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Xie Z, Zhao S, Li Y, Deng Y, Shi Y, Chen X, Li Y, Li H, Chen C, Wang X, Liu E, Tu Y, Shi P, Tong J, Gutierrez-Beltran E, Li J, Bozhkov PV, Qian W, Zhou M, Wang W. Phenolic acid-induced phase separation and translation inhibition mediate plant interspecific competition. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1481-1499. [PMID: 37640933 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids (PAs) secreted by donor plants suppress the growth of their susceptible plant neighbours. However, how structurally diverse ensembles of PAs are perceived by plants to mediate interspecific competition remains a mystery. Here we show that a plant stress granule (SG) marker, RNA-BINDING PROTEIN 47B (RBP47B), is a sensor of PAs in Arabidopsis. PAs, including salicylic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid and so on, directly bind RBP47B, promote its phase separation and trigger SG formation accompanied by global translation inhibition. Salicylic acid-induced global translation inhibition depends on RBP47 family members. RBP47s regulate the proteome rather than the absolute quantity of SG. The rbp47 quadruple mutant shows a reduced sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of the PA mixture as well as to that of PA-rich rice when tested in a co-culturing ecosystem. In this Article, we identified the long sought-after PA sensor as RBP47B and illustrated that PA-induced SG-mediated translational inhibition was one of the PA perception mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouli Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Deng
- Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yabo Shi
- Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiwei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Changtian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Enhui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjin Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Emilio Gutierrez-Beltran
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jiayu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Weiqiang Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mian Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China.
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Chavanke SN, Penna S, Dalvi SG. β-Glucan and its nanocomposites in sustainable agriculture and environment: an overview of mechanisms and applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:80062-80087. [PMID: 35641741 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20938-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
β-Glucan is an eco-friendly, biodegradable, and economical biopolymer with important roles for acquiring adaptations to mitigate climate change in crop plants. β-Glucan plays a crucial role in the activation of functional plant innate immune system by triggering the downward signaling cascade/s, resulting in the accumulation of different pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-proteins), reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant defense enzymes, Ca2+-influx as well as activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Recent experimental studies have shown that β-glucan recognition is mediated by co-receptor LysMPRR (lysin motif pattern recognition receptor)-CERK1 (chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1), LYK4, and LYK5 (LysM-containing receptor-like kinase), as well as different receptor systems in plants that could be plant species-specific and/or age and/or tissue-dependent. Transgenic overexpression of β-glucanase, chitinase, and/or in combination with other PR-proteins like cationic peroxidase, AP24,thaumatin-likeprotein 1 (TLP-1) has also been achieved for improving plant disease resistance in crop plants, but the transgenic methods have some ethical and environmental concerns. In this regard, elicitation of plant immunity using biopolymer like β-glucan and chitosan offers an economical, safe, and publicly acceptable method. The β-glucan and chitosan nanocomposites have proven to be useful for the activation of plant defense pathways and to enhance plant response/systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against broad types of plant pathogens and mitigating multiple stresses under the changing climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath N Chavanke
- Tissue Culture Section, Agri. Sci. & Tech. Dept., Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Pune, India
| | | | - Sunil Govind Dalvi
- Tissue Culture Section, Agri. Sci. & Tech. Dept., Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Pune, India.
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3
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Wang D, Dawadi B, Qu J, Ye J. Light-Engineering Technology for Enhancing Plant Disease Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:805614. [PMID: 35251062 PMCID: PMC8891579 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.805614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Insect vector-borne diseases are a major constraint to a wide variety of crops. Plants integrate environmental light and internal signalings to defend dual stresses both from the vector insects and vector-transmitted pathogens. In this review, we highlight a studies that demonstrate how light regulates plants deploying mechanisms against vector-borne diseases. Four major host defensive pathways involved in the host defense network against multiple biotic stresses are reviewed: innate immunity, phytohormone signaling, RNA interference, and protein degradation. The potential with light-engineering technology with light emitting diodes (LEDs) and genome engineering technology for fine-tuning crop defense and yield are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bishnu Dawadi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Hoang NH, Le Thanh T, Thepbandit W, Treekoon J, Saengchan C, Sangpueak R, Papathoti NK, Kamkaew A, Buensanteai N. Efficacy of Chitosan Nanoparticle Loaded-Salicylic Acid and -Silver on Management of Cassava Leaf Spot Disease. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040660. [PMID: 35215572 PMCID: PMC8877689 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf spot is one of the most important cassava diseases. Nanotechnology can be applied to control diseases and improve plant growth. This study was performed to prepare chitosan (CS) nanoparticle (NP)-loaded salicylic acid (SA) or silver (Ag) by the ionic gelation method, and to evaluate their effectiveness on reducing leaf spot disease and enhancing the growth of cassava plants. The CS (0.4 or 0.5%) and Pentasodium triphosphate (0.2 or 0.5%) were mixed with SA varying at 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2% or silver nitrate varying at 1, 2, or 3 mM to prepare three formulations of CS-NP-loaded SA named N1, N2, and N3 or CS-NP-loaded Ag named N4, N5, and N6. The results showed that the six formulations were not toxic to cassava leaves up to 800 ppm. The CS-NP-loaded SA (N3) and CS-NP-loaded Ag (N6) were more effective than the remaining formulations in reducing the disease severity and the disease index of leaf spot. Furthermore, N3 at 400 ppm and N6 at 200, 400, and 800 ppm could reduce disease severity (68.9–73.6% or 37.0–37.7%, depending on the time of treatment and the pathogen density) and enhance plant growth more than or equal to commercial fungicide or nano-fungicide products under net-house conditions. The study indicates the potential to use CS-NP-loaded SA or Ag as elicitors to manage cassava leaf spot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Huy Hoang
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (N.H.H.); (W.T.); (C.S.); (R.S.); (N.K.P.)
| | - Toan Le Thanh
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 900000, Vietnam;
| | - Wannaporn Thepbandit
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (N.H.H.); (W.T.); (C.S.); (R.S.); (N.K.P.)
| | - Jongjit Treekoon
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (J.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Chanon Saengchan
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (N.H.H.); (W.T.); (C.S.); (R.S.); (N.K.P.)
| | - Rungthip Sangpueak
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (N.H.H.); (W.T.); (C.S.); (R.S.); (N.K.P.)
| | - Narendra Kumar Papathoti
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (N.H.H.); (W.T.); (C.S.); (R.S.); (N.K.P.)
| | - Anyanee Kamkaew
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (J.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Natthiya Buensanteai
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (N.H.H.); (W.T.); (C.S.); (R.S.); (N.K.P.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Cross-Tolerance and Autoimmunity as Missing Links in Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses in Plants: A Perspective toward Secondary Metabolic Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111945. [PMID: 34769374 PMCID: PMC8584326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants employ a diversified array of defense activities when they encounter stress. Continuous activation of defense pathways that were induced by mutation or altered expression of disease resistance genes and mRNA surveillance mechanisms develop abnormal phenotypes. These plants show continuous defense genes' expression, reduced growth, and also manifest tissue damage by apoptosis. These macroscopic abrasions appear even in the absence of the pathogen and can be attributed to a condition known as autoimmunity. The question is whether it is possible to develop an autoimmune mutant that does not fetch yield and growth penalty and provides enhanced protection against various biotic and abiotic stresses via secondary metabolic pathways' engineering. This review is a discussion about the common stress-fighting mechanisms, how the concept of cross-tolerance instigates propitious or protective autoimmunity, and how it can be achieved by engineering secondary metabolic pathways.
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Li L, Zhu T, Song Y, Feng L, Kear PJ, Riseh RS, Sitohy M, Datla R, Ren M. Salicylic acid fights against Fusarium wilt by inhibiting target of rapamycin signaling pathway in Fusarium oxysporum. J Adv Res 2021; 39:1-13. [PMID: 35777900 PMCID: PMC9263656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolating and sequencing the genome of F. oxysporum from potato tubers with dry rot symptoms. SA efficiently arrests hyphal growth, sporular production and pathogenicity of F. oxysporum. SA inhibits the activity of FoTORC1 via activating FoSNF1 in F. oxysporum. Transgenic potato plants with interference of FoTOR1 and FoSAH1 genes prevent the occurrence of Fusarium wilt. Providing insights SA into controlling various fungal diseases by targeting the SNF1-TORC1 pathway of pathogens.
Introduction Objectives Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxuan Li
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yun Song
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Li Feng
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Philip James Kear
- International Potato Center (CIP) China Center Asia Pacific, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Rooallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Sitohy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Raju Datla
- Global Institute for Food Security in Saskatoon, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N0W9, Canada
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China.
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7
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Fu L, Li Q, Chen C, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Xu L, Zhou Y, Li C, Zhou D, Rittmann BE. Benzoic and salicylic acid are the signaling molecules of Chlorella cells for improving cell growth. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129084. [PMID: 33261837 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication regulates microalgae production via signaling molecules (SMs), but few microalgal SM species are known. Here, we document two new microalgae SMs, benzoic acid (BA) and salicylic acid (SA). Initially, crude SMs were extracted from a microalgae culture in which microalgae grew on heterotrophic-enriched phosphorus nutrition. The extracted SMs enhanced Chlorella growth by ∼72%, promoted nutrient uptake, and up-regulated the mitogen-activated protein-kinase signaling cascade. Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses identified the putative SMs was aromatic carboxylic acids. BA and SA were identified using high-resolution mass spectrometry. BA and SA addition increased cell growth by ∼75% and ∼25%; and improved ATP production by ∼35% and ∼20%. Transcriptomic analysis showed that BA and SA were biosynthesized via CoA-dependent, non-oxidative pathway. The SMs upregulated TCA-cycle enzymes, which promoted carbon assimilation and activated DNA-replicating enzyme, so that accelerated cell division. This study identified two new SMs for microalgae cell communication and provides means to identify other SMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fu
- Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery of Jilin Province, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Qingcheng Li
- Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery of Jilin Province, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Congli Chen
- Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery of Jilin Province, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China; National Analytical Research Center of Electrochemistry and Spectroscopy, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Yueju Zhang
- Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery of Jilin Province, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yinglu Liu
- Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery of Jilin Province, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery of Jilin Province, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yihan Zhou
- National Analytical Research Center of Electrochemistry and Spectroscopy, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Chengbin Li
- Changchun Water Group Co. Ltd, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery of Jilin Province, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Bruce E Rittmann
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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Verchot J, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM. UPR signaling at the nexus of plant viral, bacterial, and fungal defenses. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 47:9-17. [PMID: 33360330 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there have been significant advances in our understanding of the ER stress responses in plants that are associated with virus infection, as well as bacterial and fungal diseases. In plants, ER stress induced by virus infection includes several signaling pathways that include the unfolded protein response (UPR) to promote the expression of chaperone proteins for proper protein folding. Understanding how facets of ER stress signaling broadly engage in pathogen responses, as well as those that are specific to virus infection is important to distinguishing features essential for broad cellular defenses and processes that may be specifically linked to viral infectivity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA..
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9
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Something smells bad to plant pathogens: Production of hydrogen sulfide in plants and its role in plant defence responses. J Adv Res 2020; 27:199-209. [PMID: 33318878 PMCID: PMC7728587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sulfur and diverse sulfur-containing compounds constitute important components of plant defences against a wide array of microbial pathogens. Among them, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) occupies a prominent position as a gaseous signalling molecule that plays multiple roles in regulation of plant growth, development and plant responses to stress conditions. Although the production of H2S in plant cells has been discovered several decades ago, the underlying pathways of H2S biosynthesis, metabolism and signalling were only recently uncovered. Aim of the review Here we review the current knowledge on the biosynthesis of H2S in plant cells, with special attention to L-cysteine desulfhydrase (DES) as the key enzyme controlling H2S levels biosynthesis in the cytosol of plant cells during plant growth, development and diverse abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Key Scientific Concepts of Review Recent advances have revealed molecular mechanisms of DES properties, functions and regulation involved in modulations of H2S production during plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress stimuli. Studies on des mutants of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana uncovered molecular mechanisms of H2S action as a signalling and defence molecule in plant-pathogen interactions. Signalling pathways of H2S include S-persulfidation of protein cysteines, a redox-based post-translational modification leading to activation of downstream components of H2S signalling. Accumulated evidence shows DES and H2S implementation into salicylic acid signalling and activation of pathogenesis-related proteins and autophagy within plant immunity. Obtained knowledge on molecular mechanisms of H2S action in plant defence responses opens new prospects in the search for crop varieties with increased resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens.
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10
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Afrin T, Seok M, Terry BC, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM. Probing natural variation of IRE1 expression and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in Arabidopsis accessions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19154. [PMID: 33154475 PMCID: PMC7645728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental effects shape genetic changes in the individuals within plant populations, which in turn contribute to the enhanced genetic diversity of the population as a whole. Thus, individuals within the same species can acquire and accumulate genetic differences in their genomes depending on their local environment and evolutionary history. IRE1 is a universal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor that activates an evolutionarily conserved signalling cascade in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we selected nine different Arabidopsis accessions along with the reference ecotype Columbia-0, based on their geographical origins and differential endogenous IRE1 expression under steady-state conditions to investigate the natural variation of ER stress responses. We cloned and analysed selected upstream regulatory regions of IRE1a and IRE1b, which revealed differential levels of their inducibility. We also subjected these accessions to an array of biotic and abiotic stresses including heat, ER stress-inducing chemical tunicamycin, phytohormone salicylic acid, and pathogen infection. We measured IRE1-mediated splicing of its evolutionarily conserved downstream client as well as transcript accumulation of ER-resident chaperones and co-chaperones. Collectively, our results illustrate the expression polymorphism of a major plant stress receptor and its relationship with molecular and physiological ER stress sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiaba Afrin
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Minye Seok
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Brenna C Terry
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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11
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Paper-Based Analytical Devices for the Rapid and Direct Electrochemical Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide in Tomato Leaves Inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20195512. [PMID: 32993080 PMCID: PMC7582799 DOI: 10.3390/s20195512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important signaling molecule and plays key roles in multiple plant physiological processes. The rapid and direct monitoring of H2O2 could improve our understanding of its regulatory mechanisms in plants. In this study, we developed a paper-based analytical device consisting of a disposable nano-gold modified indium tin oxide working electrode to provide a platform for the rapid and direct detection of H2O2. The total analytical time was dramatically shortened to be approximate 3 min due to the avoidance of the time-consuming and complex treatment of plant samples. In addition, the amount of plant samples required was less than 3 mg in our approach. We used this system to monitor the concentrations of H2O2 in tomato leaves infected by Botrytiscinerea within 24 h. Our results showed that the concentration of H2O2 in tomato leaves was increased in the initial phase, peaked at 1.5 μmol gFW−1 at 6 h, and then decreased. The production trend of H2O2 in tomato leaves inoculated with Botrytiscinerea detected with our approach is similar to the 3,3-diaminobenzidine staining method. Taken together, our study offers a rapid and direct approach for the detection of H2O2, which will not only pave the way for the further investigation of the regulation mechanisms of H2O2 in plants, but also promote the development of precision agriculture technology.
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12
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Fu X, Lu Z, Wei H, Zhang J, Yang X, Wu A, Ma L, Kang M, Lu J, Wang H, Yu S. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the NHX (Sodium/Hydrogen Antiporter) Gene Family in Cotton. Front Genet 2020; 11:964. [PMID: 32973884 PMCID: PMC7461838 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The sodium/hydrogen antiporter (NHX) gene family with the Na+/H+ exchange protein domain is a transporter of sodium and hydrogen ions and plays an important role in the response of plants to salt stress. Studying the response of cotton to salt stress through comprehensive identification and analysis of NHX genes in several species and their roles in salt tolerance mechanisms is of great significance. In this study, 23, 24, 12, and 12 NHX genes were identified from Gossypium hirsutum (Gh), G. barbadense, G. arboreum and G. raimondii, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these genes were mainly divided into three clades with significant subcellular localization, namely, endosome (Endo-class), plasma membrane (PM-class) and vacuole (Vac-class). By analyzing the structure of NHX genes and proteins, each branch of the NHX gene family was found to be structurally conserved, and collinearity analysis showed that NHX genes were mainly expressed through whole genome and segmental duplication. The non-synonymous (Ka)/synonymous (Ks) values showed that the NHX gene family experienced strong purifying selection during long-term evolution. Cis-acting element analysis showed that the NHX gene family may be related to the regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) hormones. Additionally, transcriptomic data analysis and qRT-PCR showed that GhNHXs exhibited different expression patterns in each tissue and under different salinities. These results provide an important reference for us to further understand and analyze the molecular regulation mechanism of cotton NHX genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Zhengying Lu
- Handan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Handan, China
| | - Hengling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Aimin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Meng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Jianhua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Hantao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Shuxun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
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13
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Bernal-Vicente A, Petri C, Hernández JA, Diaz-Vivancos P. Biochemical study of the effect of stress conditions on the mandelonitrile-associated salicylic acid biosynthesis in peach. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:277-286. [PMID: 31674699 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays a central role in plant responses to environmental stresses. In a recent study, we suggested a third pathway for SA biosynthesis from mandelonitrile (MD) in peach plants. This pathway is an alternative to the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase pathway and links SA biosynthesis and cyanogenesis. In the present work, using biochemical approaches, we studied the effect of salt stress and Plum pox virus (PPV) infection on this proposed SA biosynthetic pathway from MD. Peach plants were submitted to salt stress and Plum pox virus (PPV) infection. We studied the levels of SA and its intermediates/precursors (phenylalanine, MD, amygdalin and benzoic acid) in in vitro shoots. Moreover, in peach seedlings, we analysed the content of H2 O2 -related enzymes, SA and the stress-related hormones abscisic acid and jasmonic acid. We showed that the contribution of this SA biosynthetic pathway from MD to the total SA pool does not seem to be important under the stress conditions assayed. Nevertheless, MD treatment not only affected the SA content, but also had a pleiotropic effect on abscisic acid and jasmonic acid levels. Furthermore, MD modulates the antioxidative metabolism via SA-dependent or -independent redox-related signalling pathways. Even though the proposed SA biosynthetic pathway seems to be functional under stress conditions, MD, and hence cyanogenic glycosides, may be operating more broadly than by influencing SA pathways and signalling. Thus, the physiological function of the proposed SA biosynthetic pathway remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bernal-Vicente
- Biotechnology of Fruit Trees Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Petri
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - J A Hernández
- Biotechnology of Fruit Trees Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - P Diaz-Vivancos
- Biotechnology of Fruit Trees Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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14
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Qiu Z, Yan S, Xia B, Jiang J, Yu B, Lei J, Chen C, Chen L, Yang Y, Wang Y, Tian S, Cao B. The eggplant transcription factor MYB44 enhances resistance to bacterial wilt by activating the expression of spermidine synthase. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5343-5354. [PMID: 31587071 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt (BW) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a serious disease affecting the production of Solanaceae species, including eggplant (Solanum melongena). However, few resistance genes have been identified in eggplant, and therefore the underlying mechanism of BW resistance remains unclear. Hence, we investigated a spermidine synthase (SPDS) gene from eggplant and created knock-down lines with virus-induced gene silencing. After eggplant was infected with R. solanacearum, the SmSPDS gene was induced, concurrent with increased spermidine (Spd) content, especially in the resistant line. We speculated that Spd plays a significant role in the defense response of eggplant to BW. Moreover, using the yeast one-hybrid approach and dual luciferase-based transactivation assay, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, SmMYB44, was identified as directly binding to the SmSPDS promoter, activating its expression. Overexpression of SmMYB44 in eggplant induced the expression of SmSPDS and Spd content, increasing the resistance to BW. In contrast, the SmMYB44-RNAi transgenic plants showed more susceptibility to BW compared with the control plants. Our results provide insight into the SmMYB44-SmSPDS-Spd module involved in the regulation of resistance to R. solanacearum. This research also provides candidates to enhance resistance to BW in eggplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengkun Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Innovation and Utilization for Germplasm Resources in Horticultural Crops in Southern China, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Vegetable Engineering and Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Innovation and Utilization for Germplasm Resources in Horticultural Crops in Southern China, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Vegetable Engineering and Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Office of Key Laboratory Construction of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Innovation and Utilization for Germplasm Resources in Horticultural Crops in Southern China, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Innovation and Utilization for Germplasm Resources in Horticultural Crops in Southern China, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Vegetable Engineering and Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Innovation and Utilization for Germplasm Resources in Horticultural Crops in Southern China, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Vegetable Engineering and Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Innovation and Utilization for Germplasm Resources in Horticultural Crops in Southern China, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Vegetable Engineering and Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Innovation and Utilization for Germplasm Resources in Horticultural Crops in Southern China, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Vegetable Engineering and Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The Institute of Vegetable and Flower Research, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongqing Wang
- The Institute of Vegetable and Flower Research, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Shibing Tian
- The Institute of Vegetable and Flower Research, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Bihao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Innovation and Utilization for Germplasm Resources in Horticultural Crops in Southern China, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Vegetable Engineering and Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Liu X, Afrin T, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM. Arabidopsis GCN2 kinase contributes to ABA homeostasis and stomatal immunity. Commun Biol 2019; 2:302. [PMID: 31428690 PMCID: PMC6687712 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
General Control Non-derepressible 2 (GCN2) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that modulates amino acid homeostasis in response to nutrient deprivation in yeast, human and other eukaryotes. However, the GCN2 signaling pathway in plants remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that in Arabidopsis, bacterial infection activates AtGCN2-mediated phosphorylation of eIF2α and promotes TBF1 translational derepression. Consequently, TBF1 regulates a subset of abscisic acid signaling components to modulate pre-invasive immunity. We show that GCN2 fine-tunes abscisic acid accumulation and signaling during both pre-invasive and post-invasive stages of an infection event. Finally, we also demonstrate that AtGCN2 participates in signaling triggered by phytotoxin coronatine secreted by P. syringae. During the preinvasive phase, AtGCN2 regulates stomatal immunity by affecting pathogen-triggered stomatal closure and coronatine-mediated stomatal reopening. Our conclusions support a conserved role of GCN2 in various forms of immune responses across kingdoms, highlighting GCN2's importance in studies on both plant and mammalian immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
- Present Address: Bayer Crop Science, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd., Creve Coeur, MO 63144 USA
| | - Taiaba Afrin
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
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16
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Bernal-Vicente A, Cantabella D, Petri C, Hernández JA, Diaz-Vivancos P. The Salt-Stress Response of the Transgenic Plum Line J8-1 and Its Interaction with the Salicylic Acid Biosynthetic Pathway from Mandelonitrile. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113519. [PMID: 30413110 PMCID: PMC6274726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is considered as one of the most important abiotic challenges that affect crop productivity. Plant hormones, including salicylic acid (SA), are key factors in the defence signalling output triggered during plant responses against environmental stresses. We have previously reported in peach a new SA biosynthetic pathway from mandelonitrile (MD), the molecule at the hub of the cyanogenic glucoside turnover in Prunus sp. In this work, we have studied whether this new SA biosynthetic pathway is also present in plum and the possible role this pathway plays in plant plasticity under salinity, focusing on the transgenic plum line J8-1, which displays stress tolerance via an enhanced antioxidant capacity. The SA biosynthesis from MD in non-transgenic and J8-1 micropropagated plum shoots was studied by metabolomics. Then the response of J8-1 to salt stress in presence of MD or Phe (MD precursor) was assayed by measuring: chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters, stress related hormones, levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants, the expression of two genes coding redox-related proteins, and the content of soluble nutrients. The results from in vitro assays suggest that the SA synthesis from the MD pathway demonstrated in peach is not clearly present in plum, at least under the tested conditions. Nevertheless, in J8-1 NaCl-stressed seedlings, an increase in SA was recorded as a result of the MD treatment, suggesting that MD could be involved in the SA biosynthesis under NaCl stress conditions in plum plants. We have also shown that the plum line J8-1 was tolerant to NaCl under greenhouse conditions, and this response was quite similar in MD-treated plants. Nevertheless, the MD treatment produced an increase in SA, jasmonic acid (JA) and reduced ascorbate (ASC) contents, as well as in the coefficient of non-photochemical quenching (qN) and the gene expression of Non-Expressor of Pathogenesis-Related 1 (NPR1) and thioredoxin H (TrxH) under salinity conditions. This response suggested a crosstalk between different signalling pathways (NPR1/Trx and SA/JA) leading to salinity tolerance in the transgenic plum line J8-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Bernal-Vicente
- Biotechnology of Fruit Trees Group, Department Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Daniel Cantabella
- Biotechnology of Fruit Trees Group, Department Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Cesar Petri
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Hernández
- Biotechnology of Fruit Trees Group, Department Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro Diaz-Vivancos
- Biotechnology of Fruit Trees Group, Department Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
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17
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Bernal-Vicente A, Cantabella D, Hernández JA, Diaz-Vivancos P. The effect of mandelonitrile, a recently described salicylic acid precursor, on peach plant response against abiotic and biotic stresses. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:986-994. [PMID: 30098127 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In a previous work, we observed that mandelonitrile (MD), which controls cyanogenic glycoside turnover, is involved in salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis in peach plants. In order to gain knowledge about the possible roles of this SA biosynthetic pathway, this current study looks at the effect of MD and phenylalanine (Phe; MD precursor) treatments on peach plant performance from an agronomic point of view. Abiotic (2 g·l-1 NaCl) and biotic (Plum pox virus, PPV) stresses were assayed. We recorded the following chlorophyll fluorescence parameters: quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in PSII [Y(II)], photochemical quenching (qP) and quantum yield of regulated non-photochemical energy loss in PSII and its coefficient [Y(NPQ) and qN]. In addition, considering that environmental stresses lead to nutritional disorders, we determined the soluble K+ , Ca2+ , Na+ and Cl- concentrations in NaCl-stressed seedlings. In PPV-infected seedlings, we recorded the Ca2+ level, which has been suggested to play critical roles in regulating SA-related plant defence responses against pathogens. The MD treatment lessened the effect of both stresses on plant development. In addition, an increase in non-photochemical quenching parameters was observed in MD-treated seedlings, suggesting a safer dissipation of excess energy under stress conditions. In NaCl-stressed peach seedlings both treatments stimulated the accumulation of phytotoxic ions in roots, whereas in PPV-infected seedlings MD increased Ca2+ content. Our results suggest that MD and Phe influence the response of peach seedlings to the deleterious effects of salt and PPV infection stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bernal-Vicente
- Department of Plant Breeding, Group of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - D Cantabella
- Department of Plant Breeding, Group of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - J A Hernández
- Department of Plant Breeding, Group of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - P Diaz-Vivancos
- Department of Plant Breeding, Group of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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18
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Li YX, Zhang W, Dong HX, Liu ZY, Ma J, Zhang XY. Salicylic acid in Populus tomentosa is a remote signalling molecule induced by Botryosphaeria dothidea infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14059. [PMID: 30232461 PMCID: PMC6145909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The salicylic acid (SA) plays a critical role during the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in uninfected plant tissues after localised exposure to a pathogen. Here, we studied SA in Populus tomentosa infected by the plant pathogen Botryosphaeria dothidea. The accumulation of SA and methyl salicylate (MeSA) occurred in chronological order in P. tomentosa. The SA and MeSA contents were greater at infected than uninfected sites. Additionally, a gene expression analysis indicated that SA might be accumulated by phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and converted to MeSA by SA carboxyl methyltransferase (SAMT), while MeSA might convert to SA by SA-binding protein 2 (SABP2). The expressions of SAMT at infected sites and SABP2 at uninfected sites, respectively, were significantly up-regulated. Thus, SA might be converted to MeSA at infected sites and transported as a signalling molecule to uninfected sites, where it is converted to SA for SAR. Moreover, the expressions of pathogenesis-related genes PR-1, PR-2 and PR-5 in P. tomentosa were up-regulated by the B. dothidea infection. Our study determined that variations in SA and MeSA contents occur at infected and uninfected sites in poplar after pathogen infection and contributed to the remote signals for poplar SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xia Li
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Hui-Xia Dong
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xing-Yao Zhang
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China. .,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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19
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Bechtold U, Ferguson JN, Mullineaux PM. To defend or to grow: lessons from Arabidopsis C24. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2809-2821. [PMID: 29562306 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of Arabidopsis as a model species and the availability of genetic and genomic resources have resulted in the identification and detailed characterization of abiotic stress signalling pathways. However, this has led only to limited success in engineering abiotic stress tolerance in crops. This is because there needs to be a deeper understanding of how to combine resistances to a range of stresses with growth and productivity. The natural variation and genomic resources of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) are a great asset to understand the mechanisms of multiple stress tolerances. One natural variant in Arabidopsis is the accession C24, and here we provide an overview of the increasing research interest in this accession. C24 is highlighted as a source of tolerance for multiple abiotic and biotic stresses, and a key accession to understand the basis of basal immunity to infection, high water use efficiency, and water productivity. Multiple biochemical, physiological, and phenological mechanisms have been attributed to these traits in C24, and none of them constrains productivity. Based on the uniqueness of C24, we postulate that the use of variation derived from natural selection in undomesticated species provides opportunities to better understand how complex environmental stress tolerances and resource use efficiency are co-ordinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Bechtold
- University of Essex, School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | - John N Ferguson
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Philip M Mullineaux
- University of Essex, School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
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20
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Dessaux Y, Faure D. Quorum Sensing and Quorum Quenching in Agrobacterium: A "Go/No Go System"? Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040210. [PMID: 29659511 PMCID: PMC5924552 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogen Agrobacterium induces gall formation on a wide range of dicotyledonous plants. In this bacteria, most pathogenicity determinants are borne on the tumour inducing (Ti) plasmid. The conjugative transfer of this plasmid between agrobacteria is regulated by quorum sensing (QS). However, processes involved in the disturbance of QS also occur in this bacteria under the molecular form of a protein, TraM, inhibiting the sensing of the QS signals, and two lactonases BlcC (AttM) and AiiB that degrade the acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) QS signal. In the model Agrobacteriumfabrum strain C58, several data, once integrated, strongly suggest that the QS regulation may not be reacting only to cell concentration. Rather, these QS elements in association with the quorum quenching (QQ) activities may constitute an integrated and complex “go/no go system” that finely controls the biologically costly transfer of the Ti plasmid in response to multiple environmental cues. This decision mechanism permits the bacteria to sense whether it is in a gall or not, in a living or decaying tumor, in stressed plant tissues, etc. In this scheme, the role of the lactonases selected and maintained in the course of Ti plasmid and agrobacterial evolution appears to be pivotal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Dessaux
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette CEDEX, France.
| | - Denis Faure
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette CEDEX, France.
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21
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Diaz-Vivancos P, Bernal-Vicente A, Cantabella D, Petri C, Hernández JA. Metabolomics and Biochemical Approaches Link Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis to Cyanogenesis in Peach Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:2057-2066. [PMID: 29036663 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the long-established importance of salicylic acid (SA) in plant stress responses and other biological processes, its biosynthetic pathways have not been fully characterized. The proposed synthesis of SA originates from chorismate by two distinct pathways: the isochorismate and phenylalanine (Phe) ammonia-lyase (PAL) pathways. Cyanogenesis is the process related to the release of hydrogen cyanide from endogenous cyanogenic glycosides (CNglcs), and it has been linked to plant plasticity improvement. To date, however, no relationship has been suggested between the two pathways. In this work, by metabolomics and biochemical approaches (including the use of [13C]-labeled compounds), we provide strong evidences showing that CNglcs turnover is involved, at least in part, in SA biosynthesis in peach plants under control and stress conditions. The main CNglcs in peach are prunasin and amygdalin, with mandelonitrile (MD), synthesized from phenylalanine, controlling their turnover. In peach plants MD is the intermediary molecule of the suggested new SA biosynthetic pathway and CNglcs turnover, regulating the biosynthesis of both amygdalin and SA. MD-treated peach plants displayed increased SA levels via benzoic acid (one of the SA precursors within the PAL pathway). MD also provided partial protection against Plum pox virus infection in peach seedlings. Thus, we propose a third pathway, an alternative to the PAL pathway, for SA synthesis in peach plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Diaz-Vivancos
- Biotechnology of Fruit Trees Group, Department Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25. 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Agustina Bernal-Vicente
- Biotechnology of Fruit Trees Group, Department Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25. 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniel Cantabella
- Biotechnology of Fruit Trees Group, Department Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25. 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Cesar Petri
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - José Antonio Hernández
- Biotechnology of Fruit Trees Group, Department Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25. 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Chen Y, Dong J, Bennetzen JL, Zhong M, Yang J, Zhang J, Li S, Hao X, Zhang Z, Wang X. Integrating transcriptome and microRNA analysis identifies genes and microRNAs for AHO-induced systemic acquired resistance in N. tabacum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12504. [PMID: 28970509 PMCID: PMC5624873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Acetonyl-3-hydroxyoxindole (AHO) induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Nicotiana. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. To understand the molecular regulation during SAR induction, we examined mRNA levels, microRNA (miRNA) expression, and their regulatory mechanisms in control and AHO-treated tobacco leaves. Using RNA-seq analysis, we identified 1,445 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at least 2 folds with AHO treatment. The DEGs significantly enriched in six metabolism pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis for protective cuticle and wax. Key DEGs including PALs and PR-10 in salicylic acid pathway involved in SAR were significantly regulated. In addition, we identified 403 miRNAs belonging to 200 miRNA families by miRNA sequencing. In total, AHO treatment led to 17 up- and 6 down-regulated at least 2 folds (Wald test, P < 0.05) miRNAs (DEMs), respectively. Targeting analysis implicated four DEMs regulating three DEGs involved in disease resistance, including miR156, miR172f, miR172g, miR408a, SPL6 and AP2. We concluded that both mRNA and miRNA regulation enhances AHO-induced SAR. These data regarding DEGs, miRNAs, and their regulatory mechanisms provide molecular evidence for the mechanisms involved in tobacco SAR, which are likely to be present in other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdui Chen
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology; Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, 650223, P. R. China
| | - Jiahong Dong
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology; Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, 650223, P. R. China
| | - Jeffrey L Bennetzen
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Micai Zhong
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology; Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, 650223, P. R. China
| | - Shunlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology; Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, 650223, P. R. China.
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China.
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA.
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23
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El-Esawi MA, Elansary HO, El-Shanhorey NA, Abdel-Hamid AME, Ali HM, Elshikh MS. Salicylic Acid-Regulated Antioxidant Mechanisms and Gene Expression Enhance Rosemary Performance under Saline Conditions. Front Physiol 2017; 8:716. [PMID: 28983254 PMCID: PMC5613177 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity stress as a major agricultural limiting factor may influence the chemical composition and bioactivity of Rosmarinus officinallis L. essential oils and leaf extracts. The application of salicylic acid (SA) hormone may alleviate salinity stress by modifying the chemical composition, gene expression and bioactivity of plant secondary metabolites. In this study, SA was applied to enhance salinity tolerance in R. officinallis. R. officinallis plants were subjected to saline water every 2 days (640, 2,000, and 4,000 ppm NaCl) and 4 biweekly sprays of SA at 0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm for 8 weeks. Simulated salinity reduced all vegetative growth parameters such as plant height, plant branches and fresh and dry weights. However, SA treatments significantly enhanced these plant growth and morphological traits under salinity stress. Salinity affected specific major essential oils components causing reductions in α-pinene, β-pinene, and cineole along with sharp increases in linalool, camphor, borneol, and verbenone. SA applications at 100–300 ppm largely reversed the effects of salinity. Interestingly, SA treatments mitigated salinity stress effects by increasing the total phenolic, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, and proline contents of leaves along with decline in sodium and chloride. Importantly, this study also proved that SA may stimulate the antioxidant enzymatic mechanism pathway including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) as well as increasing the non-enzymatic antioxidants such as free and total ascorbate in plants subjected to salinity. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that APX and 3 SOD genes showed higher levels in SA-treated rosemary under salinity stress, when compared to non-sprayed plants. Moreover, the expression level of selected genes conferring tolerance to salinity (bZIP62, DREB2, ERF3, and OLPb) were enhanced in SA-treated rosemary under salt stress, indicating that SA treatment resulted in the modulation of such genes expression which in turn enhanced rosemary tolerance to salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El-Esawi
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of CambridgeCambridge, United Kingdom.,Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta UniversityTanta, Egypt
| | - Hosam O Elansary
- Floriculture, Ornamental Horticulture, and Garden Design Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria UniversityAlexandria, Egypt.,Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of JohannesburgJohannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nader A El-Shanhorey
- Botanical Gardens Research Department, Horticultural Research Institute (ARC)Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amal M E Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams UniversityCairo, Egypt
| | - Hayssam M Ali
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Timber Trees Research Department, Sabahia Horticulture Research Station, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research CenterAlexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Elshikh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Herbel V, Sieber-Frank J, Wink M. The antimicrobial peptide snakin-2 is upregulated in the defense response of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) as part of the jasmonate-dependent signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 208:1-6. [PMID: 27888675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced by all living organisms and play an important role in innate immunity because they are readily available and non-specific against invading pathogenic microorganisms. Snakin-2 (SN2) from tomato is a short, cationic peptide that forms lethal pores in biomembranes of microbes. In plant cells, SN2 is produced as a prepeptide with a signal sequence for ER targeting and an acidic region to decrease toxicity in the producing organism. Gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR in tomato plants demonstrated that SN2 is constitutively expressed, mostly in leaves and flowers. After fungal infection, wounding, or external application of phytohormones (such as methyl jasmonate, MeJa) operating in the JA-dependent defense response, a systemic reaction with an elevated expression of the SN2 gene is triggered in all parts of tomato plants. Abiotic stress factors like extreme temperatures or dehydration do not affect SN2 expression. Upon wounding, the expression of SN2 and LoxD are strongly enhanced in tomato fruits. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the protein level of bioactive SN2 is also increased upon application of methyl jasmonate in tomato seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Herbel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Sieber-Frank
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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25
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Chen T, Bi K, He Z, Gao Z, Zhao Y, Fu Y, Cheng J, Xie J, Jiang D. Arabidopsis Mutant bik1 Exhibits Strong Resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae. Front Physiol 2016; 7:402. [PMID: 27679580 PMCID: PMC5020103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis-induced kinase1 (BIK1), a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, plays an important role in resistance against pathogens and insects in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, it remains unknown whether BIK1 functions against Plasmodiophora brassicae, an obligate biotrophic protist that attacks cruciferous plants and induces gall formation on roots. Here, we investigated the potential roles of receptors FLS2, BAK1, and BIK1 in the infection of P. brassicae cruciferous plants. Wild-type plants, fls2, and bak1 mutants showed typical symptom on roots, and the galls were filled with large quantities of resting spores, while bik1 mutant plants exhibited strong resistance to P. brassicae. Compared with that of the wild-type plants, the root hair and cortical infection rate of bik1 mutant were significantly reduced by about 40-50%. A considerable portion of bik1 roots failed to form typical galls. Even if some small galls were formed, they were filled with multinucleate secondary plasmodia. The bik1 plants accumulated less reactive oxygen species (ROS) at infected roots than other mutants and wild-type plants. Exogenous salicylic acid (SA) treatment alleviated the clubroot symptoms in wild-type plants, and the expression of the SA signaling marker gene PR1 was significantly increased in bik1. Both sid2 (salicylic acid induction-deficient 2) and npr1-1 [non-expresser of PR genes that regulate systemic acquired resistance (SAR)] mutants showed increased susceptibility to P. brassicae compared with wild-type plants. These results suggest that the resistance of bik1 to P. brassicae is possibly mediated by SA inducible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Kai Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhangchao He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhixiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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26
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Posttranslational Modifications of NPR1: A Single Protein Playing Multiple Roles in Plant Immunity and Physiology. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005707. [PMID: 27513560 PMCID: PMC4981451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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