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Courraud J, Russo F, Themudo GE, Laursen SS, Ingason A, Hougaard DM, Cohen AS, Werge T, Ernst M. Metabolic signature of the pathogenic 22q11.2 deletion identifies carriers and provides insight into systemic dysregulation. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:391. [PMID: 38097559 PMCID: PMC10721888 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Large deletions at chromosome 22q11.2 are known to cause severe clinical conditions collectively known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Notwithstanding the pathogenicity of these deletions, affected individuals are typically diagnosed in late childhood or early adolescence, and little is known of the molecular signaling cascades and biological consequences immediately downstream of the deleted genes. Here, we used targeted metabolomics to compare neonatal dried blood spot samples from 203 individuals clinically identified as carriers of a deletion at chromosome 22q11.2 with 203 unaffected individuals. A total of 173 metabolites were successfully identified and used to inform on systemic dysregulation caused by the genomic lesion and to discriminate carriers from non-carriers. We found 84 metabolites to be differentially abundant between carriers and non-carriers of the 22q11.2 deletion. A predictive model based on all 173 metabolites achieved high Accuracy (89%), Area Under the Curve (93%), F1 (88%), Positive Predictive Value (94%), and Negative Predictive Value (84%) with tyrosine and proline having the highest individual contributions to the model as well as the highest interaction strength. Targeted metabolomics provides insight into the molecular consequences possibly contributing to the pathology underlying the clinical manifestations of the 22q11 deletion and is an easily applicable approach to first-pass screening for carrier status of the 22q11 to prompt subsequent verification of the genomic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Courraud
- Section for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Leof. Vasilissis Sofias 80, Athens, 11528, Greece
| | - Francesco Russo
- Section for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Gonçalo Espregueira Themudo
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen Mental Health Services, Kristineberg 3, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susan Svane Laursen
- Section for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrés Ingason
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sankt Hans, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- Section for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arieh S Cohen
- Section for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen Mental Health Services, Kristineberg 3, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, København N, Denmark.
- GLOBE Institute, LF Center for GeoGenetics, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Oester Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Madeleine Ernst
- Section for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Prepok FF, Schnabel KK, Sumánszki C, Barta AG, Tislér A, Reismann P. Long-Term Renal Function in Adult Patients with Phenylketonuria. Nephron Clin Pract 2023; 148:195-203. [PMID: 37757776 DOI: 10.1159/000531913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In phenylketonuria (PKU), toxic phenylalanine (Phe) can harm other organs beyond the brain. Furthermore, the lifelong therapy of PKU consists of consumption of increased amounts of amino-acid mixture that provoke hyperfiltration in the glomeruli. Therefore, the adherence to therapy in PKU might influence the long-term kidney function in PKU patients. METHODS Data from 41 adult, early treated PKU patients were analyzed in this 10-year, retrospective, monocentric study. Two subgroups were created according to their therapy adherence: one with long-term blood Phe levels in the therapeutic range (<600 µmol/L), and one with suboptimal blood Phe levels. Renal function and metabolic parameters were collected over 10 years. Kidney function parameters were compared between the two groups and associations between blood Phe levels and kidney function were tested. RESULTS After 10 years, serum creatinine levels (p = 0.369) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (p = 0.723) did not change significantly from baseline in the good therapeutic group. The suboptimal therapeutic group's eGFR decreased in the same period (from 110.4 ± 14 mL/min/1.73 m2 to 94.2 ± 16 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.017). At 10 years, the suboptimal therapeutic group had an increased serum creatinine level (81 ± 14.4 μmol/L vs. 71.5 ± 13 μmol/L, p = 0.038), and a decreased eGFR (94.2 ± 16 mL/min/1.73 m2 vs. 103.3 ± 13 mL/min/1.73 m2p = 0.031) compared to the good adhering group. Significant negative correlation between Phe levels and eGFR (r = -0.41, p = 0.008) was observed. CONCLUSION Long-term suboptimal therapy adherence in PKU patients with high blood Phe levels may lead to deterioration in kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Csaba Sumánszki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Gellért Barta
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Tislér
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Reismann
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Tomberlin JK, Miranda C, Flint C, Harris E, Wu G. Nutrients limit production of insects for food and feed: an emphasis on nutritionally essential amino acids. Anim Front 2023; 13:64-71. [PMID: 37583806 PMCID: PMC10425138 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chelsea Miranda
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Casey Flint
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Erin Harris
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Goulty M, Botton-Amiot G, Rosato E, Sprecher SG, Feuda R. The monoaminergic system is a bilaterian innovation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3284. [PMID: 37280201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamines like serotonin, dopamine, and adrenaline/noradrenaline (epinephrine/norepinephrine) act as neuromodulators in the nervous system. They play a role in complex behaviours, cognitive functions such as learning and memory formation, as well as fundamental homeostatic processes such as sleep and feeding. However, the evolutionary origin of the genes required for monoaminergic modulation is uncertain. Using a phylogenomic approach, in this study, we show that most of the genes involved in monoamine production, modulation, and reception originated in the bilaterian stem group. This suggests that the monoaminergic system is a bilaterian novelty and that its evolution may have contributed to the Cambrian diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Goulty
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Gaelle Botton-Amiot
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ezio Rosato
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Simon G Sprecher
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Feuda
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicestershire, UK.
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Qiu Y, Zhang M, Lai Z, Zhang R, Tian H, Liu S, Li D, Zhou J, Li Z. Profiling of amines in biological samples using polythioester-functionalized magnetic nanoprobe. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1103995. [PMID: 36686230 PMCID: PMC9846243 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1103995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The metabolic balance of amines is closely related to human health. It remains a great challenge to analyze amines with high-throughput and high-coverage. Methods: Polythioester-functionalized magnetic nanoprobes (PMPs) have been prepared under mild conditions and applied in chemoselective capture of amides. With the introduction of polythioester, PMPs demonstrate remarkably increased capture efficiency, leading to the dramatically improved sensitivity of mass spectrometry detection. Results: The analysis method with PMPs treatment has been applied in rapid detection of more than 100 amines in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, mouse organ tissues, and 103 human serum samples with high-throughput and high-coverage. Statistical analysis shows that arginine biosynthesis differed between lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Discussion: Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis differed between tissues. The combination indicators demonstrate a great diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing between health and lung disease subjects as well as differentiating the patients with benign lung disease and lung cancer. With powerful capture ability, low-cost preparation, and convenient separation, the PMPs demonstrate promising application in the intensive study of metabolic pathways and early diagnosis of disease.high-throughput and high-coverage. Here, polythioester-functionalized magnetic nanoprobes (PMPs) have been prepared under mild conditions and applied in chemoselective capture of amides. With the introduction of polythioester, PMPs demonstrate remarkably increased capture efficiency, leading to the dramatically improved sensitivity of mass spectrometry detection. The analysis method with PMPs treatment has been applied in rapid detection of more than 100 amines in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, mouse organ tissues, and 103 human serum samples with high-throughput and high-coverage. Statistical analysis shows that arginine biosynthesis differed between lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis differed between tissues. The combination indicators demonstrate a great diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing between health and lung disease subjects as well as differentiating the patients with benign lung disease and lung cancer. With powerful capture ability, low-cost preparation, and convenient separation, the PMPs demonstrate promising application in the intensive study of metabolic pathways and early diagnosis of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Qiu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhizhen Lai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Renjun Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Tian
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Zhou
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Zhili Li, ; Jiang Zhou,
| | - Zhili Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Zhili Li, ; Jiang Zhou,
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Gupta MK, Sharma NK. A new amino acid, hybrid peptides and BODIPY analogs: synthesis and evaluation of 2-aminotroponyl-L-alanine (ATA) derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9397-9407. [PMID: 36398538 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01905a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural aromatic α-amino acid residues play critical roles in the structural and functional organization of proteins owing to π-interactions. Their aromatic residues are derived from benzenoid scaffolds. Non-benzenoid aromatic scaffolds such as tropone and tropolone are also constituents of troponoid natural products. Tropolone has also the ability to exhibit π-interactions along with additional hydrogen bonding. Thus, amino acids comprising troponyl could be potential building blocks of novel peptidomimetics. This report describes the synthesis of the L-aminotroponylalanine amino acid (ATA) and its unusual activity with the peptide coupling agent EDC. Importantly, its di-peptides form β-sheet/-turn type secondary structures in organic solvents owing to the troponyl residue. This amino acid is an excellent scaffold for the synthesis of fluorescent amino acids such as BODIPY amino acid analogs. Nevertheless, this amino acid and its BODIPY derivatives can enter HeLa cells without exhibiting significant cytotoxicity at low concentrations (∼50 μM). Hence, ATA and its BODIPY derivatives are promising aromatic amino acids for the construction of potential peptidomimetics and fluorescent labelling of target peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Gupta
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)-Bhubaneswar, Jatni Campus, Bhubaneswar-752050, Odisha, India. .,HBNI-Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Nagendra K Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)-Bhubaneswar, Jatni Campus, Bhubaneswar-752050, Odisha, India. .,HBNI-Mumbai, Mumbai, India
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Park J, Hong J, Seok J, Hong H, Seo H, Kim KJ. Structural studies of a novel auxiliary-domain-containing phenylalanine hydroxylase from Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:586-598. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322002674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which belongs to the aromatic amino-acid hydroxylase family, is involved in protein synthesis and pyomelanine production through the hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine. In this study, the crystal structure of PAH from Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 (BcPAH) with an additional 280 amino acids in the C-terminal region was determined. The structure of BcPAH consists of three distinct domains: a core domain with two additional inserted α-helices and two novel auxiliary domains: BcPAH-AD1 and BcPAH-AD2. Structural homologues of BcPAH-AD1 and BcPAH-AD2 are known to be involved in mRNA regulation and protein–protein interactions, and thus it was speculated that BcPAH might utilize the auxiliary domains for interaction with its partner proteins. Furthermore, phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the three-domain PAHs, including BcPAH, are completely distinctive from both conventional prokaryotic PAHs and eukaryotic PAHs. Finally, biochemical studies of BcPAH showed that BcPAH-AD1 might be important for the structural integrity of the enzyme and that BcPAH-AD2 is related to enzyme stability and/or activity. Investigations into the intracellular functions of the two auxiliary domains and the relationship between these functions and the activity of PAH are required.
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Tran ML, Génisson Y, Ballereau S, Dehoux C. Second-Generation Pharmacological Chaperones: Beyond Inhibitors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143145. [PMID: 32660097 PMCID: PMC7397201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding induced by missense mutations is the source of hundreds of conformational diseases. The cell quality control may eliminate nascent misfolded proteins, such as enzymes, and a pathological loss-of-function may result from their early degradation. Since the proof of concept in the 2000s, the bioinspired pharmacological chaperone therapy became a relevant low-molecular-weight compound strategy against conformational diseases. The first-generation pharmacological chaperones were competitive inhibitors of mutant enzymes. Counterintuitively, in binding to the active site, these inhibitors stabilize the proper folding of the mutated protein and partially rescue its cellular function. The main limitation of the first-generation pharmacological chaperones lies in the balance between enzyme activity enhancement and inhibition. Recent research efforts were directed towards the development of promising second-generation pharmacological chaperones. These non-inhibitory ligands, targeting previously unknown binding pockets, limit the risk of adverse enzymatic inhibition. Their pharmacophore identification is however challenging and likely requires a massive screening-based approach. This review focuses on second-generation chaperones designed to restore the cellular activity of misfolded enzymes. It intends to highlight, for a selected set of rare inherited metabolic disorders, the strategies implemented to identify and develop these pharmacologically relevant small organic molecules as potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cécile Dehoux
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (C.D.); Tel.: +33-5-6155-6127 (C.D.)
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Li X, Zheng S, Wu G. Amino Acid Metabolism in the Kidneys: Nutritional and Physiological Significance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1265:71-95. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Phenylethylamides derived from bacterial secondary metabolites specifically inhibit an insect serotonin receptor. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20358. [PMID: 31885035 PMCID: PMC6935581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56892-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT) is a biogenic monoamine that mediates immune responses and modulates nerve signal in insects. Se-5HTR, a specific receptor of serotonin, has been identified in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. It is classified into subtype 7 among known 5HTRs. Se-5HTR was expressed in all developmental stages of S. exigua. It was expressed in all tested tissues of larval stage. Its expression was up-regulated in hemocytes and fat body in response to immune challenge. RNA interference (RNAi) of Se-5HTR exhibited significant immunosuppression by preventing cellular immune responses such as phagocytosis and nodulation. Treatment with an inhibitor (SB-269970) specific to 5HTR subtype 7 resulted in significant immunosuppression. Furthermore, knockout mutant of Se-5HTR by CRISPR-Cas9 led to significant reduction of phagocytotic activity of S. exigua hemocytes. Such immunosuppression was also induced by bacterial secondary metabolites derived from Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus. To determine specific bacterial metabolites inhibiting Se-5HTR, this study screened 37 bacterial secondary metabolites with respect to cellular immune responses associated with Se-5HTR and selected 10 potent inhibitors. These 10 selected compounds competitively inhibited cellular immune responses against 5-HT and shared phenylethylamide (PEA) chemical skeleton. Subsequently, 46 PEA derivatives were screened and resulting potent chemicals were used to design a compound to be highly inhibitory against Se-5HTR. The designed compound was chemically synthesized. It showed high immunosuppressive activities along with specific and competitive inhibition activity for Se-5HTR. This study reports the first 5HT receptor from S. exigua and provides its specific inhibitor designed from bacterial metabolites and their derivatives.
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Bleck D, Erdene-Byambadoo L, Brinks R, Schneider M, Pongratz G. Semi-automated Model to Accurately Counting Sympathetic Nervous Fibers. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3454. [PMID: 33654949 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the role of sympathetic nervous fibers in chronic inflammation has become increasingly evident. At the onset of inflammation, sympathetic activity is increased in the affected tissue. However, sympathetic fibers are largely absent from chronically inflamed tissues. Apparently, there is a very dynamic relationship between sympathetic innervation and the immune system in areas of inflammation, and hence a rapid and easy method for quantification of nerve fiber density of target organs is of great value to answer potential research questions. Sympathetic nerve ends lie in close proximity to immune cells in lymphoid tissues and lymphoid cells are equipped with catecholamine receptors. Catecholamines such as dopamine and adrenaline are secreted by sympathetic nervous fibers and can influence immune cell activity directly. Thereby the sympathetic nervous system immediately participates in the regulation of inflammation. Changes in innervation density could therefore indicate dysregulation of inflammatory processes. Currently, nervous fiber densities are either determined by tedious manual counting, which is not suitable for high throughput approaches, or by expensive automated processes relying on specialized software and high-end microscopy equipment. Usually, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is used as the marker for sympathetic fibers. In order to overcome the current quantification bottleneck with a cost-efficient alternative, an automated process was established and compared to the classic manual approach of counting TH-positive sympathetic fibers. Since TH is not exclusively expressed on sympathetic fibers, but also in a number of catecholamine-producing cells, a prerequisite for automated determination of fiber densities is to reliably distinguish between cells and fibers. Therefore, an additional stain using peripherin which is exclusively expressed in nervous fibers as a secondary marker was established. This new and simple method can be used as a high-throughput approach to reliably and quickly estimate sympathetic nervous system (SNS) nerve fiber density in target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Bleck
- Hiller Research Center Rheumatology at University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lkham Erdene-Byambadoo
- Hiller Research Center Rheumatology at University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralph Brinks
- Hiller Research Center Rheumatology at University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Hiller Research Center Rheumatology at University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Georg Pongratz
- Hiller Research Center Rheumatology at University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Bleck D, Ma L, Erdene-Bymbadoo L, Brinks R, Schneider M, Tian L, Pongratz G. Introduction and validation of a new semi-automated method to determine sympathetic fiber density in target tissues. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217475. [PMID: 31141555 PMCID: PMC6541301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the role of sympathetic nervous fibers in chronic inflammation has become increasingly evident. At the onset of inflammation, sympathetic activity is increased in the affected tissue. However, sympathetic fibers are largely absent from chronically inflamed tissue. Apparently, there is a very dynamic relationship between sympathetic innervation and the immune system in areas of inflammation, and hence a rapid and easy method for quantification of nerve fiber density of target organs is of great value to answer potential research questions. Currently, nervous fiber densities are either determined by tedious manual counting, which is not suitable for high throughput approaches, or by expensive automated processes relying on specialized software and high-end microscopy equipment. Usually, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is used as the marker for sympathetic fibers. In order to overcome the current quantification bottleneck with a cost-efficient alternative, an automated process was established and compared to the classic manual approach of counting TH-positive sympathetic fibers. Since TH is not exclusively expressed on sympathetic fibers, but also in a number of catecholamine-producing cells, a prerequisite for automated determination of fiber densities is to reliably distinct between cells and fibers. Therefore, an additional staining using peripherin exclusively expressed in nervous fibers as a secondary marker was established. Using this novel approach, we studied the spleens from a syndecan-3 knockout (SDC3KO) mouse line, and demonstrated equal results on SNS fiber density for both manual and automated counts (Manual counts: wildtype: 22.57 +/- 11.72 fibers per mm2; ko: 31.95 +/- 18.85 fibers per mm2; p = 0.05; Automated counts: wildtype: 31.6 +/- 18.98 fibers per mm2; ko: 45.49 +/- 19.65 fibers per mm2; p = 0.02). In conclusion, this new and simple method can be used as a high-throughput approach to reliably and quickly estimate SNS nerve fiber density in target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Bleck
- Hiller Research Center Rheumatology at University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Li Ma
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lkham Erdene-Bymbadoo
- Hiller Research Center Rheumatology at University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralph Brinks
- Hiller Research Center Rheumatology at University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Hiller Research Center Rheumatology at University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Li Tian
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail: (GP); (LT)
| | - Georg Pongratz
- Hiller Research Center Rheumatology at University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail: (GP); (LT)
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Steventon GB, Mitchell SC. The S-oxidation of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine in hepatic cytosolic fractions from BTBR and phenylketonuria enu1 and enu2 mice. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:495-502. [PMID: 29648495 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1464684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mice that were heterozygous dominant for the enu1 and enu2 mutation in phenylalanine monooxygenase/phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) resulted in hepatic PAH assays for S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine (SCMC) that had significantly increased calculated Km (wild type (wt)/enu1, 1.84-2.12 fold increase and wt/enu2 a 2.75 fold increase in PAH assays). The heterozygous dominant phenotypes showed a significantly reduced catalytic turnover of SCMC (wt/enu1, 6.11 fold decrease and wt/enu2 an 11.25 fold decrease in calculated Vmax). Finally, these phenotypes also had a significantly reduced clearance, CLE (wt/enu1, 13.02 fold and wt/enu2, a 30.80-30.94 fold decrease) The homozygous recessive phenotype (enu1/enu1) was also found to have significantly increased calculated Km (2.16 fold increase), a significantly reduced calculated Vmax (11.35-12.33 fold decrease) and CLE (24.75-25.00 fold decrease). The enu2/enu2, homozygous recessive phenotype had no detectable PAH activity using SCMC as substrate. The identity of the enzyme responsible for the C-oxidation of L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) and the S-oxidation of SCMC in wt/wt (BTBR) mice was identified using monoclonal antibody and selective chemical inhibitors and was found to be PAH. This in vitro mouse hepatic cytosolic fraction metabolism investigation provides further evidence to support the hypothesis that an individual possessing one variant allele for PAH will result in a poor metaboliser phenotype that is unable to produce significant amounts of S-oxide metabolites of SCMC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen C Mitchell
- b Computational and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK
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14
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Parthasarathy A, Cross PJ, Dobson RCJ, Adams LE, Savka MA, Hudson AO. A Three-Ring Circus: Metabolism of the Three Proteogenic Aromatic Amino Acids and Their Role in the Health of Plants and Animals. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:29. [PMID: 29682508 PMCID: PMC5897657 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan are the three aromatic amino acids (AAA) involved in protein synthesis. These amino acids and their metabolism are linked to the synthesis of a variety of secondary metabolites, a subset of which are involved in numerous anabolic pathways responsible for the synthesis of pigment compounds, plant hormones and biological polymers, to name a few. In addition, these metabolites derived from the AAA pathways mediate the transmission of nervous signals, quench reactive oxygen species in the brain, and are involved in the vast palette of animal coloration among others pathways. The AAA and metabolites derived from them also have integral roles in the health of both plants and animals. This review delineates the de novo biosynthesis of the AAA by microbes and plants, and the branching out of AAA metabolism into major secondary metabolic pathways in plants such as the phenylpropanoid pathway. Organisms that do not possess the enzymatic machinery for the de novo synthesis of AAA must obtain these primary metabolites from their diet. Therefore, the metabolism of AAA by the host animal and the resident microflora are important for the health of all animals. In addition, the AAA metabolite-mediated host-pathogen interactions in general, as well as potential beneficial and harmful AAA-derived compounds produced by gut bacteria are discussed. Apart from the AAA biosynthetic pathways in plants and microbes such as the shikimate pathway and the tryptophan pathway, this review also deals with AAA catabolism in plants, AAA degradation via the monoamine and kynurenine pathways in animals, and AAA catabolism via the 3-aryllactate and kynurenine pathways in animal-associated microbes. Emphasis will be placed on structural and functional aspects of several key AAA-related enzymes, such as shikimate synthase, chorismate mutase, anthranilate synthase, tryptophan synthase, tyrosine aminotransferase, dopachrome tautomerase, radical dehydratase, and type III CoA-transferase. The past development and current potential for interventions including the development of herbicides and antibiotics that target key enzymes in AAA-related pathways, as well as AAA-linked secondary metabolism leading to antimicrobials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anutthaman Parthasarathy
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Penelope J. Cross
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Renwick C. J. Dobson
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lily E. Adams
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Michael A. Savka
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - André O. Hudson
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
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15
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Teraishi T, Kajiwara M, Hori H, Sasayama D, Hidese S, Matsuo J, Ishida I, Kajiwara Y, Ozeki Y, Ota M, Hattori K, Higuchi T, Kunugi H. 13C-phenylalanine breath test and serum biopterin in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 99:142-150. [PMID: 29454221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine is required for the synthesis of the neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. The rate-limiting step for phenylalanine metabolism is catalyzed by phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) and its cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin. We aimed to detect altered phenylalanine metabolism in major psychiatric disorders using the l-[1-13C]phenylalanine breath test (13C-PBT) and serum biopterin levels. We also investigated association of PAH mutations with schizophrenia and phenylalanine metabolism. 13C-phenylalanine (100 mg) was orally administered, and the breath 13CO2/12CO2 ratio was monitored for 120 min in four groups: 103 patients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV), 39 with bipolar disorder, 116 with major depressive disorder (MDD), and 241 healthy controls. Serum biopterin levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Mutation screening of PAH exons was performed by direct sequencing in 46 schizophrenia patients. Association analysis was performed using six tag single nucleotide polymorphisms and the PAH Arg53His mutation by TaqMan assays in 616 schizophrenia patients and 1194 healthy controls. Analyses of covariance controlling for age, sex, and body weight showed that the index for the amount of exhaled 13CO2 was significantly lower in the schizophrenia group than in the other three groups (all p < 0.05). Biopterin levels in schizophrenia and MDD were significantly lower than those in controls. Biopterin levels correlated with 13C-PBT indices in controls. PAH polymorphisms were not associated with schizophrenia or 13C-PBT indices. 13C-PBT revealed reduced phenylalanine metabolism in schizophrenia, though we obtained no evidence of involvement of PAH polymorphism. Serum biopterin levels were lower in schizophrenia and MDD, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Teraishi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kajiwara
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan; Tri-X Biomedical, Inc., 4-12-5-406, Minamiyawata, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-0023, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Daimei Sasayama
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Hidese
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Junko Matsuo
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Ikki Ishida
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kajiwara
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Yuji Ozeki
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Miho Ota
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hattori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Higuchi
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
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16
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Furtado DZS, de Moura Leite FBV, Barreto CN, Faria B, Jedlicka LDL, de Jesus Silva E, da Silva HDT, Bechara EJH, Assunção NA. Profiles of amino acids and biogenic amines in the plasma of Cri-du-Chat patients. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 140:137-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Lindhorst AC, Schütz J, Netscher T, Bonrath W, Kühn FE. Catalytic oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons by a molecular iron–NHC complex. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy00557a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An iron–NHC complex bearing a tetradentate bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) ligand is applied as catalyst for the oxidation of methyl substituted arene substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C. Lindhorst
- Molecular Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center
- Technical University of Munich
- D-85747 Garching bei München
- Germany
| | - Jan Schütz
- DSM Nutritional Products
- Research and Development
- CH-4002 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Thomas Netscher
- DSM Nutritional Products
- Research and Development
- CH-4002 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Werner Bonrath
- DSM Nutritional Products
- Research and Development
- CH-4002 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Fritz E. Kühn
- Molecular Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center
- Technical University of Munich
- D-85747 Garching bei München
- Germany
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18
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Sumaily KM, Mujamammi AH. Phenylketonuria: A new look at an old topic, advances in laboratory diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2017; 11:63-70. [PMID: 29114196 PMCID: PMC5669513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of protein metabolism are the most common diseases among discovered inherited metabolic disorders. Phenylketonuria (PKU), a relatively common disorder that is responsive to treatment, is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) or one of several enzymes mediating biosynthesis or regeneration of the PAH cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin. The objective of this review is to discuss therapeutic strategies that have recently emerged for curing patients with PKU, which have demonstrated promising improvements in managing these patients. Data sourcing included a systematic literature review of PubMed with a focus on emerging knowledge pertaining to this well-studied disease. Recent advances in laboratory diagnosis and therapeutic strategies were described. Collectively, promising and rapid enhancements in neonatal diagnostic technologies and recently emerged therapeutic strategies are paving the way for early diagnosis and treating many inborn errors of metabolism, such as PKU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M. Sumaily
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Biochemistry Unit, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh Saudi Arabia,Address for correspondence: Khalid M. Sumaily, Consultant in Medical Biochemistry and Biochemical Genetics, Department of Pathology, Clinical Biochemistry Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925 (30), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia. Phone: +00966114698502. Mobile: 00966540904761. E-mail:
| | - Ahmed H. Mujamammi
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Biochemistry Unit, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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19
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Proteasome-mediated degradation of tyrosine hydroxylase triggered by its phosphorylation: a new question as to the intracellular location at which the degradation occurs. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 125:9-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1653-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Critical Analysis of the Melanogenic Pathway in Insects and Higher Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101753. [PMID: 27775611 PMCID: PMC5085778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals synthesize melanin pigments for the coloration of their skin and use it for their protection from harmful solar radiation. Insects use melanins even more ingeniously than mammals and employ them for exoskeletal pigmentation, cuticular hardening, wound healing and innate immune responses. In this review, we discuss the biochemistry of melanogenesis process occurring in higher animals and insects. A special attention is given to number of aspects that are not previously brought to light: (1) the molecular mechanism of dopachrome conversion that leads to the production of two different dihydroxyindoles; (2) the role of catecholamine derivatives other than dopa in melanin production in animals; (3) the critical parts played by various biosynthetic enzymes associated with insect melanogenesis; and (4) the presence of a number of important gaps in both melanogenic and sclerotinogenic pathways. Additionally, importance of the melanogenic process in insect physiology especially in the sclerotization of their exoskeleton, wound healing reactions and innate immune responses is highlighted. The comparative biochemistry of melanization with sclerotization is also discussed.
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21
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Simonet P, Gaget K, Parisot N, Duport G, Rey M, Febvay G, Charles H, Callaerts P, Colella S, Calevro F. Disruption of phenylalanine hydroxylase reduces adult lifespan and fecundity, and impairs embryonic development in parthenogenetic pea aphids. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34321. [PMID: 27694983 PMCID: PMC5046115 DOI: 10.1038/srep34321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is a key tyrosine-biosynthetic enzyme involved in neurological and melanin-associated physiological processes. Despite extensive investigations in holometabolous insects, a PAH contribution to insect embryonic development has never been demonstrated. Here, we have characterized, for the first time, the PAH gene in a hemimetabolous insect, the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Phylogenetic and sequence analyses confirmed that ApPAH is closely related to metazoan PAH, exhibiting the typical ACT regulatory and catalytic domains. Temporal expression patterns suggest that ApPAH has an important role in aphid developmental physiology, its mRNA levels peaking at the end of embryonic development. We used parental dsApPAH treatment to generate successful knockdown in aphid embryos and to study its developmental role. ApPAH inactivation shortens the adult aphid lifespan and considerably affects fecundity by diminishing the number of nymphs laid and impairing embryonic development, with newborn nymphs exhibiting severe morphological defects. Using single nymph HPLC analyses, we demonstrated a significant tyrosine deficiency and a consistent accumulation of the upstream tyrosine precursor, phenylalanine, in defective nymphs, thus confirming the RNAi-mediated disruption of PAH activity. This study provides first insights into the role of PAH in hemimetabolous insects and demonstrates that this metabolic gene is essential for insect embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Simonet
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karen Gaget
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Parisot
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gabrielle Duport
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marjolaine Rey
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gérard Febvay
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hubert Charles
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrick Callaerts
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefano Colella
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Federica Calevro
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
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22
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Chen P, Wang J, Li H, Li Y, Chen P, Li T, Chen X, Xiao J, Zhang L. Role of GTP-CHI links PAH and TH in melanin synthesis in silkworm, Bombyx mori. Gene 2015; 567:138-45. [PMID: 25958343 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In insects, pigment patterns are formed by melanin, ommochromes, and pteridines. Here, the effects of pteridine synthesis on melanin formation were studied using 4th instar larvae of a wild-type silkworm strain, dazao (Bombyx mori), with normal color and markings. Results from injected larvae and in vitro integument culture indicated that decreased activity of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I (GTP-CH I, a rate-limiting enzyme for pteridine synthesis), lowers BH4 (6R-l-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin, a production correlated with GTP-CH I activity) levels and eliminates markings and coloration. The conversion of phenylalanine and tyrosine to melanin was prevented when GTP-CH I was inhibited. When BH4 was added, phenylalanine was converted to tyrosine, and the tyrosine concentration increased. Tyrosine was then converted to melanin to create normal markings and coloration. Decreasing GTP-CH I activity did not affect L-DOPA (3,4-l-dihydroxyphenylalanine). GTP-CH I affected melanin synthesis by generating the BH4 used in two key reaction steps: (1) conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine by PAH (phenylalanine hydroxylase) and (2) conversion of tyrosine to L-DOPA by TH (tyrosine hydroxylase). Expression profiles of BmGTPCH Ia, BmGTPCH Ib, BmTH, and BmPAH in the integument were consistent with the current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Jiying Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Haiyin Li
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Tian Li
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Junjie Xiao
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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23
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Wang D, Coco MW, Rose RB. Interactions with the bifunctional interface of the transcriptional coactivator DCoH1 are kinetically regulated. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4319-29. [PMID: 25538247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.616870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydratase (PCD) is a highly conserved enzyme that evolved a second, unrelated function in mammals, as a transcriptional coactivator. As a coactivator, PCD is known as DCoH or dimerization cofactor of the transcription factor HNF-1. These two activities are associated with a change in oligomeric state: from two dimers interacting as an enzyme in the cytoplasm to a dimer interacting with a dimer of HNF-1 in the nucleus. The same interface of DCoH forms both complexes. To determine how DCoH partitions between its two functions, we studied the folding and stability of the DCoH homotetramer. We show that the DCoH1 homotetramer is kinetically trapped, meaning once it forms it will not dissociate to interact with HNF-1. In contrast, DCoH2, a paralog of DCoH1, unfolds within hours. A simple mutation in the interface of DCoH2 from Ser-51 to Thr, as found in DCoH1, increases the kinetic stability by 9 orders of magnitude, to τ(½) ∼ 2 million years. This suggests that the DCoH1·HNF-1 complex must co-fold to interact. We conclude that simple mutations can dramatically affect the dissociation kinetics of a complex. Residue 51 represents a "kinetic hot spot" instead of a "thermodynamic hot spot." Kinetic regulation allows PCD to adopt two distinct functions. Mutations in DCoH1 associated with diabetes affect both functions of DCoH1, perhaps by disrupting the balance between the two DCoH complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Wang
- From the Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7622
| | - Matthew W Coco
- From the Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7622
| | - Robert B Rose
- From the Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7622
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Yang S, Jan YH, Mishin V, Richardson JR, Hossain MM, Heindel ND, Heck DE, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Sulfa drugs inhibit sepiapterin reduction and chemical redox cycling by sepiapterin reductase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:529-40. [PMID: 25550200 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.221572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepiapterin reductase (SPR) catalyzes the reduction of sepiapterin to dihydrobiopterin (BH2), the precursor for tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a cofactor critical for nitric oxide biosynthesis and alkylglycerol and aromatic amino acid metabolism. SPR also mediates chemical redox cycling, catalyzing one-electron reduction of redox-active chemicals, including quinones and bipyridinium herbicides (e.g., menadione, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, and diquat); rapid reaction of the reduced radicals with molecular oxygen generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using recombinant human SPR, sulfonamide- and sulfonylurea-based sulfa drugs were found to be potent noncompetitive inhibitors of both sepiapterin reduction and redox cycling. The most potent inhibitors of sepiapterin reduction (IC50s = 31-180 nM) were sulfasalazine, sulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, sulfamethoxazole, and chlorpropamide. Higher concentrations of the sulfa drugs (IC50s = 0.37-19.4 μM) were required to inhibit redox cycling, presumably because of distinct mechanisms of sepiapterin reduction and redox cycling. In PC12 cells, which generate catecholamine and monoamine neurotransmitters via BH4-dependent amino acid hydroxylases, sulfa drugs inhibited both BH2/BH4 biosynthesis and redox cycling mediated by SPR. Inhibition of BH2/BH4 resulted in decreased production of dopamine and dopamine metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Sulfathiazole (200 μM) markedly suppressed neurotransmitter production, an effect reversed by BH4. These data suggest that SPR and BH4-dependent enzymes, are "off-targets" of sulfa drugs, which may underlie their untoward effects. The ability of the sulfa drugs to inhibit redox cycling may ameliorate ROS-mediated toxicity generated by redox active drugs and chemicals, contributing to their anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Yang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
| | - Yi-Hua Jan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
| | - Vladimir Mishin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
| | - Muhammad M Hossain
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
| | - Ned D Heindel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
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Ronau J, Paul LN, Fuchs JE, Liedl K, Abu-Omar MM, Das C. A conserved acidic residue in phenylalanine hydroxylase contributes to cofactor affinity and catalysis. Biochemistry 2014; 53:6834-48. [PMID: 25295853 PMCID: PMC4222540 DOI: 10.1021/bi500734h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic domains of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAHs) contain a non-heme iron coordinated to a 2-His-1-carboxylate facial triad and two water molecules. Asp139 from Chromobacterium violaceum PAH (cPAH) resides within the second coordination sphere and contributes key hydrogen bonds with three active site waters that mediate its interaction with an oxidized form of the cofactor, 7,8-dihydro-l-biopterin, in crystal structures. To determine the catalytic role of this residue, various point mutants were prepared and characterized. Our isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analysis of iron binding implies that polarity at position 139 is not the sole criterion for metal affinity, as binding studies with D139E suggest that the size of the amino acid side chain also appears to be important. High-resolution crystal structures of the mutants reveal that Asp139 may not be essential for holding the bridging water molecules together, because many of these waters are retained even in the Ala mutant. However, interactions via the bridging waters contribute to cofactor binding at the active site, interactions for which charge of the residue is important, as the D139N mutant shows a 5-fold decrease in its affinity for pterin as revealed by ITC (compared to a 16-fold loss of affinity in the case of the Ala mutant). The Asn and Ala mutants show a much more pronounced defect in their kcat values, with nearly 16- and 100-fold changes relative to that of the wild type, respectively, indicating a substantial role of this residue in stabilization of the transition state by aligning the cofactor in a productive orientation, most likely through direct binding with the cofactor, supported by data from molecular dynamics simulations of the complexes. Our results indicate that the intervening water structure between the cofactor and the acidic residue masks direct interaction between the two, possibly to prevent uncoupled hydroxylation of the cofactor before the arrival of phenylalanine. It thus appears that the second-coordination sphere Asp residue in cPAH, and, by extrapolation, the equivalent residue in other AAAHs, plays a role in fine-tuning pterin affinity in the ground state via deformable interactions with bridging waters and assumes a more significant role in the transition state by aligning the cofactor through direct hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith
A. Ronau
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266
Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Lake N. Paul
- Bindley
Biosciences Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Julian E. Fuchs
- Institute
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University
of Innsbruck, Innrain
80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Centre
for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus
R. Liedl
- Institute
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University
of Innsbruck, Innrain
80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mahdi M. Abu-Omar
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chittaranjan Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Alibakhshi R, Moradi K, Mohebbi Z, Ghadiri K. Mutation analysis of PAH gene in patients with PKU in western Iran and its association with polymorphisms: identification of four novel mutations. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:131-8. [PMID: 24048906 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a mutation in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene. Untreated PKU can lead to mental retardation, seizures, and other serious medical problems. This study was designed to investigate the status of molecular defects in the PAH gene and their association with polymorphisms in Kurdish patients with PKU in the Kermanshah province, western Iran. The study was conducted on 27 unrelated patients with PKU over a 2-year period (from 2010 to 2012). All 13 exons plus exon-intron boundaries of the PAH gene were analyzed and we identified 15 different mutations, including two novel mutations, in 51 of the 54 mutant alleles (diagnostic efficiency of 94.4 %). IVS4 + 1G > C (c.441 + 1G > C) and IVS7 - 5 T > C (c.843 - 5 T > C) are novel mutations that have not been reported in the academic literature or the PAH locus database ( http://www.pahdb.mcgill.ca ); therefore, they may be specific to the Kurdish population. IVS2 + 5G > C and IVS9 + 5G > A were the two most prevalent mutations in our sample, with frequencies of 26 % and 17 %, respectively. The second most common mutations were p.R261X, IVS10 - 11G > A, p.K363 > Nfs and IVS7 - 5 T > C, with each showing a relative frequency of 7.4 %. All other detected mutations, including p.F55 > Lfs, p.R176X, p.R243Q, p.V230I, p.R243X, p.R261Q, IVS8 - 7A > G and p.E390G had frequencies of less than 4 %. The present study showed that there is a distinct difference in the characteristics of PAH mutations between the Kermanshah province and other parts of Iran, suggesting that Kermanshah may have a unique population distribution of PAH gene mutations. Iran lies on the route of major ancient movements of the Caucasian people toward the Mediterranean basin, and Kermanshah has previously been called the gateway to Asia. Most of the mutations identified in this study are common in the Mediterranean region. Therefore, our findings are consistent with the historical and geographical links between the Iranian population and the populations of Mediterranean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Alibakhshi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran,
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28
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Moradi K, Alibakhshi R, Khatami S. The proportion of tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency and PAH gene deficiency variants among cases with hyperphenyalaninemia in Western Iran. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2014; 19:454-8. [PMID: 24497712 PMCID: PMC3897142 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.124375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defects either in phenylalanine hydroxylase (PheOH) or in the production and recycling of its cofactor (tetrahydrobiopterin [BH4]) are the causes of primary hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA). The aim of our study was to investigate the current status of different variants of HPA Kurdish patients in Kermanshah province, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 33 cases enrolled in our study, 32 were identified as HPA patients. Reassessing of pre-treatment phenylalanine concentrations and the analysis of urinary pterins was done by high-performance liquid chromatography method. RESULTS A total of 30 patients showed PAH deficiency and two patients were diagnosed with BH4 deficiency (BH4/HPA ratio = 6.25%). Both of these two BH4-deficient patients were assigned to severe variant of dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) deficiency. More than 75% of patients with PAH deficiency classified as classic phenylketonuria (PKU) according their levels of pre-treatment phenylalanine concentrations. CONCLUSION Based on the performed study, we think that the frequency of milder forms of PKU is higher than those was estimated before and/or our findings here. Furthermore, the frequency of DHPR deficiency seems to be relatively high in our province. Since the clinical symptoms of DHPR deficiency are confusingly similar to that of classic PKU and its prognosis are much worse than classical PKU and cannot be solely treated with the PKU regime, our pilot study support that it is crucial to set up screening for BH4 deficiency, along with PAH deficiency, among all HPA patients diagnosed with HPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Moradi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Alibakhshi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah, Iran ; Nano Drug Delivery Research Centre, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shohreh Khatami
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Fuchs S, Behrends V, Bundy JG, Crisanti A, Nolan T. Phenylalanine metabolism regulates reproduction and parasite melanization in the malaria mosquito. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84865. [PMID: 24409310 PMCID: PMC3883676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood meal of the female malaria mosquito is a pre-requisite to egg production and also represents the transmission route for the malaria parasite. The proper and rapid assimilation of proteins and nutrients in the blood meal creates a significant metabolic challenge for the mosquito. To better understand this process we generated a global profile of metabolite changes in response to blood meal of Anopheles gambiae, using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). To disrupt a key pathway of amino acid metabolism we silenced the gene phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) involved in the conversion of the amino acid phenylalanine into tyrosine. We observed increased levels of phenylalanine and the potentially toxic metabolites phenylpyruvate and phenyllactate as well as a reduction in the amount of tyrosine available for melanin synthesis. This in turn resulted in a significant impairment of the melanotic encapsulation response against the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. Furthermore silencing of PAH resulted in a significant impairment of mosquito fertility associated with reduction of laid eggs, retarded vitellogenesis and impaired melanisation of the chorion. Carbidopa, an inhibitor of the downstream enzyme DOPA decarboxylase that coverts DOPA into dopamine, produced similar effects on egg melanization and hatching rate suggesting that egg chorion maturation is mainly regulated via dopamine. This study sheds new light on the role of amino acid metabolism in regulating reproduction and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Fuchs
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Behrends
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob G. Bundy
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Crisanti
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Nolan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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30
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Mazzola PN, Karikas GA, Schulpis KH, Dutra-Filho CS. Antioxidant treatment strategies for hyperphenylalaninemia. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:541-50. [PMID: 23657560 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) leads to increased oxidative stress in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) and in animal models of PKU. Early diagnosis and immediate adherence to a phenylalanine-restricted diet prevents HPA and, consequently, severe brain damage. However, treated adolescent and adult PKU patients have difficulties complying with the diet, leading to an oscillation of phenylalanine levels and associated oxidative stress. The brain is especially susceptible to reactive species, and oxidative stress might add to the impaired cognitive function found in these patients. The restricted PKU diet has a very limited nutrient content from natural foods and almost no animal protein, which reduces the intake of important compounds. These specific compounds can act as scavengers of reactive species and can be co-factors of antioxidant enzymes. Supplementation with nutrients, vitamins, and tetrahydropterin has given quite promising results in patients and animal models. Antioxidant supplementation has been studied in HPA, however there is no consensus about its always beneficial effects. In this way, regular exercise could be a beneficial addition on antioxidant status in PKU patients. A deeper understanding of PKU molecular biochemistry, and genetics, as well as the need for improved targeted treatment options, could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Nicolao Mazzola
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,
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31
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Structural features of the regulatory ACT domain of phenylalanine hydroxylase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79482. [PMID: 24244510 PMCID: PMC3828330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) catalyzes the conversion of L-Phe to L-Tyr. Defects in PAH activity, caused by mutations in the human gene, result in the autosomal recessively inherited disease hyperphenylalaninemia. PAH activity is regulated by multiple factors, including phosphorylation and ligand binding. In particular, PAH displays positive cooperativity for L-Phe, which is proposed to bind the enzyme on an allosteric site in the N-terminal regulatory domain (RD), also classified as an ACT domain. This domain is found in several proteins and is able to bind amino acids. We used molecular dynamics simulations to obtain dynamical and structural insights into the isolated RD of PAH. Here we show that the principal motions involve conformational changes leading from an initial open to a final closed domain structure. The global intrinsic motions of the RD are correlated with exposure to solvent of a hydrophobic surface, which corresponds to the ligand binding-site of the ACT domain. Our results strongly suggest a relationship between the Phe-binding function and the overall dynamic behaviour of the enzyme. This relationship may be affected by structure-disturbing mutations. To elucidate the functional implications of the mutations, we investigated the structural effects on the dynamics of the human RD PAH induced by six missense hyperphenylalaninemia-causing mutations, namely p.G46S, p.F39C, p.F39L, p.I65S, p.I65T and p.I65V. These studies showed that the alterations in RD hydrophobic interactions induced by missense mutations could affect the functionality of the whole enzyme.
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32
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Herrera R, Manjarrez G, Hernandez J. Inhibition and kinetic changes of brain tryptophan-5-hydroxylase during insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the rat. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 8:57-62. [PMID: 15909768 DOI: 10.1080/10284150400027115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we report results on the possible mechanism of inhibition of tryptophan-5-hydroxylase activity induced by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Kinetic experiments were done with different L-tryptophan (L-Trp) concentrations in the rat brain at different days of evolution of the disease. Additionally, different activation conditions of the enzyme were evaluated, to gain information on the mechanism of the activity changes. Diabetes state was induced in normal male rats, by the administration of 75 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin (STZ). The results showed an increase of the Km value and a decrease in the Vmax in the diabetic's brain as compared to controls. Interestingly, in the diabetic group, the response capacity to phosphorylation is significantly reduced. These shifts in the activity of tryptophan-5-hydroxylase developed during IDDM may not be explained only by a decrease of L-Trp, but also by a possible change in the enzyme itself, reflected in a diminished affinity for the substrate and a decreased response to phosphorylating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Herrera
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurochemistry, Specialties Hospital, XXI Century, National Medical Center (CMN-SXXI), Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Av. Cuauhtimoc 330, Col. Doctores, CP 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
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33
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Chen P, Li L, Wang J, Li H, Li Y, Lv Y, Lu C. BmPAH catalyzes the initial melanin biosynthetic step in Bombyx mori. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71984. [PMID: 23991017 PMCID: PMC3753331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigmentation during insect development is a primal adaptive requirement. In the silkworm, melanin is the primary component of larval pigments. The rate limiting substrate in melanin synthesis is tyrosine, which is converted from phenylalanine by the rate-limiting enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). While the role of tyrosine, derived from phenylalanine, in the synthesis of fiber proteins has long been known, the role of PAH in melanin synthesis is still unknown in silkworm. To define the importance of PAH, we cloned the cDNA sequence of BmPAH and expressed its complete coding sequence using the Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system. Purified recombinant protein had high PAH activity, some tryptophan hydroxylase activity, but no tyrosine hydroxylase activity, which are typical properties of PAH in invertebrates. Because melanin synthesis is most robust during the embryonic stage and larval integument recoloring stage, we injected BmPAH dsRNA into silkworm eggs and observed that decreasing BmPAH mRNA reduced neonatal larval tyrosine and caused insect coloration to fail. In vitro cultures and injection of 4th instar larval integuments with PAH inhibitor revealed that PAH activity was essential for larval marking coloration. These data show that BmPAH is necessary for melanin synthesis and we propose that conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine by PAH is the first step in the melanin biosynthetic pathway in the silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China ; College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Human biotransformation of the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor rilpivirine and a cross-species metabolism comparison. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:5067-79. [PMID: 23917319 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01401-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rilpivirine is a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used to treat HIV-1. In the present study, the pathways responsible for the biotransformation of rilpivirine were defined. Using human liver microsomes, the formation of two mono- and two dioxygenated metabolites were detected via ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Mass spectral analysis of the products suggested that these metabolites resulted from oxygenation of the 2,6-dimethylphenyl ring and methyl groups of rilpivirine. Chemical inhibition studies and cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 (CYP) assays indicated that oxygenations were catalyzed primarily by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. Glucuronide conjugates of rilpivirine and a monomethylhydroxylated metabolite of rilpivirine were also detected and were found to be formed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) UGT1A4 and UGT1A1, respectively. All metabolites that were identified in vitro were detectable in vivo. Further, targeted UHPLC-MS/MS-based in vivo metabolomics screening revealed that rilpivirine treatment versus efavirenz treatment may result in differential levels of endogenous metabolites, including tyrosine, homocysteine, and adenosine. Rilpivirine biotransformation was also assessed across species using liver microsomes isolated from a range of mammals, and the metabolite profile identified using human liver microsomes was largely conserved for both oxidative and glucuronide metabolite formation. These studies provide novel insight into the metabolism of rilpivirine and the potential differential effects of rilpivirine- and efavirenz-containing antiretroviral regimens on the endogenous metabolome.
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36
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Thomas M, Ciuclan L, Hussey MJ, Press NJ. Targeting the serotonin pathway for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:409-17. [PMID: 23416102 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As we uncover the complex pathophysiology underlying idiopathic and familial pulmonary arterial hypertension, multiple disease associated pathways, cell types and processes reveal links to elements of the serotonin system. Beyond the original 'serotonin hypothesis' observed with anorexigens, and the latterly demonstrated association with vascular tone and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation, recent studies suggest links to BMPR2, PDGF and RhoK pathways, as well as an impact upon more complex lesion formation and pathologic bone marrow progenitor mobilization. Clinical experience with antagonists targeting the various elements of the serotonin pathway has been unsatisfactory, yet perhaps this is less than surprising given our expanding knowledge around serotonin production and signaling biology, which indicate opportunities for novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Thomas
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 5AB, United Kingdom.
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37
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Increased expression of tryptophan‐5‐hydroxylase 1, but not 2, in brainstem as a result of intrauterine malnutrition. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012; 30:445-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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38
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Abstract
Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid required for the synthesis of catecholamines including dopamine. Altered levels of phenylalanine and its metabolites in blood and cerebrospinal fluid have been reported in schizophrenia patients. This study attempted to examine for the first time whether phenylalanine kinetics is altered in schizophrenia using L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine breath test ((13)C-PBT). The subjects were 20 chronically medicated schizophrenia patients (DSM-IV) and the same number of age- and sex-matched controls. (13)C-phenylalanine (99 atom% (13)C; 100 mg) was administered orally and the breath (13)CO(2) /(12)CO(2) ratio was monitored for 120 min. The possible effect of antipsychotic medication (risperidone (RPD) or haloperidol (HPD) treatment for 21 days) on (13)C-PBT was examined in rats. Body weight (BW), age and diagnostic status were significant predictors of the area under the curve of the time course of Δ(13)CO(2) (‰) and the cumulative recovery rate (CRR) at 120 min. A repeated measures analysis of covariance controlled for age and BW revealed that the patterns of CRR change over time differed between the patients and controls and that Δ(13)CO(2) was lower in the patients than in the controls at all sampling time points during the 120 min test, with an overall significant difference between the two groups. Chronic administration of RPD or HPD had no significant effect on (13)C-PBT indices in rats. Our results suggest that (13)C-PBT is a novel laboratory test that can detect altered phenylalanine kinetics in chronic schizophrenia patients. Animal experiments suggest that the observed changes are unlikely to be attributable to antipsychotic medication.
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39
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Wurtman RJ. Non-nutritional uses of nutrients. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668 Suppl 1:S10-5. [PMID: 21816139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients are generally conceived as dietary substances which the body requires more-or-less continuously, within a particular dosage range, to protect against developing the characteristic syndromes that occur when they are deficient. However some nutrients - when given apart from their usual food sources or at higher doses than those obtained from the diet - can also exercise pharmacologic effects, particularly on the CNS. Some, like folic acid, can promote neuronal development; others, like the neurotransmitter precursors tryptophan, choline, and histidine, can modulate the rates at which their products are synthesized; yet others, like uridine and omega-3 fatty acids, can increase the production of synaptic membrane, and thus promote synaptogenesis. In order for the nutrient to produce such effects, its plasma levels must be allowed to increase substantially when larger amounts are consumed; an unsaturated or competitive system must exist for transporting the nutrient across the blood-brain barrier; and the enzymes that convert the nutrient to its pharmacologically-active form must also be unsaturated with substrate. Nutrient mixtures chosen for their pharmacologic effects (and general lack of serious side-effects) are presently used for ameliorating several conditions, and more such uses can be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Wurtman
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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40
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Shin EJ, Duong CX, Nguyen XKT, Bing G, Bach JH, Park DH, Nakayama K, Ali SF, Kanthasamy AG, Cadet JL, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. PKCδ inhibition enhances tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in mice after methamphetamine treatment. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:39-50. [PMID: 21672585 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the specific role of protein kinase C (PKC) δ in methamphetamine (MA)-induced dopaminergic toxicity. A multiple-dose administration regimen of MA significantly increases PKCδ expression, while rottlerin, a PKCδ inhibitor, significantly attenuates MA-induced hyperthermia and behavioral deficits. These behavioral effects were not significantly observed in PKCδ antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-treated- or PKCδ knockout (-/-)-mice. There were no MA-induced significant decreases of dopamine (DA) content or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the striatum in rottlerin-treated-, ASO-treated- or PKCδ (-/-)-mice. The administration of MA also results in a significant decrease of TH phosphorylation at ser 40, but not ser 31, while the inhibition of PKCδ consistently and significantly attenuates MA-induced reduction in the phosphorylation of TH at ser 40. Therefore, these results suggest that the MA-induced enhancement of PKCδ expression is a critical factor in the impairment of TH phosphorylation at ser 40 and that pharmacological or genetic inhibition of PKCδ may be protective against MA-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Chu Xuan Duong
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Xuan-Khanh Thi Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Guoying Bing
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jae-Hyung Bach
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Dae Hun Park
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Keiichi Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Syed F Ali
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center of Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jean L Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
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Zhang W, Ames BD, Walsh CT. Identification of phenylalanine 3-hydroxylase for meta-tyrosine biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2011; 50:5401-3. [PMID: 21615132 DOI: 10.1021/bi200733c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PheH) is an iron(II)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of aromatic amino acid l-phenylalanine (L-Phe) to l-tyrosine (L-Tyr). The enzymatic modification has been demonstrated to be highly regiospecific, forming proteinogenic para-Tyr (p-Tyr) exclusively. Here we biochemically characterized the first example of a phenylalanine 3-hydroxylase (Phe3H) that catalyzes the synthesis of meta-Tyr (m-Tyr) from Phe. Subsequent mutagenesis studies revealed that two residues in the active site of Phe3H (Cys187 and Thr202) contribute to C-3 rather than C-4 hydroxylation of the phenyl ring. This work sets the stage for the mechanistic and structural study of regiospecific control of the substrate hydroxylation by PheH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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42
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Hu Y, Shi D, Luo Q, Liu Q, Zhou Y, Liu L, Yu L, Wei W, Shen J. Cloning and characterization of a novel enzyme: tyrosine hydroxylase from Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:1065-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Proteomic analysis of NME1/NDPK A null mouse liver: evidence for a post-translational regulation of annexin IV and EF-1Bα. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 384:407-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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44
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Raghuveer K, Sudhakumari CC, Senthilkumaran B, Kagawa H, Dutta-Gupta A, Nagahama Y. Gender differences in tryptophan hydroxylase-2 mRNA, serotonin, and 5-hydroxytryptophan levels in the brain of catfish, Clarias gariepinus, during sex differentiation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 171:94-104. [PMID: 21156177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase (tph) is the key regulator in serotonin (5-HT) biosynthesis that stimulates the release of GnRH and gonadotropins by acting at the level of hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis. In brain, 5-HT is expressed predominantly in preoptic area-hypothalamus (POA-HYP) region in teleosts. Therefore, in the present study we isolated tph2 from catfish brain to evaluate its expression pattern in male and female brains during early development. Tph2 cloned from catfish brain is 2.768 Kb in length which encodes predicted protein of 488 amino acid residues. The characterization of recombinant tph2 was done by transient transfection in CHO cells. Tissue distribution of tph2 revealed ubiquitous expression except ovary. Real time PCR analysis in discrete regions of adult male brain revealed that tph2 mRNA was abundant in the POA-HYP and optic tectum+cerebellum+thalamus (OCT) regions. Differential expression of tph2 was observed at mRNA and protein levels in the POA-HYP and OCT regions of male and female brains during development that further correlate with the 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and 5-HT levels measured using HPLC method in these regions of male and female brains. Tph2 immunoreactive neurons were observed in different regions of brain at 50 days post hatch using catfish specific tph2 antibody. Changes in tph2 mRNA expression, 5-HTP, and 5-HT levels in the POA-HYP+OCT region of brains of methyltestosterone and para-chlorophenylalanine treated fishes during development further endorse our results. Based on our results, we propose that the serotonergic system is involved in brain sex differentiation in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Raghuveer
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences--Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500 046, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Matsuo M, Hachisu R, Tabata S, Fukuzawa H, Obokata J. Transcriptome analysis of respiration-responsive genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: mitochondrial retrograde signaling coordinates the genes for cell proliferation with energy-producing metabolism. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:333-43. [PMID: 21149298 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant organelles are not only the recipients of signals from the nucleus, but also elicit signals to regulate nuclear genes; the latter process is called retrograde regulation. We previously reported a novel mitochondrial retrograde regulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; nuclear photosynthesis genes are regulated in response to mitochondrial respiratory electron transport (RET). However, the physiological roles of this retrograde regulation are not yet fully understood. In this study, we performed a genome-wide transcriptome analysis of this alga to reveal what kinds of genes are responsive to this RET signal, using Chlamydomonas macroarrays containing 10,368 expressed sequence tag clones. From the analysis, we identified 147 inducible and 35 repressive genes based on a couple of criteria: induction/repression by activated respiration caused by exogenously added acetate, and the cancellations of these responses by treatment with antimycin A, an inhibitor of RET. Interestingly, genes for respiration, photosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, protein biosynthesis, cell wall biogenesis and flagella were significantly induced by RET-derived signals. From these findings, we discuss the physiological role of mitochondrial retrograde signaling in this unicellular alga, in terms of the coordination of cell proliferation with energy-producing metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Matsuo
- Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522 Japan
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46
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Rahman S, Khan IA, Thomas P. Tryptophan hydroxylase: a target for neuroendocrine disruption. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:473-494. [PMID: 21790322 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin (5-HT) synthesis, performs an essential role in the maintenance of serotonergic functions in the central nervous system (CNS), including regulation of the neuroendocrine system controlling reproduction. The results of recent studies in a teleost model of neuroendocrine disruption, Atlantic croaker, indicated that hypothalamic TPH is a major site of interference of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function by environmental stressors. The effects of exposure to two different types of environmental stressors, low dissolved oxygen (hypoxia) and a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture (Aroclor 1254), on the stimulatory brain serotonergic system controlling reproductive neuroendocrine function in Atlantic croaker are reviewed. Exposure to both stressors produced decreases in TPH activity, which were accompanied by a fall in hypothalamic 5-HT and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH I) content in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area and were associated with reduction in luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and gonadal development. Pharmacological restoration of hypothalamic 5-HT levels after exposure to both stressors also restored neuroendocrine and reproductive functions, indicating that the serotonergic system is an important site for hypoxia- and Aroclor 1254-induced inhibition of reproductive neuroendocrine functions. The mechanisms underlying downregulation of TPH activity by these stressors remain unclear but may involve alterations in hypothalamic antioxidant status. In support of this hypothesis, treatment with an antioxidant, vitamin E, was found to reverse the inhibitory effects of Aroclor 1254 on TPH activity. The results suggest that TPH is a major target for neuroendocrine disruption by diverse environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saydur Rahman
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, USA
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47
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Daubner SC, Le T, Wang S. Tyrosine hydroxylase and regulation of dopamine synthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 508:1-12. [PMID: 21176768 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine biosynthesis; it uses tetrahydrobiopterin and molecular oxygen to convert tyrosine to DOPA. Its amino terminal 150 amino acids comprise a domain whose structure is involved in regulating the enzyme's activity. Modes of regulation include phosphorylation by multiple kinases at four different serine residues, and dephosphorylation by two phosphatases. The enzyme is inhibited in feedback fashion by the catecholamine neurotransmitters. Dopamine binds to TyrH competitively with tetrahydrobiopterin, and interacts with the R domain. TyrH activity is modulated by protein-protein interactions with enzymes in the same pathway or the tetrahydrobiopterin pathway, structural proteins considered to be chaperones that mediate the neuron's oxidative state, and the protein that transfers dopamine into secretory vesicles. TyrH is modified in the presence of NO, resulting in nitration of tyrosine residues and the glutathionylation of cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Colette Daubner
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA.
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48
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Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) from the lower eukaryote Leishmania major. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 175:58-67. [PMID: 20887755 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAH) typically use tetrahydrobiopterin (H(4)B) as the cofactor. The protozoan parasite Leishmania major requires biopterin for growth and expresses strong salvage and regeneration systems to maintain H(4)B levels. Here we explored the consequences of genetic manipulation of the sole L. major phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) to explore whether it could account for the Leishmania H(4)B requirement. L. major PAH resembles AAAHs of other organisms, bearing eukaryotic-type domain organization, and conservation of key catalytic residues including those implicated in pteridine binding. A pah(-) null mutant and an episomal complemented overexpressing derivative (pah-/+PAH) were readily obtained, and metabolic labeling studies established that PAH was required to hydroxylate Phe to Tyr. Neither WT nor overexpressing lines were able to hydroxylate radiolabeled tyrosine or tryptophan, nor to synthesize catecholamines. WT but not pah(-) parasites showed reactivity with an antibody to melanin when grown with l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), although the reactive product is unlikely to be melanin sensu strictu. WT was auxotrophic for Phe, Trp and Tyr, suggesting that PAH activity was insufficient to meet normal Tyr requirements. However, pah(-) showed an increased sensitivity to Tyr deprivation, while the pah(-)/+PAH overexpressor showed increased survival and could be adapted to grow well without added Tyr. pah(-) showed no alterations in H(4)B-dependent differentiation, as established by in vitro metacyclogenesis, or survival in mouse or macrophage infections. Thus Leishmania PAH may mitigate but not alleviate Tyr auxotrophy, but plays no essential role in the steps of the parasite infectious cycle. These findings suggest PAH is unlikely to explain the Leishmania requirement for biopterin.
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49
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Flydal MI, Mohn TC, Pey AL, Siltberg-Liberles J, Teigen K, Martinez A. Superstoichiometric binding of L-Phe to phenylalanine hydroxylase from Caenorhabditis elegans: evolutionary implications. Amino Acids 2010; 39:1463-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Hasegawa H, Nakamura K. Tryptophan Hydroxylase and Serotonin Synthesis Regulation. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(10)70078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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