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Zhang Y, Zhang T, Li M, Miao M. Rational design to improve the catalytic efficiency and stability of arginine deiminase. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132083. [PMID: 38705327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Arginine deiminase (ADI) has garnered significant interest because of its ability to objectively eradicate cancer cells and produce L-citrulline. To meet the production demands, this study focused on enhancing the enzyme activity and thermal stability of ADI. In this study, 24 ADI mutants were obtained through computer aid site-specific mutation in the ADI of Enterobacter faecalis. Notably, the specific enzyme activities of F44W, N163P, E220I, E220L, N318E, A336G, T340I, and N382F increased, reaching 1.33-2.53 times that of the original enzyme. This study confirmed that site-specific mutations are critical for optimizing enzyme function. Additionally, the F44W, N163P, E220I, T340I, and A336G mutants demonstrated good thermal stability. The optimal pH for mutant F44W increased to 8, whereas mutants E220I, I244V, A336G, T340I, and N328F maintained an optimal pH of 7.5. Conversely, the M109L, N163P, E220L, I244L, and N318E mutants shad an optimal pH of 7. This study revealed that mutant enzymes with increased activity were more likely to contain mutation sites situated near the four loops associated with catalytic residues, whereas mutations at the dimer junction sites had a higher tendency to enhance enzyme stability. These findings contribute to the development of ADI industrial applications and its modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Mengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Science and Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Wang W, Li M, Miao M, Zhang T. Characterization of a recombinant arginine deiminase from
Halothermothrix orenii
and its application in citrulline production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 70:526-536. [PMID: 35761421 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, arginine deiminase (ADI, EC 3.5.3.6) has attracted much attention as a biocatalyst that produces the functional amino acid l-citrulline from l-arginine and also as an anticancer enzyme. Here, we identified and characterized a putative ADI from the thermophilic bacterium Halothermothrix orenii. The H. orenii ADI (H-ADI) protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) with a specific activity of 91.8 U/mg protein at 55°C and pH 6.5. The enzyme remained at 74% relative activity after incubation at 45°C for 180 min, only 25% at 50°C. The melting temperature was 56°C. H-ADI is not a metal-requiring enzyme; Ni2+ slightly improved the catalytic activity. The Km and Vmax for l-arginine were 55.5 mM and 156.8 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Moreover, three residues (Arg183, Arg237, and His273) were key to the formation of l-citrulline, as analyzed by alanine-scanning mutagenesis. Finally, the enzymatic synthesis of l-citrulline was carried out at 50°C with a conversion ratio reaching 99.03%. Together, these findings show that H-ADI is a promising biocatalyst for the production of l-citrulline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Mengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
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3
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Microbial arginine deiminase: A multifaceted green catalyst in biomedical sciences. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 196:151-162. [PMID: 34920062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Arginine deiminase is a well-recognized guanidino-modifying hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine to citrulline and ammonia. Their biopotential to regress tumors via amino acid deprivation therapy (AADT) has been well established. PEGylated formulation of recombinant Mycoplasma ADI is in the last-phase clinical trials against various arginine-auxotrophic cancers like hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, and mesothelioma. Recently, ADIs have attained immense importance in several other biomedical applications, namely treatment of Alzheimer's, as an antiviral drug, bioproduction of nutraceutical L-citrulline and bio-analytics involving L-arginine detection. Considering the wide applications of this biodrug, the demand for ADI is expected to escalate several-fold in the coming years. However, the sustainable production aspects of the enzyme with improved pharmacokinetics is still limited, creating bottlenecks for effective biopharmaceutical development. To circumvent the lacunae in enzyme production with appropriate paradigms of 'quality-by-design' an explicit overview of its properties with 'biobetter' formulations strategies are required. Present review provides an insight into all the potential biomedical applications of ADI along with the improvements required for its reach to clinics. Recent research advances with special emphasis on the development of ADI as a 'biobetter' enzyme have also been comprehensively elaborated.
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Abdollahi S, Morowvat MH, Savardashtaki A, Irajie C, Najafipour S, Zarei M, Ghasemi Y. Amino Acids Sequence-based Analysis of Arginine Deiminase from Different Prokaryotic Organisms: An In Silico Approach. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2020; 14:235-246. [PMID: 32208128 DOI: 10.2174/1872208314666200324114441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arginine deiminase is a bacterial enzyme, which degrades L-arginine. Some human cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and melanoma are auxotrophic for arginine. Therefore, PEGylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) is a good anticancer candidate with antitumor effects. It causes local depletion of L-arginine and growth inhibition in arginineauxotrophic tumor cells. The FDA and EMA have granted orphan status to this drug. Some recently published patents have dealt with this enzyme or its PEGylated form. OBJECTIVE Due to increasing attention to it, we aimed to evaluate and compare 30 arginine deiminase proteins from different bacterial species through in silico analysis. METHODS The exploited analyses included the investigation of physicochemical properties, multiple sequence alignment (MSA), motif, superfamily, phylogenetic and 3D comparative analyses of arginine deiminase proteins thorough various bioinformatics tools. RESULTS The most abundant amino acid in the arginine deiminase proteins is leucine (10.13%) while the least amino acid ratio is cysteine (0.98%). Multiple sequence alignment showed 47 conserved patterns between 30 arginine deiminase amino acid sequences. The results of sequence homology among 30 different groups of arginine deiminase enzymes revealed that all the studied sequences located in amidinotransferase superfamily. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, two major clusters were identified. Considering the results of various in silico studies; we selected the five best candidates for further investigations. The 3D structures of the best five arginine deiminase proteins were generated by the I-TASSER server and PyMOL. The RAMPAGE analysis revealed that 81.4%-91.4%, of the selected sequences, were located in the favored region of arginine deiminase proteins. CONCLUSION The results of this study shed light on the basic physicochemical properties of thirty major arginine deiminase sequences. The obtained data could be employed for further in vivo and clinical studies and also for developing the related therapeutic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdollahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Morowvat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Cambyz Irajie
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sohrab Najafipour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 74616-86688, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Zarei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71468-64685, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz, Iran
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Patil MD, Rathod VP, Bihade UR, Banerjee UC. Purification and characterization of arginine deiminase from Pseudomonas putida: Structural insights of the differential affinities of l-arginine analogues. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 127:129-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Zarei M, Rahbar MR, Morowvat MH, Nezafat N, Negahdaripour M, Berenjian A, Ghasemi Y. Arginine Deiminase: Current Understanding and Applications. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2019; 13:124-136. [PMID: 30569861 DOI: 10.2174/1872208313666181220121400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arginine deiminase (ADI), an arginine catabolizing enzyme, is considered as an anti-tumor agent for the treatment of arginine auxotrophic cancers. However, some obstacles limit its clinical applications. OBJECTIVE This review will summarize the clinical applications of ADI, from a brief history to its limitations, and will discuss the different ways to deal with the clinical limitations. METHOD The structure analysis, cloning, expression, protein engineering and applications of arginine deiminase enzyme have been explained in this review. CONCLUSION Recent patents on ADI are related to ADI engineering to increase its efficacy for clinical application. The intracellular delivery of ADI and combination therapy seem to be the future strategies in the treatment of arginine auxotrophic cancers. Applying ADIs with optimum features from different sources and or ADI engineering, are promising strategies to improve the clinical application of ADI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Zarei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rahbar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Morowvat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aydin Berenjian
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science & Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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7
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Cai X, Jiang H, Zhang T, Jiang B, Mu W, Miao M. Thermostability and Specific-Activity Enhancement of an Arginine Deiminase from Enterococcus faecalis SK23.001 via Semirational Design for l-Citrulline Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8841-8850. [PMID: 30047723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
l-Citrulline is a nonessential amino acid with a variety of physiological functions and can be enzymatically produced by arginine deiminase (ADI, EC 3.5.3.6). The enzymatic-production approach is of immense interest because of its mild conditions, high yield, low cost, and environmental benignity. However, the major hindrances of l-citrulline industrialization are the poor thermostability and enzyme activity of ADI. Hence, in this work, directed evolution and site-directed mutagenesis aided with in silico screening, including the use of b-factor values and HoTMuSiC, were applied to a previously identified ADI from Enterococcus faecalis SK23.001 ( EfADI), and a triple-site variant R15K-F269Y-G292P was obtained. The triple-site variant displays a 2.5-fold higher specific enzyme activity (333 U mg-1), a lower Km value of 6.4 mM, and a 6.1-fold longer half-life ( t1/2,45°C = 86.7 min) than wild-type EfADI. This work provides a protein-engineering strategy to improve enzyme activity and thermostability, which might be transferrable to other ADIs and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Hangyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
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8
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Jiang H, Huang K, Mu W, Jiang B, Zhang T. Characterization of a recombinant arginine deiminase from Enterococcus faecalis SK32.001 for L-citrulline production. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Garrigues S, Gandía M, Popa C, Borics A, Marx F, Coca M, Marcos JF, Manzanares P. Efficient production and characterization of the novel and highly active antifungal protein AfpB from Penicillium digitatum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14663. [PMID: 29116156 PMCID: PMC5677034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi encode distinct antifungal proteins (AFPs) that offer great potential to develop new antifungals. Fungi are considered immune to their own AFPs as occurs in Penicillium chrysogenum, the producer of the well-known PAF. The Penicillium digitatum genome encodes only one afp gene (afpB), and the corresponding protein (AfpB) belongs to the class B phylogenetic cluster. Previous attempts to detect AfpB were not successful. In this work, immunodetection confirmed the absence of AfpB accumulation in wild type and previous recombinant constitutive P. digitatum strains. Biotechnological production and secretion of AfpB were achieved in P. digitatum with the use of a P. chrysogenum-based expression cassette and in the yeast Pichia pastoris with the α-factor signal peptide. Both strategies allowed proper protein folding, efficient production and single-step purification of AfpB from culture supernatants. AfpB showed antifungal activity higher than the P. chrysogenum PAF against the majority of the fungi tested, especially against Penicillium species and including P. digitatum, which was highly sensitive to the self-AfpB. Spectroscopic data suggest that native folding is not required for activity. AfpB also showed notable ability to withstand protease and thermal degradation and no haemolytic activity, making AfpB a promising candidate for the control of pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Garrigues
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Gandía
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Crina Popa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB. Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Attila Borics
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Florentine Marx
- Biocenter, Division of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - María Coca
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB. Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose F Marcos
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paloma Manzanares
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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Su L, Ma Y, Wu J. Extracellular expression of natural cytosolic arginine deiminase from Pseudomonas putida and its application in the production of L-citrulline. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 196:176-183. [PMID: 26233330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Pseudomonas putida arginine deiminase (ADI), a natural cytosolic enzyme, and Thermobifida fusca cutinase were co-expressed in Escherichia coli, and the optimized cutinase gene was used for increasing its expression level. 90.9% of the total ADI protein was released into culture medium probably through a nonspecific leaking mechanism caused by the co-expressed cutinase. The enzymatic properties of the extracellular ADI were found to be similar to those of ADI prepared by conventional cytosolic expression. Extracellular production of ADI was further scaled up in a 3-L fermentor. When the protein expression was induced by IPTG (25.0μM) and lactose (0.1gL(-1)h(-1)) at 30°C, the extracellular ADI activity reached 101.2UmL(-1), which represented the highest ADI production ever reported. In addition, the enzymatic synthesis of l-citrulline was performed using the extracellularly expressed ADI, and the conversion rate reached 100% with high substrate concentration at 650gL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
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11
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Kaur B, Kaur R. Purification of a dimeric arginine deiminase from Enterococcus faecium GR7 and study of its anti-cancerous activity. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 125:53-60. [PMID: 26363115 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The arginine deiminase (ADI, E.C 3.5.3.6) - a key enzyme of ADI pathway of Enterococcus faecium GR7 was purified to homogeneity. A sequential purification strategy involving ammonium sulfate fractionation, molecular sieve followed by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration was applied to the crude culture filtrate to obtain a pure enzyme preparation. The enzyme was purified with a fold of 16.92 and showed a final specific activity of 76.65IU/mg with a 49.17% yield. The dimeric ADI has a molecular mass of about 94,364.929Da, and comprises of hetrodimers of 49.1kDa and 46.5kDa as determined by MALDI-TOF and PAGE analysis. To assess anti-cancerous activity of ADI by MTT assay was carried out against cancer cell lines (MCF-7, Sp2/0-Ag14 and Hep-G2). Purified ADI exhibited the most profound antiproliferative activity against Hep-G2 cells; with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.95μg/ml. Purified ADI from E. faecium GR7 was observed to induce apoptosis in the Hep-G2 cells by DNA fragmentation assay. Our findings suggest the possibility of a future use of ADI from E. faecium GR7 as a potential anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljinder Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
| | - Rajinder Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
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12
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Song W, Sun X, Chen X, Liu D, Liu L. Enzymatic production of l-citrulline by hydrolysis of the guanidinium group of l-arginine with recombinant arginine deiminase. J Biotechnol 2015; 208:37-43. [PMID: 26022421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a simple, efficient enzymatic production process for the environmentally friendly synthesis of l-citrulline from l-arginine was developed using arginine deiminase (ADI) from Lactococcus lactis. Following overexpression of L. lactis ADI in Escherichia. coli BL21 (DE3) and experimental evolution using error-prone PCR, mutant FMME106 was obtained with a Km for l-arginine of 3.5mM and a specific activity of 195.7U/mg. This mutant exhibited a maximal conversion of 92.6% and achieved a final l-citrulline concentration of 176.9g/L under optimal conditions (190g/L l-arginine, 15g/L whole-cell biocatalyst treated with 2% isopropanol for 30min, 50°C, pH 7.2, 8h). The average l-citrulline synthesis rate of 22.1g/L/h is considerably higher than that reported for other similar biocatalytic approaches, therefore the process developed in the present work has great potential for large-scale production of l-citrulline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Biotechnology Institute, Laiwu College for Vocational Technology, Laiwu, Shandong 271100, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Dongxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Du X, Li M, Tang W, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang J, Li T, Tang B, Tang XF. Secretion of Tat-dependent halolysin SptA capable of autocatalytic activation and its relation to haloarchaeal growth. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:548-65. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Moran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Yaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Bing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
- Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation; Wuhan China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
- Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation; Wuhan China
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El-Sayed ASA, Hassan MN, Nada HMS. Purification, immobilization, and biochemical characterization of l-arginine deiminase from thermophilic Aspergillus fumigatus KJ434941: anticancer activity in vitro. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:396-405. [PMID: 25582958 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
l-Arginine deiminase (ADI) has a powerful anticancer activity against various tumors, via arginine depletion, arresting the cell cycle at G1 phase. However, the current clinically tried bacterial ADI displayed a higher antigenicity and lower thermal stability. Thus, our objective was to purify and characterize this enzyme from thermophilic fungi, to explore its catalytic and antigenic properties for therapeutic uses. ADI was purified from thermophilic Aspergillus fumigatus KJ434941 to its electrophoretic homogeneity by 5.1-fold, with molecular subunit 50 kDa. The purified ADI was PEGylated and covalently immobilized on dextran to explore its catalytic properties. The specific activity of free ADI, PEG-ADI, and Dex-ADI was 26.7, 21.5, and 18.0 U/mg, respectively. At 50°C, PEG-ADI displays twofold resistance to thermal denaturation (t1/2 13.9 h), than free ADI (t1/2 6.9 h), while at 70°C, the thermal stability of PEG-ADI was increased by 1.7-fold, with similar stability to Dex-ADI with the free one. Kinetically, free ADI had the higher catalytic affinity to arginine, followed by PEG-ADI and Dex-ADI. Upon proteolysis for 30 min, the residual activity of native ADI, PEG-ADI, and Dex-AD was 8.0, 32.0, and 20.0% for proteinase K and 10.0, 52.0, and 90.0% for acid protease, respectively. The anticancer activity of the ADIs was assessed against HCT, HEP-G2, and MCF7, in vitro. The free and PEG-ADI exhibits a similar cytotoxic efficacy for the tested cells, lower than Dex-ADI. The free ADI had IC50 value 22.0, 16.6, and 13.9 U/mL, while Dex-ADI had 3.98, 5.18, and 4.43 U/mL for HCT, MCF7, and HEPG-2, respectively. The in vitro anticancer activity of ADI against HCT, MCF7, and HEPG-2 was increased by five-, three-, and threefold upon covalent modification by dextran. The biochemical and hematological parameters of the experimented animals were not affected by ADIs dosing, with no signs of anti-ADI immunoglobulins in vivo. The in vivo half-life time of free ADI, PEG-ADI, and Dex-ADI was 29.7, 91.1, 59.6 h, respectively. The present findings explored a novel thermostable, less antigenic ADI from thermophilic A. fumigatus, with further molecular and crystallographic analyses, this enzyme will be a powerful candidate for clinical trials.
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Senderskiy IV, Timofeev SA, Seliverstova EV, Pavlova OA, Dolgikh VV. Secretion of Antonospora (Paranosema) locustae proteins into infected cells suggests an active role of microsporidia in the control of host programs and metabolic processes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93585. [PMID: 24705470 PMCID: PMC3976299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular tools of the intracellular protozoan pathogens Apicomplexa and Kinetoplastida for manipulation of host cell machinery have been the focus of investigation for approximately two decades. Microsporidia, fungi-related microorganisms forming another large group of obligate intracellular parasites, are characterized by development in direct contact with host cytoplasm (the majority of species), strong minimization of cell machinery, and acquisition of unique transporters to exploit host metabolic system. All the aforementioned features are suggestive of the ability of microsporidia to modify host metabolic and regulatory pathways. Seven proteins of the microsporidium Antonospora (Paranosema) locustae with predicted signal peptides but without transmembrane domains were overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Western-blot analysis with antibodies against recombinant products showed secretion of parasite proteins from different functional categories into the infected host cell. Secretion of parasite hexokinase and α/β-hydrolase was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy. In addition, this method showed specific accumulation of A. locustae hexokinase in host nuclei. Expression of hexokinase, trehalase, and two leucine-rich repeat proteins without any exogenous signal peptide led to their secretion in the yeast Pichia pastoris. In contrast, α/β-hydrolase was not found in the culture medium, though a significant amount of this enzyme accumulated in the yeast membrane fraction. These results suggest that microsporidia possess a broad set of enzymes and regulatory proteins secreted into infected cells to control host metabolic processes and molecular programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Senderskiy
- Laboratory of Microbiological Control, All-Russian Institute for Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Timofeev
- Laboratory of Microbiological Control, All-Russian Institute for Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Russia
| | - Elena V. Seliverstova
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga A. Pavlova
- Laboratory of Microbiological Control, All-Russian Institute for Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Russia
| | - Viacheslav V. Dolgikh
- Laboratory of Microbiological Control, All-Russian Institute for Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Russia
- * E-mail:
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Application of response surface methodology for optimizing arginine deiminase production medium for Enterococcus faecium sp. GR7. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:892587. [PMID: 24453919 PMCID: PMC3877641 DOI: 10.1155/2013/892587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine metabolism in Enterococcus faecium sp. GR7 was enhanced via arginine deiminase pathway. Process parameters including fermentation media and environmental conditions were optimized using independent experiments and response surface methodology (central composite design). Fermentation media (EAPM) were optimized using independent experiments which resulted in 4-fold increase in arginine deiminase specific activity as compared to basal medium. To further enhance arginine deiminase activity in E. faecium sp. GR7 and biomass production including a five-level central composite design (CCD) was employed to study the interactive effect of three-process variables. Response surface methodology suggested a quadratic model which was further validated experimentally where it showed approximately 15-fold increase in arginine metabolism (in terms of arginine deiminase specific activity) over basal medium. By solving the regression equation and analyzing the response surface cartons, optimal concentrations of the media components (g/L) were determined as arginine 20.0; tryptone 15.0; lactose 10.0; K2HPO4 3.0; NaCl 1.0, MnSO4 0.6 mM; Tween 80 1%; pH 6.0 for achieving specific arginine deiminase activity of 4.6 IU/mG with concomitant biomass production of 12.1 mg/L. The model is significant as the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.87 to 0.90 for all responses. Enhanced arginine deiminase yield from E. faecium, a GRAS lactic acid bacterial strain, is desirable to explore in vitro therapeutic potential of the arginine metabolizing E. faecium sp. GR7.
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Life at High Salt and Low Oxygen: How Do the Halobacteriaceae Cope with Low Oxygen Concentrations in Their Environment? CELLULAR ORIGIN, LIFE IN EXTREME HABITATS AND ASTROBIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6488-0_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Rodríguez-Martín A, Acosta R, Liddell S, Núñez F, Benito MJ, Asensio MA. Characterization of the novel antifungal protein PgAFP and the encoding gene of Penicillium chrysogenum. Peptides 2010; 31:541-7. [PMID: 19914321 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The strain RP42C from Penicillium chrysogenum produces a small protein PgAFP that inhibits the growth of some toxigenic molds. The molecular mass of the protein determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was 6 494Da. PgAFP showed a cationic character with an estimated pI value of 9.22. Upon chemical and enzymatic treatments of PgAFP, no evidence for N- or O-glycosylations was obtained. Five partial sequences of PgAFP were obtained by Edman degradation and by ESI-MS/MS after trypsin and chymotrypsin digestions. Using degenerate primers from these peptide sequences, a segment of 70bp was amplified by PCR from pgafp gene. 5'- and 3'-ends of pgafp were obtained by RACE-PCR with gene-specific primers designed from the 70bp segment. The complete pgafp sequence of 404bp was obtained using primers designed from 5'- and 3'-ends. Comparison of genomic and cDNA sequences revealed a 279bp coding region interrupted by two introns of 63 and 62bp. The precursor of the antifungal protein consists of 92 amino acids and appears to be processed to the mature 58 amino acids PgAFP. The deduced amino acid sequence of the mature protein shares 79% identity to the antifungal protein Anafp from Aspergillus niger. PgAFP is a new protein that belongs to the group of small, cysteine-rich, and basic proteins with antifungal activity produced by ascomycetes. Given that P. chrysogenum is regarded as safe mold commonly found in foods, PgAFP may be useful to prevent growth of toxigenic molds in food and agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rodríguez-Martín
- Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
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19
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Rao L, Zhao X, Pan F, Li Y, Xue Y, Ma Y, Lu JR. Solution behavior and activity of a halophilic esterase under high salt concentration. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6980. [PMID: 19759821 PMCID: PMC2736375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Halophiles are extremophiles that thrive in environments with very high concentrations of salt. Although the salt reliance and physiology of these extremophiles have been widely investigated, the molecular working mechanisms of their enzymes under salty conditions have been little explored. Methodology/Principal Findings A halophilic esterolytic enzyme LipC derived from archeaon Haloarcula marismortui was overexpressed from Escherichia coli BL21. The purified enzyme showed a range of hydrolytic activity towards the substrates of p-nitrophenyl esters with different alkyl chains (n = 2−16), with the highest activity being observed for p-nitrophenyl acetate, consistent with the basic character of an esterase. The optimal esterase activities were found to be at pH 9.5 and [NaCl] = 3.4 M or [KCl] = 3.0 M and at around 45°C. Interestingly, the hydrolysis activity showed a clear reversibility against changes in salt concentration. At the ambient temperature of 22°C, enzyme systems working under the optimal salt concentrations were very stable against time. Increase in temperature increased the activity but reduced its stability. Circular dichroism (CD), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) were deployed to determine the physical states of LipC in solution. As the salt concentration increased, DLS revealed substantial increase in aggregate sizes, but CD measurements revealed the maximal retention of the α-helical structure at the salt concentration matching the optimal activity. These observations were supported by SANS analysis that revealed the highest proportion of unimers and dimers around the optimal salt concentration, although the coexistent larger aggregates showed a trend of increasing size with salt concentration, consistent with the DLS data. Conclusions/Significance The solution α-helical structure and activity relation also matched the highest proportion of enzyme unimers and dimers. Given that all the solutions studied were structurally inhomogeneous, it is important for future work to understand how the LipC's solution aggregation affected its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Rao
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiubo Zhao
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, the University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fang Pan
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, the University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yin Li
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfen Xue
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YM); (JRL)
| | - Jian R. Lu
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, the University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (YM); (JRL)
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Louw C, Gordon A, Johnston N, Mollatt C, Bradley G, Whiteley CG. Arginine deiminases: Therapeutic tools in the etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 22:121-6. [PMID: 17373558 DOI: 10.1080/14756360600990829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is, at present, no definitive pre-mortem diagnostic tool for Alzheimer's disease, (AD) which relates to a poor understanding of its etiology. Brains of AD patients contain large amounts of the toxic plaque-forming beta-amyloid1-42 fragment in addition to elevated concentrations of the amino acid L-arginine. This work proposes that lowering levels of arginine in the astrocytes surrounding amyloid plaques may serve as a therapeutic tool in this neurodegenerative disorder. Arginine deiminase (ADI), from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and peptidylarginine deiminase [PAD II], from bovine brain, are inhibited by amyloid peptides that contain arginine (amyloid1-42) and those that have no arginine (amyloid12-28/22-35). Enhanced activity of PAD II is noted with free L-arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Louw
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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21
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Mei S, Sun C, Liu X, Lu Q, Cai L, Li Y, Xiang H. The helix-loop-helix motif at the N terminus of HalI is essential for its immunity function against halocin C8. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:6501-8. [PMID: 18658263 PMCID: PMC2566001 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00665-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Halocin C8 (HalC8) is a stable microhalocin exhibiting strong antimicrobial activity against a wide range of haloarchaea. HalI, a 207-amino-acid peptide derived from the N terminus of the HalC8 preproprotein, is the immunity protein of HalC8. In this study, the molecular mechanism of the immunity function of HalI was investigated. Both pull-down and surface plasmon resonance assays revealed that HalI directly interacted with HalC8, and a mixture of purified HalI and HalC8 readily formed a heterocomplex, which was verified by gel filtration. Interestingly, HalC8 tended to form a self-associated complex, and one immunity protein likely sequestered multiple halocins. Significantly, the helix-loop-helix (HLH) motif containing a 4-amino-acid repeat (RELA) at the N terminus of HalI played a key role in its immunity activity. Disruption of the HLH motif or mutagenesis of the key residues of the RELA repeat resulted in loss of both the immunity function and the ability of HalI to bind to HalC8. These results demonstrated that HalI sequestered the activity of HalC8 through specific and direct binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
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22
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Arginine deiminase, a potential anti-tumor drug. Cancer Lett 2008; 261:1-11. [PMID: 18179862 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Arginine deiminase (ADI; EC 3.5.3.6), an arginine-degrading enzyme, has been studied as a potential anti-tumor drug for the treatment of arginine-auxotrophic tumors, such as hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and melanomas. Studies with human lymphatic leukemia cell lines further suggest that ADI is a potential anti-angiogenic agent and is effective in the treatment of leukemia. For instance ADI-PEG-20, patented by Pheonix Pharmacologic Inc., is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of HCC (Phase II/III) and melanoma (Phase I/II). This review summarizes results on recombinant expression, structural analysis, PEG (polyethylene glycerol) modification, in vivo anti-cancer activities, and clinical studies of ADI. Discussions on heterogeneous expression of ADI, directed evolution for improving enzymatic properties, and HSA-fusion for increased in vivo activity conclude this review.
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23
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Kim JE, Jeong DW, Lee HJ. Expression, purification, and characterization of arginine deiminase from Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis ATCC 7962 in Escherichia coli BL21. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 53:9-15. [PMID: 17223359 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The arcA gene that encodes arginine deiminase (ADI, EC 3.5.3.6)--a key enzyme of the ADI pathway--was cloned from Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis ATCC 7962. The deduced amino acid sequence of the arcA gene showed high homology with the arcA gene from Lactobacillus plantarum (99%) and from Lactobacillus sakei (60%), respectively. The arcA gene from Lc. lactis spp. lactis ATCC 7962 was expressed in soluble fraction of recombinant Escherichia coli BL21. ADI produced from Lc. lactis spp. lactis ATCC 7962 (LADI) in E. coli BL21 (DE3) was purified using sequential Q-Sepharose anion exchange and Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration column chromatography. The final yield of LADI in the purification procedure was 63.5%, and the specific activity was 140.27 U/mg. The presence of purified LADI was confirmed by N-terminal sequencing and determination of the molecular mass. The LADI had a molecular mass of about 140 kDa, and comprised a homotrimer of 46 kDa in the native condition. LADI exhibited only 35% amino acid sequence homology with ADI from Mycoplasma arginini. However, LADI shared a similar three dimensional structure. The K(M) and V(max) values for arginine were 8.67+/-0.045 mM (mean+/-SD) and 344.83+/-1.79 micromol/min/mg, respectively, and the optimum temperature and pH for the production of LADI were 60 degrees C and 7.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Eun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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24
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Sun C, Li Y, Mei S, Lu Q, Zhou L, Xiang H. A single gene directs both production and immunity of halocin C8 in a haloarchaeal strain AS7092. Mol Microbiol 2005; 57:537-49. [PMID: 15978083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Halocin C8 (HalC8) is an extremely stable and hydrophobic microhalocin with 76 amino acids, and has a wide inhibitory spectrum against the haloarchaea. It is derived from the C-terminus of a 283-amino-acid prepro-protein (ProC8), which was demonstrated by molecular cloning of the halC8 gene, and verified by the N-terminal amino acid sequencing as well as MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of the purified HalC8. The production of this halocin is controlled through both transcription regulation and protein processing: the halC8 transcripts and HalC8 activity rapidly increased to maximal levels upon transition from exponential to stationary phase. However, while halC8 transcripts remained abundant, the HalC8 processing was inhibited during stationary phase. Remarkably, agar-diffusion test revealed the unprocessed ProC8 and its 207-amino-acid N-terminal peptide (HalI), with or without the putative Tat signal sequence, were capable to block the halocin activity of HalC8 in vitro. In addition, heterologous expression of HalI in Haloarcula hispanica rendered this sensitive strain remarkable resistance to HalC8, indicating that HalI encodes the immunity property of the producer. In accordance with this immunity function, HalI and ProC8 were both found localized on the cellular membrane. Protein interaction assay revealed that HalI likely sequestrated the HalC8 activity by specific binding. To our knowledge, this is the first report on halocin immunity, and our results that a single gene encodes both peptide antibiotic and immunity protein also provide a novel immune mechanism for peptide antibiotics.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Archaeal Proteins/biosynthesis
- Archaeal Proteins/chemistry
- Archaeal Proteins/genetics
- Archaeal Proteins/pharmacology
- Base Sequence
- Cell Membrane/chemistry
- DNA, Archaeal/chemistry
- DNA, Archaeal/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Microbial
- Genes, Archaeal
- Haloarcula/genetics
- Haloarcula/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Binding
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Archaeal/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaomin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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Koch MK, Oesterhelt D. MpcT is the transducer for membrane potential changes in Halobacterium salinarum. Mol Microbiol 2005; 55:1681-94. [PMID: 15752193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Halobacterium salinarum mutants containing either of the light-driven ion pumps bacteriorhodopsin (H(+)) or halorhodopsin (Cl(-)) as their only retinal protein, a decrease of irradiance in the absence of respiration causes a phototactic response. The conversion of the causal event, a decrease of proton motive force across the cell membrane, into a reversal of flagellar motor rotational direction was expected to involve a transducer. Via deletion analysis of all 18 known and putative halobacterial transducer (htr) genes, we found that Htr14, a methylatable membrane-bound transducer lacking an extracellular domain, mediates the biological response, which includes adaptive methylation. Based on a minimal stimulus length of 200 ms and the determined cytoplasmic buffering capacity, we conclude that the change in the membrane potential (DeltaPsi), and not that of the internal pH, is the signal-generating event. Htr14 was therefore renamed to Membrane potential change Transducer, or MpcT. It is the first transducer for which the causative stimulus could be narrowed to a change in DeltaPsi, as opposed to a change in pH or cellular redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias K Koch
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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26
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Lee MS, Joo WA, Kim CW. Identification of a novel protein D3UPCA from Halobacterium salinarum and prediction of its function. Proteomics 2005; 4:3622-31. [PMID: 15449372 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200400978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Halobacterium salinarum is an extremely halophilic archaea, which is able to live in highly saline environments. In a recent study, several halophilic archaea were found to have the ability to biodegrade organic hydrocarbon pollutants, but protein information regarding hydrocarbon degradation and tolerance in halophilic archaea has been relatively rare. In this study, the protein expression profile of H. salinarum cultured under different diesel concentrations (0, 2 and 4%) was investigated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteins which increased their expression levels in diesel media were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight and electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Among these, a protein spot (named D3UPCA) which was up-regulated about nine-fold and found to have COG3388, an uncharacterized protein conserved in archaea, was selected in order to further characterize its functions. The D3UPCA coding gene (named d3upca) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified by the glutathione-S-transferase-fusion method. The function of the protein was estimated using various bioinformatics tools and was predicted to be related to the regulation of transcription and/or translation of genes needed to tolerate stresses associated within the presence of diesel oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Sup Lee
- Graduate School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Kokoeva MV, Oesterhelt D. BasT, a membrane-bound transducer protein for amino acid detection in Halobacterium salinarum. Mol Microbiol 2000; 35:647-56. [PMID: 10672186 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Halophilic archaea, such as eubacteria, use methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) to sense their environment. We show here that BasT is a halobacterial transducer protein (Htp) responsible for chemotaxis towards five attractant amino acids. The C-terminus of the protein exhibits the highly conserved regions that are diagnostic for MCPs: the signalling domain for communication with the histidine kinase and the methylation sites that interact with the methylation/demethylation enzymes for adaptation. Hydropathy analysis predicts an enterobacterial-type transducer protein topology for BasT, with an extracellular putative ligand-binding domain flanked by two transmembrane helices and a cytoplasmic domain. BasT-inactivated mutant cells are missing a membrane protein radiolabelled with L-[methyl-3H]-methionine in wild-type cells, confirming that BasT is methylatable and membrane bound. Behavioural analysis of the basT mutant cells by capillary and chemical-in-plug assays demonstrates complete loss of chemotactic responses towards five (leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine and cysteine) of the six attractant amino acids for Halobacterium salinarum, whereas they still respond to arginine. The volatile methyl group production assays also corroborate these findings and confirm that BasT signalling induces methyl group turnover. Our data identify BasT as the chemotaxis transducer protein for the branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine as well as for methionine and cysteine. Thus, BasT and the arginine sensor Car cover the entire spectrum of chemotactic responses towards attractant amino acids in H. salinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Kokoeva
- Max-Planck Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany
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28
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Storch KF, Rudolph J, Oesterhelt D. Car: a cytoplasmic sensor responsible for arginine chemotaxis in the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum. EMBO J 1999; 18:1146-58. [PMID: 10064582 PMCID: PMC1171206 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/18.5.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new metabolic signaling pathway for arginine, both a chemoeffector and a fermentative energy source, is described for Halobacterium salinarum. Systematic screening of 80+ potentially chemotactic compounds with two behavioral assays identified leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, cysteine, arginine and several peptides as strong chemoattractants. Deletion analysis of a number of potential halobacterial transducer genes led to the identification of Car, a specific cytoplasmic arginine transducer which lacks transmembrane helices and was biochemically shown to be localized in the cytoplasm. Flow assays were used to show specific adaptive responses to arginine and ornithine in wild-type but not Deltacar cells, demonstrating the role of Car in sensing arginine. The signaling pathway from external arginine to the flagellar motor of the cell involves an arginine:ornithine antiporter which was quantitatively characterized for its transport kinetics and inhibitors. By compiling the chemotactic behavior, the adaptive responses and the characteristics of the arginine:ornithine antiporter to arginine and its analogs, we now understand how the combination of arginine uptake and its metabolic conversion is required to build an effective sensing system. In both bacteria and the archaea this is the first chemoeffector molecule of a soluble methylatable transducer to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Storch
- Max-Planck Institut für Biochemie, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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29
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Bischoff KM, Shi L, Kennelly PJ. The detection of enzyme activity following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 1998; 260:1-17. [PMID: 9648646 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
More than a hundred different enzymes impinging on aspects of cell function ranging from carbohydrate and lipid metabolism to signal transduction and gene expression to biomolecule degradation have been detected by the assay of their enzymatic activities following SDS-PAGE. The strategies by which this has been accomplished are as varied as the enzymes themselves and offer testimony to the creativeness and ingenuity of life scientists. Assay of enzyme activity following SDS-PAGE is well adapted to identifying the source of catalytic activity in a heterogeneous protein mixture or a heterooligomeric protein (20), or determining if multiple catalytic activities reside in a single polypeptide (60). The alliance of versatile enzyme assay techniques with the molecular resolution of SDS-PAGE offers a powerful means for meeting the increasing demand for the high-throughput screening arising from protein engineering, combinatorial chemistry, and functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Bischoff
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0308, USA
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30
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Holmes ML, Scopes RK, Moritz RL, Simpson RJ, Englert C, Pfeifer F, Dyall-Smith ML. Purification and analysis of an extremely halophilic beta-galactosidase from Haloferax alicantei. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1337:276-86. [PMID: 9048905 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(96)00174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As a first step in the development of a reporter system for gene expression in halophilic archaea, a beta-galactosidase was purified 140-fold from Haloferax alicantei (previously phenon K, strain Aa2.2). An overproducing mutant was first isolated by UV mutagenesis and screening on agar plates containing X-Gal substrate. Cytoplasmic extracts of the mutant contained 25-fold higher enzyme levels than the parent. Purification of the active enzyme was greatly facilitated by the ability of sorbitol to stabilise enzyme activity in the absence of salt, which allowed conventional purification methods (e.g., ion-exchange chromatography) to be utilised. The enzyme was optimally active at 4 M NaCl and was estimated to be 180 +/- 20 kDa in size, consisting of two monomers (each 78 +/- 3 kDa). It cleaves several different beta-galactoside substrates such as ONP-Gal, X-Gal and lactulose, but not lactose, and also has beta-D-fucosidase activity. No beta-glucosidase, beta-arabinosidase or beta-xylosidase activity could be detected. The amino-acid sequence at the N-terminus and of four proteolytic products has been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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31
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Knodler LA, Schofield PJ, Gooley AA, Edwards MR. Giardia intestinalis: purification and partial amino acid sequence of arginine deiminase. Exp Parasitol 1997; 85:77-80. [PMID: 9024204 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1996.4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L A Knodler
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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32
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Bonete MJ, Pire C, LLorca FI, Camacho ML. Glucose dehydrogenase from the halophilic Archaeon Haloferax mediterranei: enzyme purification, characterisation and N-terminal sequence. FEBS Lett 1996; 383:227-9. [PMID: 8925901 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An NAD(P)-glucose dehydrogenase from the extremely halophilic Archaeon, Haloferax mediterranei, has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The purified enzyme has been characterised with respect to its cofactor specificity, subunit composition and its salt and thermal stability. The N-terminal amino acid sequence has been determined and N-terminus alignment with sequences of other glucose dehydrogenases shows that the halophilic enzyme most closely resembles the NAD(P)-linked glucose dehydrogenase from the thermophilic Archaeon Thermoplasma acidophilum. However, the halophilic glucose dehydrogenase appears to be a dimeric protein, in contrast to the tetrameric enzyme from the thermophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bonete
- Divisíon de Bioquimica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Spain.
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33
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Bischoff KM, Rodwell VW. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase from Haloferax volcanii: purification, characterization, and expression in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:19-23. [PMID: 8550415 PMCID: PMC177616 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.1.19-23.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior work from this laboratory characterized eukaryotic (hamster) and eubacterial (Pseudomonas mevalonii) 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductases. We report here the characterization of an HMG-CoA reductase from the third domain, the archaea. HMG-CoA reductase of the halobacterium Haloferax volcanii was initially partially purified from extracts of H. volcanii. Subsequently, a portion of the H. volcanii lovastatin (formerly called mevinolin) resistance marker mev was subcloned into the Escherichia coli expression vector pT7-7. While no HMG-CoA reductase activity was detectable following expression in E. coli, activity could be recovered after extracts were exposed to 3 M KCl. Following purification to electrophoretic homogeneity, the specific activity of the expressed enzyme, 24 microU/mg, equaled that of homogeneous hamster or P. mevalonii HMG-CoA reductase. Activity was optimal at pH 7.3. Kms were 66 microM (NADPH) and 60 microM [(S)-HMG-CoA]. (R)-HMG-CoA and lovastatin inhibited competitively with (S)-HMG-CoA. H. volcanii HMG-CoA reductase also catalyzed the reduction of mevaldehyde [optimal activity at pH 6.0; Vmax 11 microU/mg; Kms 32 microM (NADPH), 550 microM [(R,S)-mevaldehyde]] and the oxidative acylation of mevaldehyde [optimal activity at pH 8.0; Vmax 2.1 microU/mg; Kms 350 microM (NADP+), 300 microM (CoA), 470 microM [(R,S)-mevaldehyde]]. These properties are comparable to those of hamster and P. mevalonii HMG-CoA reductases, suggesting a similar catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Bischoff
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1153, USA
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34
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Prüss B, Meyer HE, Holldorf AW. Characterization of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the extremely halophilic archaebacterium Haloarcula vallismortis. Arch Microbiol 1993; 160:5-11. [PMID: 8352651 DOI: 10.1007/bf00258139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12) from the extremely halophilic archaebacterium Haloarcula vallismortis has been purified in a four step procedure to electrophoretic homogeneity. The enzyme is a tetramer with a relative molecular mass of 160,000. It is strictly NAD(+)-dependent and exhibits its highest activity in 2 mol/l KCl at 45 degrees C. Amino acid analysis and isoelectric focusing indicate an excess of acidic amino acids. Two parts of the primary sequence are reported. These peptides have been compared with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases from other archaebacteria, eubacteria and eucaryotes. The peptides show a high grade of similarity to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from eucaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Prüss
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
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35
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McSweeny CS, Allison MJ, Mackie RI. Amino acid utilization by the ruminal bacterium Synergistes jonesii strain 78-1. Arch Microbiol 1993; 159:131-5. [PMID: 8439235 DOI: 10.1007/bf00250272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The ruminal bacterium Synergistes jonesii strain 78-1, which is able to degrade the pyridinediol toxin in the plant Leucaena leucocephala, was studied for its ability to utilise amino acids. The organism used arginine, histidine and glycine from a complex mixture of amino acids, and both arginine and histidine supported growth in a semi-defined medium. The products of (U-14C)-arginine metabolism were CO2 acetate, butyrate, citrulline and ornithine. The labelling pattern of end products from (U-14C)-histidine metabolism differed in that carbon also flowed into formate and propionate. Arginine was catabolised by the arginine deiminase pathway which was characterised by the presence of arginine deiminase, ornithine transcarbamylase and carbamate kinase. This is the first report of a rumen bacterium that uses arginine and histidine as major energy yielding substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S McSweeny
- CSIRO Division of Tropical Animal Production, Long Pocket Laboratories, Indooroopilly, Qld., Australia
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36
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Plaga W, Lottspeich F, Oesterhelt D. Improved purification, crystallization and primary structure of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Halobacterium halobium. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 205:391-7. [PMID: 1555599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An improved purification procedure, including nickel chelate affinity chromatography, is reported which resulted in a crystallizable pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase preparation from Halobacterium halobium. Crystals of the enzyme were obtained using potassium citrate as the precipitant. The genes coding for pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase were cloned and their nucleotide sequences determined. The genes of both subunits were adjacent to one another on the halobacterial genome. The derived amino acid sequences were confirmed by partial primary structure analysis of the purified protein. The structural motif of thiamin-diphosphate-binding enzymes was unequivocally located in the deduced amino acid sequence of the small subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Plaga
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany
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