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Lu Y, George J. Interaction between fatty acid oxidation and ethanol metabolism in liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G483-G494. [PMID: 38573193 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00281.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) releases the energy stored in fat to maintain basic biological processes. Dehydrogenation is a major way to oxidize fatty acids, which needs NAD+ to accept the released H+ from fatty acids and form NADH, which increases the ratio of NADH/NAD+ and consequently inhibits FAO leading to the deposition of fat in the liver, which is termed fatty liver or steatosis. Consumption of alcohol (ethanol) initiates simple steatosis that progresses to alcoholic steatohepatitis, which constitutes a spectrum of liver disorders called alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). ALD is linked to ethanol metabolism. Ethanol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), microsomal ethanol oxidation system (MEOS), mainly cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), and catalase. ADH also requires NAD+ to accept the released H+ from ethanol. Thus, ethanol metabolism by ADH leads to increased ratio of NADH/NAD+, which inhibits FAO and induces steatosis. CYP2E1 directly consumes reducing equivalent NADPH to oxidize ethanol, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lead to cellular injury. Catalase is mainly present in peroxisomes, where very long-chain fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids are oxidized, and the resultant short-chain fatty acids will be further oxidized in mitochondria. Peroxisomal FAO generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is locally decomposed by catalase. When ethanol is present, catalase uses H2O2 to oxidize ethanol. In this review, we introduce FAO (including α-, β-, and ω-oxidation) and ethanol metabolism (by ADH, CYP2E1, and catalase) followed by the interaction between FAO and ethanol metabolism in the liver and its pathophysiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongke Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards College of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States
| | - Joseph George
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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2
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WFDC12-overexpressing contributes to the development of atopic dermatitis via accelerating ALOX12/15 metabolism and PAF accumulation. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:185. [PMID: 36882395 PMCID: PMC9992393 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by eczema-like skin lesions, dry skin, severe itching, and recurrent recurrence. The whey acidic protein four-disulfide core domain gene WFDC12 is highly expressed in skin tissue and up-regulated in the skin lesions of AD patients, but its role and relevant mechanism in AD pathogenesis have not been studied yet. In this study, we found that the expression of WFDC12 was closely related to clinical symptoms of AD and the severity of AD-like lesions induced by DNFB in transgenic mice. WFDC12-overexpressing in the epidermis might promote the migration of skin-presenting cells to lymph nodes and increase Th cell infiltration. Meanwhile, the number and ratio of immune cells and mRNA levels of cytokines were significantly upregulated in transgenic mice. In addition, we found that ALOX12/15 gene expression was upregulated in the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway, and the corresponding metabolite accumulation was increased. The activity of epidermal serine hydrolase decreased and the accumulation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) increased in the epidermis of transgenic mice. Collectively, our data demonstrate that WFDC12 may contribute to the exacerbation of AD-like symptoms in DNFB-induced mouse model by enhancing arachidonic acid metabolism and PAF accumulation and that WFDC12 may be a potential therapeutic target for human atopic dermatitis.
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PPARα agonist WY-14,643 induces the PLA2/COX-2/ACOX1 pathway to enhance peroxisomal lipid metabolism and ameliorate alcoholic fatty liver in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 613:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Alvarez MDL, Lorenzetti F. Role of eicosanoids in liver repair, regeneration and cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114732. [PMID: 34411565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are lipid signaling molecules derived from the oxidation of ω-6 fatty acids, usually arachidonic acid. There are three major pathways, including the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and P450 cytochrome epoxygenase (CYP) pathway. Prostanoids, which include prostaglandins (PG) and thromboxanes (Tx), are formed via the COX pathway, leukotrienes (LT) and lipoxins (LX) by the action of 5-LOX, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by CYP. Although eicosanoids are usually associated with pro-inflammatory responses, non-classic eicosanoids, as LX, have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties. Eicosanoids like PGE2, LTB4 and EETs have been involved in promoting liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. PGE2 and LTB4 have also been reported to participate in the regenerative phase after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), while cysteinyl leukotrienes (Cys-LT) contribute to the inflammatory process associated with I/R and are also involved in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, LX, another product of 5-LOX, have the opposite effect, acting as pro-resolving mediators in these pathologies. In liver cancer, most studies show that eicosanoids, with the exception of LX, promote the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and favor metastasis. This review summarizes the synthesis of different eicosanoids in the liver and discusses key findings from basic research linking eicosanoids to liver repair, regeneration and cancer and the impact of targeting eicosanoid cascade. In addition, studies in patients are presented that explore the potential use of eicosanoids as biomarkers and show correlations between eicosanoid production and the course and prognosis of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Luján Alvarez
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570 (S2002LRL), Rosario, Argentina; Área Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Suipacha 570 (S2002LRL), Rosario, Argentina; Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud (CAECIHS) Sede Regional Rosario, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Av. Pellegrini 1618 (S2000BUG), Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Florencia Lorenzetti
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570 (S2002LRL), Rosario, Argentina
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5
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Naruse M, Fountain WA, Claiborne A, Chambers TL, Jones AM, Stroh AM, Montenegro CF, Lynch CE, Minchev K, Trappe S, Trappe TA. Influence of low-dose aspirin, resistance exercise, and sex on human skeletal muscle PGE 2 /COX pathway activity. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14790. [PMID: 33661544 PMCID: PMC7931802 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) E2 has been linked to increased inflammation and attenuated resistance exercise adaptations in skeletal muscle. Nonaspirin cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors have been shown to reduce these effects. This study examined the effect of low-dose aspirin on skeletal muscle COX production of PGE2 at rest and following resistance exercise. Skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis) biopsies were taken from six individuals (4 M/2 W) before and 3.5 hr after a single bout of resistance exercise for ex vivo PGE2 production under control and low (10 μM)- or standard (100 μM)-dose aspirin conditions. Sex-specific effects of aspirin were also examined by combining the current findings with our previous similar ex vivo skeletal muscle investigations (n = 20, 10 M/10 W). Low-dose aspirin inhibited skeletal muscle PGE2 production (p < 0.05). This inhibition was similar to standard-dose aspirin (p > 0.05) and was not influenced by resistance exercise (p > 0.05) (overall effect: -18 ± 5%). Men and women had similar uninhibited skeletal muscle PGE2 production at rest (men: 1.97 ± 0.33, women: 1.96 ± 0.29 pg/mg wet weight/min; p > 0.05). However, skeletal muscle of men was 60% more sensitive to aspirin inhibition than women (p < 0.05). In summary, the current findings 1) confirm low-dose aspirin inhibits the PGE2 /COX pathway in human skeletal muscle, 2) show that resistance exercise does not alter aspirin inhibitory efficacy, and 3) suggest the skeletal muscle of men and women could respond differently to long-term consumption of low-dose aspirin, one of the most common chronically consumed drugs in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex Claiborne
- Human Performance LaboratoryBall State UniversityMuncieINUSA
| | | | - Andrew M. Jones
- Human Performance LaboratoryBall State UniversityMuncieINUSA
| | - Andrew M. Stroh
- Human Performance LaboratoryBall State UniversityMuncieINUSA
| | | | | | - Kiril Minchev
- Human Performance LaboratoryBall State UniversityMuncieINUSA
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance LaboratoryBall State UniversityMuncieINUSA
| | - Todd A. Trappe
- Human Performance LaboratoryBall State UniversityMuncieINUSA
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Li M, Haixia Y, Kang M, An P, Wu X, Dang H, Xu X. The Arachidonic Acid Metabolism Mechanism Based on UPLC-MS/MS Metabolomics in Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:652807. [PMID: 33868179 PMCID: PMC8050334 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.652807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) remains a critical and challenging problem in reproduction. To discover novel biomarkers for RSA, ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) metabolomics approach was applied to detect RSA serum metabolic profiles and explore its possible pathogenesis and mechanism. The abortion rat model was established, and a metabolomics analysis was performed to evaluate the differentially expressed metabolites between the control and model groups. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), qRT-PCR, and Western blot further examined the expression of Arachidonic acid metabolism-related genes in uterus tissues. To identify arachidonic acid metabolism-related changes in RSA, ELISA's potential mechanisms were further confirmed in serum. Ninety-one metabolites were significantly different between the two groups, as indicated by a VIP ≥1, fold change ≥1. The metabolic pathways involving arachidonic acid metabolism pathway (P = 0.00044) are related to RSA. Verification by experimental showed that compared with the control rats, the expression of the COX-1, COX-2, PTGFR, and TBXA2R genes associated with the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway has significantly increased the uterus and serum of RSA rats (P < 0.05). Regulation of the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway might serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for relieving RSA women's symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihe Li
- Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Haixia
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Minchao Kang
- Health Science Center of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Peng An
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xili Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Huimin Dang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Huimin Dang, ; Xin Xu,
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Gynaecology, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Huimin Dang, ; Xin Xu,
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7
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Morisset J. Life with the pancreas: A personal experience. Adv Med Sci 2020; 65:46-64. [PMID: 31901477 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review article has primary objective to summarize pancreatic research which has been done in our laboratory since 1965, the first year of the author's registration in the Ph.D. program at the University of Sherbrooke (Canada). It covers the following major topics of pancreatic physiology: controls of pancreatic adaptation to diet, control of pancreatic enzyme secretion, control of pancreatic enzyme synthesis, control of pancreatic growth, intracellular events stimulated during pancreatic growth, pancreas regeneration after pancreatitis and pancreatectomy, the pancreatic cholecystokinin receptor types 1 and 2, growth control and cell signaling in pancreatic cancer cells and finally, cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Morisset
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
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Skowronska A, Tanski D, Jaskiewicz L, Skowronski MT. Modulation by steroid hormones and other factors on the expression of aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-5. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2019; 112:209-242. [PMID: 32061342 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Skowronska
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - D Tanski
- Department of Anatomy and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - L Jaskiewicz
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - M T Skowronski
- Veterinary Center, University of Nicolaus Copernicus, Torun, Poland
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9
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Krutetskaya ZI, Milenina LS, Naumova AA, Butov SN, Antonov VG, Nozdrachev AD. Phospholipase A 2 Inhibitors Modulate the Effect of Trifluoperazine on the Intracellular Ca 2+ Concentration in Macrophages. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2018. [PMID: 29536308 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672918010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Using Fura-2AM microfluorimetry, it was shown for the first time that phospholipase A2 inhibitors 4-bromophenacyl bromide and glucocorticosteroids prednisolone and dexamethasone attenuate Ca2+ responses induced by neuroleptic trifluoperazine in macrophages. The results suggest the involvement of phospholipase A2 and arachidonic acid metabolism cascade in the effect of trifluoperazine on intracellular Ca2+ concentration in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z I Krutetskaya
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - L S Milenina
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - A A Naumova
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - S N Butov
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - V G Antonov
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - A D Nozdrachev
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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Khan MF, Nahar N, Rashid RB, Chowdhury A, Rashid MA. Computational investigations of physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, toxicological properties and molecular docking of betulinic acid, a constituent of Corypha taliera (Roxb.) with Phospholipase A2 (PLA2). BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:48. [PMID: 29391000 PMCID: PMC5795847 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betulinic acid (BA) is a natural triterpenoid compound and exhibits a wide range of biological and medicinal properties including anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, this theoretical investigation is performed to evaluate (a) physicochemical properties such as acid dissociation constant (pKa), distribution coefficient (logD), partition coefficient (logP), aqueous solubility (logS), solvation free energy, dipole moment, polarizability, hyperpolarizability and different reactivity descriptors, (b) pharmacokinetic properties like human intestinal absorption (HIA), cellular permeability, skin permeability (PSkin), plasma protein binding (PPB), penetration of the blood brain barrier (BBB), (c) toxicological properties including mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, risk of inhibition of hERG gene and (d) molecular mechanism of anti-inflammatory action which will aid the development of analytical method and the synthesis of BA derivatives. METHODS The physicochemical properties were calculated using MarvinSketch 15.6.29 and Gaussian 09 software package. The pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties were calculated on online server PreADMET. Further, the molecular docking study was conducted on AutoDock vina in PyRx 0.8. RESULTS The aqueous solubility increased with increasing pH due to the ionization of BA leading to decrease in distribution coefficient. The solvation energies in water, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetonitrile, n-octanol, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride were - 41.74 kJ/mol, - 53.80 kJ/mol, - 66.27 kJ/mol, - 69.64 kJ/mol, - 65.96 kJ/mol and - 60.13 kJ/mol, respectively. From the results of polarizability and softness, it was clear that BA is less stable and hence, kinetically more reactive in water. BA demonstrated good human intestinal absorption (HIA) and moderate cellular permeability. Further, BA also exhibited positive CNS activity due to high permeability through BBB. The toxicological study revealed that BA was a mutagenic compound but noncarcinogenic in mice model. Moreover, molecular docking study of BA with PLA2 revealed that BA interacts with GLY22 & GLY29 through hydrogen bond formation and LEU2, PHE5, HIS6, ALA17, ALA18, HIS47 and TYR51 through different types of hydrophobic interactions. The binding affinity of BA was - 41.00 kJ/mol which is comparable to the binding affinity of potent inhibitor 6-Phenyl-4(R)-(7-Phenyl-heptanoylamino)-hexanoic acid (BR4) (- 33.89 kJ/mol). CONCLUSIONS Our computed properties may assist the development of analytical method to assay BA or to develop BA derivatives with better pharmacokinetic and toxicological profile.
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Sorgi CA, Zarini S, Martin SA, Sanchez RL, Scandiuzzi RF, Gijón MA, Guijas C, Flamand N, Murphy RC, Faccioli LH. Dormant 5-lipoxygenase in inflammatory macrophages is triggered by exogenous arachidonic acid. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10981. [PMID: 28887514 PMCID: PMC5591212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of resident tissue macrophages from embryonic precursors and that of inflammatory macrophages from bone marrow cells leads to macrophage heterogeneity. Further plasticity is displayed through their ability to be polarized as subtypes M1 and M2 in a cell culture microenvironment. However, the detailed regulation of eicosanoid production and its involvement in macrophage biology remains unclear. Using a lipidomics approach, we demonstrated that eicosanoid production profiles between bone marrow-derived (BMDM) and peritoneal macrophages differed drastically. In polarized BMDMs, M1 and M2 phenotypes were distinguished by thromboxane B2, prostaglandin (PG) E2, and PGD2 production, in addition to lysophospholipid acyltransferase activity. Although Alox5 expression and the presence of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) protein in BMDMs was observed, the absence of leukotrienes production reflected an impairment in 5-LO activity, which could be triggered by addition of exogenous arachidonic acid (AA). The BMDM 5-LO regulatory mechanism was not responsive to PGE2/cAMP pathway modulation; however, treatment to reduce glutathione peroxidase activity increased 5-LO metabolite production after AA stimulation. Understanding the relationship between the eicosanoids pathway and macrophage biology may offer novel strategies for macrophage-associated disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Sorgi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Simona Zarini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Sarah A Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Raphael L Sanchez
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F Scandiuzzi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Miguel A Gijón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Carlos Guijas
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, G1V 4G5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Lucia H Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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12
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Al Asmari AK, Al Sadoon KT, Obaid AA, Yesunayagam D, Tariq M. Protective effect of quinacrine against glycerol-induced acute kidney injury in rats. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:41. [PMID: 28129740 PMCID: PMC5273840 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious clinical problem with high rate of mortality and morbidity. Currently used prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to address AKI are limited and warrant further studies. In the present study an attempt was made to investigate the effect of quinacrine, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor against glycerol induced AKI in rats. METHODS Adult female Wistar rats were divided in to five groups. After 24 h of water deprivation rats in groups 3, 4 and 5 received an intraperitoneal injection of quinacrine (3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg of body weight respectively). Thirty minutes after the first injection of quinacrine animals in groups 3, 4 and 5 received an intramuscular injection of 25% glycerol (10 ml/kg of body weight). The animals in group 2 received 25% glycerol (10 ml/kg of body weight) only whereas rats in group 1 served as control . The quinacrine administration was continued once daily for three days, on the fourth day animals were sacrificed, blood and kidney were collected for various biochemical and histopathological studies. RESULTS Glycerol treatment produced significant renal structural abnormalities and functional impairment (increased urea and creatinine). Increase in myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) clearly suggested the involvement of oxidative stress and neutrophilic activity following glycerol administration. Quinacrine dose dependently attenuated glycerol induced structural and functional changes in kidney. CONCLUSION The reversal of glycerol induced AKI by quinacrine points towards a role of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in the pathogenesis of renal injury. The result of this study suggests that quinacrine may offer an alternative mode of treatment for AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ali Ahmed Obaid
- Department of Urology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Tariq
- Scientific Research Centre, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A. Kniss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laboratory of Perinatal Research, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, Ohio
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14
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Wang H, Klein MG, Snell G, Lane W, Zou H, Levin I, Li K, Sang BC. Structure of Human GIVD Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Reveals Insights into Substrate Recognition. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:2769-79. [PMID: 27220631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipases A2 (cPLA2s) consist of a family of calcium-sensitive enzymes that function to generate lipid second messengers through hydrolysis of membrane-associated glycerophospholipids. The GIVD cPLA2 (cPLA2δ) is a potential drug target for developing a selective therapeutic agent for the treatment of psoriasis. Here, we present two X-ray structures of human cPLA2δ, capturing an apo state, and in complex with a substrate-like inhibitor. Comparison of the apo and inhibitor-bound structures reveals conformational changes in a flexible cap that allows the substrate to access the relatively buried active site, providing new insight into the mechanism for substrate recognition. The cPLA2δ structure reveals an unexpected second C2 domain that was previously unrecognized from sequence alignments, placing cPLA2δ into the class of membrane-associated proteins that contain a tandem pair of C2 domains. Furthermore, our structures elucidate novel inter-domain interactions and define three potential calcium-binding sites that are likely important for regulation and activation of enzymatic activity. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms governing cPLA2's function in signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Michael G Klein
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Gyorgy Snell
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Weston Lane
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Hua Zou
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Irena Levin
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Krutetskaya ZI, Milenina LS, Naumova AA, Antonov VG, Nozdrachev AD. Phospholipase A2 inhibitors modulate the effects of glutoxim and molixan on the intracellular Ca2+ level in macrophages. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2016; 465:374-6. [DOI: 10.1134/s1607672915060083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Mateu A, Ramudo L, Manso M, De Dios I. Cross-talk between TLR4 and PPARγ pathways in the arachidonic acid-induced inflammatory response in pancreatic acini. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 69:132-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Wu W, Yan J, Ji X, Zhang X, Shang J, Sun L, Ren L, Huang H. Lipid characterization of an arachidonic acid-rich oil producing fungus Mortierella alpina. Chin J Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Ben-David G, Miller E, Steinhauer J. Drosophila spermatid individualization is sensitive to temperature and fatty acid metabolism. SPERMATOGENESIS 2015; 5:e1006089. [PMID: 26413411 PMCID: PMC4581069 DOI: 10.1080/21565562.2015.1006089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are precursors of potent lipid signaling molecules. They are stored in membrane phospholipids and released by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Lysophospholipid acyltransferases (ATs) oppose PLA2 by re-esterifying fatty acids into phospholipids, in a biochemical pathway known as the Lands Cycle. Drosophila Lands Cycle ATs oys and nes, as well as 7 predicted PLA2 genes, are expressed in the male reproductive tract. Oys and Nes are required for spermatid individualization. Individualization, which occurs after terminal differentiation, invests each spermatid in its own plasma membrane and removes the bulk of the cytoplasmic contents. We developed a quantitative assay to measure individualization defects. We demonstrate that individualization is sensitive to temperature and age but not to diet. Mutation of the cyclooxygenase Pxt, which metabolizes fatty acids to prostaglandins, also leads to individualization defects. In contrast, modulating phospholipid levels by mutation of the phosphatidylcholine lipase Swiss cheese (Sws) or the ethanolamine kinase Easily shocked (Eas) does not perturb individualization, nor does Sws overexpression. Our results suggest that fatty acid derived signals such as prostaglandins, whose abundance is regulated by the Lands Cycle, are important regulators of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eli Miller
- Department of Biology; Yeshiva University ; New York, NY USA
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Grandits M, Oostenbrink C. Selectivity of cytosolic phospholipase A2 type IV toward arachidonyl phospholipids. J Mol Recognit 2015; 28:447-57. [PMID: 25703463 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2 ) is an interesting protein involved in inflammatory processes and various diseases. Its catalytic mechanism as well as its substrate specificity for arachidonyl phospholipids is not typical for other phospolipases. Furthermore, a lid structure, which ensures a hydrophilic surface of the protein without any substrate bound and the movement of this flexible loop to make the hydrophobic active site accessible, is of high interest. Therefore, the focus of this work was to determine the binding mode of cPLA2 with various substrates, such as arachidonic acid, a synthetic inhibitor, a saturated phospholipid, and most importantly an arachidonyl phospholipid. To understand the selectivity of the protein toward the arachidonyl phospholipid and the interaction in a protein-ligand complex, molecular dynamics simulations were performed using the GROMOS suite of simulation programs. The simulations provide insight into the protein and showed that selective binding of arachidonyl phospholipids is because of the shape of the sn-2 tail. The amino acids Asn555 and Ala578 are involved in the strongest interactions observed in the protein-ligand complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Grandits
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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Skowronska A, Młotkowska P, Wojciechowicz B, Okrasa S, Nielsen S, Skowronski MT. Progesterone, estradiol, arachidonic acid, oxytocin, forskolin and cAMP influence on aquaporin 1 and 5 expression in porcine uterine explants during the mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle and luteolysis: an in vitro study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:7. [PMID: 25884220 PMCID: PMC4341226 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cell membrane water channel protein, aquaporins (AQPs), regulate cellular water transport and cell volume and play a key role in water homeostasis. Recently, AQPs are considered as important players in the field of reproduction. In previous studies, we have established the presence of AQP1 and 5 in porcine uterus. Their expression at protein level altered in distinct tissues of the female reproductive system depending on the phase of the estrous cycle. However, the regulation of aquaporin genes and proteins expression has not been examined in porcine uterine tissue. Therefore, we have designed an in vitro experiment to explain whether steroid hormones, progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2), and other factors: oxytocine (OT), arachidonic acid (AA; substrate for prostaglandins synthesis) as well as forskolin (FSK; adenylate cyclase activator) and cAMP (second messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate) may impact AQPs expression. METHODS Uterine tissues were collected on Days 10-12 and 14-16 of the estrous cycle representing the mid-luteal phase and luteolysis. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to examine the expression of porcine AQP1 and AQP5. Their expression in the uterine explants was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The results indicated that uterine expression of AQP1 and AQP5 potentially remains under control of steroid hormones and AA-derived compounds (e.g. prostaglandins). P4, E2, AA, FSK and cAMP cause translocation of AQP5 from apical to the basolateral plasma membrane of the epithelial cells, which might affect the transcellular water movement (through epithelial cells) between uterine lumen and blood vessels. The AC/cAMP pathway is involved in the intracellular signals transduction connected with the regulation of AQPs expression in the pig uterus. CONCLUSIONS This study documented specific patterns of AQP1 and AQP5 expression in response to P4, E2, AA, FSK and cAMP, thereby providing new indirect evidence of their role in maintaining the local fluid balance within the uterus during the mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle and luteolysis in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Skowronska
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Młotkowska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Wojciechowicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Okrasa
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Soren Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Mariusz T Skowronski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
- Institute of Veterinary, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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Cytotoxicity evaluation of biodegradable Zn-3Mg alloy toward normal human osteoblast cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 49:560-566. [PMID: 25686984 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent proposal of using Zn-based alloys for biodegradable implants was not supported with sufficient toxicity data. This work, for the first time, presents a thorough cytotoxicity evaluation of Zn-3Mg alloy for biodegradable bone implants. Normal human osteoblast cells were exposed to the alloy's extract and three main cell-material interaction parameters: cell health, functionality and inflammatory response, were evaluated. Results showed that at the concentration of 0.75mg/ml alloy extract, cell viability was reduced by ~50% through an induction of apoptosis at day 1; however, cells were able to recover at days 3 and 7. Cytoskeletal changes were observed but without any significant DNA damage. The downregulation of alkaline phosphatase protein levels did not significantly affect the mineralization process of the cells. Significant differences of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 inflammatory biomarkers were noticed, but not interleukin 1-beta, indicating that the cells underwent a healing process after exposure to the alloy. Detailed analysis on the cell-material interaction is further discussed in this paper.
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Ando K, Kondo F, Yamaguchi N, Tachi M, Fukayama M, Yoshikawa K, Gosho M, Fujiwara Y, Okada S. Centrally administered isoproterenol induces sympathetic outflow via brain prostaglandin E2-mediated mechanisms in rats. Auton Neurosci 2014; 189:1-7. [PMID: 25549851 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Brain β-adrenoceptor stimulation can induce elevations of plasma levels of noradrenaline. However, there have been no detailed studies related to signaling pathways downstream of β-adrenoceptors responsible for central sympathetic outflow. In the present study, we pharmacologically examined the possibility that centrally administered isoproterenol can induce elevations of plasma noradrenaline levels in a brain prostaglandin-dependent manner. In addition, we also examined whether or not intracerebroventricular administration of isoproterenol could release endogenously synthesized prostaglandin (PG) E2 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) by using the brain microdialysis technique combined with liquid chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ITMS(n)). Under urethane anesthesia, a femoral venous line was inserted for infusion of saline and a femoral arterial line was inserted for collecting blood samples. Next, animals were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus for application of test agents. Catecholamines in the plasma were extracted by alumina absorption and were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Quantification of PGE2 in rat PVN microdialysates was performed by the LC-ITMS(n) method. We demonstrated that centrally administered isoproterenol-induced elevations of plasma noradrenaline could be mediated via activation of β-adrenoceptors and the downstream phospholipase A2-cyclooxygenase pathway. Furthermore, PGE2 in the PVN and the PGE2 receptor EP3 subtype appear to play an important role in the process. Our results suggest that central isoproterenol-induced sympathetic outflow is mediated via brain PGE2 in a PGE2 receptor EP3 subtype-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Ando
- Department of Anesthesiology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fumio Kondo
- Department of Pharmacology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoko Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tachi
- Department of Pharmacology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Minoru Fukayama
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshikawa
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiko Gosho
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fujiwara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shoshiro Okada
- Department of Pharmacology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan.
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Dakin SG, Dudhia J, Smith RKW. Resolving an inflammatory concept: the importance of inflammation and resolution in tendinopathy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 158:121-7. [PMID: 24556326 PMCID: PMC3991845 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in equine athletes, but the healing response is poorly understood. One important drive for the healing of connective tissues is the inflammatory cascade, but the role of inflammation in tendinopathy has been contentious in the literature. This article reviews the processes involved in the healing of tendon injuries in natural disease and experimental models. The importance of inflammatory processes known to be active in tendon disease is discussed with particular focus on recent findings related specifically to the horse. Whilst inflammation is necessary for debridement after injury, persistent inflammation is thought to drive fibrosis, a perceived adverse consequence of tendon healing. Therefore the ability to resolve inflammation by the resident cell populations in tendons at an appropriate time would be crucial for successful outcome. This review summarises new evidence for the importance of resolution of inflammation after tendon injury. Given that many anti-inflammatory drugs suppress both inflammatory and resolving components of the inflammatory response, prolonged use of these drugs may be contraindicated as a therapeutic approach. We propose that these findings have profound implications not only for current treatment strategies but also for the possibility of developing novel therapeutic approaches involving modulation of the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie G Dakin
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Jayesh Dudhia
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Roger K W Smith
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
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25
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Sanford SD, Yun BG, Leslie CC, Murphy RC, Pfenninger KH. Group IVA phospholipase A₂ is necessary for growth cone repulsion and collapse. J Neurochem 2012; 120:974-84. [PMID: 22220903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The repellent semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) causes growth cone turning or collapse by triggering cytoskeletal rearrangements and detachment of adhesion sites. Growth cone detachment is dependent on eicosanoid activation of protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε), but the characterization of the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2) ) that releases arachidonic acid (AA) for eicosanoid synthesis has remained elusive. Here, we show, in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, that Sema3A stimulates PLA(2) activity, that Sema3A-induced growth cone turning and collapse are dependent on the release of AA, and that the primary PLA(2) involved is the group IV α isoform (GIVA). Silencing GIVA expression renders growth cones resistant to Sema3A-induced collapse, and GIVA inhibition reverses Sema3A-induced repulsion into attraction. These studies identify a novel, early step in Sema3A-signaling and a PLA(2) necessary for growth cone repulsion and collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci D Sanford
- Department of Pediatrics, Neuroscience Program, and Colorado Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Potential Therapeutic Targets for Cerebral Resuscitation After Global Ischemia. Transl Stroke Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Attempts to characterize, quantify, and/or modulate the activity of the secreted phospholipase A(2) family of enzymes result from the diversity of physiological roles for which these enzymes have been implicated. The 1-palmitoyl-2-(10-pyrenedecanoyl)-phosphatidylglycerol (pyrenePG)-based fluorometric assay is a sensitive and readily adaptable method for further elucidating phospholipase function under various experimental conditions, as well as a tool for screening chemical libraries for potent inhibitors of this enzymatic activity. This assay is based on the observed difference in fluorescent emission of pyrene aggregated in vesicles compared to sequestered in monomeric form by binding to bovine serum albumin after lipolytic activity, thus allowing direct quantification of hydrolyzed fatty acids by the measurement of the corresponding monomeric emission intensity. The assay can be carried out in multiwell plates for high-throughput screening of compound libraries.
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Dynamics of arachidonic acid mobilization by inflammatory cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:249-56. [PMID: 22155285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of mass spectrometry-based techniques is opening new insights into the understanding of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. AA incorporation, remodeling and release are collectively controlled by acyltransferases, phospholipases and transacylases that exquisitely regulate the distribution of AA between the different glycerophospholipid species and its mobilization during cellular stimulation. Traditionally, studies involving phospholipid AA metabolism were conducted by using radioactive precursors and scintillation counting from thin layer chromatography separations that provided only information about lipid classes. Today, the input of lipidomic approaches offers the possibility of characterizing and quantifying specific molecular species with great accuracy and within a biological context associated to protein and/or gene expression in a temporal frame. This review summarizes recent results applying mass spectrometry-based lipidomic approaches to the identification of AA-containing glycerophospholipids, phospholipid AA remodeling and synthesis of oxygenated metabolites.
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Zhang J, Gu HD, Zhang L, Tian ZJ, Zhang ZQ, Shi XC, Ma WH. Protective effects of apricot kernel oil on myocardium against ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3136-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Guéraud F, Atalay M, Bresgen N, Cipak A, Eckl PM, Huc L, Jouanin I, Siems W, Uchida K. Chemistry and biochemistry of lipid peroxidation products. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:1098-124. [PMID: 20836659 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.498477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and resulting lipid peroxidation is involved in various and numerous pathological states including inflammation, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. This review is focused on recent advances concerning the formation, metabolism and reactivity towards macromolecules of lipid peroxidation breakdown products, some of which being considered as 'second messengers' of oxidative stress. This review relates also new advances regarding apoptosis induction, survival/proliferation processes and autophagy regulated by 4-hydroxynonenal, a major product of omega-6 fatty acid peroxidation, in relationship with detoxication mechanisms. The use of these lipid peroxidation products as oxidative stress/lipid peroxidation biomarkers is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guéraud
- UMR1089 Xénobiotiques, INRA, Toulouse, France.
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Abstract
The last 10 years have seen a significant expansion in the scope of attempts to manipulate the growth of animals (Buttery, Lindsay and Haynes, 1986). The expansion of interest has been driven by a number of factors, both economic and theoretical. At the economic level the need to develop energetically and economically efficient strategies of animal production has been coupled with a renewed awareness of the implications for human health of excessive intakes of saturated fats. Emphasis then has switched from the maximization of weight gain as an end in itself towards a need to promote protein deposition at any given intake and, at the same time, to reduce the fat content of meat and meat products. These twin objectives might be achieved by one of three strategies: the promotion of protein deposition alone, because at any given rate of weight gain this will tend to minimize the rate of fat deposition (the so-called repartitioning effect); the reduction of fat gain (an approach that has received particularly close attention by those concerned primarily with human obesity); or ideally the simultaneous promotion of protein accretion and depression of that of fat.
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Leopoldini M, Russo N, Toscano M. Favored Reaction Mechanism of Calcium-Dependent Phospholipase A2. Insights from Density Functional Exploration. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:11584-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1003819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Leopoldini
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Calcolo ad Alte Prestazioni per Elaborazioni Parallele e Distribuite-Centro d’Eccellenza MIUR, Università della Calabria, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Calcolo ad Alte Prestazioni per Elaborazioni Parallele e Distribuite-Centro d’Eccellenza MIUR, Università della Calabria, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Marirosa Toscano
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Calcolo ad Alte Prestazioni per Elaborazioni Parallele e Distribuite-Centro d’Eccellenza MIUR, Università della Calabria, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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Guo C, Li J, Myatt L, Zhu X, Sun K. Induction of Galphas contributes to the paradoxical stimulation of cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha expression by cortisol in human amnion fibroblasts. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:1052-61. [PMID: 20203101 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A (cPLA(2alpha)) catalyzes the formation of arachidonic acid in prostaglandin synthesis. In contrast to the well-described down-regulation of cPLA(2alpha), up-regulation of cPLA(2alpha) by glucocorticoids has been reported in human amnion fibroblasts, which may play a key role in parturition. The mechanisms underlying this paradoxical induction of cPLA(2alpha) by glucocorticoids remain largely unknown. Using cultured human amnion fibroblasts, we found that the induction of cPLA(2alpha) by cortisol required ongoing transcription and synthesis of at least one other protein. The induction of cPLA(2alpha) by cortisol was abolished by mutagenesis of a glucocorticoid response element (GRE) in the promoter. The same GRE was found mediating the classical inhibition of cPLA(2alpha) expression by cortisol in human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1). Cortisol increased Galpha(s) expression in amnion fibroblasts but not in HFL-1 cells. Inhibition of Galpha(s) with NF449 attenuated the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein-1 (CREB-1) and the induction of cPLA(2alpha) by cortisol in amnion fibroblasts. Both glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and CREB-1 were found bound to the GRE upon cortisol stimulation of amnion fibroblasts. The induction of cPLA(2alpha) by cortisol was blocked by GR antagonist RU486 or protein kinase A inhibitor H89 or dominant-negative CREB-1. In conclusion, cortisol activates the cAMP/protein kinase A/CREB-1 pathway via Galpha(s) induction, and the phosphorylated CREB-1 interacts with GR at the GRE to promote cPLA(2alpha) expression in amnion fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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Ompraba G, Velmurugan D, Louis PA, Rafi ZA. Molecular Modeling of the Additional Inhibitor Site Located in Secretory Phospholipase A2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2010; 27:489-500. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2010.10507333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pérez-Chacón G, Astudillo AM, Balgoma D, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. Control of free arachidonic acid levels by phospholipases A2 and lysophospholipid acyltransferases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:1103-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Neurotransmitter transporters are membrane proteins that serve as key regulators of extracellular neurotransmitter concentrations and have been long viewed as important targets for drug development by the pharmaceutical industry. Although many cellular signaling systems are known to modulate transport activity, much less is known about how transporters communicate with and are regulated by the various components of the lipid sea in which they reside. Variations in lipid content clearly affect the activity of a variety of transport systems, and with advances in techniques for lipid analysis and a clearer vision of carrier structure, this area of research appears poised for major advances.
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Vecino AM, Cesar JM, Navarro JL. Phospholipase A2 activity in platelets of patients with primary thrombocythemia. Platelets 2009; 17:332-5. [PMID: 16928606 DOI: 10.1080/09537100600746599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with primary thrombocythemia (PT) have both, bleeding and thrombotic events. Although platelet aggregation tests are usually abnormal, synthesis of thromboxane B2 (TxB2) by platelets is increased. This feature could be the consequence of an increased phospholipase activity or a facilitated metabolism of arachidonate by prostaglandin synthetase pathway. We studied the activity of phospholipase A2 as well the arachidonate metabolism in platelets of patients suffering from PT. Eleven patients and 11 controls were included. Platelets were labelled with [14C]arachidonic acid ([14C]AA). Lost of radioactivity from phospholipids and new radioactive prostanoids were evaluated in calcium ionophore A23187 activated platelets, to explore phospholipase A2 activity. This assay was also carried out in aspirin-incubated platelets. We also studied the formation of prostanoids in platelets activated by radioactive free arachidonic acid. Platelet aggregation studies of patients were abnormal. [14C]AA incorporation in platelet phospholipids was normal. Ionophore activated platelets from patients and controls lost 26.1 +/- 8.3% and 24.1 +/- 10.5% of radioactivity, respectively, mainly from phosphatidylcholine. The main arachidonate metabolite was 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), which comprised 14.1 +/- 5.1% of the radioactivity released from phospholipids in patients, and a similar amount in the controls (14.4 +/- 7.5%). Formation of TxB2 was also similar in patients (5.5 +/- 1.2%) and controls (4.9 +/- 2.9%). Formation of 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) was also normal. Ionophore A23187 activation of aspirinized platelets of patients released 19.5 +/- 7.4% of radioactivity from phospholipids, which was completely metabolized to HETE. Formation of prostanoids HETE, HHT and TxB2 by arachidonic acid activated platelets of patients was normal. Phospholipase A2 activity as well both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities in platelets of patients with PT were found to be normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Vecino
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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Midzak AS, Chen H, Papadopoulos V, Zirkin BR. Leydig cell aging and the mechanisms of reduced testosterone synthesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 299:23-31. [PMID: 18761053 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In males, serum testosterone levels decline with advancing age. Though part of a complex process, this age-related decline in testosterone appears to occur, in part, due to a significant decline in the ability of aged Leydig cells to produce testosterone maximally in response to luteinizing hormone (LH). The structure of the molecular machinery responsible for the synthesis of testosterone is described, and placed in the context of Leydig cell biology. Multiple parameters related to the synthesis of testosterone by the Leydig cell have been observed to change with age. Relationships among these changes are reviewed. A discussion of potential causes of the age-related decline in Leydig cell steroidogenic capacity presents a model in which the inability of aged cells to adequately respond to hormonal stimulation results in cellular regression with concomitant decline in maximal testosterone output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Midzak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Reproductive Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
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Ren Y, D'Ambrosio MA, Garvin JL, Wang H, Carretero OA. Possible mediators of connecting tubule glomerular feedback. Hypertension 2008; 53:319-23. [PMID: 19047578 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.124545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the renal cortex, the connecting tubule (CNT) returns to the glomerular hilum and contacts the afferent arteriole (Af-Art). Increasing Na delivery to the CNT dilates the Af-Art by activating epithelial Na channels, a process that we call connecting tubule glomerular feedback (CTGF). However, the mediator(s) of CTGF are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that Na reabsorption by the CNT induces release of arachidonic acid metabolites that diffuse to and dilate the Af-Art. Microdissected rabbit Af-Arts and adherent CNTs were simultaneously microperfused. CTGF was measured as the increase in diameter of norepinephrine-preconstricted Af-Arts in response to switching NaCl concentration in the lumen of the CNT from 10 to 80 mmol/L. Under control conditions, CTGF was repeatable and completely reversed norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction. In the presence of 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, an inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism, CTGF was completely blocked (-0.7+/-0.3 versus 7.3+/-0.5 microm), suggesting that arachidonic acid metabolites mediate CTGF. Because both cyclooxygenase-derived prostaglandins and epoxygenase-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids are known vasodilatory arachidonic acid metabolites, we tested whether indomethacin or MS-PPOH (a cyclooxygenase and an epoxygenase inhibitor) could block CTGF. Both indomethacin and MS-PPOH partially blocked CTGF (2.3+/-0.8 versus 6.5+/-0.5 microm, and 2.9+/-0.8 versus 6.6+/-1.1 microm, respectively). When combined, they completely blocked CTGF (-0.4+/-0.3 versus 6.6+/-1.1 microm). We confirmed these findings by using the epoxyeicosatrienoic acid antagonist 14,15-EEZE. The combination of indomethacin plus 14,15-EEZE completely abolished CTGF (-0.3+/-0.2 versus 8.0+/-1.0 microm). We conclude that increasing Na concentrations in the CNT stimulate release of prostaglandins and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, which mediate CTGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiLin Ren
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Deliconstantinos G. Effects of prostaglandin E2 and progesterone on rat brain synaptosomal plasma membranes. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 153:190-9; discussion 199-205. [PMID: 1963398 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513989.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The lipid fluidity of rat brain synaptosomal plasma membranes (SPM) labelled with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) was increased by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and decreased by progesterone, as indicated by steady-state fluorescence anisotropy [(ro/r)-1]-1. Arrhenius-type plots of [(ro/r)-1]-1 indicated a lipid phase separation of SPM at approximately 23.5 degrees C which was reduced to approximately 18.1 degrees C by PGE2 and increased to approximately 34.6 degrees C by progesterone. Treatment of SPM by PGE2 and progesterone caused an increase of the lipid phase separation to approximately 32.4 degrees C. Arrhenius plots of Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity in control SPM exhibited a break point at approximately 23.1 degrees C which was reduced to approximately 17.8 degrees C by PGE2 and increased to approximately 32.6 degrees C by progesterone. SPM treated with PGE2 plus progesterone showed an increased break point at approximately 29.3 degrees C. Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity was increased at a PGE2 concentration range between 0.1 and 3 microM; higher concentrations (up to 10 microM) led to a gradual inhibition of enzyme activity. Progesterone (0.1-10 microM) and PGE2 plus progesterone both produced a gradual decrease in enzyme activity. The allosteric inhibition of Na+/K(+)-ATPase by fluoride (F-) (as reflected by changes in the Hill coefficient) was modulated by PGE2 and progesterone. The perturbations of membrane lipid structure and changes in membrane fluidity provide a basis for suggesting an independent non-genomic mechanism for the progesterone-induced alterations in the effects of PGE2 on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Deliconstantinos
- Department of Experimental Physiology, University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
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Guo C, Yang Z, Li W, Zhu P, Myatt L, Sun K. Paradox of glucocorticoid-induced cytosolic phospholipase A2 group IVA messenger RNA expression involves glucocorticoid receptor binding to the promoter in human amnion fibroblasts. Biol Reprod 2007; 78:193-7. [PMID: 17901074 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.063990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are well-known anti-inflammatory drugs inhibiting prostaglandin production. Paradoxically, GCs are reported to stimulate cytosolic phosphoplipase A2 group IVA (PLA2G4A) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) expression in human amnion fibroblasts. This study was designed to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying glucocorticoid-induced PLA2G4A expression in human amnion fibroblasts. Our data showed that cortisol (0.01 approximately 1 microM) increased PLA2G4A mRNA level in a dose-dependent manner in human amnion fibroblasts, which was blocked by glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 (1 microM) as well as by the mRNA transcription inhibitor 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole riboside (DRB; 75 microM). Concurrently, cortisol (0.01 approximately 1 microM) decreased rather than increased proinflammatory cytokine mRNA levels, including interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), interleukin 6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), in a dose-dependent manner in human amnion fibroblasts. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that glucocorticoid receptor was bound to PLA2G4A promoter in human amnion fibroblasts upon cortisol stimulation. This was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay showing that nuclear protein extracted from human amnion fibroblasts upon cortisol stimulation could bind the synthesized oligonucleotide sequence corresponding to PLA2G4A promoter region from -95 bp to -65 bp bearing the putative glucocorticoid response element. This binding was super shifted by glucocorticoid receptor antibody. In conclusion, we demonstrated in this study that cortisol increased PLA2G4A mRNA level via GR-dependent ongoing transcription in human amnion fibroblasts by activating the binding of GR to PLA2G4A promoter directly, and this effect appeared unlikely to be secondary to the effect of cortisol on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in human amnion fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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Basu S. Novel cyclooxygenase-catalyzed bioactive prostaglandin F2alpha from physiology to new principles in inflammation. Med Res Rev 2007; 27:435-68. [PMID: 17191216 DOI: 10.1002/med.20098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), a foremost stable vasoactive cyclooxygenase (COX)-catalyzed prostaglandin, regulates a number of key physiological functions such as luteolysis, ovarian function, luteal maintenance of pregnancy, and parturition as a constitutive part of ongoing reproductive processes of the body. It has recently been implicated in the regulation of intricate pathophysiological processes, such as acute and chronic inflammation, cardiovascular and rheumatic diseases. Since the discovery of a second isoform of COXs, it has been shown that PGF2alpha can be formed in vivo from arachidonic acid through both isoforms of COXs, namely cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Being synthesized in various parts of the body, it metabolizes instantly to a number of rather inactive metabolites mainly in the lungs, liver, kidney, and efficiently excretes into the urine. 15-Keto-dihydro-PGF2alpha, a major stable metabolite of PGF2alpha that reflects in vivo PGF2alpha biosynthesis, is found in larger quantities than its parent compound in the circulation and urine in basal physiological conditions, with short-lived pulses during luteolysis, induced termination of pregnancy and parturition, and is increased in tissues and various body fluids during acute, sub-chronic, and severe chronic inflammation. Further, the close relationship of PGF2alpha with a number of risk factors for atherosclerosis indicates its major role in inflammation pathology. This review addresses multiple aspects of PGF2alpha in addition to its emerging role in physiology to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Basu
- Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala Science Park, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Shimizu T, Yamaguchi N, Okada S, Lu L, Sasaki T, Yokotani K. Roles of brain phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C and diacylglycerol lipase in centrally administered histamine-induced adrenomedullary outflow in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 571:138-44. [PMID: 17628524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered histamine evokes the secretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline from adrenal medulla by brain cyclooxygenase-1- and thromboxane A2-mediated mechanisms in rats. These results suggest the involvement of brain arachidonic acid cascade in the histamine-induced activation of the central adrenomedullary outflow. Arachidonic acid is released mainly by phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-dependent pathway or phospholipase C (PLC)/diacylglycerol lipase-dependent pathway. In the present study, histamine (27 nmol/animal, i.c.v.) -induced elevation of plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline was dose-dependently reduced by U-73122 (PLC inhibitor) (10 and 100 nmol/animal, i.c.v.), ET-18-OCH3 (phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC inhibitor) (10 and 30 nmol/animal, i.c.v.) and RHC-80267 (diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor) (1.3 and 2.6 micromol/animal, i.c.v.). However, mepacrine (PLA2 inhibitor) (1.1 and 2.2 micromol/animal, i.c.v.) and D609 (phosphatidylcholine-specific PLC inhibitor) (30, 100 and 300 nmol/animal, i.c.v.) had no effect. These results suggest the involvement of brain phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC and diacylglycerol lipase in the centrally administered histamine-induced activation of the adrenomedullary outflow in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
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Yoshida K, Shinohara H, Haneji T, Nagata T. Arachidonic acid inhibits osteoblast differentiation through cytosolic phospholipase A2-dependent pathway. Oral Dis 2007; 13:32-9. [PMID: 17241427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Arachidonic acid, a precursor of prostaglandins (PGs), is released by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and plays an important role in biological reactions. We examined the roles of arachidonic acid on the pathway of PG synthesis and osteoblast differentiation by using clone MC3T3-E1 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of arachidonic acid was evaluated by the measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity, cells shape, production of arachidonic acid and the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX). RESULTS Arachidonic acid dose dependently decreased alkaline phosphatase activity and increased PGE2 production in MC3T3-E1 cells. The cell shape changed from polygonal to fibroblastic following treatment with arachidonic acid. These effects were recovered by the treatment of NS-398 and indomethacin. Arachidonic acid increased the expression of COX-2 mRNA and the PGE2 production. The exogenous arachidonic acid induced the release of cellular arachidonic acid in MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, methylarachidonyl fluorophosphonate suppressed the arachidonic acid release and the expression of COX-2 mRNA. CONCLUSION The present results indicate that exogenous arachidonic acid stimulated the activity of PLA2, leading to the new release of membranous arachidonic acid. The amplified arachidonic acid enhanced PGE2 production by COX-2, which inhibits the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Our results provide a new insight into the molecular mechanisms by which exogenous arachidonic acid plays a role as a paracrine/autocrine amplifier of PGE2 biosynthesis by coupling with PLA2 and COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshida
- Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan.
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Castillo AF, Cornejo Maciel F, Castilla R, Duarte A, Maloberti P, Paz C, Podestá EJ. cAMP increases mitochondrial cholesterol transport through the induction of arachidonic acid release inside this organelle in Leydig cells. FEBS J 2007; 273:5011-21. [PMID: 17087723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the direct effect of arachidonic acid on cholesterol transport in intact cells or isolated mitochondria from steroidogenic cells and the effect of cyclic-AMP on the specific release of this fatty acid inside the mitochondria. We show for the first time that cyclic-AMP can regulate the release of arachidonic acid in a specialized compartment of MA-10 Leydig cells, e.g. the mitochondria, and that the fatty acid induces cholesterol transport through a mechanism different from the classical pathway. Arachidonic acid and arachidonoyl-CoA can stimulate cholesterol transport in isolated mitochondria from nonstimulated cells. The effect of arachidonoyl-CoA is inhibited by the reduction in the expression or in the activity of a mitochondrial thioesterase that uses arachidonoyl-CoA as a substrate to release arachidonic acid. cAMP-induced arachidonic acid accumulation into the mitochondria is also reduced when the mitochondrial thioesterase activity or expression is blocked. This new feature in the regulation of cholesterol transport by arachidonic acid and the release of arachidonic acid in specialized compartment of the cells could offer novel means for understanding the regulation of steroid synthesis but also would be important in other situations such as neuropathological disorders or oncology disorders, where cholesterol transport plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernanda Castillo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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FORSTER S, ILDERTON E, SUMMERLY R, YARDLEY H. Epidermal phospholipase A2 activity is raised in the uninvolved skin of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1983.tb06815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Caldari-Torres C, Rodriguez-Sallaberry C, Greene ES, Badinga L. Differential Effects of n-3 and n-6 Fatty Acids on Prostaglandin F2 Production by Bovine Endometrial Cells. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:971-7. [PMID: 16507691 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the reduction of eicosanoid production in the bovine uterus. The objective of this study was to determine whether the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C(20:5), n-3) on PGF2alpha production by bovine endometrial (BEND) cells is influenced by the quantity of linoleic acid (C(18:2), n-6) in the incubation medium. Confluent BEND cells were incubated in the absence (control) or presence of 100 microM of EPA for 24 h. After incubation, cells were rinsed and then stimulated with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu; 100 ng/mL) for 6 h. Additional sets of culture dishes were treated with a combination of EPA and increasing n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratios for 24 h and then challenged with PDBu for 6 h. The PDBu stimulated PGF2alpha secretion and upregulated steady-state concentrations of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta mRNA within 6 h. Preincubation of BEND cells with EPA for 24 h decreased PGF2alpha response to phorbol ester, but had no detectable effects on prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta mRNA abundance in PDBu-stimulated BEND cells. The inhibitory effect of EPA on PGF2alpha production was reverted in BEND cells treated with an increasing n-6-to-n-3 fatty acid ratio. Findings indicate that the net inhibition of endometrial PGF2alpha bioynthesis by n-3 fatty acids may vary depending on the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Caldari-Torres
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, USA
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Trappe T, Raue U, Williams R, Carrithers J, Hickner R. Effects of age and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle interstitial prostaglandin F(2alpha). Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006; 74:175-81. [PMID: 16520030 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha has been shown to contribute to the anabolic events in skeletal muscle. We measured the skeletal muscle interstitial concentration of PGF2alpha at rest and following a standard bout of resistance exercise in eight young (27+/-2 year) and eight old (75+/-4 year) men. Interstitial PGF2alpha concentration was determined from microdialysate samples obtained from two microdialysis probes placed in the vastus lateralis. Microdialysates were collected 1h pre- and 5-6, 8-9, and 24-25 h postexercise. The exercise bout consisted of 4 exercises (3 sets of 8 replications at 80% 1 RM per exercise) emphasizing the quadriceps. Interstitial PGF2alpha levels were not different (P>0.05) between young and old at rest (1.50+/-0.35 vs. 1.52+/-0.30 ng ml-1) or at any time point following the resistance exercise bout. For the young and old combined there was a change (P<0.05) in PGF2alpha levels at 5-6 h (93%) and 8-9 h (95%), which had returned to preexercise levels by 24-25 h. These results show that PGF2alpha is increased in skeletal muscle following a standard bout of resistance exercise and aging does not alter interstitial levels of this PG at rest or after exercise. These data, coupled with previous findings, suggest that the anabolic factor PGF2alpha should be considered when discussing the complex processes that regulate muscle mass in young and old individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA.
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