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Tshabalala TN, Tomescu MS, Prior A, Balakrishnan V, Sayed Y, Dirr HW, Achilonu I. Energetics of Glutathione Binding to Human Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1 Gamma: Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and Molecular Dynamics Studies. Protein J 2016; 35:448-458. [PMID: 27844275 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-016-9688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The energetics of ligand binding to human eukaryotic elongation factor 1 gamma (heEF1γ) was investigated using reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidised glutathione (GSSG), glutathione sulfonate and S-hexylglutathione as ligands. The experiments were conducted using isothermal titration calorimetry, and the findings were supported using computational studies. The data show that the binding of these ligands to heEF1γ is enthalpically favourable and entropically driven (except for the binding of GSSG). The full length heEF1γ binds GSSG with lower affinity (K d = 115 μM), with more hydrogen-bond contacts (ΔH = -73.8 kJ/mol) and unfavourable entropy (-TΔS = 51.7 kJ/mol) compared to the glutathione transferase-like N-terminus domain of heEF1γ, which did not show preference to any specific ligand. Computational free binding energy calculations from the 10 ligand poses show that GSSG and GSH consistently bind heEF1γ, and that both ligands bind at the same site with a folded bioactive conformation. This study reveals the possibility that heEF1γ is a glutathione-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabiso N Tshabalala
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Mihai-Silviu Tomescu
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Allan Prior
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Vijayakumar Balakrishnan
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Yasien Sayed
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Heini W Dirr
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Ikechukwu Achilonu
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
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Shen M, Zhao DK, Qiao Q, Liu L, Wang JL, Cao GH, Li T, Zhao ZW. Identification of glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes from a dark septate endophytic fungus (Exophiala pisciphila) and their expression patterns under varied metals stress. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123418. [PMID: 25884726 PMCID: PMC4401685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) compose a family of multifunctional enzymes that play important roles in the detoxification of xenobiotics and the oxidative stress response. In the present study, twenty four GST genes from the transcriptome of a metal-tolerant dark septate endophyte (DSE), Exophiala pisciphila, were identified based on sequence homology, and their responses to various heavy metal exposures were also analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 24 GST genes from E. pisciphila (EpGSTs) were divided into eight distinct classes, including seven cytosolic classes and one mitochondrial metaxin 1-like class. Moreover, the variable expression patterns of these EpGSTs were observed under different heavy metal stresses at their effective concentrations for inhibiting growth by 50% (EC50). Lead (Pb) exposure caused the up-regulation of all EpGSTs, while cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) treatments led to the significant up-regulation of most of the EpGSTs (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Furthermore, although heavy metal-specific differences in performance were observed under various heavy metals in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) transformed with EpGSTN-31, the over-expression of this gene was able to enhance the heavy metal tolerance of the host cells. These results indicate that E. Pisciphila harbored a diverse of GST genes and the up-regulated EpGSTs are closely related to the heavy metal tolerance of E. pisciphila. The study represents the first investigation of the GST family in E. pisciphila and provides a primary interpretation of heavy metal detoxification for E. pisciphila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Da-Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China; School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qin Qiao
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun-Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guan-Hua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China; School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Achilonu I, Siganunu TP, Dirr HW. Purification and characterisation of recombinant human eukaryotic elongation factor 1 gamma. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 99:70-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Identification of an elongation factor 1Bγ protein with glutathione transferase activity in both yeast and mycelial morphologies from human pathogenic Blastoschizomyces capitatus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2013; 59:107-13. [PMID: 23913100 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-013-0273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Blastoschizomyces capitatus is an uncommon, opportunistic pathogenic fungus, which causes invasive and disseminated infections. This microorganism is normally present in both environmental and normal human flora. Within a host, B. capitatus is able to grow in both unicellular yeast and multicellular filamentous growth forms. In this study, we obtained in vitro morphological conversion of B. capitatus from yeast-to-mycelial phase to investigate the presence and expression of glutathione transferase (GST) enzymes in both cell forms. A protein with GST activity using the model substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was detected in both morphologies and identified by tandem mass spectrometry as a eukaryotic elongation factor 1Bγ (eEF1Bγ) protein, a member of the GST superfamily. No significant difference in GST-specific activity and kinetic constants were observed between mycelial and yeast forms, indicating that eEF1Bγ protein did not show differential expression between the two phases.
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Shankar J, Gupta PD, Sridhara S, Singh BP, Gaur SN, Arora N. Immunobiochemical Analysis of Cross-Reactive Glutathione-S-Transferase Allergen from Different Fungal Sources. Immunol Invest 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/imm-47383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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McGoldrick S, McCarthy TV, Sheehan D. The 110kDa glutathione transferase of Yarrowia lipolytica is encoded by a homologue of the TEF3 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Cloning, expression, and homology modeling of the recombinant protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:1125-32. [PMID: 16229819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The TEF4 gene of the non-saccharomyces yeast Yarrowia lipolytica encodes an EF1Bgamma protein with structural similarity to the glutathione transferases (GSTs). This 1203bp gene was cloned, over-expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein characterized. DNA sequencing of the cloned gene agreed with the recently completed Y. lipolytica genome and showed 100% identity to a previously reported 30-residue N-terminal sequence for a 110kDa Y. lipolytica GST, except that it encoded two additional N-terminal residues (N-Met-Ser-). The recombinant protein (subunit M(r) 52kDa) was found not to possess GST activity with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Partial tryptic digestion released two fragments of M(r) 22 and 18kDa, which we interpret as N- and C-terminal domains. Homology modeling confirmed that the N-terminal domain of Y. lipolytica TEF4 encodes a GST-like protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane McGoldrick
- Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Mardyke, Cork, Ireland
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Willmore WG, Storey KB. Purification and properties of the glutathione S-transferases from the anoxia-tolerant turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans. FEBS J 2005; 272:3602-14. [PMID: 16008560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play critical roles in detoxification, response to oxidative stress, regeneration of S-thiolated proteins, and catalysis of reactions in nondetoxification metabolic pathways. Liver GSTs were purified from the anoxia-tolerant turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans. Purification separated a homodimeric (subunit relative molecular mass =34 kDa) and a heterodimeric (subunit relative molecular mass = 32.6 and 36.8 kDa) form of GST. The enzymes were purified 23-69-fold and 156-174-fold for homodimeric and heterodimeric GSTs, respectively. Kinetic data gathered using a variety of substrates and inhibitors suggested that both homodimeric and heterodimeric GSTs were of the alpha class although they showed significant differences in substrate affinities and responses to inhibitors. For example, homodimeric GST showed activity with known alpha class substrates, cumene hydroperoxide and p-nitrobenzylchloride, whereas heterodimeric GST showed no activity with cumene hydroperoxide. The specific activity of liver GSTs with chlorodinitrobenzene (CDNB) as the substrate was reduced by 2.6- and 8.7-fold for homodimeric and heterodimeric GSTs isolated from liver of anoxic turtles as compared with aerobic controls, suggesting an anoxia-responsive stable modification of the protein that may alter its function during natural anaerobiosis.
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McGoldrick S, O'Sullivan SM, Sheehan D. Glutathione transferase-like proteins encoded in genomes of yeasts and fungi: insights into evolution of a multifunctional protein superfamily. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 242:1-12. [PMID: 15621414 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Revised: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most fungal glutathione transferases (GSTs) do not fit easily into any of the previously characterised classes by immunological, sequence or catalytic criteria. In contrast to the paucity of studies on GSTs cloned or isolated from fungal sources, a screen of databases revealed 67 GST-like sequences from 21 fungal species. Comparison by multiple sequence alignment generated a dendrogram revealing five clusters of GST-like proteins designated clusters 1, 2, EFIBgamma, Ure2p and MAK16, the last three of which have previously been related to the GST superfamily. Surprisingly, a relatively small number of fungal GSTs belong to mainstream classes and the previously-described fungal Gamma class is not widespread in the 21 species studied. Representative crystal structures are available for the EFIBgamma and Ure2p classes and the domain structures of representative sequences are compared with these. In addition, there are some "orphan" sequences that do not fit into any previously-described class, but show similarity to genes implicated in fungal biosynthetic gene clusters. We suggest that GST-like sequences are widespread in fungi, participating in a wide range of functions. They probably evolved by a process similar to domain "shuffling".
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane McGoldrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Mardyke, Cork, Ireland
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Burns C, Geraghty R, Neville C, Murphy A, Kavanagh K, Doyle S. Identification, cloning, and functional expression of three glutathione transferase genes from Aspergillus fumigatus. Fungal Genet Biol 2005; 42:319-27. [PMID: 15749051 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the genome of the human pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus, revealed the presence of several putative glutathione transferase (GST) open reading frames. Three A. fumigatus GST genes, termed gstA, B, and C, were cloned and recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. Functional analysis of recombinant gstA-C confirms that the enzymes exhibit GST activity and glutathione peroxidase activity. RT-PCR confirmed low basal expression of gstA and gstC which was markedly up-regulated (at least 4x-10x) in the presence of either H2O2 or 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). GstB expression was only observed in the presence of CDNB. These results demonstrate for the first time the existence of three functional GSTs in A. fumigatus and strongly suggest a role for these enzymes in the response of the organism to both oxidative stress and xenobiotic presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Burns
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Vickers TJ, Fairlamb AH. Trypanothione S-transferase activity in a trypanosomatid ribosomal elongation factor 1B. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:27246-56. [PMID: 15073172 PMCID: PMC3428924 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311039200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanothione is a thiol unique to the Kinetoplastida and has been shown to be a vital component of their antioxidant defenses. However, little is known as to the role of trypanothione in xenobiotic metabolism. A trypanothione S-transferase activity was detected in extracts of Leishmania major, L. infantum, L. tarentolae, Trypanosoma brucei, and Crithidia fasciculata, but not Trypanosoma cruzi. No glutathione S-transferase activity was detected in any of these parasites. Trypanothione S-transferase was purified from C. fasciculata and shown to be a hexadecameric complex of three subunits with a relative molecular weight of 650,000. This enzyme complex was specific for the thiols trypanothione and glutathionylspermidine and only used 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene from a range of glutathione S-transferase substrates. Peptide sequencing revealed that the three components were the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits of ribosomal eukaryotic elongation factor 1B (eEF1B). Partial dissociation of the complex suggested that the S-transferase activity was associated with the gamma subunit. Moreover, Cibacron blue was found to be a tight binding inhibitor and reactive blue 4 an irreversible time-dependent inhibitor that covalently modified only the gamma subunit. The rate of inactivation by reactive blue 4 was increased more than 600-fold in the presence of trypanothione, and Cibacron blue protected the enzyme from inactivation by 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, confirming that these dyes interact with the active site region. Two eEF1Bgamma genes were cloned from C. fasciculata, but recombinant C. fasciculata eEF1Bgamma had no S-transferase activity, suggesting that eEF1Bgamma is unstable in the absence of the other subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J. Vickers
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, The Wellcome Trust Biocentre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, The Wellcome Trust Biocentre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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Sheehan D, Meade G, Foley VM, Dowd CA. Structure, function and evolution of glutathione transferases: implications for classification of non-mammalian members of an ancient enzyme superfamily. Biochem J 2001; 360:1-16. [PMID: 11695986 PMCID: PMC1222196 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione transferases (GSTs; also known as glutathione S-transferases) are major phase II detoxification enzymes found mainly in the cytosol. In addition to their role in catalysing the conjugation of electrophilic substrates to glutathione (GSH), these enzymes also carry out a range of other functions. They have peroxidase and isomerase activities, they can inhibit the Jun N-terminal kinase (thus protecting cells against H(2)O(2)-induced cell death), and they are able to bind non-catalytically a wide range of endogenous and exogenous ligands. Cytosolic GSTs of mammals have been particularly well characterized, and were originally classified into Alpha, Mu, Pi and Theta classes on the basis of a combination of criteria such as substrate/inhibitor specificity, primary and tertiary structure similarities and immunological identity. Non-mammalian GSTs have been much less well characterized, but have provided a disproportionately large number of three-dimensional structures, thus extending our structure-function knowledge of the superfamily as a whole. Moreover, several novel classes identified in non-mammalian species have been subsequently identified in mammals, sometimes carrying out functions not previously associated with GSTs. These studies have revealed that the GSTs comprise a widespread and highly versatile superfamily which show similarities to non-GST stress-related proteins. Independent classification systems have arisen for groups of organisms such as plants and insects. This review surveys the classification of GSTs in non-mammalian sources, such as bacteria, fungi, plants, insects and helminths, and attempts to relate them to the more mainstream classification system for mammalian enzymes. The implications of this classification with regard to the evolution of GSTs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sheehan
- Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Mardyke, Cork, Ireland.
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Cha CJ, Coles BF, Cerniglia CE. Purification and characterization of a glutathione S-transferase from the fungus Cunninghamella elegans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 203:257-61. [PMID: 11583857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cunninghamella elegans grown on Sabouraud dextrose broth had glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. The enzyme was purified 172-fold from the cytosolic fraction (120000 x g) of the extract from a culture of C. elegans, using Q-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography and glutathione affinity chromatography. The GST showed activity against 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, 4-nitrobenzyl chloride, and ethacrynic acid. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel filtration chromatography revealed that the native enzyme was homodimeric with a subunit of M(r) 27000. Comparison by Western blot analysis implied that this fungal GST had no relationship with mammalian alpha-, mu-, and pi-class GSTs, although it showed a small degree of cross-reactivity with a theta-class GST. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme showed no significant homology with other known GSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Cha
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Dowd CA, Sheehan D. Variable expression of glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes in the fungus, Mucor circinelloides. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 170:13-7. [PMID: 9919647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides (previously M. javanicus) variably expresses two isoenzymes of glutathione S-transferases. Glutathione S-transferases 1 and 2 were purified by affinity chromatography and found to be dimers with subunit M(r) values of 25.5 and 28. While glutathione S-transferase 1 immunoblotted with rat glutathione S-transferase T 5-5, N-terminal sequencing indicated that this enzyme was distinct from recently characterised bacterial and fungal glutathione S-transferases and did not readily fit into any one class. It showed some similarity to several classes including insect class II and plant type III. M. circinelloides glutathione S-transferase 2 did not immunoblot and yielded no N-terminal sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Dowd
- Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Prospect Row, Ireland
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