimittel GmbH, Ursensollen, Germany
| | - Myriam Charpentier
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Michael Wrzaczek
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre, VIPS, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Giles E D Oldroyd
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - M Rob G Roelfsema
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - José Feijó
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK. .,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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34
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Zhang W, Jiang L, Huang J, Ding Y, Liu Z. Loss of proton/calcium exchange 1 results in the activation of plant defense and accelerated senescence in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 296:110472. [PMID: 32540002 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic Ca2+ increases in response to many stimuli. CAX1 (H+/Ca2+ exchanger 1) maintains calcium homeostasis by transporting calcium from the cytosol to vacuoles. Here, we determined that the cax1 mutant exhibits enhanced resistance against both an avirulent biotrophic pathogen Pst-avrRpm1 (Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 avrRpm1), and a necrotrophic pathogen, B. cinerea (Botrytis cinerea). The defense hormone SA (salicylic acid) and phytoalexin scopoletin, which fight against biotrophs and necrotrophs respectively, accumulated more in cax1 than wild-type. Moreover, the cax1 mutant exhibited early senescence after exogenous Ca2+ application. The accelerated senescence in the cax1 mutant was dependent on SID2 (salicylic acid induction deficient 2) but not on NPR1 (nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes1). Additionally, the introduction of CAX1 into the cax1 mutant resulted in phenotypes similar to that of wild-type in terms of Ca2+-conditioned senescence and Pst-avrRpm1 and B. cinerea infections. However, disruption of CAX3, the homolog of CAX1, did not produce an obvious phenotype. Moreover, exogenous Ca2+ application on plants resulted in increased resistance to both Pst-avrRpm1 and B. cinerea. Therefore, we conclude that the disruption of CAX1, but not CAX3, causes the activation of pathogen defense mechanisms, probably through the manipulation of calcium homeostasis or other signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lihui Jiang
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yongqiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhibin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China.
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Tian W, Wang C, Gao Q, Li L, Luan S. Calcium spikes, waves and oscillations in plant development and biotic interactions. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:750-759. [PMID: 32601423 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a universal signal in all eukaryotic cells. A fundamental question is how Ca2+, a simple cation, encodes complex information with high specificity. Extensive research has established a two-step process (encoding and decoding) that governs the specificity of Ca2+ signals. While the encoding mechanism entails a complex array of channels and transporters, the decoding process features a number of Ca2+ sensors and effectors that convert Ca2+ signals into cellular effects. Along this general paradigm, some signalling components may be highly conserved, but others are divergent among different organisms. In plant cells, Ca2+ participates in numerous signalling processes, and here we focus on the latest discoveries on Ca2+-encoding mechanisms in development and biotic interactions. In particular, we use examples such as polarized cell growth of pollen tube and root hair in which tip-focused Ca2+ oscillations specify the signalling events for rapid cell elongation. In plant-microbe interactions, Ca2+ spiking and oscillations hold the key to signalling specificity: while pathogens elicit cytoplasmic spiking, symbiotic microorganisms trigger nuclear Ca2+ oscillations. Herbivore attacks or mechanical wounding can trigger Ca2+ waves traveling a long distance to transmit and convert the local signal to a systemic defence program in the whole plant. What channels and transporters work together to carve out the spatial and temporal patterns of the Ca2+ fluctuations? This question has remained enigmatic for decades until recent studies uncovered Ca2+ channels that orchestrate specific Ca2+ signatures in each of these processes. Future work will further expand the toolkit for Ca2+-encoding mechanisms and place Ca2+ signalling steps into larger signalling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Tian
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qifei Gao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Legong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Jia Y, Liu H, Qu Z, Wang J, Wang X, Wang Z, Yang L, Zhang D, Zou D, Zhao H. Transcriptome Sequencing and iTRAQ of Different Rice Cultivars Provide Insight into Molecular Mechanisms of Cold-Tolerance Response in Japonica Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 13:43. [PMID: 32572635 PMCID: PMC7310054 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops cultivated in both tropical and temperate regions. However, it has a high sensitivity to cold stress and chilling stress limits its nitrogen uptake and metabolism. To identify the genes and pathways involved in cold tolerance, specifically within nitrogen metabolism pathways, we compared gene and protein expression differences between a cold-tolerant cultivar, Dongnong428 (DN), and a cold-sensitive cultivar, Songjing10 (SJ). RESULTS Using isobaric tags for relative or absolute quantification (iTRAQ) with high-throughput mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) techniques, we identified 5549 genes and 450 proteins in DN and 6145 genes and 790 proteins in SJ, which were differentially expressed during low water temperature (Tw) treatments. There were 354 transcription factor (TF) genes (212 downregulated, 142 upregulated) and 366 TF genes (220 downregulated, 146 upregulated), including 47 gene families, differentially expressed in DN under control (CKDN) vs. DN under low-Tw (D15DN) and SJ under control (CKSJ) vs. SJ under low-Tw D15SJ, respectively. Genes associated with rice cold-related biosynthesis pathways, particularly the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, zeatin biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways, were significantly differentially expressed in both rice cultivars. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) associated with rice cold-related biosynthesis pathways, and particularly glutathione metabolism, were significantly differentially expressed in both rice cultivars. Transcriptome and proteome analysis of the nitrogen metabolism pathways showed that major genes and proteins that participated in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamine synthesis were downregulated under cold stress. CONCLUSION Cold stress conditions during reproductive growth, resulted in genes and proteins related to cold stress biosynthesis pathways being significantly differentially expressed in DN and SJ. The present study confirmed the known cold stress-associated genes and identified new putative cold-responsive genes. We also found that translational regulation under cold stress plays an important role in cold-tolerant DN. Low-Tw treatments affected N uptake and N metabolism in rice, as well as promoted Glu metabolism and the synthesis of ornithine and proline in cold-sensitive SJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hualong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhaojun Qu
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Bei Da Huang Kenfeng Seed Limited Company, Harbin, 150431, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhuoqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- PlantTech Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Detang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
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Tarkowski ŁP, Signorelli S, Höfte M. γ-Aminobutyric acid and related amino acids in plant immune responses: Emerging mechanisms of action. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1103-1116. [PMID: 31997381 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The entanglement between primary metabolism regulation and stress responses is a puzzling and fascinating theme in plant sciences. Among the major metabolites found in plants, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) fulfils important roles in connecting C and N metabolic fluxes through the GABA shunt. Activation of GABA metabolism is known since long to occur in plant tissues following biotic stresses, where GABA appears to have substantially different modes of action towards different categories of pathogens and pests. While it can harm insects thanks to its inhibitory effect on the neuronal transmission, its capacity to modulate the hypersensitive response in attacked host cells was proven to be crucial for host defences in several pathosystems. In this review, we discuss how plants can employ GABA's versatility to effectively deal with all the major biotic stressors, and how GABA can shape plant immune responses against pathogens by modulating reactive oxygen species balance in invaded plant tissues. Finally, we discuss the connections between GABA and other stress-related amino acids such as BABA (β-aminobutyric acid), glutamate and proline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz P Tarkowski
- Seed Metabolism and Stress Team, INRAE Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Bâtiment A, Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Sayago CP, Montevideo, Uruguay
- The School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley CP, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley CP, WA, Australia
| | - Monica Höfte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Goto Y, Maki N, Ichihashi Y, Kitazawa D, Igarashi D, Kadota Y, Shirasu K. Exogenous Treatment with Glutamate Induces Immune Responses in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:474-487. [PMID: 31721650 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-19-0262-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant resistance inducers (PRIs) are compounds that protect plants from diseases by activating immunity responses. Exogenous treatment with glutamate (Glu), an important amino acid for all living organisms, induces resistance against fungal pathogens in rice and tomato. To understand the molecular mechanisms of Glu-induced immunity, we used the Arabidopsis model system. We found that exogenous treatment with Glu induces resistance against pathogens in Arabidopsis. Consistent with this, transcriptome analyses of Arabidopsis seedlings showed that Glu significantly induces the expression of wound-, defense-, and stress-related genes. Interestingly, Glu activates the expression of genes induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns at much later time points than the flg22 peptide, which is a bacterial-derived PAMP. The Glu receptor-like (GLR) proteins GLR3.3 and GLR3.6 are involved in the early expression of Glu-inducible genes; however, the sustained expression of these genes does not require the GLR proteins. Glu-inducible gene expression is also not affected by mutations in genes that encode PAMP receptors (EFR, FLS2, and CERK1), regulators of pattern-triggered immunity (BAK1, BKK1, BIK1, and PBL1), or a salicylic acid biosynthesis enzyme (SID2). The treatment of roots with Glu activates the expression of PAMP-, salicylic acid-, and jasmonic acid-inducible genes in leaves. Moreover, the treatment of roots with Glu primes chitin-induced responses in leaves, possibly through transcriptional activation of LYSIN-MOTIF RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 5 (LYK5), which encodes a chitin receptor. Because Glu treatment does not cause discernible growth retardation, Glu can be used as an effective PRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihisa Goto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Noriko Maki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kitazawa
- Frontier Research Labs, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Daisuke Igarashi
- Frontier Research Labs, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
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Zhou Z, Zhao Y, Bi G, Liang X, Zhou JM. Early signalling mechanisms underlying receptor kinase-mediated immunity in plants. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180310. [PMID: 30967025 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which are single transmembrane proteins belonging to the receptor-like kinase (RLK) and receptor-like protein (RLP) super families, sense microbe- and host-derived molecular patterns to activate immune responses in plants. PRRs associate with co-receptors, scaffold proteins and receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) to form immune receptor complexes at the cell surface, allowing activation of cellular responses upon perception of extracellular ligands. Recent advances have uncovered new mechanisms by which these immune receptor complexes are regulated at the levels of composition, stability and activity. It has become clear that RLCKs are central components directly linking PRRs to multiple downstream signalling modules. Furthermore, new studies have provided important insights into the regulation of reactive oxygen species, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades and heterotrimeric G proteins, which has not only deepened our understanding of immunity, but also expanded our view of transmembrane signalling in general. This article is part of the theme issue 'Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangxiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China
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Rienth M, Crovadore J, Ghaffari S, Lefort F. Oregano essential oil vapour prevents Plasmopara viticola infection in grapevine (Vitis Vinifera) and primes plant immunity mechanisms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222854. [PMID: 31560730 PMCID: PMC6764689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of synthetic fungicides in agriculture is necessary to guarantee a sustainable production that protects the environment and consumers' health. Downy mildew caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola is the major pathogen in viticulture worldwide and responsible for up to 60% of pesticide treatments. Alternatives to reduce fungicides are thus utterly needed to ensure sustainable vineyard-ecosystems, consumer health and public acceptance. Essential oils (EOs) are amongst the most promising natural plant protection alternatives and have shown their antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties on several agricultural crops. However, the efficiency of EOs highly depends on timing, application method and the molecular interactions between the host, the pathogen and EO. Despite proven EO efficiency, the underlying processes are still not understood and remain a black box. The objectives of the present study were: a) to evaluate whether a continuous fumigation of a particular EO can control downy mildew in order to circumvent the drawbacks of direct application, b) to decipher molecular mechanisms that could be triggered in the host and the pathogen by EO application and c) to try to differentiate whether essential oils directly repress the oomycete or act as plant resistance primers. To achieve this a custom-made climatic chamber was constructed that enabled a continuous fumigation of potted vines with different EOs during long-term experiments. The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cv Chasselas was chosen in reason of its high susceptibility to Plasmopara viticola. Grapevine cuttings were infected with P. viticola and subsequently exposed to continuous fumigation of different EOs at different concentrations, during 2 application time spans (24 hours and 10 days). Experiments were stopped when infection symptoms were clearly observed on the leaves of the control plants. Plant physiology (photosynthesis and growth rate parameters) were recorded and leaves were sampled at different time points for subsequent RNA extraction and transcriptomics analysis. Strikingly, the Oregano vulgare EO vapour treatment during 24h post-infection proved to be sufficient to reduce downy mildew development by 95%. Total RNA was extracted from leaves of 24h and 10d treatments and used for whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq). Sequenced reads were then mapped onto the V. vinifera and P. viticola genomes. Less than 1% of reads could be mapped onto the P. viticola genome from treated samples, whereas up to 30% reads from the controls mapped onto the P. viticola genome, thereby confirming the visual observation of P. viticola absence in the treated plants. On average, 80% of reads could be mapped onto the V. vinifera genome for differential expression analysis, which yielded 4800 modulated genes. Transcriptomic data clearly showed that the treatment triggered the plant's innate immune system with genes involved in salicylic, jasmonic acid and ethylene synthesis and signaling, activating Pathogenesis-Related-proteins as well as phytoalexin synthesis. These results elucidate EO-host-pathogen interactions for the first time and indicate that the antifungal efficiency of EO is mainly due to the triggering of resistance pathways inside the host plants. This is of major importance for the production and research on biopesticides, plant stimulation products and for resistance-breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rienth
- Changins, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Julien Crovadore
- Plants and Pathogens Group, Institute Land Nature and Environment, Hepia, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Jussy, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sana Ghaffari
- Changins, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - François Lefort
- Plants and Pathogens Group, Institute Land Nature and Environment, Hepia, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Jussy, Geneva, Switzerland
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Philippe F, Verdu I, Morère-Le Paven MC, Limami AM, Planchet E. Involvement of Medicago truncatula glutamate receptor-like channels in nitric oxide production under short-term water deficit stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 236:1-6. [PMID: 30836205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Early stages of plant development are highly susceptible to environmental cues, and seedlings have to develop sophisticated mechanisms to sense and respond to abiotic stresses. We have previously identified that abscisic acid (ABA), nitric oxide (NO) and modulation of nitrogen metabolism are involved in adaptive responses in Medicago truncatula seedlings under water deficit stress. Here, we investigated whether glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) played a role in the developmental physiological processes of Medicago seedlings during post-germination after a short-term water deficit stress. Twenty-nine independent MtGLR genes have been identified and then divided into four clades following a phylogenetic analysis; seventeen of them exhibited specific domains which are characteristic of animal ionotropic glutamate receptors. Under drought stress, ABA-induced NO accumulation was significantly reduced in presence of a GLR competitive antagonist, suggesting that this water deficit-induced endogenous NO production was mediated through a MtGLR-dependent pathway. Water deficit-induced inhibition of embryo axis elongation was strongly reduced whereas loss of water content was alleviated when MtGLRs were inhibited. These results suggest that glutamate receptors-like channels are required, through their involvement in NO production, in adaptive responses under short-term water-deficit stress during Medicago seedling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Philippe
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Isabelle Verdu
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | | | - Anis M Limami
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Elisabeth Planchet
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France.
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Lammertz M, Kuhn H, Pfeilmeier S, Malone J, Zipfel C, Kwaaitaal M, Lin NC, Kvitko BH, Panstruga R. Widely Conserved Attenuation of Plant MAMP-Induced Calcium Influx by Bacteria Depends on Multiple Virulence Factors and May Involve Desensitization of Host Pattern Recognition Receptors. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:608-621. [PMID: 30664393 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-18-0291-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Successful pathogens must efficiently defeat or delay host immune responses, including those triggered by release or exposure of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Knowledge of the molecular details leading to this phenomenon in genuine plant-pathogen interactions is still scarce. We took advantage of the well-established Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 pathosystem to explore the molecular prerequisites for the suppression of MAMP-triggered host defense by the bacterial invader. Using a transgenic Arabidopsis line expressing the calcium sensor apoaequorin, we discovered that strain DC3000 colonization results in a complete inhibition of MAMP-induced cytosolic calcium influx, a key event of immediate-early host immune signaling. A range of further plant-associated bacterial species is also able to prevent, either partially or fully, the MAMP-triggered cytosolic calcium pattern. Genetic analysis revealed that this suppressive effect partially relies on the bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS) but cannot be attributed to individual members of the currently known arsenal of strain DC3000 effector proteins. Although the phytotoxin coronatine and bacterial flagellin individually are dispensable for the effective inhibition of MAMP-induced calcium signatures, they contribute to the attenuation of calcium influx in the absence of the T3SS. Our findings suggest that the capacity to interfere with early plant immune responses is a widespread ability among plant-associated bacteria that, at least in strain DC3000, requires the combinatorial effect of multiple virulence determinants. This may also include the desensitization of host pattern recognition receptors by the prolonged exposure to MAMPs during bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Lammertz
- 1 Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- 1 Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pfeilmeier
- 2 John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- 3 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - Jacob Malone
- 2 John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- 4 University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- 3 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - Mark Kwaaitaal
- 1 Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nai-Chun Lin
- 5 Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China; and
| | - Brian H Kvitko
- 6 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- 1 Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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pH effects on plant calcium fluxes: lessons from acidification-mediated calcium elevation induced by the γ-glutamyl-leucine dipeptide identified from Phytophthora infestans. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4733. [PMID: 30894659 PMCID: PMC6426842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) elevation is an early signaling response upon exposure to pathogen-derived molecules (so-called microbe-associated molecular patterns, MAMPs) and has been successfully used as a quantitative read-out in genetic screens to identify MAMP receptors or their associated components. Here, we isolated and identified by mass spectrometry the dipeptide γ-Glu-Leu as a component of a Phytophthora infestans mycelium extract that induces [Ca2+]cyt elevation. Treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings with synthetic γ-Glu-Leu revealed stimulatory effects on defense signaling, including a weak enhancement of the expression of some MAMP-inducible genes or affecting the refractory period to a second MAMP elicitation. However, γ-Glu-Leu is not a classical MAMP since pH adjustment abolished these activities and importantly, the observed effects of γ-Glu-Leu could be recapitulated by mimicking extracellular acidification. Thus, although γ-Glu-Leu can act as a direct agonist of calcium sensing receptors in animal systems, the Ca2+-mobilizing activity in plants reported here is due to acidification. Low pH also shapes the Ca2+ signature of well-studied MAMPs (e.g. flg22) or excitatory amino acids such as glutamate. Overall, this work serves as a cautionary reminder that in defense signaling studies where Ca2+ flux measurements are concerned, it is important to monitor and consider the effects of pH.
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Moeder W, Phan V, Yoshioka K. Ca 2+ to the rescue - Ca 2+channels and signaling in plant immunity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:19-26. [PMID: 30709488 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ is a universal second messenger in many signaling pathways in all eukaryotes including plants. Transient changes in [Ca2+]cyt are rapidly generated upon a diverse range of stimuli such as drought, heat, wounding, and biotic stresses (infection by pathogenic and symbiotic microorganisms), as well as developmental cues. It has been known for a while that [Ca2+]cyt transient signals play crucial roles to activate plant immunity and recently significant progresses have been made in this research field. However the identity and regulation of ion channels that are involved in defense related Ca2+ signals are still enigmatic. Members of two ligand gated ion channel families, glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) have been implicated in immune responses; nevertheless more precise data to understand their direct involvement in the creation of Ca2+ signals during immune responses is necessary. Furthermore, the study of other ion channel groups is also required to understand the whole picture of the intra- and inter-cellular Ca2+ signalling network. In this review we summarize Ca2+ signals in plant immunity from an ion channel point of view and discuss future challenges in this exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Moeder
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Van Phan
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Keiko Yoshioka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada; Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada.
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45
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Takahashi F, Shinozaki K. Long-distance signaling in plant stress response. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 47:106-111. [PMID: 30445314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular plants respond to various environmental stresses by integrating and transmitting environmental information perceived by roots and leaves, respectively. Long-distance signaling plays a crucial role in plant adaptation to and subsequent survival to severe environmental conditions. Recent studies have elucidated that various mobile molecules, such as small proteins, peptides, RNAs, metabolites, and second messengers, transmit extracellular stimuli from sensing tissues to target organs. Plants have unique and complex mechanisms for accurately connecting various organs despite the lack of a nervous system. In this short review, we summarize the current knowledge of plant molecules involved in long-distance signaling for optimal growth and stress response, with special focus on mobile peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Takahashi
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan.
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46
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Wudick MM, Portes MT, Michard E, Rosas-Santiago P, Lizzio MA, Nunes CO, Campos C, Santa Cruz Damineli D, Carvalho JC, Lima PT, Pantoja O, Feijó JA. CORNICHON sorting and regulation of GLR channels underlie pollen tube Ca 2+ homeostasis. Science 2018; 360:533-536. [PMID: 29724955 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar6464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Compared to animals, evolution of plant calcium (Ca2+) physiology has led to a loss of proteins for influx and small ligand-operated control of cytosolic Ca2+, leaving many Ca2+ mechanisms unaccounted for. Here, we show a mechanism for sorting and activation of glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) by CORNICHON HOMOLOG (CNIH) proteins. Single mutants of pollen-expressed Arabidopsis thaliana GLRs (AtGLRs) showed growth and Ca2+ flux phenotypes expected for plasma membrane Ca2+ channels. However, higher-order mutants of AtGLR3.3 revealed phenotypes contradicting this assumption. These discrepancies could be explained by subcellular AtGLR localization, and we explored the implication of AtCNIHs in this sorting. We found that AtGLRs interact with AtCNIH pairs, yielding specific intracellular localizations. AtCNIHs further trigger AtGLR activity in mammalian cells without any ligand. These results reveal a regulatory mechanism underlying Ca2+ homeostasis by sorting and activation of AtGLRs by AtCNIHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Wudick
- University of Maryland Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 Bioscience Research Building, 4066 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Portes
- University of Maryland Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 Bioscience Research Building, 4066 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Erwan Michard
- University of Maryland Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 Bioscience Research Building, 4066 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Paul Rosas-Santiago
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, México
| | - Michael A Lizzio
- University of Maryland Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 Bioscience Research Building, 4066 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
| | - Custódio Oliveira Nunes
- University of Maryland Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 Bioscience Research Building, 4066 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Campos
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Daniel Santa Cruz Damineli
- University of Maryland Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 Bioscience Research Building, 4066 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
| | - Joana C Carvalho
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Pedro T Lima
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Omar Pantoja
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, México
| | - José A Feijó
- University of Maryland Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 Bioscience Research Building, 4066 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA. .,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal
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47
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A simple microfluidic device for live cell imaging of Arabidopsis cotyledons, leaves, and seedlings. Biotechniques 2018; 64:255-261. [PMID: 29939090 PMCID: PMC8592504 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2018-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the challenges of performing live-cell imaging in plants is establishing a system for securing the sample during imaging that allows for the rapid addition of treatments. Here we report how a commercially available device called a HybriWell™ can be repurposed to create an imaging chamber suitable for Arabidopsis seedlings, cotyledons and leaves. Liquid in the imaging chamber can be rapidly exchanged to introduce chemical treatments via microfluidic passive pumping. When used in conjunction with fluorescent biosensors, this system can facilitate live-cell imaging studies of signal transduction pathways triggered by different treatments. As a demonstration, we show how the HybriWell can be used to monitor flg22-induced calcium transients using the R-GECO1 calcium indicator in detached Arabidopsis leaves.
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De Vriese K, Costa A, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. Pharmacological Strategies for Manipulating Plant Ca 2+ Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1506. [PMID: 29783646 PMCID: PMC5983822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is one of the most pleiotropic second messengers in all living organisms. However, signalling specificity is encoded via spatio-temporally regulated signatures that act with surgical precision to elicit highly specific cellular responses. How this is brought about remains a big challenge in the plant field, in part due to a lack of specific tools to manipulate/interrogate the plant Ca2+ toolkit. In many cases, researchers resort to tools that were optimized in animal cells. However, the obviously large evolutionary distance between plants and animals implies that there is a good chance observed effects may not be specific to the intended plant target. Here, we provide an overview of pharmacological strategies that are commonly used to activate or inhibit plant Ca2+ signalling. We focus on highlighting modes of action where possible, and warn for potential pitfalls. Together, this review aims at guiding plant researchers through the Ca2+ pharmacology swamp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell De Vriese
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Instititute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro, 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Korea.
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Wudick MM, Michard E, Oliveira Nunes C, Feijó JA. Comparing Plant and Animal Glutamate Receptors: Common Traits but Different Fates? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4976335. [PMID: 29684179 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Animal ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated channels whose evolution is intimately linked to the one of the nervous system, where the agonist glutamate and co-agonists glycine/D-serine act as neuro-transmitters or -modulators. While iGluRs are specialized in neuronal communication, plant glutamate receptor-like (GLR) homologues have evolved many plant-specific physiological functions, such as sperm signaling in moss, pollen tube growth, root meristem proliferation, innate immune and wound responses. GLRs have been associated with Ca2+ signaling by directly channeling its extracellular influx into the cytosol. Nevertheless, very limited information on functional properties of GLRs is available, and we mostly rely on structure/function data obtained for animal iGluRs to interpret experimental results obtained for plant GLRs. Yet, a deeper characterization and better understanding of plant GLRs is progressively unveiling original and different mode of functions when compared to their mammalian counterparts. Here, we review the function of plant GLRs comparing their predicted structure and physiological roles to the well-documented ones of iGluRs. We conclude that interpreting GLR function based on comparison to their animal counterparts calls for caution, especially when presuming physiological roles and mode of action for plant GLRs from comparison to iGluRs in peripheral, non-neuronal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Wudick
- University of Maryland Dept. of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, MD, U.S.A
| | - Erwan Michard
- University of Maryland Dept. of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, MD, U.S.A
| | | | - José A Feijó
- University of Maryland Dept. of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, MD, U.S.A
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50
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Saijo Y, Loo EPI, Yasuda S. Pattern recognition receptors and signaling in plant-microbe interactions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:592-613. [PMID: 29266555 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants solely rely on innate immunity of each individual cell to deal with a diversity of microbes in the environment. Extracellular recognition of microbe- and host damage-associated molecular patterns leads to the first layer of inducible defenses, termed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). In plants, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) described to date are all membrane-associated receptor-like kinases or receptor-like proteins, reflecting the prevalence of apoplastic colonization of plant-infecting microbes. An increasing inventory of elicitor-active patterns and PRRs indicates that a large number of them are limited to a certain range of plant groups/species, pointing to dynamic and convergent evolution of pattern recognition specificities. In addition to common molecular principles of PRR signaling, recent studies have revealed substantial diversification between PRRs in their functions and regulatory mechanisms. This serves to confer robustness and plasticity to the whole PTI system in natural infections, wherein different PRRs are simultaneously engaged and faced with microbial assaults. We review the functional significance and molecular basis of PRR-mediated pathogen recognition and disease resistance, and also an emerging role for PRRs in homeostatic association with beneficial or commensal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Saijo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Eliza Po-Iian Loo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yasuda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
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